天文播客235：爱因斯坦

本集《天文学播客》由斯威本大学在线天文学项目赞助，这是全球最悠久的在线天文学学位课程。

This episode of Astronomy Cast is brought to you by Swinburne Astronomy Online, the world's longest running online astronomy degree program.

欲了解更多信息，请访问 astronomy.swin.edu.au。

Visit astronomy.swin.edu.au for more information.

《天文学播客》第235期，2011年10月17日，星期一。

Astronomy Cast episode two thirty five for Monday, 10/17/2011.

爱因斯坦。

Einstein.

欢迎收听《天文学播客》，这是我们每周基于事实的宇宙探索之旅，帮助您不仅了解我们知道了什么，更了解我们是如何知道的。

Welcome to Astronomy Cast, our weekly facts based journey through the cosmos, where we help you understand not only what we know, but how we know what we know.

我是弗雷泽·凯恩，《今日宇宙》的出版人，和我一起的是盖伊博士。

My name is Fraser Cain, I'm the publisher of Universe Today, and with me is Doctor.

帕梅拉·盖伊，南伊利诺伊大学埃弗茨维尔分校的教授。

Pamela Gay, a professor at Southern Illinois University, Evertzville.

嗨，帕梅拉，你最近怎么样？

Hi Pamela, how are doing?

我很好，你呢，弗雷泽？

I'm doing well, how are you doing Fraser?

很好。

Good.

你正处于从法国到中国的短暂休息中。

You're you're in a sort of momentary break from in between France and China.

是的。

Yes.

这可以称之为旅行狂乱。

This would be called travel insanity.

周四晚上，我从南特飞往巴黎，周五早上离开巴黎，经巴黎、伦敦、芝加哥，抵达圣。

Thursday evening, I flew from Nantes to Paris, left Paris Friday morning, flew Paris, London, Chicago, St.

路易斯。

Louis.

我现在将在圣路易斯停留大约十五个小时。

I'm now spending about fifteen hours in St.

在飞往北京之前，我在圣路易斯停留。

Louis before flying St.

圣路易斯、芝加哥、芝加哥、北京。

Louis, Chicago, Chicago, Beijing.

我去那里参加一个关于向公众传播天文学的会议，可以了解世界各地的人们是如何做你我这样的事情的。

And, I'm going there for a meeting of communicating astronomy to the public where I get to find out how people all around the world do the types of things you and I do.

所以，人们有时不相信你有这么疯狂的旅行安排。

And so, you know, people sometimes don't believe us that you have this insane travel schedule.

你总是告诉我，就像我说的，你总说：‘哦，不，接下来三个月我都会在附近。’

This is the you always tell me, as I said, you always say, Oh no, I'm gonna be around for, you know, the next three months.

嗯，有大把时间录音，结果却全被各种演讲、旅行、会议填满了。

Well, lots of time to record, and then it just gets filled up with all kinds of speaking engagements and trips and meetings and whatever.

所以我们现在是以谷歌环聊的形式录制这一集。

So and again, we are recording this episode as a Google plus Hangout.

因此，我们有八位最好的朋友正在听我们录音。

So we've got eight of our best friends listening to this while we record.

大家挥挥手。

Everybody wave.

这会进入播客中。

That will make into the podcast.

但如果你想参加我们未来的节目，只需加入谷歌+，然后关注我或帕梅拉。

But if you want to join us on future episodes, you just have to join Google plus and then circle me or Pamela.

这样你就会看到，我们通常会提前通知大家录制时间，然后公布Hangout链接，基本上是先到先得，但非常有趣。

And then you'll see, we usually try and give people a bit of a warning when we're going to record and then we will announce the Hangout and then it's kind of first come first serve, but it's pretty cool.

希望当他们推出Hangouts On Air功能时，我们也能参与其中。

And hopefully when they do the hangouts on air, we'll be able to be a part of that.

所以我们真的很想使用Hangouts On Air。

So we really want to hang out on air.

我们会一直这么说。

We're just going to keep saying this.

是啊，我见过一次。

Yeah, know I saw one.

我第一次看到，真的很酷。

I saw one for the first time and it was really cool.

它有点像YouTube，是直播的，但人们在聊天。

It was kind of like YouTube, it was live, but people were chatting.

真的很棒。

It was really neat.

它让每个人都能观看。

And it let everybody watch it.

所以这将会非常酷。

So so that'll be really cool.

是的。

Yeah.

我当时还以为是达赖喇嘛之类的。

I was like, the Dalai Lama or something.

或者不是那样。

Or not that.

嗯。

Yeah.

还没到那儿。

Not there yet.

好吧。

Alright.

那我们就开始节目吧。

Well, let's get on with the, show then.

那么，关于爱因斯坦，我们能说些什么？

So what can we say about Einstein?

阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。

Albert Einstein.

其实很多。

Lots actually.

在这期节目中，我们将讨论有史以来最具革命性的物理学家。

In this show we're going to talk about the most revolutionary physicist ever.

他彻底改变了我们对时间、空间、能量和引力的理解。

He completely changed our understanding of time, space, energy, and gravity.

他提出了关于宇宙本质的预测，而我们至今仍在验证这些预测。

He made predictions about the nature of the universe that we're still testing out.

好的，帕梅拉，我知道你有一套狡猾的计划要谈他的感情生活。

Alright Pamela, and I know that you have fiendish plans to talk about his love life too.

事实上，当我阅读他的传记时，我发现书中列出的他与不同女性交往、结婚、离婚的日期以一种极其有趣的方式重叠在一起。

Well, it was one of these things where as I was reading through biographies for him, I realized that the dates with which it listed him is with various women, and married, and divorced to various women overlapped in the most fascinating of ways.

我甚至不得不使用电子表格来追踪爱因斯坦的感情生活。

And I actually had to resort to a spreadsheet to keep track of Einstein's love life.

这是第一次吗？

Is this a first?

这是《天文速递》第一次需要你制作电子表格，对科学家的感情生活进行数据透视分析吗？

Is this the first episode of Astronomy Cast where you've had to prepare a spreadsheet to perform some kind of pivot data analysis on a a scientist's love life.

确实是

It was

这样列出城市和其他信息完全说不通。

just made no sense, the listing of cities and everything else.

然后我意识到，不，他实际上离开了这里的一个女人，去了那里，又和另一个女人在一起，简直就像，哇，这就像我所有孩子的科学版。

Then I realized, no, he actually left this chick here, went there, was with this other chick, had it, it was just sort of like, wow, this is like all my children, scientist's edition.

那你想怎么安排呢？

So how do you want to do this?

你是想先讲一部分，就是我们在探索频道上能看到的那种内容——解释这个、讲授那个，然后再穿插他的感情生活，还是干脆单独加一个附录，专门梳理他的时间线？

Do you want to do the first, do the part of the episode where we just talk about the stuff that you might see on the Discovery Channel, explained this, taught that, and then feed in the love life parts or have a whole separate addendum where we just cover the timeline of his

恋情。

affairs.

就按时间顺序来吧。

It's just take him order.

从头到尾可能是最简单的方式，感情生活也会自然地融入其中。

Beginning to end is probably the easiest way, and love life will play its way in.

我的意思是，我认为当大多数人想到爱因斯坦时，都会想到他吐舌头的那张照片，头发乱蓬蓬的，显得疯狂又古怪。

I mean, I think, you know, when most people think of Einstein, they think of that picture with him sticking his tongue out, it was kind of wild and crazy white hair.

但那实际上是他在生命晚期的样子。

But that was really him sort of at the end of his life.

但他年轻时就已经完成了大量工作。

But he did a lot of his work when he was quite a young man.

那么这一切是如何开始的呢？

So how did it all get started?

他来自哪里？

Where'd come from?

嗯，他是欧洲人，用更好的说法来说就是。

Well, he's a man of Europe, for lack of a better way to put it.

他出生在德国的符腾堡王国，那时还没有我们今天所熟知的德意志国家。

He was born in Wurttemberg Kingdom in Germany before it was the German nation that we're used to.

那是1879年，当时我们仍处于君主制时代。

This was back in 1879 when we're still looking at monarchies.

但很快，他的家人就搬到了慕尼黑。

But very quickly, his family moved to Munich.

他一直待在慕尼黑，直到17岁，先短暂去了意大利，然后去了苏黎世，准确地说是先到瑞士的阿劳，第二年才去的苏黎世。

He stayed in Munich until he was 17 when he moved first briefly to Italy, and then to Zurich, or rather to Arou, Switzerland, and then to Zurich the next year.

这种频繁搬迁在很大程度上是为了让他能进入优质的学校。

And this movement was in large part to try and keep him in good schools.

他五岁时来自一个不虔诚的犹太家庭，父母送他去了一所天主教小学，从五岁到八岁，为他打下良好的教育基础。

When he was five, he was from a non practicing Jewish family, and they sent him to a Catholic elementary school from age five to eight to start him off on a good educational foundation.

八岁时，他成功进入了卢普莱中学，这是一所更加先进的学校。

And at eight, he was able to get into the Lutpole Gymnasium, which was a much more advanced school.

他此后大部分时间都留在那里。

And he stayed there for most of his life.

但当他十几岁时，他的父母搬到了意大利。

But when he was a teenager, his parents moved to Italy.

他们把他留在慕尼黑，希望他能在文理中学完成学业。

They left him in Munich to try and finish out his education in the Gymnasium.

但当他16岁时，他明确表示：不，我要去和父母一起生活。

But when he was 16, he basically said, no, I'm gonna go spend time with my parents.

他的父母说，这里没有适合你的好学校，因为你没考上当地的学校。

And his parents said, we've not got a good school for you here, because he didn't get into the one that was local.

于是他被送到了瑞士，在那里遇到了他的第一位女友。

And so then he got sent to Switzerland where he met his first girlfriend.

那么他当时多大了？

And so how old is he at this point?

所以16岁时，他离开了卢普尔德文理中学，去了意大利帕维亚，但没被那里的学校录取。

So at age 16, he leaves, he drops out of Leupold Gymnasium, goes to Pavia, Italy, didn't get into the school there.

他到了瑞士的阿劳，住在一位教授家里，遇到了玛丽亚·维特内斯，我想这是她姓氏的发音。

He gets to Arouse, Switzerland, where he's living with one of the professor's families, meets Maria Wittelnese, I believe is how you pronounce her last name.

实际上，他的妹妹嫁给了她的兄弟，但他最终并没有和玛丽亚在一起。

And actually, his sister married her brother, but he didn't end up staying with Maria.

因此，他在那里待了一年多，完成了学业，然后在17岁时被苏黎世联邦理工学院的四年制项目录取，并搬到了苏黎世。

So he he spent a little over a year there, finished off his schooling, and then got accepted into a four year program at the Polytechnic University of Zurich at age 17 and moved to Zurich.

到目前为止，这一切听起来都像是你的生活，对吧？

So this all so far kind of sounds like your life, right?

高中毕业，表现不错，被大学录取，直接上大学，对吧？

Finishing high school, doing well, getting accepted into a university, going straight on to university, right?

这一切都相当正常。

This is all fairly normal.

是的，但他接受的是更多私立学校的教育，必须通过考试才能进入文理中学。

Yeah, except he had a bit more of a private school education where you have to test into getting into the gymnasium.

我上的是韦斯特福德学院，听起来很高大上，但其实只是新英格兰一所历史悠久的公立学校。

I went to Westford Academy which sounds fancy, but it's just a public school in New England that happens to be really old.

不，但到目前为止，这一切都挺标准的，你知道的？

No, but it's just this, I mean so far this is all fairly standard, know?

上了高中，上了大学，但从那以后事情就有点奇怪了，对吧？

Went to high school, went to university, but things went a little weird from that point on, right?

对。

Right.

所以他在苏黎世学习数学和物理时表现得非常好。

So he was doing perfectly well studying math and physics in Zurich.

他在那里时，遇到了塞尔维亚人米列娃·马雷克。

While he was there, he met the Serbian Mileva Marek.

他们两人一起度过了好几年。

The two of them spent a number of years together.

他于1900年毕业，获得了苏黎世联邦理工学院的教师资格证。

He graduated in 1900, had a teaching diploma from Zurich Polytechnic.

不幸的是，米列娃考试不及格，没能获得资格证。

Unfortunately, Mileva failed her exams and wasn't able to get one.

他们仍然在一起。

They stayed together.

一切进展顺利。

Everything was doing okay.

他以相当于学士学位的四年制学位，发表了第一篇论文。

He published his first paper with his equivalent basically of a bachelor's degree, his four year degree.

他的第一篇论文是关于毛细力和吸管的。

His first paper was on capillary forces and straws.

我喜欢他从如此平凡的问题开始，比如吸管是怎么工作的？

I love how he starts with something just so mundane as well, how do straws work?

那是他的第一篇论文。

That was his very first paper.

然后他花了两年时间找工作。

And then he spent two years trying to get a job.

而这一点在所有故事中都被忽略了。

And this is the part that gets left out of all the stories.

他在这里，已经毕业了。

Here he is, he's graduated.

在这一时期，他实际上有了一个非婚生的孩子。

He actually had a kid out of wedlock during this period.

好吧，对吧？

Okay, right?

因此，在苦苦寻找工作、屡屡求职失败、并在1900年前后有了一个非婚生孩子之后，他搬到了瑞士伯尔尼，最终在专利局找到了一份工作。

And so after struggling to find a job, failing to get a job, having a kid out of wedlock at the turn of the 1900s, He moves to Bern, Switzerland, and ends up getting a job in the patent office.

一旦他进入专利局工作，他和米列娃就结婚了。

And once he has the job in the patent office, he and Mileva end up getting married.

与此同时，他还在苏黎世大学远程攻读博士学位。

And while all of this is going on, he was also working on a PhD remotely at the University of Zurich.

所以他的生活真是乱成一团。

And so he had It was just a crazy life.

你可以想象，他当时正努力照顾非婚生的孩子，同时完成学业，还得找份工作来支付所有账单，还要同时应对这一切。

You can imagine he's that guy who's trying to hold together the kid out of wedlock, trying to finish school, needing to have a job to pay all of the bills, and trying to do everything all at once.

因此，他在这几件事上都没能完全投入，也很难找到工作。

And it sort of makes sense that he wasn't fully on his game for anything and he struggled to get a job.

是啊。

Yeah.

我能想象，我们现在有电话、电脑、互联网等各种现代便利，但那时候他们一样都没有。

I I can just imagine, you know, we have all of these modern conveniences like telephones and computers and Internet I mean, they had none of that back in

他们只有邮政服务。

They had the postal term of service.

邮政服务，没错。

The postal service, yeah.

所以你可以想象，当他通过邮件完成博士学位时，一切都变得困难得多。

And so you can imagine when he's doing a PhD by mail, everything was just so much harder.

真希望那时候有互联网。

Would have loved to have the internet back then.

问题是，大家都说他当时只是一个普通的专利审查员，但就在那时，他脑子里却不断冒出疯狂的想法。

The thing is everyone talks about the fact that it was when he was an ordinary patent clerk, and yet he was getting crazy ideas coming into his mind at that point.

而且他一直表现出这种可能性。

And and so he'd always shown that this might be happening.

小时候，他得到了一个指南针，对这个指南针是怎么工作的感到非常困惑。

As as a kid growing up, he got a compass, and he was extremely disturbed by how does this compass thing work?

他花了很多童年时光试图弄清楚如何制造东西。

And he spent a lot of his childhood trying to figure out how to build things.

他父亲和叔叔实际上经营着一家电子公司，这使他能够在慕尼黑待了多年。

His dad and uncle actually had a electronics business, which is what was able to keep him in Munich for a number of years.

正是在这家企业倒闭后，他的家人搬到了意大利，他试图转学，但一切都乱七八糟。

And it was when that business failed that his family moved to Italy, and he tried to transfer schools, and it it was just kind of a mess.

他实际上并没有从文理中学毕业。

He he didn't actually graduate gymnasium.

他参加了标准化考试，成绩并不理想，简而言之，他没能进入心仪的大学，因为他只通过了相当于普通教育发展证书（GED）的考试。

He took standardized exams where he didn't do so well, and that's long story short, he didn't go to the universities he wanted because he did the equivalent of a GED.

他设法一次次从这些奇特的人生困境中挣扎出来。

And he just managed to keep pulling himself out of these strange life situations.

因此，在1905年，他通过邮寄方式完成了苏黎世大学的博士学位。

So in nineteen o five, he finished basically via mail, a PhD at the University of Zurich.

与此同时，他还发表了关于光电效应、布朗运动、狭义相对论以及能量与质量等价性的系列论文，即著名的E=mc²方程。

And at the same time, published his group of papers on the photoelectric effect on Brownian motion on special relativity, and on the equivalency of energy and mass, the famous equals m c squared equation.

他设法从这一切中脱颖而出，一鼓作气地证明了：是的，我能做到。

So he managed to somehow pull everything out, and in one foul sweep, proved, yeah, I can do it.

我能一次性完成所有这些事情，这简直令人不知所措。

I can do all of it all at once, which was kind of overwhelming.

那么，他是在攻读博士学位期间发布这些论文，还是在完成博士学业之后发布的？

And so was he releasing these papers as he was doing his PhD, or after he finished his PhD?

这一切都发生在同一年。

It was all in one year.

他完成了博士学位，发表了所有论文，而且可以推测，他当时正在同时研究这些想法。

He finished the PhD, published all of the papers, and presumably he'd been working on all of those ideas simultaneously.

关键是，当他还在专利局工作时，他所处理的专利都与时间有关。

The thing is when he was in the patent office, the patents that he was working on were all ones that had to do with time.

因此，他一直在思考这些想法。

So he was constantly thinking about all of these ideas.

所以，他在白天阅读专利时所思考的问题，融入了他作为博士生的研究工作。

So the ideas that he was thinking about while reading patents during the day played into the stuff that he was doing as a PhD candidate.

最终，所有这些不同的论文在同一时间发表，而那时他才二十多岁。

And it culminated in all of these different papers that all came out at the same time while he was still in his mid twenties.

我想知道，在专利局工作会对你的创造力产生什么影响。

I wonder what effect being in a patent office would have for your creativity.

我的意思是，你会看到所有这些专利，所有这些源源不断的想法。对我来说，简直难以想象，如果我每天都在看这些专利，一定会产生大量想法——不是去剽窃，而是会激发我想到其他点子。

I mean, you would be looking at all of these patents, all of these ideas coming through, And for me, can just imagine if I was looking at all these patents, would have lots and lots of ideas, not necessarily stealing the ideas, but just it would make me think of other ideas.

所以我相信，专利局确实是个充满创造力的地方。

So I'm sure it was a place for a lot of creativity.

它还会让你思考：哇，这个人完全错了，但他的话里却藏着一丝可能性的种子。

And it also gets you thinking about, wow, this person is so wrong, but here's this little seed of possibility in what they said.

这就像你听完一场演讲，而你刚读完一篇相关的论文，你的大脑就开始在论文作者和当前演讲者之间建立联系，而这些联系是他们自己都从未想象过的。

And it's like any time you're listening to someone give a talk, and you just finished reading a related paper, and your brain starts building these connections between things that the author of the paper and the person you're hearing speak right now never imagined.

这仅仅是所有因素在正确的时间、正确的地点汇聚在一起的结果。

It's just the confluence of everything being in the right place at the right time.

是的，我认为这非常重要。

Yeah, and I think that's really important.

就我自己的经历而言，当我拿自己和爱因斯坦比较时，我特别喜欢阅读跨学科的内容。

Know in my own life, being able to, as I'm comparing myself to Einstein, I love to read of cross disciplinary stuff.

我会阅读科技和科学进展方面的内容，并不断思考这些内容如何反哺我的事业。

I'm reading about technology and reading about advances in science, and I'm always thinking about how that all applies back to my business.

这对我在当今出版领域的进步真的很有帮助，你知道，它一直让我保持思考。我认为对很多人来说，跳出自己所从事的领域，去关注其他东西，真的很重要。

And it's been been really useful to, to me making just advances in my own, know, in publishing universe today, you know, it just keeps the So I think it's really important, think for many people that you can, you know, expand outside of what you're doing and look at other stuff.

伟大的想法往往就来自这里，然后你可以把这些想法反馈到你正在做的事情中。

That's where you really get the great ideas and that's, and then you can feed that back into what you're working on.

所以他在一年内发表了这么多出色的论文，当时的反响如何呢？

So he releases all of these amazing papers over the course of a year, and what was the reception?

嗯，他又继续当了几年专利审查员。

Well, he kept working as a patent officer for a few more years.

但总体而言，他缓慢而彻底地革新了一切。

But overall, he started very slowly and thoroughly revolutionizing everything.

他开始被邀请外出旅行并做演讲。

He started being invited travel and give talks.

最终在1908年，他虽然仍在专利局工作，但成功获得了伯尔尼大学讲师的职位。

Finally, in 1908, he was still working at the patent office, but he was able to get a position as a lecturer at the University of Bern.

就在同一年，他发表了关于光的波粒二象性的论文。

This was the same year that he published his paper on wave particle duality of light.

所以他开始旅行并发表演讲。

So he's traveling and giving the lectures.

他白天在专利局工作，以养活自己、妻子和孩子们，但现在他开始教书了。

His day job to pay for himself and his wife and their kids is at the patent office, but now he started teaching.

你可以几乎想象这就像兼职教授的职位。

So you can almost imagine this is the adjunct professor position.

他继续发表开创性的论文，最终在1909年，他首次成为全职学者。

He's still continuing to publish groundbreaking papers, and then finally, in 1909, he was able to work for the first time as a full time academic.

他获得了一个在英语中含义不同的职位。

He got a position that means something different than it does in English.

他被任命为苏黎世大学的编外讲师，这实际上是一个中级学术职位。

He was, appointed as a docent at the University of Zurich, which is really a mid level academic position.

我们并没有完全对应的职位，也许接近的是研究员，但他在这个职位上待了两年，能够全身心投入研究与合作。

We don't really have the equivalent, maybe research scientists to somewhat close, but he had that position for two years and he was able to just focus purely on his research and collaboration.

他一再强调写信、旅行和演讲、以及融入科学共同体的重要性。

And he's someone that really points out over and over and over again the importance of writing letters, importance of traveling and giving talks, importance of being part of a community of science.

因为就像你刚才说的，你不可能在真空中产生想法。

Because like you just said, you can't have ideas in a vacuum.

对。

Right.

但这是很有趣的，对于有史以来最杰出、最有影响力的物理学家之一，他竟然只得到了一个中级职位。

And so, but this was, I mean, for essentially one of the most prestigious, most influential physicists of all time, it's interesting that he got a job as a kind of mid level person.

你知道，我们已经听说过

Know, I mean, we've heard

这时他才30岁。

Boy, he's still only 30 at this point.

是啊，但你可以看到，他的思想还没有完全被那些本应影响他的人所接受。

Yeah, guess, but you can see that the ramifications of his ideas still hadn't quite percolated in the brains of all of the people who were supposed to influence.

因为有一些故事，我想不起具体听的是哪个，但记得在《Radiolab》里有个很棒的故事，讲的是一位统计学家，他提出了一种公式，拿去给教授看，问：‘这是新的吗？’

Because I there's some stories, I'm trying to remember what I listened to Radiolab and there was this great story about this, about a statistician I think and he came up with a formula for and sort of brought it to his professor and said, know, is this new?

教授一看，立刻就给了他终身教职，因为这确实是一个全新的、非常重要的发现。

And the professor looked at it and immediately he was given a tenured position on the faculty because it was, yes, was new and very important.

所以那时，人们还没有特别认真地对待爱因斯坦。

So that still Einstein, people didn't take him super seriously yet.

我的意思是，人家给了他一份工作。

Mean, he gave him a job.

但要记住的是，你刚才举的例子其实是特例，而不是普遍现象。

But the the thing to remember though is is the the example you just gave is really the exception to the rule.

学术界是那种你必须经历一系列固定流程的地方。

Academia is one of those places where you are expected to go through certain sets of things.

你被期望在终身教职轨道上待六年。

You're expected to spend six years on the tenure track.

你被期望做两站博士后。

You're expected to do two postdocs.

所有这些都有固定的时间节点，到了某个年龄就该做相应的事，例外情况很少发生。

There are all of these things where at a certain age you do certain things and exceptions are made.

但这些例外非常罕见，而他在美国的顶尖大学里，正如你所说，他深深感激我们这里的功绩制度，因为这与他来自的体系截然不同。

But they're very rare, and he's at very prestigious universities where as you would point out when he came to America, he deeply appreciated the meritocracy system we have because it was so different from the systems he was coming from.

因为他当时还是年轻学者，所以得到了年轻学者通常能获得的职位，这其实挺惨的。

So since he was still a young academic, he was given the positions a young academic gets, which kind of sucks.

没错，但至少他得到了这些职位。

Right, but at least he got them.

对，所以他当时是兼职讲师，是吗？不，你之前说是助教？

Right, so he was working as a adjunct, was that, no, you said a docent?

助教，哦，好吧。

A docent, Yeah, okay.

他在苏黎世大学当了两年助教，之后终于获得了布拉格卡尔大学的正教授职位，我可能把名字说错了。

He was a docent at the University of Zurich for two years, and then got offered He finally got offered a full professorship at the, Karl I'm gonna say this wrong.

我觉得是费迪南德大学，他搬到了布拉格，把米列娃留在了后面。

Ferdinand, I believe, University of Prague, moved to Prague, left Malivia behind.

所以，他抛下了第一任妻子，搬到了布拉格。

So here he is leaving behind wife number one, moving to Prague.

而且是和第一个孩子非婚生的，对吧？

And out of child wedlock number one, right?

他和马拉维亚结婚前就有了一个孩子。

Well, so he had a child with Malivia before he married her.

他们后来确实结婚了。

They did get married.

没人知道婚外所生的孩子后来怎么样了，但他们之后又在婚姻中生了更多孩子。

No one knows what happened to the kid that was born out of wedlock, but they then went on to have more kids in wedlock.

对，我明白了。

Right, I see.

他离开马拉维亚，搬到布拉格，接受了一个教授职位，并很快开始与一位新女性交往。

He then left Malivia behind, moved to Prague, took a professorship, and very quickly started started having a relationship with, a new woman.

这位女性就是尔莎·洛文塔尔，后来成为他的第二任妻子，他与她相伴了余生，直到她去世。

So this would be Elsa Lowenthal, who went on to become his second wife, who he stayed with most of the rest of his life until she passed away.

但就在他搬去之后不久，他写下了关于光如何被引力弯曲的论文，这篇论文最终在1919年的日食期间得到了验证。

But it was right after he moved that he wrote his paper on how light can be bent from gravity that would then end up being proved in 1919 during the solar eclipse.

因此，他继续从事着卓越的科学研究和其他工作。

So he continued doing amazing science and everything else.

对，那么哪个才是广义相对论呢？

Right, now which one then is the big relativity?

是哪一个？

Which is the one?

是那个 E=mc² 的吗？

Was that the E equals MC squared one?

是哪一个？

Which is the one?

嗯，其实是两者的结合。

Well, so it was a combination.

他在1905年提出了狭义相对论和 E=mc²。

He did special relativity and E equals MC squared in 1905.

对。

Right.

然后他在1915年提出了广义相对论。

And then he went on to do general relativity in 1915.

因此，他在十年间逐步完善了相对论理论，包括波粒二象性以及光线在引力作用下的弯曲。

So it was over a course of ten years that he fully developed the theories of relativity, including wave particle duality, light being bent by gravity.

他一度转向量子力学，并于1913年撰写了关于零点能量的研究。

He took a sideline into quantum mechanics, and in 1913 wrote on the zero point of energy.

随后，他在1917年引入了宇宙学，利用相对论探讨了宇宙的演化以及宇宙学常数所起的作用。

And then he pulled in cosmology in 1917 and used relativity to talk about basically the evolution of our universe and how the cosmological constant can play in.

当他引入宇宙学常数时，是因为他试图构建一个稳态宇宙模型。

When he employed the cosmological constant, because he was trying to create a steady state universe.

因此，他在布拉格期间已经逐渐成为一位非常重要的人物。

So he's in Prague and becoming a pretty big deal at this point.

我知道，到这个时候，人们已经开始认真对待他的理论，并试图验证它们。

I know at this point people are seriously, are taking his ideas quite seriously, and attempting to test them out and so on.

那么他在布拉格待了多久？

So how long did he stay in Prague for?

他在布拉格一直待到1914年，之后被任命为威廉皇帝物理研究所所长，同时被聘为柏林洪堡大学教授。

So he was in Prague until 1914, where he was offered the directorship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Physics, as well as being offered a position as professor at the Humboldt University in Berlin.

他成功地将教授职位的条款设计得几乎不需要任何教学工作。

And he managed to get the professorship worded such that he had hardly any teaching at all.

因此，在这一时期的初期，他仍与玛尔维卡结婚，但艾尔莎随他搬到了柏林，他继续从事所有这些关于相对论、宇宙常数和光线被引力弯曲的卓越研究。

So for the beginning of this period, he was still married to Malivia, but Elsa moved with him to Berlin, and he's continuing to do all of this amazing relativity, cosmological constant, light getting bent by gravity work.

最终在1919年，他与玛尔维卡离婚，娶了艾尔莎；1921年，他似乎终于安定下来，获得了诺贝尔奖，与将共度余生的女性在一起，拥有这份卓越的研究所所长职位和教授职位。

And then finally in 1919, he divorces Malivia, marries Elsa, and in 1921, finally seems to start to settle his whole life, gets the Nobel Prize, is with the woman he's gonna spend the rest of his life with, has this amazing directorship, has this amazing professorship.

一切都很顺利，唯独他所处的国家正变得完全糟糕。

Everything's going right except for the country he's in is going entirely wrong.

德国。

Germany.

德国。

Germany.

他意识到了，而且并不喜欢吗？

And he knew it and he didn't like it?

不，完全不喜欢。

No, not at all.

事实上，他在20世纪30年代初就开始意识到自己即将身处一个非常危险的境地。

And in fact, he started looking in the early 1930s, realizing he was about to be in a very bad place to be.

他开始在美国寻找职位。

He started looking for positions in The US.

他曾短暂担任加州理工学院的客座教授。

He was a visiting professor at Caltech for a while.

他最终不得不返回欧洲，在英国待了一段时间。

He ended up having to go back to Europe, spent some time in England.

最终在1934年，他在普林斯顿大学获得了一个终身教授职位。

Finally, in 1934, landed a position at Princeton as a full professor.

他余生都将在这里度过。

That's where he would spend the rest of his life.

正是在他担任加州理工学院客座教授期间，希特勒上台了，他决定不再返回柏林的职位。

It was while he was a visiting professor at Caltech that Hitler came into power, he had this basically, I'm not going back to my position in Berlin anymore.

没错。

Right.

所以他退居二线了，我们在之前的节目中讨论过这一点。

So he stepped aside, and we talked about this in a previous episode.

实际上，他的继任者非常努力地帮助许多德国犹太人找到美国的职位，只是鼓励那些非犹太裔的人留下来，熬过这段艰难时期。

It was actually his replacement that worked very hard to rescue a lot of German Jews by helping them find positions in America, simply by encouraging the people who were there, who weren't Jews to stay put and weather the storm.

所以他逃出来了。

So he escaped.

那是一个复杂的时期。

It was a complicated time.

没错，你可以想象，当时在德国是什么样子。

Right, and you can see though, mean, could just imagine what it must have been like to be in Germany at that time.

他一定能够清楚地看到事态的发展方向，根本不想留在那里。

And he must have just felt you could just see the way the direction things were going and wouldn't have wanted to stick around.

他真的很幸运，有一个备选方案。

And he was really fortunate that he had an alternate backup.

他当时正在普林斯顿大学担任教授职位。

He had this professorship that he was working on over at Princeton at the same time.

所以他可以干脆不再回家，直接留在美国，而不幸的是，很多人根本没有这样的流动性或选择，他们多么渴望有这样的机会。

So he could just sort of stop going home and just stay in The United States which was unfortunately so many people just didn't have that kind of mobility and those kinds of options and they would have taken it.

想想这一点，真是令人惊叹。

It's quite amazing to think about that.

所以他去了普林斯顿，谁和他在一起？

So he's in Princeton, which Who's with him?

他有带任何女性同行吗？

Has he got any women with him?

他确实带了艾尔莎同行，那是他一生的挚爱。

He did take Elsa with him, love of his life ended up taking her with him.

他们搬到了美国。

They moved to The United States.

他们搬到美国几年后，艾尔莎去世了，此后他一直独身，再未结婚。

A few years after they moved to The United States, she actually passed away, and he stayed single as far as not married for the rest of his life.

但随后他卷入了试图应对战争的事务中。

But then he was got tangled into trying to deal with the war.

这个人头上悬赏通缉。

The guy had a a bounty on his head.

德国人确实对他下了悬赏，认为他是国家的敌人。

There was actually a price on his head from the Germans, and he was considered one of the enemies of state.

1939年，爱因斯坦做了一件他内心最挣扎的事情。

In 1939, Einstein did one of the things that he morally struggled with the most.

他收到了其他科学家的来信，他们试图提醒罗斯福总统，德国可能正在研发原子弹。

He received letters from other scientists who were trying to alert, president Roosevelt about the possibility of the Germans developing a nuclear bomb.

大多数科学家并没有直接接触总统的渠道，但爱因斯坦名气足够大，能够倾听他们的担忧，意识到这确实是个严肃的问题，并前往面见罗斯福，表示我们必须应对这一威胁。

And most scientists don't exactly have the president's ear, but Einstein was famous enough that he was able to listen to their concerns, realize this was an honest concern, and go to Roosevelt and say, we need to address this.

正是爱因斯坦的科学声望让罗斯福意识到这确实是一个真实的威胁，最终促成了曼哈顿计划——爱因斯坦本人并未参与其中，但他可能是这一计划背后的推手。

And it was the power of Einstein's scientific fame that made Roosevelt realize this was an honest threat and eventually led to the Manhattan Project, which Einstein wasn't part of, but he might be considered the reason behind.

他后来也为这件事感到后悔。

He regretted that too.

是的。

Right.

我的意思是，这确实是他内心挣扎的事情。

I mean, it's something he struggled with.

他觉得：‘我有这些理由，必须这么做。’

It was something that he's like, well, I had these reasons that I needed to do it.

但他真的后悔曼哈顿计划因此而诞生。

But he really regretted the fact that the Manhattan Project ended up coming of it.

他强烈反对使用核武器。

And he really rode out against the use of the nuclear bomb.

对。

Right.

因此，他既是推动者，也帮助人们理解什么是可能的，以及德国人可能正在研究什么。

And so he was both a proponent and helping people understand what was possible and what probably the Germans were working on.

对。

Right.

但与此同时，他深深后悔这项技术竟然被研发出来，尤其是这项技术被投入使用了，此时此刻，潘多拉的盒子已经打开了。

But at the same time, really deeply regretted the fact that that technology had even been, especially the technology had been used and that the genie was kind of out of the bottle at this point.

所以他当时处于一种境地：好吧，我们必须阻止他们这么做。

And so here he was in a position of, Okay, so we've got to prevent them from doing it.

而我们却做到了。

And, Oh, we did it.

天哪。

Oh dear.

是啊，

Yeah,

它被使用了。

it was used.

有趣的是，他一生都被认为是天才，同时也是一位热爱阅读的人。

What was interesting is throughout his entire life he was recognized as such a genius and he was also a great reader.

因此，人们请他谈论的不仅是物理学，还有哲学——而他一直在不断阅读哲学。

So he was asked to talk not just on physics but on philosophy, which he read constantly.

他始终是和平的倡导者。

He was always an advocate for peace.

在他的许多哲学论文中，我希望大家去阅读它们。

And in a lot of his his philosophical papers, I'd people to go and read them.

他经常谈论人文主义，以及他试图应对自己通过科学所释放出的一切所带来的挣扎。

He talked a lot about humanism and his struggle trying to deal with basically what he'd unleashed through his science.

这是一件很难用像播客这样短小的形式概括的事情。

And it's one of those things that's hard to sum up in something as short as a podcast.

所以去读一读爱因斯坦的非科学著作吧，它们实际上非常优美。

So go out and read Einstein's non scientific writings, they're actually quite beautiful.

我特别喜欢爱因斯坦的一点，或者也许只是四五十年代的文化氛围，他当时被当作摇滚明星一样追捧，和任何歌手或玛丽莲·梦露一样。

One of the things I really like about Einstein, or maybe it was just like culture of the 40s and the 50s and stuff was he was seen as a rock star to the same level as any of the singers or like Marilyn Monroe.

我的意思是，那时人们对科学家和科学有着真正的敬重，人们真正理解科学带来的变革。

I mean, there was this real appreciation back then of scientists and science and people really understood the changes that science were making.

这使得你可以想象，现在几乎没人能说出一个科学家的名字。

That made it mean you can imagine I don't know, it's just like right now very few people can actually name a scientist.

我们录制这段内容时，距离史蒂夫·乔布斯去世才刚过去几天，这可能是我们目前最接近的例子了。

Think the closest thing that we have is as we're recording this we're just like a couple of days after Steve Jobs died.

这大概就是我们目前最接近的情况了，但我觉得他更像是一位工程师，创造了人们真正使用并喜爱的设备。

And that's like the closest thing that we kind of have is, but I mean, he was more of an engineer and created devices that people really use and love.

人们欣赏他的智慧，也非常认可史蒂夫·乔布斯将新颖而重要的理念注入了我们使用计算机的方式，不管你喜不喜欢苹果的产品。

The fact that they appreciated his intellect and really appreciated the fact that Steve Jobs, for example, was really injecting new and important ideas into the way we use computers, whether or not you like Apple products or not.

但当时人们对科学家、对爱因斯坦也有同样的敬重——人们或许不懂相对论，但他们知道这很重要。

But there was this same appreciation for a scientist, for Einstein, that people, they may not have understood relativity, but they knew it was important.

他们不一定理解布朗运动或波粒二象性之类的概念，但他们明白这些发现意义重大，也能认出他的名字。

They didn't necessarily understand Brownian motion and wave particle duality and all that kind of stuff, but they appreciated, you know, that they knew that it was important and they could recognize his name.

媒体很好地将这些科学家推到了台前，展示了他们的价值，让公众真正开始欣赏科学。

The media did a really good job of bringing these people into the forefront and showing that they were important and making people really appreciate science.

所以现在我们再也回不到那个时代了，你去问大多数人，他们根本说不出一位科学家的名字。

So it's really too bad that we're not at that point now that you talk to most people and they can't name a scientist by name.

也许只有斯蒂芬·霍金。

Stephen Hawking, maybe.

对，尼尔·德葛拉司·泰森，但他现在并没有太多活跃的科研产出。

Yeah, Neil Tyson, but he's not actively publishing that much research.

我认为这里的关键区别在于爱因斯坦，某种程度上还有费曼，以及不同程度上的卡尔·萨根。

I think the big difference here is Einstein, like Feynman to a degree, like Carl Sagan to a different degree.

他不断外出发表公开演讲，周游全世界。

He was out there constantly giving public talks, constantly traveling the entire world.

他谈论的话题能激发人们的思考。

And he talked about things that triggered people to think.

他不仅谈论物理学，还谈论文化、政治和哲学。

He didn't only talk about physics, he talked about culture, he talked about politics, he talked about philosophy.

通过这种方式，他在电视和互联网出现之前就与公众互动。

And in this way, he was out there engaging people in a pre television, pre internet.

我的意思是，当时虽然有电视，但并不是每家每户都有电视机。

I mean, had television, but wasn't like every single home had a television at this point.

他在全球各地的社区中，与人们就各种不同的话题进行交流。

He he was interacting with people in their communities all around the world on a variety of different things.

这让他广为人知。

And that really got his name out there.

如果他只是安静地坐在普林斯顿的办公室里，做着同样的科学工作，我不认为我们会看到他的照片出现在世界各地每个宿舍的海报上。

If he just sat at Princeton quietly working in his office, doing the exact same science, I don't think we'd have so many pictures of him on posters in every dormitory in the world.

也许吧，但我想当时人们对这种东西是有渴望的。

Maybe, but think that there was a hunger for it.

我认为人们希望将这些人物推到台前，了解他们是谁，并以现在所缺乏的方式展示他们。

I think there was a desire to bring those people forward and to understand who they and to showcase them in a way that isn't there now.

就像你所说的，你会看到泰森、菲尔·布莱特，甚至是你自己。

That you get the people like, as you said, Tyson or Phil Plait, even yourself.

你投入了大量精力传播科学信息，而我认为当时人们对科学的需求和渴望更大，人们也真正地欣赏它。

You put a lot of energy into getting science information out there and I think back then there was a lot more of a demand and hunger for it and people really appreciated.

我不想听起来像个抱怨的老头，但我觉得科学与现实、与我们日常生活的联系正在脱节，如果能将这种联系重新带回对话中，那会很好。

I don't want to sound like some kind of grumpy old man about my day, but just the fact that I think that there is a disconnection of the science to the reality, to the way we live every day, that it would be nice if we could bring that back into the conversation.

这正是我们正在做的。

That's what we're doing.

所以现在，他正在努力攻克万有理论。

So now he was struggling with the theory of everything.

在许多情况下，他帮助统一了各种力，并发现光和质量是同一回事。

Mean he had in many cases helped unite the forces and figure out that light and mass were the same thing.

但最终，他仍在为这一最终的巨大挑战而挣扎，对吧？

But in the end he was struggling with this final great challenge, right?

对，在他生命的最后阶段，科学正在各个新方向上发生革命。

Right, towards the end of his life science was revolutionizing itself in all sorts of new directions.

我们有了量子力学，而他并不喜欢它。

We had quantum mechanics, which he did not like.

我们有了广义相对论和狭义相对论。

We had general relativity and special relativity.

我们有了电磁理论。

We had electromagnetic theories.

我们有了技术、计算机以及其他一切的飞速发展。

We had technology and computers and everything else taking off.

而他只是想找到一个能够将所有这些统一起来的单一理论。

And he just wanted to find the single theory that would pull it all together.

那种底层理论，解释了如何将引力、电磁力、强核力和弱核力统一成一个单一的理解。

That underlying theory that explains how is it that you can unite gravity and electromagnetism and the strong and the weak force all into one single understanding.

他什么都知道。

He knew everything.

是的。

Yeah.

他无法做到这一点，这让他发疯。

And it drove him crazy that he couldn't do it.

与此同时，他对量子力学展现出的宇宙统计学理解感到非常不安。

And all the while he was very disturbed with the fact that quantum mechanics was showing a statistical understanding of the universe.

真正让我感动的是，爱因斯坦能够接受这样一个事实：整个量子理论从根本上让他感到困扰。

And one of the things that really gets me is Einstein was someone who was able to accept the fact that this whole quantum theory really fundamentally bothered him.

他不想要一个统计性的宇宙。

He didn't want statistical universe.

但在1924年，他与玻色合作提出了玻色-爱因斯坦统计，这一理论后来帮助人们在五十年代理解了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态的工作原理。

But in 1924, he worked on the by Bose Einstein statistics that went on to allow people to understand in the fifties how Bose Einstein condensates work.