奇妙动物：无喙鸟类与鲸鱼的语言

ABC 听播客。

ABC Listen.

你好。

Hello there.

我叫艾米莉，你现在收听的是《新闻时间》。

My name's Emily, and you're listening to Newstime.

嗨，艾米莉。

Hey, Emily.

你好。

Hello.

也向我们的《新闻时间》忠实听众汉娜问好。

And hello to Newstime listener legend, Hannah.

你好。

Hello.

我叫汉娜，住在比奇沃思，那片土地是德瑞瓦、威拉朱里、瓦拉鲁、尼纳、巴图和亚伊梅塔人世代居住的家园。

My name is Hannah, and I live in Beechworth, which is the traditional lands of Dderrawa, Wiradjuri, Wairaroo, Ninja, Batu, and Ya'i methane peoples.

我超爱你的播客。

I love your podcast.

再见，Emily。

Bye, Emily.

谢谢你，Hannah。

Thanks, Hannah.

今天这期《Newstime》我可期待了，主题全是令人惊叹的动物。

Well, I'm as eager as a beaver for today's Newstime episode as it's all about amazing animals.

我们会聊聊曾经在澳洲大地上漫步的巨型生物，还会认识一只来自新西兰的残疾凯阿鹦鹉布鲁斯。

We'll hear about a giant creature that once roamed Australia and meet Bruce, a disabled Kea bird in New Zealand.

另外，我们还会分享本周的‘哇哦时刻’，绝对让你忍不住惊呼。

Plus, we'll hear our Wow of the Week, a story guaranteed to make you say wow.

你准备好了吗？

Well, are you ready?

我就当你默认同意了。

I'll take that as a yes.

我们开始了。

Here we go.

五号街。

Street Number 5.

很多年前，澳大利亚的面貌和现在大不相同。

Many years ago, Australia looked very different to how it does now.

那时候没有铺装的道路，大片土地上栖息着体型巨大的动物，叫巨型动物群。

There were no paved roads, and huge animals called megafauna roamed the land.

科学家通常靠化石来还原远古世界的样貌，而最近的一项发现让我们对澳洲远古的巨型动物群有了新的认识。

Scientists often rely on fossils to paint a picture of what the world used to look like, and a recent discovery has shed light on Australia's ancient megafauna.

一百多年前，1907年，人们在布坎附近的一个叫污气洞的洞穴里发现了一块化石，那里离墨尔本有四个多小时的车程。

Over one hundred years ago, in nineteen o seven, a fossil was found in Foul Air Cave near Buchan, more than four hours from Melbourne.

当时博物馆也不确定这化石到底是什么，就把它收进了维多利亚博物馆的藏品里。

At the time, the museum wasn't too sure what the fossil they'd found was, so it was put into a collection at Museums Victoria.

我觉得，至少该先弄清楚这是什么，再放进博物馆吧。

I think they should actually know what something is before actually putting it in a museum.

1907年的时候，他们还没有足够的技术或资源来确定这个化石到底是什么。

In nineteen o seven, they didn't have the technology or resources to find out what the fossil was.

但最近，借助三维扫描等现代技术，终于确认了这种动物的身份。

But recently, with the help of modern technologies like three d scanning, the identity of the animal was confirmed.

这看起来像是某个虚构世界里实验室里的失败实验品。

It looks like a failed experiment from the lab in some made up world.

它长得像针鼹，或者某种奇怪的小动物。

It looks like a echidna or a cheery thingy.

你说得一点都没错。

You're spot on.

确实是针鼹，但跟今天活着的针鼹完全不一样。

It's an echidna, but not like the ones that are alive today.

这是一种巨型针鼹，叫巨刺针鼹。

This is a giant echidna, Mega luguilia owenii.

它属于巨型动物群。

It's from Mega fauna.

这种动物会

The animal would

在冰河时期，数万年前生活在维多利亚州。

have lived in Victoria during the ice age tens of thousands of years ago.

这种已经灭绝的针鼹体长可达一米。

The now extinct echidna could grow to a meter long.

差不多有一把园艺铲那么长，体重能高达

That's about the length of a gardening shovel, and it could weigh up

到

to

十五公斤，相当于一个小孩子的体重。

fifteen kilograms, about the size of a small child.

想象一下，有这么一只在周围跑来跑去。

Imagine one of those running around.

我们之前就知道这种动物生活在南澳大利亚和新南威尔士，现在才知道它也出现在维多利亚州。

We already knew that the animal lived in South Australia and New South Wales, but now we know that it was in Victoria too.

我很庆幸这只巨型针鼹没在附近出没。

I'm just glad this giant echidna isn't roaming anywhere near me.

如果你在野外看到一只，你会怎么做？

What would you do if you saw one in the wild?

我会抱抱它们。

I'd hug them.

抱抱它们？

Hug them?

我会跑掉，毕竟它们身上有那些小刺。

I'd run away because of those little spikes.

没错。

Yeah.

我也是。

Me too.

这项发现凸显了博物馆收藏的重要性。

This discovery shows the importance of museum collections.

多年前发现的物品，如今还能带来关于过去的全新发现。

Things found years ago can still deliver new findings about the past.

第四个故事。

Story number four.

新西兰一只鹦鹉打破了常规，尽管缺少上喙，依然成功登上了群体中的顶端地位。

A parrot in New Zealand has defied odds and successfully claimed top of the pecking order despite missing their upper beak.

十二年前，研究人员在新西兰南岛的山区首次发现了这只名叫布鲁斯的凯阿鹦鹉。

Bruce the Kea was first spotted twelve years ago in New Zealand's South Island's mountains.

研究人员一看到布鲁斯，就发现它和其他鸟不太一样。

Researchers noticed straight away Bruce didn't look like the other birds.

我挺难过的。

I feel sad.

感觉就像我们失去了嘴巴。

It's like we lost our mouths.

它看起来倒像是长了一个人类的嘴。

It looks like it gained a human mouth.

是的

Yeah.

布鲁斯缺少了上喙的上半部分。

Bruce is missing the top half of his beak.

没有上喙，布鲁斯的嘴看起来有点像人类的嘴。

Without a top beak, Bruce appears to have a mouth a bit similar to humans.

问题是，凯亚鹦鹉通常需要上喙才能生存。

The thing is, Kea's often need their top beak to survive.

它们习惯用喙觅食，啄食各种东西。

They're used to foraging for food and chomping on things.

所以科学家们第一次见到布鲁斯时，以为他在野外很难活下去。

So when scientists first spotted Bruce, they thought he might struggle in the wild.

他们把他带到威洛班克自然保护区圈养起来，并对他进行了观察。

They took him into captivity at Willowbank Nature Reserve and monitored him.

他要自己觅食的话会很困难。

It would be hard for him to hunt.

我觉得布鲁斯会非常困难，因为毕竟——

I think it would be very difficult for for Bruce because, like,

吃饭太难了。

it is hard to eat.

你说得对。

You're right.

研究人员当初也是这么预测的，但没想到他们看到的却是另一种情况。

That's what researchers predicted too, except instead of seeing Bruce struggle, they observed something else.

他反而活得非常好。

He was thriving.

布鲁斯把他的喙当成了剑，不断调整角度，去攻击其他几维鸟，争夺主导地位。

Bruce used his beak as a sword, angling it in different ways to attack the other Kea's to establish his dominance.

用世界上最小的剑怎么打剑术比赛？

How can you do a sword fight with the world's smallest sword?

布鲁斯不仅在和其他鸟打架，还总是赢。

Not only was Bruce fighting the other birds, he was winning.

这意味着布鲁斯在吃东西时能优先挑选。

This meant Bruce was getting first dibs when it came to food.

其他雄性凯亚还特别照顾他，给他梳理羽毛，这是鸟类之间的一种清洁行为。

He also got special treatment from the other male Kea's, receiving preening, which is a form of cleaning between birds.

你敢这么说？

How dare you?

我自己会清理。

I will clean myself.

谢谢。

Thank you.

虽然布鲁斯自己也能清理，但他似乎偶尔还挺享受别人帮忙的。

Although Bruce can clean himself, it seems Bruce sometimes likes getting help from others.

谢谢。

Thank you.

你帮我清理，我可开心了。

I'm a happy boy because you clean me.

这说明某些鸟类特别擅长解决问题，能用高级行为来适应环境。

It confirms that particular birds can be very good at solving problems and use advanced behavior to adapt to their situation.

事实上，研究人员相信，凯亚鹦鹉、凤头鹦鹉和乌鸦的问题解决能力甚至可能超过黑猩猩。

In fact, researchers believe Kea's, cockatoos, and ravens may even be better at problem solving than chimpanzees.

但目前来看，布鲁斯似乎很享受他位居顶端的时光。

But for now, Bruce seems to be enjoying his time at the top.

第三个故事。

Story number three.

如果你周五早上去邦迪公立学校的图书馆，就会赶上阅读时间。

If you ever visit Bondi Public School's library on a Friday morning, you'll arrive at reading time.

会有学生大声朗读，而塔西就安静地坐在他们旁边的沙发上听。

A student will be practicing their reading out loud to Tashi, who sits calmly next to them on a couch.

塔西从不催促，让学生按自己的节奏来，还特别喜欢被人摸摸头。

Tashi lets students go at their own pace and enjoys pats.

是一个女孩在读书，她的狗狗陪在她身边。

It's a girl reading and her doggy sitting next to her.

没错。

That's right.

Tashi是一只10岁的迷你贵宾犬。

Tashi is a 10 year old miniature poodle.

她是全澳大利亚389只参与‘故事狗’识字项目的狗狗之一。

She's one of the 389 dogs across all of Australia that are part of a literacy program called Story Dogs.

这个项目帮助小学生建立信心，提高大声朗读的能力。

It's a program that helps primary school students gain the confidence and ability to read out loud.

我爷爷会读给我听，但我得读给他听。

My grandpa reads to me, but I have to read to him.

他让我读他正在读的书里的某些页。

He makes me read certain pages of books that he's reading to me.

我爸妈给我写过不少故事。

My parents, they wrote me different stories.

是啊。

Yeah.

大声朗读或者和别人一起读书很棒，但不是每个人都会这么做。

It's great reading aloud or reading with someone else, but not everyone does this.

如果不经常练习，阅读能力很难提高。

And without practice, it can be really difficult to improve your reading skills.

塔西和它的狗狗朋友们能让孩子感到放松，让他们更愿意开口读书、学习新词汇。

Tashi, along with her canine friends, help students feel comfortable and relaxed, encouraging them to read and learn new words.

狗怎么读书呢？

How can a dog read?

这话说得真好。

Oh, that's a great point.

这些狗狗的主人也会一起来帮忙，志愿者们会引导孩子读书，帮他们拼读那些难懂的词和发音。

The dogs are also joined by their owners who volunteer to help the students read and sound out any difficult words or sounds.

Story Dogs 项目2009年在新南威尔士的偏远地区启动，如今已经扩展到澳大利亚几乎每个州和领地。

The Story Dogs program was created in 2009 in regional New South Wales and has since grown to nearly every state and territory in Australia.

说不定你学校里也有一只像塔西这样的访客狗狗呢。

You may even have your own visiting pup like Tashi at your school.

我觉得他们这么做是为了让孩子们感到安心，这样孩子读 aloud 时就不会那么紧张。

I think what they do is comfort the kids so they can feel more comfortable reading out loud.

狗狗特别亲热，你有什么话都可以跟它们说。

They're very cuddly, and you can always tell them stuff.

我觉得这很有帮助，因为孩子读 aloud 时容易害羞，但有狗狗在旁边，他们会感觉被安慰，特别放松。

I think it helps because kids can be embarrassed reading out loud, but the dog there helps them feel comforted and great.

这个项目旨在让孩子爱上阅读，在享受与四条腿朋友相处的同时，提升阅读能力和学习兴趣。

This program aims to help kids enjoy reading, encouraging literacy and learning while also hanging out with a four legged friend.

不过我在想，这些狗狗喜欢读什么书呢？

But I wonder what books the doggies like.

讲狗语的书，比如人和狗之间发生的故事。

A book that is said in doggy language, stories about people getting dogs.

有可能吧。

Maybe.

但我相信，狗狗们只是单纯享受孩子们的陪伴和额外的抚摸而已。

Although I'm sure the dogs are just happy to get the attention and some extra pats from the students.

第二个故事。

Story number two.

在新南威尔士州远西地区的穆塔温奇国家公园里，生活着澳大利亚最稀有的爬行动物。

In Mutawinchi National Park in Far West New South Wales lives Australia's rarest reptile.

它喜欢藏身在潮湿的岩石缝隙和峡谷之间。

Burrowing itself in damp rock crevices and among gorges, this reptile loves to hide.

它看起来像一只壁虎。

It looks like a gecko.

它长得像一只伪装得很好的蜥蜴。

It looks like a very camouflaged lizard.

一种努力和岩石融为一体的小蜥蜴。

A lizard that is trying to blend in with the rocks.

这种石龙子属于蜥蜴的一种。

The skink is a type of lizard.

穆尔多奇国家公园由许多原住民守护，他们称这种石龙子为‘昆加卡’，意思是‘隐匿者’。

Murdochie National Park is looked after by many traditional owners, and they know the skink as Kungaka, which means the hidden one.

因为它会伪装。

Because it can camouflage.

它们体型很小，很难被发现，大部分时间都躲藏在隐蔽的地方。

They are pretty small and can be very hard to spot, spending most of their life in shelter.

过去二十五年来，研究人员一直在研究这种稀有的石龙子，最近才正式将其命名为一个新物种。

For the past twenty five years, researchers have been studying the rare skink, and just recently, it's been officially named as a new species.

通过分析其他澳大利亚石龙子的基因和体型，他们发现昆加卡只生活在穆塔温吉国家公园。

By analyzing the genetics and body shape of other Australian skinks, they discovered the Kungaka is only found in the Mutawinji National Park.

它和最近的近亲相隔大约五百公里。

It's about 500 kilometers from its closest relatives.

我没想到，这种小爬行动物竟然比鳄鱼还稀少。

I'm surprised that a small reptile can be more rare than a crocodile.

最近的调查发现，国家公园里记录到的昆加卡不到二十只。

Recent surveys have discovered there are fewer than 20 Kungaka recorded at the national park.

它们是澳大利亚最受威胁的爬行动物之一。

They're one of Australia's most threatened reptiles.

巨蜥和蛇是石龙子的天敌，但野山羊被认定为威胁昆加卡生存的主要因素。

Goannas and snakes are predators of the skink, but feral goats have been identified as a key threat to the Kungaka's survival.

山羊会啃食并践踏当地植被，导致石龙子的食物和藏身之处减少，使它们更容易暴露在天敌和极端气温下。

Goats eat and trample the local habitat, meaning less food and shelter for the skinks, exposing them to predators and extreme temperatures.

把植被分成几块，让山羊吃一部分，剩下的部分留给其他动物。

Split all the vegetation into sections so goats can eat one part, and then the rest can eat the other parts.

把它们圈养起来，跟所有其他动物隔离开。

Put it in captivity away from every other animal.

你这脑筋转得可真快啊。

Well, you certainly have your thinking caps on.

原住民守护者和政府部门将联手，进一步了解昆加卡石龙子，并帮助它们在野外生存。

First Nations custodians and government departments will work together to better understand the Kungaka skink and to help them survive in the wild.

接下来是

And now it's time for

这个故事让我惊呆了，说不定哪天人类真能发明出一种设备，让鲸鱼能说人话。

This story made me go wow because someday they might invent special communication gadget thingies so whales can speak human language.

最近一项研究发现，抹香鲸和人类的共同点可能比我们最初想象的还要多。

A recent study has found that sperm whales and humans may have more in common than we first thought.

它们都需要呼吸。

They both need to breathe.

它们都需要水。

They both need water.

它们都生活在家庭群体中。

They both live in a family.

它们都会以某种方式交流。

They both speak in a way.

你说得对。

You're right.

尽管抹香鲸和人类在九千多万年前就分道扬镳了，但我们现在看来依然有很多相似之处。

Despite it being over ninety million years since sperm whales and humans shared a common ancestor, it appears we still have quite a bit in common.

由SETI项目开展的一项研究，在加勒比海多米尼克沿海观察抹香鲸，发现它们的交流方式与人类惊人地相似。

A study by Project SETI studied whales off the coast of Dominica in The Caribbean and found that the way the sperm whales communicate is remarkably similar to humans.

抹香鲸有自己的字母系统，跟我们一样，还会发出元音，用法和人类说话如出一辙。

Sperm whales have their own alphabet, just like us, and make vowels which are used in the same ways as human speech.

这些鲸鱼通过一连串短促的咔嗒声来交流，这种声音叫作‘密码音’。

The whales communicate in a series of short clicks, which are called codas.

仔细分析这些咔嗒声就能发现，鲸鱼能通过短促或拉长的音节，以及音调的升降，发出不同的元音。

Looking closely at these clicks show that the whales can make different vowels through the short and elongated clicks or through the rising and falling tones.

这些密码音非常复杂，和人类的语言音系、语音结构高度相似。

The coda vocalizations are pretty complicated and are very similar to human phonetics and phonology.

就是我们语言里那些声音以及声音的组合模式。

That's the sound and the sound patterns that occur within our languages.

这确实很有趣，跟人类的交流方式几乎一模一样。

Well, that is very interesting, and it is mostly like humans.

研究抹香鲸并不容易。

It can be difficult to study sperm whales.

它们一次能潜到深海将近一小时，只为捕食乌贼，然后才偶尔浮出水面休息十分钟。

They dive deep underwater for almost an hour at a time in search of squid to eat, only surfacing for ten minutes every now and then.

不过，当它们浮出水面时，就会聊上几句。

It's when they appear above the surface that the animals have a chitchat, though.

它们把头凑在一起，互相用 clicks 交流。

They put their heads close together and click into each other's heads.

听起来像是断断续续的短音，但借助现代科技，包括人工智能，研究人员把这些点击声之间的间隔去掉后，发现了一些和人类交流非常相似的模式。

To a human, it sounds like short, separated sounds, But with modern technology, including artificial intelligence, researchers removed the gaps between the clicks and noticed patterns very similar to our communication.

真的吗？

Really?

这项最新发现，让人类离听懂鲸鱼说话又近了一步。

This latest discovery has brought humans closer to one day being able to understand whales.

说不定哪天我们真能和它们对话。

Maybe we'll even be able to communicate with them.

那你要跟它们说点啥？

So what would you say to them?

你好。

Hello.

你好。

Hello.

开局不错。

Starting strong.

我会问那头鲸鱼：你能给我弄点墨鱼来吗？

I would ask the whale, can you get me some calamari?

研究人员说，我们离实现这一天还差几年，但未来会怎样，谁说得准呢？

Well, researchers say we're still a few years away from this, but who knows what the future will bring?

现在来个小测验。

And it's quiz time.

看看你记住了多少。

Let's see how much you remember.

第一题：博物馆里的化石属于哪种动物？

Question one, what animal did the fossil in the museum belong to?

一种巨型针鼹。

A giant echidna.

第二个问题，布鲁斯这只凯阿鹦鹉是上喙还是下喙缺失了？

Question two, is Bruce the Kea missing the top or bottom part of his beak?

上喙。

The top.

第三个问题。

Question three.

帮助孩子阅读的那条狗叫什么名字？

What's the name of the dog helping kids read?

塔西。

Tashi.

第四个问题。

Question four.

“Kungaka”这个词在语言里是什么意思？

What does Kungaka mean in language?

隐藏的那个。

The hidden one.

第五题。

Question five.

鲸鱼用一连串短促的咔嗒声交流。

The whales communicate in a series of short clicks.

这些声音叫什么？

What are these called?

我给你个提示。

I'll give you a hint.

开头是字母C。

It starts with the letter C.

咔嗒声。

Codas.

如果你想成为Newstime的传奇听众，让大人去ABC Kids Listen网站上的Newstime页面看看。

If you'd like to be a Newstime listener legend, ask your grown ups to head to the Newstime page on the ABC Kids Listen website.

再见，艾米丽。

Bye, Emily.

谢谢，Emily。

Thanks, Emily.

不客气。

You're very welcome.

那我先去练习一下动物叫声了。

Well, I'm off to practice my animal noises.

下次再聊。

Catch you next time.

《Newstime》是ABC Kids Listen的播客。想听更多精彩的播客、适合跳舞的音乐，或者助眠的故事和配乐，欢迎打开ABC Listen应用，切换到儿童专区。

Newstime is an ABC Kids Listen podcast For other awesome podcasts to play, music to move to, and stories and soundtracks for sleep, head to the Kids tab on the ABC Listen app.

在App Store上免费下载。

It's free from your App Store.