AEE 2516：英语中的假设与臆断

这里是《全神贯注学英语》播客第2516期，关于英语中'assumption'与'presumption'的区别。

This is an All Ears English podcast episode twenty five sixteen, assumption versus presumption in English.

欢迎收听《全神贯注学英语》播客，下载量已突破2亿次。

Welcome to the All Ears English podcast, downloaded more than 200,000,000 times.

你是否在英语学习中感到停滞不前？

Are you feeling stuck with your English?

我们将通过关注交流而非完美主义，帮助你变得自信流利——由美国主持人林赛·麦克马洪（英语冒险家）和米歇尔·卡普兰（纽约电台女孩）从美国科罗拉多州和纽约市为您呈现。

We'll show you how to become fearless and fluent by focusing on connection, not perfection with your American hosts, Lindsey McMahon, the English adventurer, and Michelle Kaplan, the New York radio girl, coming to you from Colorado and New York City, USA.

每周获取邮件发送的播客文字稿，请访问allearsenglish.com/subscribe。

And to get your transcripts delivered by email every week, go to allearsenglish.com forward slash subscribe.

我们并非妄自尊大，但你需要掌握这些词汇。

We don't mean to be presumptuous, but you need this vocabulary.

今天我们将解析'assumption'与'presumption'的关键区别，并教你用'presumptuous'这个词来妙趣横生地衡量社交亲密度。

Today, find out the key differences between assumption and presumption, and get a fun way to use presumptuous to gauge your social connectedness.

回想上次有人凑过来说'抱歉'的情景。

Think about the last time someone leaned in and said, sorry.

你能再说一遍吗？

Can you say that again?

这很令人沮丧。

It's frustrating.

对吧？

Right?

你明明知道这个词。

You know the word.

你说了，但声音不清楚。

You said it, but the sound wasn't clear.

这不是语法或词汇问题。

That's not a grammar or a vocabulary problem.

是发音问题。

It's a pronunciation problem.

这并不意味着要改变你是谁或抹去你的口音。

And it doesn't mean changing who you are or erasing your accent.

而是要让你的英语每次都能轻松听懂、清晰明了。

It means making your English easy to follow and clear every time.

想看看是什么阻碍了你吗？

Wanna see what's getting in your way?

参加我们两分钟的测试，了解你的英语水平，请访问 allearsenglish.com/fluencyscore。

Take our two minute quiz to get your English level at allearsenglish.com/fluencyscore.

网址是 allearsenglish.com/fluencyscore。

That's allearsenglish.com/fluencyscore.

嘿，琳赛。

Hey, Lindsay.

你好吗？

How are you?

今天感觉很棒，米歇尔。

Feeling great today, Michelle.

你那边一切都好吗？

How's everything with you?

我很好。

I'm doing well.

谢谢。

Thanks.

琳赛，你有没有对某些事情做过假设，结果发现是错的？

Lindsay, do you ever make assumptions about something and they turn out to be false?

我想说没有，但当然。

I would like to say no, but of course.

每个人都会这样。

Everyone does.

对吧？

Right?

当然。

Of course.

没错。

Right.

是啊。

Yeah.

对。

Right.

我是说，有时候我可能会先入为主地评价一本书或餐厅之类的，结果可能完全不是那样。

I mean, sometimes I may prejudge a book or a restaurant whatever or So it may be.

很多事情都和我们最初的想象相反。

Many things are counter to what we imagine at first.

要知道，最好的美食往往藏在最不起眼的小店里，这是真的。

You know, often the best food is in the smallest hole in the wall True.

那些餐厅门面看起来并不起眼。

That doesn't have a fancy front to it as a restaurant.

对吧？

Right?

可能只有三四个座位，但食物确实非常美味。

It's just like maybe three or four seats and it's but it's really good food.

对吧？

Right?

是的。

Yes.

是的。

Yes.

没错。

Exactly.

所以今天我们要回答听众关于一个类似词语的提问，并讨论这两个词的用法。

So today we're gonna answer a listener question about a similar word, and we're gonna talk about how these two words work.

这个问题来自YouTube，实际上包含两部分。

So this question came to us from YouTube and it was a two parter actually.

提问者是安娜·纳娜娜·纳奈。

So it's from Ana Nanana Nanai.

问题是：你能解释一下jarring和presumption这两个词的区别吗？

The question was, can you explain the different explain the words jarring and presumption?

林赛在这一集中提到了他们。

Lindsey mentioned them in the episode.

谢谢。

Thank you.

其实我们已经讨论过'jarring'这个词了，但我们想继续谈谈'presumption'。

So we actually did jarring already, but we wanted to do presumption.

各位，在节目接近尾声时，我们会告诉你们在哪里可以找到讨论'jarring'这个词的那期节目。

Guys, towards the end of the episode, we will let you know where to find the episode where we talk about the word jarring.

是的。

Yes.

对。

Yeah.

所以请务必坚持听到最后。

So make sure you hang out to the end.

趁你现在还在听，请点击关注。

And while you're here, hit follow.

确保你关注了《全神贯注学英语》，这样你就不会错过任何一期节目。

Make sure you are following All Ears English, so you don't miss a single episode.

没错，我们在另一期节目里回答过第一位听众关于'jarring'这个词的提问。

So, yeah, we answered the first listener's question about the word jarring in that other episode.

但现在我们要回到'presumption'这个话题了，米歇尔。

But we're coming back now, Michelle, to presumption.

Presumption（推定）。

Presumption.

假定。

Presumption.

我们来聊聊这个。

Let's talk about it.

好的。

Okay.

所以我们要实际讨论一下'presumption'和'assumption'这两个词。

So we're gonna actually talk about the words presumption and assumption.

好的。

Okay.

对。

Yeah.

因为它们使用非常广泛，而且有很多共同点。

Since they're so widely used and they have so much in common.

所以，对。

So Yeah.

琳迪，我们从'presumption'开始吧。

Lindy, let's start with presumption.

是的。

Yes.

那么，什么是'presumption'？

So what is presumption?

我知道。

I know.

嗯，这些词都有含义。

Well, these words are in meaning.

我其实很好奇它们之间的区别，因为它们在很多方面感觉非常相似。

I'm actually curious to know what the difference is because they feel very similar in a lot of ways.

所谓假定，就是在没有证据的情况下相信或采取某种行为。

So presumption is where you believe something or act it in a way without proof.

对吧？

Right?

嗯。

Mhmm.

嗯。

Mhmm.

假定带有一定程度的傲慢。

There's a level of arrogance to presumption.

你明白吗？

You know?

这也可能与法律体系相关，比如无罪推定。

This could also be related to the legal system, like the presumption of innocence.

在美国，一个人在被证明有罪之前都被推定为无罪。

In The US, you're presumed presumed innocent until proven guilty.

对吧？

Right?

对。

Right.

无罪推定。

The presumption of innocence.

是的。

Yeah.

或者她基于房租今年不会上涨的假设采取了行动。

Or she acted under the presumption that her rent wasn't going to increase this year.

所以这是她认为会发生的事，她假定房租不会上涨。

So that's what she thought would happen and she presumed that it wasn't going to increase.

但我们

But we

并不确定。

don't know for sure.

或者他对这份工作做了很多完全不切实际的假设，因此感到非常不满。

Or she made he made a lot of presumptions about the job that weren't even remotely true, and so he was quite unhappy.

那么这些是事先做出的假设，你会这么说吗，米歇尔？

So these are assumptions that happened beforehand, would you say, Michelle?

是那种

Is that kind

情况吗？

of it?

可能是，可能是在那之前。

Like Could be could be before it.

是的。

Yeah.

对。

Right.

没错。

Exactly.

所以你相信某件事会发生。

So you believe that something will happen.

嗯。

Mhmm.

但你其实没有确凿的证据。

But you don't really have, you know, the proof.

是的。

Yeah.

当然，我们听过人们用形容词'presumptuous'（冒昧的）来形容自己。

And of course, we've hear we've heard people say the word presumptuous the adjective to describe themselves.

比如你可能会听到有人说：'我不是想冒昧，但是……'

Like you might hear someone say, I don't mean to be presumptuous, but X, Y, Z.

对吧？

Right?

所以要注意这是个形容词。

So, to be aware of that as an adjective.

但我们不能说'assumptuous'，对吧？

But we can't say assumptuous, can we?

不能。

No.

不。

No.

没有那样的表格。

There's no form like that.

自以为是。

Assumptuous.

不。

No.

是的。

Yeah.

我们从未听说过这种事。

We don't I've say never heard of that before.

不。

No.

不。

No.

不认为有这回事。

Don't think it's a thing.

所以，等我们稍作休息回来后，马上要讨论假设、各种假设、假设的事情。

So, after we come back from the break in just a minute, we're going to go into assumption, assumptions, assuming things.

对吧？

Right?

嗯。

Mhmm.

好的，米歇尔。

Okay, Michelle.

我们来谈谈假设（assumption）与推定（presumption）之间的区别。

Let's talk about assumption and how it might be different from presumption.

是的。

Yes.

没错。

Exactly.

所以这也是我

So this is also what's I

的意思，这些词非常接近。

mean, words are very close.

对。

Yeah.

这也是在无证据情况下相信某事。

This is also believing something without proof.

对吧？

Right?

林赛，我们不能开这个玩笑，但关于这个词的拼写确实有个段子。

Lindsey, we can't say this joke, but there's kind of a joke with a about how to spell this word.

你知道吗？

Do you know?

哦。

Oh.

哦。

Oh.

哦。

Oh.

哦。

Oh.

我了解你，当你假设时，你在思考一个短语。

I know you When you assume, you think a phrase.

看看这个。

To look You at this.

抬头看看，假设一个拼写笑话，你就能找到它。

Look up look up assume a spelling joke, and you can find it.

但让我们谈谈这里的区别。

But let's talk about the difference here.

意思是，你知道，这几乎是一样的。

Mean, that's, you know, it's almost the same.

但对我来说，这比假设稍微不那么正式。

But to me, this is a little less formal than a presumption.

而且它也不一定有同样的负面含义。

And it also, it doesn't necessarily have the same negative, like as negative a connotation.

听起来不那么理所当然。

Like it sounds less entitled.

是的，我同意这个观点。

Yeah, Does that make I agree.

这样更有戏剧性。

It's more dramatic.

假设更具戏剧性，对吧？

Presumption is more dramatic, Right?

是的。

Yeah.

不那么理所当然。

Less entitled.

我同意这一点。

I do agree with that.

这个的戏剧性稍微少一些。

There's a little less drama about this.

对。

Right.

而另一个

And the other

事情是假设更常见。

thing is assumption is more common.

其实假设听起来更像是法律术语。

It's not really presumption kind of sounds a little bit more legal.

假设更贴近日常生活。

Assumption is more just everyday life.

比如说，我假设日程会排满。

So for example, I made an assumption that the schedule would be full.

我应该先给你打电话的。

I should have called you first.

是啊。

Yeah.

对吧？

Right?

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以做个假设的话，我是说，如果我说我...听起来就不太对劲

So so to make an assumption, I could I mean, it just wouldn't have sounded it right if I said I

做了个假设。

made a presumption.

没错。

Yeah.

你说得对。

You're right.

你说得对。

You're right.

这就是区别所在。

This is the this is the difference.

这有点难以解释。

It's a little hard to explain.

我当时的假设是她的飞机会晚点到达。

My assumption was that her flight was going to arrive late.

我确实不会说我的假设是她的拒绝。

I really wouldn't say my presumption was that her no.

这听起来太正式了。

That's too formal sounding.

对吧？

Right?

对。

Right.

对。

Right.

或者我正基于我们将在月底前达成目标的假设工作。

Or I'm working under the assumption that we will have met our goals by the end of

这个月。

the month.

是啊。

Yeah.

是啊。

Yeah.

所以，我的意思是，你可以说'我基于某种预设行事'，而不是说'我做了个假设'。

So, I mean, you could say, instead of I made an assumption, you could say like I'm acting under the presumption.

对吧？

Right?

比如之前我说的，她基于今年房租不会上涨的预设行事。

So like, for example, earlier up, I said she acted under the presumption that her rent wasn't going to increase this year.

对。

Right.

不过我认为这更像是一种完整的表达方式，基于某种假设行事。

So but I think that that's kind of a whole expression, to act under the presumption.

是的。

Yeah.

对吧？

Right?

也许区别在于，比如说我们是室友，我告诉你：'我当初是假设房租不会变才这么做的'。

Maybe the difference is if let's say we're roommates and I tell you, oh, I acted under the assumption that our rent would stay the same.

我之所以告诉你这些是因为我们是室友。

I'm telling that to you because we're roommates.

这样更随意一些。

It's more casual.

但可能实际上并不一定是这样。

But maybe if maybe it wouldn't have to be true.

但如果我去找房东，坐在他们办公室里想要更正式些，我可以说'我是基于房租不会上涨的推定才这么做的'。

But maybe if I go to the landlord and I sit down in their office and I'm trying to be more formal, I could say I acted under the presumption that our rent wouldn't increase.

所以我现在是在请求通融。

So I'm asking for an exception.

或许可以这样解释。

Maybe that could be.

因此'推定'这个词更正式。

So presumption, more formal.

对吧？

Right?

是的。

Yes.

当然。

Definitely.

嗯。

Yeah.

就像林赛说的，再次强调，presumption更正式一些，用得稍微少一点。

So again, presumption, like Lindsay said, more formal, a little less common.

我觉得我不太常用presumption这个词，相比之下，assumption更日常、更常用。

I don't think that I use presumption too much, but I, but I would, I might say assumption more frequently, more every day.

而且presumption听起来可能有点傲慢，像是'我理所当然认为你会为我们的旅行买单'这种感觉。

Also presumption could sound a little bit more arrogant, a little bit Oh, more I presume that you will be paying for our trip.

对吧？

Right?

有点理所当然的感觉。

It's a little more entitled.

嗯哼。

Mhmm.

确实。

For sure.

而assumption就没那么正式。

Whereas assumption is less formal.

这更常见一些。

It's a little more common.

更像是日常用语，日常交流，对任何人都适用。

It's more everyday speak, everyday language, talking to anyone.

而且它不一定带有负面含义。

And it doesn't necessarily have a negative connotation.

它不必如此。

It doesn't have to.

嗯。

Mhmm.

嗯。

Mhmm.

对吧？

Right?

然后就是对的。

And then right.

它不必如此。

It doesn't have to.

我是说，可以这样，但要看上下文。

I mean, it could, but it depends on the context.

然后还有presume和assume的区别。

And then there's presume and assume.

对吧？

Right?

好的。

Right.

所以只是动词。

So Just the verb.

动词形式。

Verb form.

嗯哼。

So Mhmm.

比如，我猜你会负责带我们所有的晚餐过来。

Like, for example, I presume you will bring be bringing over all of our dinners.

嗯哼。

Mhmm.

或者我猜你已经收到银行的消息了。

Or I assume you heard from the bank.

嗯哼。

Mhmm.

嗯哼。

Mhmm.

你看，如果我们换种说法，比如，我猜你会负责带我们所有的晚餐过来。

You know, if we switch these up, like, I assume you will be bringing over all of our dinners.

那样听起来就合适了。

That would sound fine.

稍微少一点

A little less

可能是傲慢吧。

arrogant maybe.

是啊。

Yeah.

应该没问题。

It would be okay.

好吧。

Alright.

把傲慢收起来。

Getting taking away the arrogance.

那如果我们换进去呢？我猜你收到银行消息了吧？

And then what if we swapped in, I presume you heard from the bank?

这有点过了。

That's a little much.

这有点过了。

That's a little much.

除非你想装腔作势，居高临下地说些什么。

You know, unless you're trying to be fancy and you're trying to say something on a pedestal.

我猜你收到银行消息了。

I presume you heard from the bank.

对吧？

Right?

对。

Right.

林赛，我确实认为你之前提到的观点很重要。

And I do and I do think, Lindsey, something that you said earlier on is important here.

因为仔细想想，'presumption'这个词本身就带有'pre'这个前缀。

Because if you think about it, I it presumption, it has the word pre in it.

对吧？

Right?

就像你说的，它更多用于未来时态，比如'我推测这将会发生'。

So, like you said, it may be more for something like, in the future, I presume this will happen.

我说得对吗？

I right?

没错。

Right.

所以我不确定这是否必然相关，但这样理解确实更合理。

So I'm not sure if that's necessarily connected, it does make more sense to me.

如果我说'我推测你收到了银行消息'，听起来...

If I say, I presume you heard from the bank, it's, to me, it sounds

有点别扭。

a little awkward.

确实如此。

Exactly.

而且我觉得这个词在电影里出现得更多，特别是那些涉及皇室题材的电影，或者那些设定在社会上层的卡通角色。

And I feel like it it comes more comes up more in movies too, especially movies dealing with, like, royalty or something or cartoon characters that are supposed to be elevated in a society.

我推测是这样。

I presume this.

你假设如此。

You presume this.

它确实具有一种高端的特质。

It's really it's got an elevated nature to it.

对。

Right.

是的。

Yes.

好吗？

Okay?

是的。

Yes.

完全正确。

Totally.

是的。

Yes.

所以我们现在要进行一个角色扮演，这样你就能大致了解这是如何衔接的。

So we are going to do a role play now so you can kinda see how this would fit together.

现在我们正在开一个商务会议。

So here we are in a business meeting.

嗯。

Mhmm.

好的。

Okay.

好的。

Okay.

我们开始吧。

Let's do it.

明白了。

Alright.

好的。

Okay.

那我猜你这次会准时到吧？

So I presume you will be on time this time?

对。

Yeah.

当然。

Of course.

谢谢。

Thanks.

那你会待到很晚吗？

And will you be staying late?

呃，我原本以为我们八点前就能结束的。

Well, I was under the assumption that we would be out by eight.

是的。

Yeah.

没错。

That's right.

好的。

Okay.

太好了。

Great.

是啊。

Yeah.

你问我的方式让我反应有点奇怪。

So the way you asked me that, I had a weird reaction.

对吧？

Right?

是啊。

Yeah.

因为确实。

Because yeah.

那个确实。

That yeah.

我不知道。

I don't know.

我当时就是很傲慢。

I was just very snooty.

从这个意义上说，你有点抬高自己了。

You're elevating yourself a little bit in that sense.

你正在从社交距离上和我拉开一点距离。

You're separating yourself from me a little bit distance wise, social distance.

你实际上，你表达的不仅仅是，我认为你会准时。

You're really, you're saying more than just, I think you'll be on time.

我相信你会准时。

I believe you'll be on time.

对吧？

Right?

稍微拉开点距离。

Putting a little distance there.

嗯。

Mhmm.

对。

Right.

稍微拉开点距离。

A little distance there.

然后什么

And then what did

我后来怎么说的？

I say later on?

后来，你说我以为我们八点前就能结束。

Later, you said I was under the assumption that we would be out by eight.

嗯。

Mhmm.

我本可以说成是臆断。

I could have said presumption.

我是在假设的前提下行动的。

I I acted under the presumption.

但再说一次，这样听起来就不那么中立了。

But again, that's it's it's a little less neutral sounding.

嗯。

Mhmm.

嗯。

Mhmm.

是啊。

Yeah.

这里内容很丰富。

There's a lot here.

这是个非常好的问题，我非常喜欢这一集。

This is a really good question, and I love this episode.

我喜欢比较'presumption'和'assumption'，因为它们有些相似，但又完全不同。

I love comparing presumption and assumption because they're kind of the same, but they're also not the same at all.

对吧？

Right?

这就是...

And that's what

我喜欢。

I love.

是啊。

Yeah.

各位，如果有任何不明白的地方可以回去重听今天的节目。

Guys, go back and listen if anything confused you today.

去看看《2499英语词汇》应对你最尴尬的时刻。

Go check out 2499 English Vocabulary for your most jarring moments.

这是对我们YouTube听众提问第一部分的第一个回答。

That is the first answer to the first part of the question from our amazing YouTube listener.

记得去看那期节目。

Check out that episode.

对吧，米歇尔？

Right, Michelle?

对。

Yeah.

那么，今天的重点总结。

So, yeah, takeaways for today.

再次强调，如果你真的要在两者之间做选择，对于大多数日常情况来说，assumption可能是更稳妥的选择。

Again, I think if you are really trying to decide between the two, assumption is probably gonna be the safer bet for most of, you know, your everyday situations.