标准石油公司 第二部

是的。

Yeah.

嗯，接下来几年会发生什么，真值得期待。

Well, it'll be interesting to see how things play out in the coming years.

但，没错，太疯狂了。

But, yeah, crazy.

所以他身上背负着巨大的压力。

So he's got all this weighing on him.

他努力成为有史以来最优秀、最伟大的人，试图在商业和慈善领域都成为GOAT，就像汤姆·布雷迪那样。

He's trying to be the best, the greatest of all time, trying to be the GOAT, the Tom Brady, if you will, in both business and philanthropy.

最终，在1891年，他并没有放弃，而是说：我得找一种不同的方式来让这一切行得通。

Finally, in 1891, he not gives up, but says, like, I gotta find a a different way to make this work.

他说服了一位名叫弗雷德里克·盖茨的人，这位先生此前一直与他合作推进芝加哥大学项目——我们稍后会谈到——让他搬到纽约，协助他开展慈善事业。

And he convinces a man named Frederick Gates, who he had been working with on the University of Chicago project, which we'll talk about in a sec, to come move to New York and help him with the philanthropic endeavors that he's undertaking.

这真是前所未有的。

And this is so novel.

这最终催生了洛克菲勒基金会，也就是所谓的家族办公室，以及我们如今所熟知的种种做法。

This ends up creating what leads to the Rockefeller Foundation, you know, a family office, all the stuff about how we think, oh, yeah.

这就是今天的做法。

This is how it's done today.

这一切正是从这里开始的。

This is where it starts.

他开启了整个事业。

He starts this whole thing.

他和盖茨写了一封信给盖茨。

He and Gates, he writes a letter to Gates.

他说：‘盖茨先生，我陷入困境了。’

He says, I am in trouble, mister Gates.

来自各方的捐赠请求压力太大，我实在难以承受。

The pressure of these appeals for gifts has become too great for endurance.

由于肩负着繁重的商业责任，我没有足够的时间和精力妥善应对这些要求。

I haven't the time or strength with all my heavy business responsibilities to deal with these demands properly.

我的天性使我无法在没有对慈善事业的正当性进行最谨慎的调查之前，心满意足地捐出任何金钱。

I am so constituted as to be unable to give away money with any satisfaction until I have made the most careful inquiry as to the worthiness of the cause.

这些调查现在占用了我比标准石油公司本身还要多的时间和精力。

These investigations are now taking more of my time and energy than Standard Oil itself.

我必须要么摆脱这个负担，要么彻底停止捐赠，而我无法做到后者。

Either I must part with the burden or stop giving entirely, and I cannot do the latter.

这正好总结了这一点。

That sums it up right there.

对我来说，他依然是那个老洛克菲勒，这简直太疯狂了。

It's crazy to me that he's still the same old Rockefeller.

他痴迷于深入每一个细节，了解每一分钱将如何使用。

He's obsessed with digging into every little detail, knowing how the money is gonna be used.

这实际上与我们之前所做的巴菲特对比非常相似。

It's actually very similar to the Buffett comparison that we made earlier.

你想想我们之前做的那期关于伯克希尔·哈撒韦的第二部分节目，当时他开始捐赠部分财富。

You think about the episode that we did with, I think, is Berkshire Hathaway part two when he starts donating some of his money.

沃伦痴迷于分析投资的回报。

Warren was obsessed with analyzing the return on an investment.

因此，当他打算捐赠时，他执着于理解如何最大化这笔投资的影响，而这对他来说当然是一项巨大的负担。

And so when he was gonna donate, he was obsessed with understanding how can I maximize the impact of that investment, which, of course, was this large burden for him?

所以，他最终决定，干脆把所有钱都捐给盖茨基金会，让他们去处理，这样我就不用再操心了。

And so that's why he ended up deciding, actually, I'm just gonna go give it all to the Gates Foundation, they can figure out, and then I don't have to think about it.

而当时，还没有这样的基金会。

Whereas, there are no foundations yet.

所以，洛克菲勒在这里表现出类似的执着，确保每一分钱都以最优化的方式使用，就像他整个商业生涯中所做的那样，这有多令人沮丧。

So you have Rockefeller here with a similar obsession with making sure that every penny is deployed in the most optimal way he did his whole business career, and how frustrating.

是的。

Yeah.

不过，我认为洛克菲勒和巴菲特之间有一个关键区别。

Well, and I think there's one key difference, though, between Rockefeller and Buffett.

我认为他们都有这种观点，但巴菲特似乎并没有真正想要参与其中。

I think they both have this outlook, but Buffett, think he doesn't have a genuine, like, want to be involved in it.

他有这种理念。

He has this outlook.

这应该是正确的做法，但我自己并没有热情去实践。

This is the way it should be, but I don't have a passion to do it myself.

洛克菲勒则有亲自实践的热情。

Rockefeller has the passion to do it himself.

我想经营标准石油公司，想亲自做这些事，但我需要帮助。

I wanna run Standard Oil and I wanna do this myself, but I need help.

所以他请来了盖茨。

So he brings in Gates.

他们基本上开创了慈善事业。

They basically invent philanthropy.

是的。

Yes.

他们确实如此。

They do.

我们接下来在这期节目中还会玩得非常开心。

We're gonna have so much fun on this episode still to come.

但我认为，从这部分（第二部分）中，最重要的一点是：第一部分讲的是洛克菲勒和标准石油公司发明了现代商业。

But I think if there's one thing to take away from this part two, it's part one was Rockefeller and Standard Oil invented modern business.

而这里要记住的是：他们发明了慈善事业，由此衍生出的许多基石，构成了我们这些听众如今日常生活的基础，而我们却往往视而不见。

The thing to take away here is they invent philanthropy, and coming out of that is, like, so many cornerstones of what modern life is for all of us or almost all of us that are listening that we just take for granted.

是的。

Yeah.

当我们说‘发明慈善’时，他们创造的是系统化、组织化的金钱捐赠方式。

When we say invent philanthropy, they invent the sort of systematic and organizational giving away of money.

他们并没有发明什一奉献。

They don't invent tithing.

什一奉献是圣经中的概念，但他们确实真正发明了现代慈善。

That's a biblical concept, but they really do invent modern philanthropy.

是的。

Yeah.

好吧。

Alright.

那么我们开始吧。

So let's get into it.

所以第一个重大项目是——正如你所说，本从很早就开始捐赠，甚至可以追溯到他做会计的年代。

So the first big project well, Ben, as you said, he had been giving all his life, even going back to his bookkeeping days.

他和家人做的第一个重要项目实际上是斯佩尔曼神学院，也就是后来的斯佩尔曼学院，位于亚特兰大的黑人女子高等院校。

The first significant project that he and the family do is actually Spelman Seminary, what becomes Spelman College, the, HBCU Women's College in Atlanta.

在19世纪80年代初，他们资助了这所学校的建设。

In the early eighteen eighties, they financed the building of that.

斯佩尔曼。

Seti Spelman.

斯佩尔曼是他妻子塞蒂·斯佩尔曼的姓氏。

Spelman is the maiden name of his wife, Seti Spelman.

是的。

Yeah.

他们第一个重大项目居然是这个，真是了不起。

Pretty amazing that that was the first major project that they do.

为了不夸大其词，我想他们当时已经招收了数百名学生，并在当地筹款，只是背了一些债务。

Just to not over credit, I think they already had, like, a few 100 people enrolled, and they were raising money locally, and they just had some debts.

于是洛克菲勒介入，彻底清偿了所有债务，并提供了资金支持。

And so Rockefeller came in and just wiped out all the debt, funded it.

然后还建起了那里的校园。

And then building the campus there too.

这是美国第一所面向黑人女性的文理学院。

It is the first liberal arts college for black women in America.

另外，关于洛克菲勒的性格，我觉得非常有趣。

And also worth pointing out about Rockefeller's character, which I find fascinating.

因为很多时候，研究这个时代的人都会发现，他们是时代的产物。

Because a lot of times you study people from this era, you know, they're a product of their time.

因此，他们对非白人男性持有非常低的评价。

And so they have a very low opinion of people that aren't white men.

洛克菲勒在某些言论中确实有一些不太光彩的地方，涉及他对其他种族群体的评论。

And Rockefeller does have some less savory parts in reference to comments that he's made about other ethnic groups here and there.

但他从内战前的废奴主义者、林肯的坚定支持者，到真正将信念付诸行动，内战后积极为黑人的权利发声。

But he went from pre civil war being an abolitionist, a big supporter of Lincoln, to really, like, carrying that through and then putting his money where his mouth is and really advocating for the rights of black people after the civil war.

是的。

Yeah.

这么说可能有点荒谬，但作为一个那个时代的富裕白人男性，他出奇地不具有种族歧视。

It's almost silly to say this, but, like, for a rich white guy of the time, he's remarkably not racist.

是的。

Yeah.

关于他，有很多方面都显得异常现代。

So much about him is remarkably modern.

正如你所说，他在任何事情上都没有完美的记录，对于女性和女性权利也是如此。

Like you say, he doesn't have a perfect track record on anything, and he doesn't have a perfect track record on, you know, women and women's rights.

最明显的是，我认为他说过他有五个孩子。

Most glaringly, I think they he said he had five children.

一个孩子很小就夭折了，四个孩子活到了成年。

One died very young, four children that survived to adulthood.

三个年长的都是女儿，然后小儿子是最小的，只有一个儿子。

The three eldest were daughters, and then junior was the youngest, one son.

女儿们嘛，还好吧。

The daughters are like, fine.

你可以做点什么，随便吧。

You can do stuff, whatever.

但小儿子，你将继承所有财产，你会成为我的接班人。

But junior, you're getting all the money, and you're gonna be my successor.

在这方面，和《纽约时报》的报道非常相似，财富都是通过男性血脉传承的。

Very similar to the New York Times story in that respect where the money flowed through the male lineage.

但正如你所说，他在思想观念上如此接近现代，令人印象深刻。

But as you say, remarkably striking how close to modern he was in his sensibilities.

所以，那就是斯佩尔曼。

So that was Spelman.

那是第一个大型项目。

That was the first big project.

然后是芝加哥大学，这显然是一个了不起的机构和成就。

And then there's the University of Chicago, which obviously is this amazing institution and achievement.

我认为这个项目才是真正让他心理上崩溃的关键。

I think this project is really what put him over the edge psychologically though.

这非常艰难。

This was hard.

它始于19世纪80年代初。

So it started in the early eighteen eighties.

当时有一种运动，旨在在美国建立一所真正的浸信会大学。

There was this movement to build a true Baptist university in America.

记住，洛克菲勒是浸信会教徒。

And remember, Rockefeller's Baptist.

你知道，所有常春藤盟校最初都是宗教或准宗教机构，但它们都不是浸信会的。

You know, all the Ivy League schools started as religious or quasi religious institutions, but they weren't Baptist.

除了布朗大学，布朗大学受到了很多浸信会的影响，小洛克菲勒的儿子就去了那里。

With the exception of Brown, Brown had a lot of Baptist influence, and that's where junior Rockefeller's son went.

但我觉得它并不是纯粹的浸信会学校。

But it wasn't strictly Baptist, I don't think.

他们想建立一所真正的浸信会大学。

They wanted to build, like, a real Baptist university.

而当时，常春藤盟校正变得越来越世俗化。

And the Ivy Leagues at this point in time are becoming more and more secular.

浸信会教育界有些担忧：天啊，即将兴起的这种世俗教育运动，会让最优秀的人才都涌向这些机构。

The Baptist educational community is sort of worried about, uh-oh, what's about to take off is this sort of secular education movement, and all the best and brightest are gonna flock to those types of institutions.

还记得我们第一次提到浸信会时说了什么吗？

And remember, you know, what did we say the first time about the Baptist?

他们是福音派的。

They're evangelical.

你知道，这并不完全是关于财富，而是他们想要吸引人才。

You know, it's not about the wealth per se, but they wanna recruit.

因此，这个运动的想法是把这所大学建在纽约市。

And so this movement is like, we wanna put this university in New York City.

吸引所有人，大都市、美国、战后等等。

Attract everybody, the big city, America, postwar, etcetera.

JD 当然是这个项目的完美资助者。

JD, of course, is the perfect benefactor for this.

于是他参与了进来。

So he gets involved.

事情变得一团糟。

It becomes a mess.

负责这个计划的一个名叫奥古斯都·斯特朗的人，是个浸信会牧师，他最终搞起了阴谋。

A guy running the initiative, a guy named Augustus Strong, who's a Baptist minister, he ends up sort of scheming.

洛克菲勒的长女贝西最终嫁给了他的儿子。

Rockefeller's oldest daughter, Bessie, ends up marrying his son.

所以他们深度介入了，但后来项目失败了，洛克菲勒撤回了支持。

So they get, like, very involved, but then the project falls apart and Rockefeller withdraws his support.

尴尬。

Awkward.

它最终转变成了试图在芝加哥建设这个项目。

It eventually does morph into trying to build this project in Chicago instead.

我们的想法是，我们认为芝加哥是中西部地区，当时算是西部，但却是边疆最大的城市。

And the idea is that, so we think Chicago is Midwest, like, it was the West then, but it was the biggest city in the frontier.

我认为当时它已经是美国第二大都市了。

I think it was already the second biggest city in America at that point.

这里可以说是全新的土地。

Here was sort of new ground.

我们可以建立这所浸信会大学，然后它将成为一个典范和模板，我们再在全国各地建立更多浸信会大学。

We can build this Baptist university, and then it'll be a model, template, and we'll build a bunch more Baptist universities all over the country.

还有两个好处。

And two more benefits too.

其中一个就是，在曼哈顿建东西非常昂贵。

One of which is it's really expensive to build stuff in Manhattan.

而且在那里获取建筑材料和雇佣施工队伍要便宜得多。

And so it's a lot cheaper to get building materials out there and hire construction crews.

当然，洛克菲勒非常热衷于做这些善事，因为他认为这些事本身是对的，而不是因为他觉得这是在为自己的商业罪过赎罪。

And then, of course, you have Rockefeller who really wants to do these good works because he thinks they're the right things to do, not because he thinks he's repenting for some business sins that he's done.

他非常非常害怕任何看起来像是他做慈善是为了博取公众好感、从而让人们不再憎恨他商业行为的事情。

And he's really, really afraid of anything that looks like I'm doing a charitable thing in order to curry public favor so they don't hate me for the business.

每当有人暗示说，这是你弥补标准石油公司所作所为的好方法时，他都会将对方逐出圈子。

Anytime anybody would insinuate, well, this is a good way for you to make up for all the Standard Oil stuff, he would just excommunicate them.

因此，选址在芝加哥很方便，因为他觉得如果在纽约，人们会认为这是他在试图影响公众、让自己更受欢迎，而他并不想被看作在刻意这样做。

And so it was convenient that it was in Chicago because he sort of felt like if it's in New York, then people will sort of view it as me trying to influence the public to like me, and I don't wanna be seen as attempting to do that.

所以你的意思是，洛克菲勒想要的反面，可能是像拉塞尔·斯坦福大学、范德堡大学或杜克大学这样的机构，这些都是很棒的学府。

So you're saying the opposite of what Rockefeller wants might be something like Leland Stanford University or Vanderbilt University or Duke University, all wonderful institutions.

我上过其中一所。

I went to one of them.

但没错，这些人希望自己的名字能刻在建筑上，这么说吧。

But, yeah, these are people who want their names on the building, so to speak.

对大多数听众来说，我猜你们会想：等等。

For most listeners, I bet you're like, wait.

洛克菲勒创办了芝加哥大学，这正是他想要达到的目的。

Rockefeller started, founded the University of Chicago, and that is exactly what he was going for.

但这并不仅仅是大学。

And it wasn't just universities.

显然，你们中的一些人可能会想，你们在谈论洛克菲勒如何开创了慈善事业，但你们忽略了一点。

Obviously, probably some of you are thinking like, well, you're talking about how Rockefeller pioneered philanthropy and all that, but you guys are missing something.

当时还有另一位非常慷慨的白人富豪，那就是安德鲁·卡内基，他们可是劲敌。

There was another wealthy white dude at the time who was pretty dang philanthropic, Andrew Carnegie, of course, and they were big time rivals.

你知道吗？卡内基做了一件非常了不起的事。

You know, Carnegie did something pretty amazing.

他创建了美国公共图书馆系统。

He created the American public library system.

哦，我之前不知道这件事。

Oh, I didn't know that.

是的。

Yeah.

你知道吗？美国每个镇上都有图书馆？

You know how there's, a library in every town in America?

那是卡内基做的。

That's Carnegie.

他创建了这些图书馆并资助了它们。

He created those libraries and funded them.

我猜这是用税收做的。

I assume that was taxes.

不是。

No.

我猜公共图书馆可能是用税收资助的。

I guess it probably is funded by taxes, like public libraries.

嗯，我认为它们现在是政府机构，但当初是由卡内基创建并捐赠给美国的。

Well, I think they're, you know, government institutions today, but they were created and sort of given to America.

他还在国际上建立了许多图书馆系统。

And he also did, internationally too, created a bunch of library systems.

你知道，他这么做的一个原因肯定是如何确保自己的名字载入史册？

You know, one of the reasons for sure that he did that is how do you make sure your name goes down in history?

在每个美国小镇的大楼前竖立一块刻有你名字的牌匾或雕像。

Get a plaque or a statue in front of a big building in every town in America with your name on it.

这可不是洛克菲勒的风格。

That was not Rockefeller's style.

是的。

Yeah.

当时，这还是一种模糊的概念，但他希望自己的所作所为能像标准石油公司那样。

This is, at the time, sort of a nebulous concept, but he wanted what he was doing to really be like Standard Oil.

标准石油公司到底做了什么？

In that, you know, what did Standard Oil do?

它们在不同州拥有众多不同的运营机构，甚至不同的公司。

They had all of these different operations, you know, in different states, but also different companies.

记住，他们收购了所有这些其他公司，但并不是完全吞并了它们。

Remember, they bought up all these other companies, and it wasn't that they absorbed them whole cloth.

他们让这些独立公司继续自主运营，由总部提供支持，但要求它们以分散的方式实现盈利并保持高效运营。

They kept operating these individual companies on their own with support from the mothership, but they were expected to be profitable, have good tight operations in a decentralized manner.

他们只需要通过一个质量门槛，确保产品可靠，然后就可以贴上标准品牌。

They would just have to pass a quality bar for making sure that they had good reliable product, and then they would slap the standard brand on it.

没错。

Yep.

而‘标准’本身的核心理念，就是制定标准。

And the standard brain of what was standard itself, it was about setting the standard.

它涉及进行所谓的研究，以创建最佳流程，并将这些流程推广到分散的组织中。

It was about creating doing the sort of quote unquote research to create the best processes that would get disseminated out to the decentralized organization.

这就是他希望在慈善事业中实现的目标。

That's what he wants for philanthropy.

因此，一旦他请来了盖茨，他们就开始思考这个问题，并将注意力转向了美国及全球医学与健康状况。

So once he brings Gates in, they start thinking about this and they turn their attention to the state of medicine and health in America and in the world.

他们做了一件非常了不起的事。

They do something pretty amazing.

因此，在1901年，他们决定在纽约市设立洛克菲勒医学研究所。

So in nineteen o one, they decide to set up the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York City.

这太惊人了。

This is amazing.

他们在曼哈顿东侧、俯瞰东河的六十几街区买下了一片农场。

They buy a farm on the East Side Of Manhattan overlooking the East River in the upper sixties.

就在曼哈顿的中心地带，竟然有一片农场，他们在那里建立了一家医学研究机构。

Literally in the middle of Manhattan there's this farm and they set up this medical research institution there.

其理念是进行纯粹的基础研究，果然，洛克菲勒在对儿子小洛克菲勒的谈话中曾这样说道。

And the idea is it's gonna be pure basic research And sure enough, it's great quote of Rockefeller talking to his son to junior.

他说：‘约翰，我们有钱，但只有找到有才能、有想法、有想象力和勇气的人将其用于 productive use，这笔钱才能对人类产生价值。’

He says, John, we have money, but it will have value for mankind only if we can find able men with ideas, imagination, and courage to put it into productive use.

洛克菲勒将这一机构的管理权交给了科学家，而不是负责支出的受托人，这在当时是革命性的。

Rockefeller placed the scientists at this institution, not the trustees in charge of expenditures, and this was revolutionary.

这是该研究所的秘密配方。

This was the institute's secret formula.

聚集杰出人才，让他们摆脱琐碎的烦恼，自由地追逐智力上的幻象，不受压力或干涉。

Gather great minds, liberate them from petty cares, and let them chase intellectual chimeras without pressure or meddling.

如果创始人营造出有利于创造力的氛围，那么成果自然会涌现。

If the founders created an atmosphere conducive to creativity, things would presumably happen.

这个小小的研究机构后来发展成了洛克菲勒大学。

So at this little research institution goes on to become Rockefeller University.

本，我们在做这个研究之前，你听说过洛克菲勒大学吗？

Ben, had you heard of Rockefeller University before we did the research for this?

我没听说过，但让我震惊的是，它产生了如此多的医学研究成果。

I hadn't, and I've been blown away by the amount of medical research that's come out of it.

所以我随便从维基百科上摘录几条，你要是去查洛克菲勒大学的维基百科页面的话。

So a small sample that I'm just gonna, like, read from Wikipedia here if you go to the Wikipedia entry for Rockefeller University.

这些成果都出自这里。

These are the things that have come out of this.

首先，培养与梅毒相关的传染性因子，证明了病毒可以致癌，从而推动了肿瘤生物学领域的发展。

First, to culture the infectious agent associated with syphilis showed that viruses can be oncogenic which enabled the field of tumor biology.

确定了动脉硬化相关的遗传缺陷，这是美国心脏病发作的主要原因。

Identified the genetic defect associated with arteriosclerosis the leading cause of heart attacks in The US.

发展了旅行接种实践，并发现了自身免疫疾病的现象。

Development of the practice of travel vaccination Identified the phenomenon of autoimmune disease.

将病毒学发展为一个独立的学科。

Developed virology as an independent field.

开发了第一种肽类抗生素。

Developed the first peptide antibiotic.

太疯狂了。

Crazy.

证明了基因在结构上由DNA组成。

Showed that genes are structurally composed of DNA.

发现了血型。

Discovered blood groups.

只是随便说说，所有的血型

Just casual, all the blood groups

所有的血型。

that All blood groups.

存在。

Exist.

嗯。

Yeah.

开发了美沙酮作为海洛因成瘾的治疗方法，并设计了艾滋病药物鸡尾酒疗法。

Developed methadone as treatment of heroin addiction and devised the AIDS drug cocktail.

哇哦。

Woah.

真的吗？

Really?

是的。

Yes.

所以这个研究所，直到五十年代才成为洛克菲勒大学。

So this institute, it wasn't until the fifties that it would become Rockefeller University.

因此，在洛克菲勒生前，他从未打算以自己的名字创办一所大学。

So during Rockefeller's life, he never intended to create a university with his name on it.

你知道，这要晚得多。

You know, here's much later.

这是温斯顿·丘吉尔关于约翰·洛克菲勒的一段话。

This is a quote from Winston Churchill talking about John Rockefeller.

当历史对约翰·D·

When history passes its final verdict on John D.

洛克菲勒做出最终评价时，很可能他的科研捐赠会被视为人类进步的一个里程碑。

Rockefeller, it may well be that his endowment of research will be recognized as a milestone in the progress of the race.

太棒了。

Boom.

这真是非常有力的赞誉。

That is a pretty ringing endorsement.

温斯顿·丘吉尔。

Winston Churchill.

是的。

Yeah.

这与所有其他慈善人士的初衷相去甚远。

This is very far from what all these other philanthropic folks had in mind.

这与芝加哥大学项目截然相反，后者从一开始就高投入、大阵仗，充满隆重的仪式感。

It was diametrically opposed to the University of Chicago project, where that was super high overhead, big deal, out of the gate, lot of pomp and circumstance.

而洛克菲勒大学或其前身，几乎就像一个精益创业项目。

And with the Rockefeller University or what would become that, it was almost like the lean startup.

是的。

Yeah.

你从来没听说过它。

You've never heard of it.

他们一开始并没有大张旗鼓，也没有专门建造校园。

And they didn't make a big deal at the beginning, and they didn't build a special campus.

这非常像聚集一群真正聪明的人，让他们成为各自领域中最优秀的人才。

It was very much like, let's get a bunch of really smart people, the brightest in their field together.

我们会给他们丰厚的报酬，然后静观其变。

We'll pay them good money, and we'll kinda see.

让他们来这里，做他们想做的事情。

Let them come here and work on what they wanna work on.

他们走得更远。

They go even further.

因此，研究所的第一任负责人是他们招募的一位名叫西蒙·弗莱克斯纳的人，而弗莱克斯纳是一名医生。

So the first head of the institute who they recruited was this guy named Simon Flexner, and Flexner was a physician.

记住，我们正在讨论洛克菲勒有多么现代，标准石油有多么现代，这种慈善事业有多么现代。

Remember, we're talking about how modern Rockefeller is and how modern standard oil is and how modern this philanthropy is.

记住，他的父亲比尔，是一名医生，所谓的医生。

Remember his father, Bill, was a doctor, quote unquote.

他是个巫医。

He was a witch doctor.

这就是当时美国医学在实际意义上的样子。

That's what medicine in the practical sense looked like in America.

你知道，那时候医学仍然更接近那种状态。

You know, it was really closer to that at this time still.

最起码的话，那还是顺势疗法。

I mean, at best it was homeopathy.

最起码，洛克菲勒本人长期以来其实对顺势疗法持同情态度。

At best, which Rockefeller was actually sympathetic to himself for a long time.

但盖茨、洛克菲勒和这个家族与弗莱克斯纳合作，说：我们已经在科学上做了这么多研究。

But Gates and Rockefeller and the family, they work with Flexner and they say, you know, we've done all this research in this science.

我们该如何改变医学的实践方式？

How can we change how medicine is practiced?

于是他们前往约翰斯·霍普金斯大学，采纳了我们现在所知的医学院模式——本科毕业后四年制，并将其推广开来。

So they go to Hopkins, they take the Johns Hopkins model, which is what we know as medical school today, four years post undergrad and they spread it out.

他们并没有去创建另一所大学来开办另一所医学院。

They don't go create another university to teach another medical school.

他们在美国所有其他大学都建立了医学院。

They go create medical schools at all the other universities in America.

在此之前，其他医学院并不需要大学学位。

Before this, other medical schools, you didn't need a college degree.

没有任何标准化。

There was no standardization.

于是他们首先去了芝加哥大学，然后是耶鲁大学，接着是范德堡大学，再扩展到所有这些其他机构，并捐赠了数千万美元。

So they go first to the University of Chicago, then to Yale, then to Vanderbilt, then to all these other institutions, and they just give tens of millions of dollars.

所以他们直接创办了医学院？

So they just start medical schools?

以约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的模式创办医学院，这造就了我们今天所熟知的现代实用医学。

To start medical schools in the model of Johns Hopkins, and this creates, you know, modern practical medicine as we know it today.

然后他们更进一步，回到霍普金斯，说：我们将资助在医学院旁设立一所公共卫生学院。

Then they go even further, So they go back to Hopkins and they say, we will fund creating a new school here attached to the medical school, a public health school.

于是他们在霍普金斯创建了第一所公共卫生学院，接着又前往哈佛大学，做了同样的事情。

So they create the first school of public health at Hopkins, and then they go to Harvard, and they do the same thing there.

这一切都是在幕后进行的。

And it's all behind the scenes.

这太像洛克菲勒了，也太像标准石油了。

This is so Rockefeller and so Standard Oil.

这是否由弗雷德里克·盖茨在管理？

And is this being sort of managed by Frederick Gates?

是的。

Yeah.

盖茨和现在的洛克菲勒家族，尤其是小洛克菲勒，深度参与其中，最终接管了这一切。

Gates and now the Rockefellers, like junior gets very involved in this and ultimately takes it over.

但老洛克菲勒、小洛克菲勒和盖茨三人，加上他们组建的团队，共同推动了这一切。

But senior and junior and Gates, the three of them together, along with the staff that they're building, they're driving all of this.

所以听众们，正如你们现在所意识到的，《标准石油》第二部分其实就是《洛克菲勒》第二部分。

So listeners, as you can tell by now, Standard Oil part two is really like Rockefeller part two.

我的意思是，我们在这里不断在标准石油和洛克菲勒之间切换，但早期标准石油的资金让洛克菲勒家族能够做到的事情，简直难以置信。

I mean, we're dancing in and out of Standard Oil here, but there's the scope of what the early Standard Oil money allowed the Rockefeller family to do is just unbelievable.

是的。

Yep.

为了给这一切做个总结。

To sort of put a bow on all of this here.

他们一直在思考，该如何真正地将这一切制度化？

So they're thinking the whole time, they're like, how do we really institutionalize this?

老洛克菲勒年纪渐长，他建立了这个办公室。

Seniors getting older, they built up this office.

这是独一无二的。

This is unique.

我们该如何让这一切永久延续下去？

How do we make this something that's gonna perpetuate indefinitely?

他们在1913年设立了机构，并获得了纽约州的特许状。

They set up in 1913, they get a charter from the state of New York.

我不太清楚这具体是怎么运作的。

I don't know exactly how this works.

我认为这是由联邦政府授予纽约州的特许状，用于创建洛克菲勒基金会，该基金会至今仍然存在。

I think it was a federal charter granted in the state of New York to create the Rockefeller Foundation, which still exists to this day.

他们每年向医学、教育、艺术以及各种其他领域捐赠数亿美元。

They give away hundreds of millions of dollars a year to causes from medicine to education to the arts to all sorts of things.

这也因为它一直以来都是私有的，所以我们也没有确切的数字来衡量洛克菲勒家族所有财富的总和。

It's also because it's been privately held this whole time, we also don't have an exact figure of what the sum of all these different pockets of Rockefeller family wealth are worth.

我的意思是，我们竟然没有这些数据，这简直令人惊讶，但事实确实如此。

I mean, it's kind of astonishing that we don't, but we don't.

有些学者曾试图深入研究这个问题，并且有一些估算值，但难度很大。

There have been scholars who have tried to pour into this, and there are estimates, but it's tough.

是的。

Yeah.

我想我们大概就在这里结束吧。

I think that's probably where we should leave it.

对吧，本？

Right, Ben?

你知道，洛克菲勒，标准石油，他在商业上赢了。

You know, Rockefeller, Standard Oil, he won business.

他在慈善事业上也赢了。

He's won philanthropy.

他几乎赢了整个美国。

He's won, like, America.

这里没什么可看的了。

There's kinda nothing more to see here.

对吧？

Right?

你知道，大家都过上了幸福的生活。

You know, everybody lives happily ever after.

没那么回事。

Not quite.

没那么回事。

Not quite.

你知道吗，本，你拍过黑帮电影，还涉足内容创作，比如《教父》之类的。

You know, Ben, you've been on the mafia movie, and content kick, know, the godfather and all that in your carve outs.

我觉得是时候引入《教父3》里最精彩的部分了。

I think it's time to bring in the one, good part of godfather part three.

就在我以为自己已经抽身时。

Just when I thought I was out.

他们又把我拉了回来。

They pulled me back in.

没错。

Yeah.

我觉得这个故事还有更多内容。

I think there's a little more to the story.

是啊。

Yeah.

你不该继续当总统的。

You shouldn't have stayed president.

你不该把名字留在门上。

Should not have left your name on the door.

我们开始了。

Here we go.

标准石油的拆分。

The breakup of Standard Oil.

在深入拆分故事之前，我们先回顾一些数据。

So let's review a few numbers before diving into the breakup story.

洛克菲勒已经把公司的日常运营交给了阿奇博尔德。

So Rockefeller had sort of handed over to Archbold, you know, the day to day of running the company.

那笔 modest 的 11% 股息，阿奇博尔德可是大股东。

That modest 11% dividend, Archbold's a pretty big shareholder.

他所有的朋友也都是大股东。

All his friends are pretty big shareholders.

这一比例在 1897 年上升到 31%，到 1899 年又升至 33%。

That ratcheted up to 31% in 1897 and then 33% in 1899.

所以我们正在给这些股东发放大额股息支票。

So we are cutting big dividend checks to all these shareholders.

但令人矛盾的是，洛克菲勒本人并不高兴。

Which Rockefeller actually was not happy about, paradoxically.

不。

No.

他喜欢保持股息非常低，把现金留在公司内部进行再投资。

He liked keeping it super modest, keeping the cash in the business, reinvesting it.

股价是这样的，这很有趣。

The share price so this is interesting.

它不是一家上市公司，所以我们看不到账本。

It's not a publicly traded company, and so we don't get to see the books.

但股份确实会发生转让。

But shares do change hands.

但股份确实会发生转让。

But shares do change hands.

因此，每天在报纸上都会公布一个股价，作为人们决定交易的参考价格。

And so every day in the newspaper, a share price is published at which it's kind of the reference price people are deciding to trade.

这就像一次直接发行。

It's like a direct offering.

是的。

Yes.

股价从1896年的176美元上涨到三年后的458美元。

The share price went from $176 in 1896 to then three years later, $458.

所以，股票正如人们所说的那样在上涨。

So the stock is running, as they say.

这就像一次不错的、类似特斯拉的走势。

It's a nice, Tesla like move there.

是的。

Yes.

其实并不是。

Which not really.

我们今天在迷因股中看到的股价波动，与这里讨论的倍数完全不同，但从1.76美元涨到4.58美元的三年涨幅依然令人难以置信。

The stock movement that we're seeing today in meme stocks is just a totally different multiple than we're talking about here, but unbelievable three year run from $1.76 to $4.58.

然后你再看看他们的股息政策。

You then sort of look at that dividend policy.

你知道，这部分总共占了多少？

How much of that, you know, is there in total?

从1893年到1901年，他们向股东派发了2.5亿美元。

From 1893 to nineteen o one, they paid out $250,000,000 to shareholders.

请记住，洛克菲勒拿到了其中的25%。

Keep in mind, Rockefeller is making 25% of that.

他很不满，但他也赚了巨额财富。

He's upset, but he's also making just a crap ton of money.

因此，这里需要强调的是，这一切都发生在汽车出现之前。

And so the thing to sort of land on here is this is all before the automobile.

这仍然完全是煤油业务。

This is all still the kerosene business.

就在1898年左右，出现了一个关键转折点，汽车开始出现。

And there's this seminal point right around 1898 where cars start happening.

它开始发挥作用了。

It starts working.

我们从1898年的800辆汽车，两年后增加到8,000辆。

We go from 800 cars in 1898 to then two years later, 8,000 cars.

所以，这一切已经开始发生了。

And so it's starting to happen.

标准石油公司意识到：等等。

Standard Oil is realizing, wait a minute.

我们终于可以利用这种原本无用的汽油产品了。

We finally can use this useless gasoline product.

因此，即使在退休后，洛克菲勒的真正财富还是因内燃机的大规模普及而大幅增长，远超我们之前提到的那点微薄收益。

And so even in his retirement, Rockefeller's real wealth ends up getting piled on top of his sort of paltry wealth that we talked about earlier from the, mass market adoption of the internal combustion engine.

没错。

Yep.

嗯。

Yep.

就在汽车业兴起的这个时候，我们要讲的拆分故事有两个方面，而且对大家都有利。

So right around that time when the automobile was taking off, There's two parts to the breakup story that we're gonna talk about here, and they're both good for everybody.

一是拆分，这很好。

One is the breakup, which is good.

非常好。

Very good.

二是汽车，也非常棒。

And two is the automobile, which is very good.

它们发生在平行的路径上。

And they happen on the same parallel paths.

所以1897年，就在汽车业开始腾飞之际，也是约翰·戴维森·洛克菲勒彻底退出业务的时候，俄亥俄州政府再次对他提起诉讼，也就是我们节目开头提到的那位。

So in 1897, right as this run up in the auto industry is starting, and right as JD had fully tried to walk away from the business, good old state of Ohio, they bring charges again back to the, you know, the top of the show here.

他们说：好吧，你们搬到了新泽西州，但你们还是在违反我们的法律。

They're like, okay, you guys moved to New Jersey, but, like, still you're still breaking our laws.

我们还是不喜欢你。

We still don't like you.

于是，一位政府官员拿到了一些旧的信托股份，试图兑现这些信托股份。

And so what they do is a government official gets a hold of some old trust shares, and they try and go redeem the shares of the trust.

他们说：哦，既然你们当初承诺过那样做，那我应该能去拿到新泽西标准石油公司的股份，而那是一家控股公司，旗下拥有所有这些其他公司。

They're like, oh, well, if you did what you said you were gonna do, I should be able to go get shares in Standard Oil New Jersey, and then there's a holding company of underlying, you know, all of these other companies.

但他们实际上做不到。

And they can't actually do it.

于是他们说：你们骗了所有人。

So they're like, you guys, you defrauded everybody.

于是他们提起了诉讼。

So they bring a case.

洛克菲勒实际上被传唤在这起案件中作证，他上演了一场精彩的表演。

Rockefeller actually gets called to testify in this case, and he puts on this great show.

他假装自己是个糊涂的老头，健忘得什么都记不起来了。

He pretends to be this doddering old man who's senile and, like, can't remember anything.

太神奇了。

It's amazing.

哦，当他出庭作证时，就像在迷雾中游荡一样。

Oh, when he's on the stand, it's like he's wandering through the mist.

哦，我想不起来了。

Oh, I can't remember.

哦，他从美国历史上最敏锐、最聪明的人之一，突然变得似乎完全记不清任何事情是如何凑在一起的。

Oh, it's been, he's he goes from, like, one of the sharpest, brightest people to ever live in American history to seemingly having no recollection of really how anything kinda came together.

没错。

Yep.

天哪。

Oh my god.

这到底是怎么发生的？

How did that how did that happen?

你知道吗，那些信托股份在哪？

I you know, where are those trust shares?

天啊。

Gosh.

我不知道，检察官先生。

I I don't know, mister prosecutor.

州政府实际上并没有赢得这场诉讼，但这是一种干扰。

The state doesn't actually win the case, but it's kind of a distraction.

它开始影响公众舆论，而真正重要的是公众舆论对标准石油公司的不利态度。

It starts to move public opinion, which is what really counts, the court of public opinion against Standard Oil.

但他们赢了，大家都说，哦，好吧。

But they win and everybody's like, oh, okay.

行吧。

Fine.

你知道，我们会挺过去的。

Like, you know, we're gonna make it.

同时，就在这个案件进行期间，还正在举行总统选举。

Also, at the same time as this case is going on, there's a presidential election happening.

实际上，这场诉讼始于1896年的选举。

It was actually when it started in 1896 was the election.

从标准石油公司的角度来看，竞选总统的是一位令人恐惧的人物。

And, it's a really terrifying figure from Standard Oil's point of view running for president here.

威廉·詹宁斯·布莱恩，著名的原始民粹主义者。

William Jennings Bryan, the celebrated, the OG populist.

他的主张是，美国将被钉在金十字架上。

His thing was America was gonna get crucified on a cross of gold.

对吧？

Right?

那是他的主张，

That was his,

没错。

Yep.

民粹主义与银本位。

Populism and silver.

我从美国历史中记得的关于他的两件事。

The two things I remember from American history about him.

母性与苹果派。

Motherhood and apple pie.

还有就是他好像一直存在了很久。

That and he was, like, around forever.

我当时想，这人怎么还活着？

I was like, how is this guy still alive?

他在美国政坛活跃了数十年之久。

He was in the American national political scene for decades and decades and decades.

还活着。

Still alive.

用词真是很特别。

Just a striking choice of words there.

当然，布莱恩输了。

So Brian loses, of course.

他没有成为总统。

He doesn't become president.

那谁成了总统？

And who does become president?

就是标准石油公司以及摩根、卡内基等所有财团所能想象到的最理想人选。

The best person that Standard and all these other trusts of JPMorgan and Carnegie and everybody could imagine.

威廉·麦金利，这位著名的保守派人物。

William McKinley, the celebrated conservative.

来自俄亥俄州的共和党人。

Republican from Ohio.

没错。

Yep.

没错。

Yep.

典型的老实人。

Good old boy.

标准公司为他的竞选贡献了整整二十五万美元。

Standard contributed a cool quarter million dollars to his campaign.

每个人都兴奋不已。

Everybody is just pumped.

麦金莱的竞选经理名叫马克·汉纳，他当年和约翰·迪在上高中时就是同学，那时野比尔把迪从学校里拉了出来。

McKinley's campaign manager, a guy named Mark Hanna, actually went to high school with John Dee back when he was going to high school before, Wild Bill pulled him out.

他和这些家伙关系非常密切。

And he's, like, deep in the family with these guys.

麦金莱获胜后，他发了一封电报，上面赫然写着：上帝在天堂，一切安好。

He sends a telegram when McKinley wins that literally reads, god is in his heaven.

世界重归正轨。

All is right with the world.

如果这都不算幸灾乐祸的电报，那我真没见过别的了。

That's a gloating telegram if I've ever seen one.

天哪。

Oh my god.

到处都在互相击拳庆祝。

There's fist bumping going on all over the place.

从标准公司的角度来看，麦金莱简直就是天降神人。

McKinley is just, like, literally sent from God here from standards perspective.

不过几年后，联邦层面一切顺利，但各州又开始出问题了。

Fast forward a couple years though, all's good on the federal level, but we start getting some trouble with the states again.

这次不是俄亥俄州。

And this time it's not Ohio.

这次问题就发生在新家附近，也就是纽约的实际所在地。

This time it is right close to the new home, the actual home in New York.

当新上任的纽约州州长开始放话要对付托拉斯，特别是标准石油公司时，事情就发生在纽约。

Is in New York when the feisty new governor of New York starts making some noises about coming after the trust, in particular, the oil trust with Standard Oil.

这个人正是新任纽约州州长西奥多·罗斯福。

None other than Theodore Roosevelt, the new governor of New York.

我之前根本不知道他当总统之前做过什么，也不知道他参与了对标准石油公司的诉讼。

Which I didn't realize what he did before becoming president, and I didn't realize he was involved in bringing this suit against Standard Oil.

哦，他确实非常参与其中。

Oh, was he was he was very involved.

如果洛克菲勒很坏，那么西奥多·罗斯福可能更坏。

If, Rockefeller was bad, there's a chance Theodore Roosevelt was badder.

哦，他简直是终极硬汉。

Oh, he was the ultimate badass.

再次感谢推特上的安迪·斯帕克斯，他提醒了我：西奥多·罗斯福就像我们在第一部分对洛克菲勒、标准石油、弗拉格勒以及黑手党头目们所表现出的那种兴奋一样，当他晚年竞选总统失败时，我们也会有同等程度的兴奋。

Once again, Andy Sparks on Twitter, the best, reminded me that Theodore Roosevelt, a little like, all the glee that we had in part one for Rockefeller and Standard Oil and Flagler and mafia dons and everything that they're doing, gonna have just an equal glee on the other side when he was unsuccessfully running for president later in life.

他在演讲前被枪击了。

He gets shot before a speech.

他 literally 被射中了胸口。

He literally gets shot in the chest.

哦，对了。

Oh, that's right.

但他还是照常发表了演讲。

And he gives the speech anyway.

对吧？

Right?

他正前往发表演讲的路上。

And he's on the way to deliver the speech.

他正在被开车运送。

He's being driven.

他遭遇了一次失败的暗杀企图，中弹了。

He gets shot by a botched assassination attempt.

他胸口有一颗子弹。

He's got a bullet in his chest.

司机开始改变路线，想送他去医院，但他却说：‘不，不，年轻人。’

The driver starts to divert and take him to the hospital and he's like, oh, no, no, young man.

我还是要发表演讲。

I'm gonna give that speech.

他来到会场，开始演讲，说：‘请大家尽量安静一点。’

He goes to the the venue, and he sort of starts the speech and he's like, I'd like everybody to be as quiet as possible.

我不知道你们有没有意识到，我刚刚被枪击了。

I don't know if y'all realize that I was just shot.

他发表了演讲，然后去了医院。

And he gives the speech and then he goes to the hospital.

哦，西奥多·罗斯福真是太棒了。

Oh, Teddy Roosevelt's the best.

关于他，有一本大卫·麦卡洛写的很棒的传记。

There's a great David McCullough biography about him.

是《马背上的早晨》吗？

Is it Mornings on Horseback?

那是那本

Is that the

哦，我觉得可能就是那本。

Oh, I think that that might be it.

听起来很熟悉。

That sounds familiar.

我去过他在萨加莫尔山的庄园，我想是这么叫的。

I've been to his, estate in Sagamore Hill, I think it is called.

它位于长岛。

It's on Long Island.

酷。

Cool.

太酷了。

It's super cool.

泰迪在狩猎等方面，按现代标准来看，是个有争议的人物。

Teddy also had, you know, by modern standards, a problematic figure in his all of his hunting and, you know, all of that.

我正想说，到处都是毛皮吗？

I was gonna say, are there pelts everywhere?

我最喜欢的是有一个用象蹄做的垃圾桶。

My favorite is there's a trash can made of an elephant hoof.

天哪。

Oh my god.

疯狂。

Crazy.

好吧。

Alright.

所以这个人就是要挑战约翰·D.的人。

So this is the guy that is gonna challenge John D.

因此，标准石油公司、商界和马卡纳公司为他们在纽约州面对罗斯福带来的新问题想出了一个聪明绝顶的解决方案。

So Standard and the business community and Marcana, they come up with a brilliant, genius solution to their new problems from Roosevelt in the state of New York.

记住，此时他们已经控制了共和党。

Remember, they, like, control the Republican party at this point.

他们让罗斯福被提名为1900年麦金莱连任竞选的副总统候选人。

They get Roosevelt nominated as the vice president on the ticket for McKinley's reelection campaign in 1900.

这就能把他打发走了。

This will get rid of him.

这就能把他打发走了。

This will get rid of him.

就是派他去当副总统吧。

Like, send him to be VP.

你知道的，这对他政治生涯来说挺好的，但你就能把他弄出纽约了。

You know, it'll be, like, great for his political career, but you're gonna get him out of New York.

而且大家都明白，副总统基本上就是

And everybody knows VPs do basically

不对。

not Right.

把他搁在一边。

Put him in the corner.

把他搁在一边。

Put him in the corner.

当然，麦金莱再次以压倒性优势获胜，问题解决了，大家都击掌庆祝。

Now, of course, McKinley wins in a landslide again, problem solved, everybody's high fiving.

这是哪一年？

What year is this?

这是1900年，选举发生的时候。

This is, you know, the 1900 when, the election happens.

一切都很好。

It's all great.

麦金利在1901年再次宣誓就职，然后被枪击身亡。

McKinley gets reinaugurated in nineteen o one, and then he gets shot and he dies.

哎呀。

Oops.

与罗斯福不同，他没有挺过来。

Unlike Roosevelt, he does not survive.

那时候特勤局存在了吗？

Did the secret service exist yet?

是特勤局工作不力，还是根本还没成立？

Are they bad at their jobs, or are they just not around yet?

这是个好问题。

That's a good question.

我不知道。

I don't know.

真是个疯狂的世界。

Such a wild world.

而且这种事会一直持续下去，你知道的？

And also that this would, like, continue forever, you know?

哦，不是永远，但里根被枪击了。

Oh, not forever, but Reagan got shot.

对吧？

Right?

他是最后一个被实际枪击的总统吗？

Like, was he the last president to actually be shot?

这是个好问题。

That's a good question.

是的。

Yeah.

他们现在似乎能很快抓住他了。

They seem to catch him early now.

是的。

Yeah.

天哪。

Goodness.

当然，我不是想轻视麦金利被枪杀并去世这件事，但这简直是可能发生的最糟糕的噩梦。

Obviously, we don't I don't mean to make light of McKinley being shot and dying, but this is literally the worst nightmare possible.

突然间，标准石油公司的头号公敌（或私敌）现在进了白宫。

Suddenly, public enemy number one or private enemy number one for Standard Oil is now in the White House.

是的。

Yes.

现在在白宫了。

Now in the White House.

所以，西奥多·罗斯福，我的意思是，我肯定每个人都对这次刺杀感到震惊。

So TR, I mean, I'm sure everybody's upset about this assassination one of it.

一旦他，你知道的，忙完早晨的事，他就说：‘你们这些混蛋。’

Once he, you know, gets done with morning, he's like, oh, you MFers.

我现在正好把你拿捏住了。

I've got you right where I want you now.

而他即将获得强大的弹药，因为就在TR就任总统的同一月份——1901年9月——一位了不起的开创性女记者艾达·明erv拉·塔贝尔，她是《麦克卢尔杂志》——一家全国性杂志的撰稿人——

And he's about to get some serious ammo because right at the same time, literally the same month that TR is inaugurated as president, September '1, a amazing pioneering woman journalist named Ida Minerva Tarbell, who's a writer for McClure's Magazine, National Magazine.

这将非常重要。

It's gonna be important.

《麦克卢尔杂志》开始着手她向编辑麦克卢尔提出的全新项目。

National Magazine starts working on a new project that she pitches to the editor, McClure.

她要写一本关于标准石油公司历史的书，并以连载形式在杂志上发表。

The history of Standard Oil as a book to come out in serial form in the magazine.

有人可能会说，艾达因为自己的过往而心怀怨恨。

Now one might say Ida has an axe to grind from, her own past.

这正是我们今天所熟知的调查性新闻的诞生。

This is the birth of investigative journalism as we know it today.

丹尼尔·尤金，这位伟大的历史学家写了这部获奖著作，第一部分发布后，这么多人推荐我们阅读。

Daniel Jurgen, the great historian who wrote the prize, which so many people have recommended after part one that we that we read.

本，你读过一点点。

Ben, you you read a little bit of it.

嗯。

Yeah.

我很快意识到，这本书主要讲的是美国与沙特阿拉伯的关系，而我们在第二部分根本不可能涉及这个内容。

I quickly realized like, this is mostly about US Saudi Arabia relations and we are so not gonna get to that in part two.

是的。

Yeah.

所以我们得先讲讲这个奖，至于国际石油史的其他部分，只能改天再说了。

So we'll we'll have to cover the prize and you know, rest of the international oil history another time.

但这位备受赞誉的历史学家称，这本书——《标准石油的历史》——可能是美国有史以来对商业影响最大的一本书。

But he, you know, celebrated historian, he calls this book, the history of standard oil, maybe the single most influential book on business ever published in The United States.

太惊人了。

Amazing.

塔贝尔和她在《麦克卢尔》杂志的同事们被称为扒粪者。

Tarbell and her colleagues at McClure's become known as the muckrakers.

你知道，你听说过‘扒粪记者’这个词，她就是这类人。

You know, you've heard the term muckraking journalist, she's them.

你知道是谁创造了‘扒粪者’这个词吗？

Do you know who coins the term muckrakers?

哦，不。

Oh, no.

我不知道。

I don't.

是西奥多·罗斯福本人。

Teddy Roosevelt himself.

不可能。

No way.

是的。

Yes.

太棒了。

So great.

他发表了一次演讲。

He gives a speech.

他谈论了他们有多么了不起。

He talks about about how great they are.

是的。

Yeah.

她真是个了不起的人物。

So she was this amazing character.

你刚才说她可能有些个人议程。

Now you said she might have some agenda.

是的。

Yes.

她有一点个人经历，影响了她的观点。

Little bit of personal history to color her point of view here.