足球运动员的脑子里有什么？

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And we send a weekly email newsletter with tips and suggestions for what to do this week.

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Subscribe to the newsletter for free at bbclearningenglish.com.

六分钟英语。

Six Minute English.

来自 bbclearningenglish.com。

From bbclearningenglish.com.

你好。

Hello.

这里是BBC英语学习的六分钟英语。

This is six Minute English from BBC Learning English.

我是乔治。

I'm Georgie.

我是尼尔。

And I'm Neil.

尼尔，我不太喜欢足球，但我知道你很喜欢。

Neil, I'm not a huge fan of football, but I know you are.

那你为什么这么爱足球呢？

So why do you love it so much?

哎呀，我从哪儿说起呢？

Oh, where can I start?

我觉得是因为球员们那种激情，再加上他们的技术和体能。

I think it's the combination of the passion and also the skill and athleticism of the players.

人们管它叫‘美丽的游戏’，可不是没道理的。

They call it the beautiful game for a reason.

现在的足球运动员比以往任何时候都快了。

Now football players are faster than ever before.

但足球比赛还关乎快速做出决策。

But the game is also about making very quick decisions.

没错。

Yes.

为了成为顶尖中的顶尖，一些足球俱乐部已经开始关注球员的大脑，而不仅仅是身体。

To be the best of the best, some football clubs have started looking beyond the body to the brain.

这里是诺丁汉森林足球俱乐部青训心理学家汤姆·库克接受BBC世界服务采访时的发言。

Here's Tom Cook, academy psychologist for Nottingham Forest Football Club, talking to the BBC World Service.

我们观察这些运动员在最高压力和最高强度下如何做出决策和凭直觉反应。

We're watching these athletes make decisions and split instincts under the highest pressures and the highest intensities.

这样一来，从神经或认知层面来看，肯定有什么特别的地方。

It made a lot of sense to go, well, neurologically or cognitively, there's something going on.

当运动员做出快速决策时，他们的大脑里正在发生某些变化。

There's something going on in the brain when the athletes are making quick decisions.

如果有变化，那就意味着有某种未知而有趣的现象正在发生。

If there's something going on, something unknown and interesting is happening.

那么，足球运动员的大脑内部到底在发生什么？

So what's happening inside the brains of football players?

通过大脑训练，能不能帮助球队赢得更多比赛？

And could brain training help win more games?

接下来这期节目，我们就来聊聊这个话题。

That's what we'll be hearing about in this programme.

别忘了去 bbclearningenglish.com 免费下载文字稿。

And don't forget to find a free transcript at bbclearningenglish.com.

不过在那之前，尼尔，我有个问题想问你。

But first, Neil, I have a question for you.

正如我们刚才听到的，足球运动员在高压环境下要做决策，他们的情绪状态和恐惧反应会影响表现。

As we've heard, football players have to make decisions in high pressure situations and their performance may be influenced by their emotional state and fear response.

那么，大脑中哪个部分最常被认为负责处理恐惧和识别威胁？

But which part of the brain is best known for its role in processing fear and detecting threats?

是 a) 脑干，b) 杏仁核，还是 c) 小脑？

Is it a, the brainstem, b) the amygdala or c) the cerebellum?

这个嘛，我不确定。

Well, I don't know.

不过我猜是b)杏仁核，因为我觉得这个词听起来挺酷的。

But I'm going to guess b) the amygdala because I like the sound of the word.

好的。

Okay.

不过我会在节目后面揭晓答案。

Well, I'll reveal the answer later in the programme.

2014年，一组日本科学家研究了巴西足球明星内马尔的大脑。

In 2014, a group of Japanese scientists studied the brain of Brazilian football star Neymar.

他们发现，当内马尔转动右脚踝时，他的大脑活跃度远低于同龄球员。

They found that his brain was a lot less active than the brains of his peers when he rotated his right ankle.

以下是牛津大学神经科学教授霍莉·布里奇向BBC世界服务频道对这项研究的解读。

Here's Holly Bridge, professor of neuroscience at the University of Oxford, talking about this research to the BBC World Service.

内马尔大脑皮层活动的降低，说明他对脚部动作的掌控已经达到了炉火纯青的地步。

That reduction in activity in nemol's cortex reflects that he has absolute expertise in moving his feet.

整个过程几乎不需要什么有意识的控制。

And it's essentially done with very, very little conscious effort.

霍莉说，内马尔在脚部动作上已经达到了炉火纯青的地步。

Holly said Neymar has absolute expertise in moving his feet.

所谓专长，就是通过长期经验积累起来的高超技能或知识。

Expertise means a high level of skill or knowledge gained with experience.

内马尔的这种能力，表现得毫不费力。

Neymar's expertise is shown without much conscious effort.

‘有意识的’指的是你清楚知道自己在做什么，而不是偶然为之。

Conscious describes something done with awareness, not by accident.

所以，内马尔踢球时几乎不用多想，动作就自然完成了。

So if Neymar kicks the ball without much conscious effort, he plays without thinking too much.

这项研究过去几十年后，足球俱乐部开始对大脑数据技术越来越感兴趣，甚至在探索能否通过训练来改变球员的大脑。

Decades after this research, football clubs are becoming more interested in brain data technology, even exploring whether a player's brain can be trained.

以下是诺丁汉森林足球俱乐部青训心理专家汤姆·库克的说法。

Here's Tom Cook, academy psychologist for Nottingham Forest Football Club.

我们现在做的，是设计训练内容，把认知科学和神经科学放在核心位置。

What we're doing is trying to design sessions but with cognition or neuroscience at the centre of it.

比如他们记不住太多信息，我们就故意给他们施加更多信息，让他们应接不暇。

So it could be something like they're not great at storing lots of information, so we're trying to overwhelm them.

但这是在训练这种安全的环境下进行的，目的是帮助他们在正式比赛或杯赛中表现得更好。

But in a safe environment like training, that's the way the development and improvement can happen to hopefully affect when they go out into games or cup competitions.

训练能帮助球员应对比赛中的压力。

Training can help players deal with the pressures of the game.

我们再来听听霍莉·布里奇怎么说，她谈到了情绪如何影响球员的表现。

Here's Holly Bridge again talking about how emotions can affect a player's game.

很多表现其实都受情绪状态影响，而这一点是可以学会控制的。

A lot of performance is also driven by your emotional state and that is something you can learn to control.

球员的表现好坏，很大程度上取决于他们的情绪状态。

How well a player performs is driven by their emotional state.

这里说的‘受……影响’，意思是被某种因素推动或左右。

Here, driven by means influenced by or pushed forward by.

霍莉也提到，情绪太多会导致球员失去精准度和专注力。

Holly says that too many emotions can lead to a lack of precision and focus.

在足球比赛中，点球、角球和任意球这些高压时刻，反而提供了难得的静止瞬间。

In a football match, high pressure scenarios like penalties, corners and free kicks offer rare moments of stillness.

这里是神经十一公司创始人兼首席执行官尼古拉斯·豪斯勒接受BBC世界服务的采访。

Here's Nicolas Hausler, founder and CEO of Neuro eleven, talking to the BBC World Service.

他在球员执行这些关键射门前监测他们的脑电波，并教他们如何保持放松。

He measures players' brain waves before these important kicks and teaches them how to stay relaxed.

如果在这些关键时刻注意力不集中，心里七上八下，那想把角球踢准、赢得比赛就难多了。

If you don't focus right in those moments and let's say mentally you're all over the place, then it becomes more difficult to to have an accurate corner and to try to win the game.

说到胜负之间的细微差距，这些就是关键的毫厘之差。

And when we talk about margins, those are the little margins that can make all the difference.

如果心里乱糟糟的，踢球的准度就会大打折扣。

If you're mentally all over the place, it's more difficult to kick the ball accurately.

当我们说某人‘心里乱糟糟’，意思是状态混乱、缺乏条理或者心神不宁。

When we describe something as all over the place, we mean that it's chaotic, disorganised or confused.

尼古拉斯说，细微的差别往往能决定比赛的胜负。

Nicholas said that small margins can make all the difference to a game.

对。

Yes.

边际指的是差异的大小。

A margin is a measure of difference.

这里说的是一些细微的细节，它们可能影响球员的表现或比赛结果。

Here we're talking about small details that can affect a player's performance or outcome of a match.

说到情绪对表现的影响，我觉得现在该揭晓你那个测验题的答案了，乔治。

Now, of how emotions can affect performance, I think it's time for the answer to your quiz question, Georgie.

是的。

Yes.

我之前问过你们，大脑中哪个部分最以处理恐惧著称？

I asked you which part of the brain is best known for its role in processing fear?

我猜是b)杏仁核。

And I guessed b) the amygdala.

那就是正确答案。

Which was the correct answer.

干得漂亮。

Well done.

杏仁核与我们对恐惧和焦虑的处理密切相关。

The amygdala is associated with our processing of fear and anxiety.

好了，我们来复习一下词汇。

Okay, time for a vocabulary recap.

如果有什么事情在发生，那就意味着有有趣或重要的事情正在出现。

If there is something going on, something interesting or important is happening.

专业能力是指通过学习或经验获得的专门知识或技能。

Expertise is specialised knowledge or skill gained through study or experience.

有意识指的是涉及主动思考或注意力。

Conscious means involving active thought or attention.

如果某事由另一事物驱动，那就是受到它的影响并被它推动。

If something is driven by something, it is influenced by it and pushed forward by it.

‘All over the place’形容一种混乱、无序或心神不宁的状态。

All over the place describes a situation or mental state which is disorganised, chaotic or confused.

最后，‘margin’指的是那些微小差异，却可能影响结果。

And finally, a margin is a measure of difference small details which can affect an outcome.

好了，我们这六分钟又到了。

Once again, our six minutes are up.

不过别忘了，我们网站 bbclearningenglish.com 上有免费的文本、练习题和测验。

But remember, you can find a free transcript, worksheet and quiz on our website bbclearningenglish.com.

那我们先到这里。

Goodbye for now.

再见。

Goodbye.

六分钟英语。

Six Minute English.

来自 bbclearningenglish.com。

From bbclearningenglish.com.