Psyche, Poet and Astronomy Exams

他们就这样了。

They're being Yeah.

我对此无能为力。

There's nothing there's nothing I can do about it.

他们就是那样。

They're just they're just Yeah.

你知道的，他们坐在考场里，几百号人挤在一个大体育馆，每人一张小课桌。

You know, sitting in little sitting in these exam halls, all the hundreds of them in a big sports hall, one little desk.

汗如雨下。

Sweating profusely.

配上那种氛围。

With Yeah.

其实最近几天挺冷的。

Well, no, it bit cold actually last few days.

所以其实并不热，

So it's actually quite No,

不过他们还是在出汗。

they're still sweating though.

不是。

Not

哦，对啊。

Oh, yeah.

但你知道吗，现在他们不再这么做了。我刚当老师的时候，还是全职教师，那时候老师都得监考。

But, you know, with some some Well, they're teaching anymore because they actually hire It used to be when I when I started teaching when I was actually a full time school teacher, we The teachers used to have to do the invigilation for the exam.

是啊。

Yeah.

因为要监考，我们还得耽误上课，毕竟学生都在参加考试。

So we would have Like because we'd lose lessons because our exact kids are being exam.

所以我们得去别的考场监考，不是监考自己教的科目。

So we would we would have to go and even vigilant the various exams, not your own one.

不准监考自己教的科目，但可以去监考其他科目的考试。

You weren't allowed to invigilate your subject but you could invigilate the other subjects.

天啊，看着三百多人安静地坐着考试，简直无聊透顶。

Oh god, it's the most boring thing in the world watching like 300 people sit in silence writing exams.

真的太难受了，你还不能出声。

God, you want to like it's awful and you can't speak.

是的。

Yeah.

当监考人员在行间来回走动的时候，那场面也特别让人紧张。

It was horrific as well when they like started walking up and down the rows.

对。

Yes.

但你知道为什么要这么做吗？

But you know why you do that?

第一，实在太无聊了。

One, it's really boring.

第二，得盯着每个人，确保没人作弊。

Two, you're supposed to check on everybody's not cheating.

第三，大多数老师都在玩手机游戏。

Three, most of them most of the teachers are playing games.

我刚当老师的时候，我们有个副校长，他会站在考场前面，偷偷往地上扔小纸条，还搞个比赛。

I when I first started teaching, we used to have an assistant head who used to stand at the front exam hall and he'd write bits of paper and he'd he'd hold a competition.

所以每次考试前，他都会对学生们说：好了，我们来玩个游戏。

So before everyone was kids coming and says, right, we're gonna hold a competition.

我们把笔盖藏起来，看谁最快找到。

What we're gonna do is hide the pen lid and we'll time who finds it fastest.

你有没有注意到，体育馆那种地方，地板上都有各种运动项目的彩色标线？

So you know how like exactly like sports halls hall have those colored lines on the floor for like various sports?

有。

Yeah.

对。

Yeah.

就像篮球场那样，地上全是用胶带贴出来的线。

So like basketball, think it's all laid out as tape on

对。

the Yeah.

所以所有的考试桌都直接放在那些线上面，是吧？

Well, they're all and so so all the exam desks are on top of that, aren't they?

你完全可以拿一支圆珠笔的笔帽，藏在地板另一头的蓝色线边上。

Well, of course, you can get like a biro pen lid and hide it on a blue tram line on the other side of the thing on the floor.

老师悄悄弯下腰，把笔帽放在地上，然后计时另一个老师找它要花多久。

You've teacher just bends down and just leaves it on the floor and then they'll time another another teacher to see how long it takes them to find it.

天哪。

Oh my god.

真的假的。

No way.

还有各种比赛，比如猜哪个学生毕业后最先达到某个成就，然后站在他们旁边押注。

And then and then, there were various competitions about stand next to the students that you think will do x first after they're leaving school.

哦。

Oh.

副校长会站在前面，评判谁选对了学生。

And the and the and the assistant head would stand at the front and sort of like judge who's who's picked the right student.

所以是猜谁会……

So would it be what, like, who's gonna get

其实有时候这种做法挺可怕的。

Which is quite horrific actually sometimes.

我不太清楚。

I don't know.

比如猜谁将来会从事某种工作，谁会先买房，或者谁先进监狱。

Like a certain type of job or like who's gonna buy a house first or go to prison first.

比如说，更常见的是猜谁会最先进女王陛下的监狱。

Let's say let's say it was more in the elk of who do you think is going to be at Her Majesty's Pleasure Yeah.

第一个猜中的人是谁，你觉得谁会……

First and who do you think is going to

保罗，这简直太搞笑了。

Paul, that that is hilarious.

太可怕了。

It's awful.

太可怕了。

It's awful.

这真是

It's It's

太好笑了。

hilarious.

我这会儿可是在揭开教室里的内幕了，但你刚才说的正是这么回事。

This is the seek this is I'm I'm revealing the secrets of the chalk face here, but this is this is what you said.

老师现在都不监考了。

Teachers don't invigilate exams anymore.

这就是他们不再监考的原因，学校不让他们做。

They This is why they don't invigilate exams anymore, they're not allowed.

部分原因吧。

Partly.

嗯，有一部分原因，但老师本身真的挺贵的。

Well, partly, but also teachers are are actually really expensive.

我们花的钱可不少，而且你不是按小时付老师工资，而是让他们在考场坐两三个小时，可他们本可以去做更重要的事，比如改卷子、备课。

We we go, it's a it's a lot of money to and then you're paying extra because you're not paying by the hour for a teacher, but you're getting teachers to sit for two three hours in exam hall when they could be doing like other more important things like actually marking and planning lessons Yeah.

还有准备教学材料之类的活儿。

And and prepping, you know, resources and stuff.

老师要干的事情多着呢。

There's there's loads to do as a teacher.

没错。

Yeah.

而且现在他们干脆直接雇人来干这活儿。

And you're sitting in the exact so they actually hire people now.

这事儿大概二十年前就开始了。

It became a thing about oh, oh, almost twenty years ago now.

那时候开始专门雇人来监考，就为了这事儿。

Actually hiring people to just do it in the size of locker.

通常是些退休的老人坐在那儿盯着一群青少年考试，他们特别较真，但这样反而很好。

And it's usually like old retired people sitting there watching all the teenagers like exam and and they're real sticklers, it's brilliant.

到处都是六七十岁的老人，他们特别在意学生必须绝对安静，一动不动地坐着。

There's all these like old old men and women in their like sixties and things, they sort of and they're real sticklers for making sure the kid's absolutely silent and just sit there and

就那样。

just like,

千万别捣乱。

you know, do not mess around.

他们真棒，我敢肯定他们绝不会因为无聊而玩那些糟糕的游戏。

They're brilliant and I'm sure they don't play awful games like that from sheer boredom.

我的意思是，几个小时几个小时地盯着孩子们，其实挺难受的。

I mean, to spend like hours and hours and hours watching these children, it's awful really.

是啊。

Yeah.

而且没错，以前啊，我就不点名了，有个人曾经

And and I yeah, back in the day, I won't name any names who've

没有。

No.

不行。

No.

你已经透露得够多了，保罗。

You've already revealed enough secrets, Paul.

我已把讲台背后的那些事都说得差不多了。

I've revealed enough secrets of the chalk face.

这本书真不错，讲的是教学的内幕，关于讲台背后的那些秘密。

That is such a good book about like like an inside story on teaching, like the secrets of the chalk

讲台啊，天哪，你知道吗？

face God, it's You know what?

这真是一本好书。

For a book.

教师休息室里说的那些事

I It The stuff that is said in in staff rooms

是的

Mhmm.

有时候光是听到那些话，弗兰基就会气得脸通红。

Is would just it would make it sometimes it would make Frankie boil blush.

天啊。

God.

我觉得老师就是这样，我知道护士更严重，我妹妹就是护士，她们那边简直更离谱。

It's it's it teachers, I imagine, I know nurses are as bad and probably worse because my sister's a nurse and I know they're awful.

我知道警察也特别严重，是的。

I know police officers are really bad Mhmm.

当门一关上，压力就来了——你刚在教室里对付了三十个孩子一整小时，总得找个地方发泄一下吧。

When it comes to like when the door's shut because of course, you've got a lot of steam, you've got to, you know, you've you've as a teacher, from a teacher's perspective, you've just, you know, if you've just had 30 absolute in your classroom for an hour, you gotta go and let off some steam Yeah.

你也是人啊。

You're human.

你总得喘口气，啊——

You've gotta go like, ah.

是的

Yeah.

天哪

Oh my god.

对

Yeah.

你知道，就像

You know, like

是的

Yeah.

确实如此

That's true.

天啊，确实

Jesus That is

真的没错

true actually.

你确实得这么做。

You do.

你必须这么做。

You have to.

不然你迟早会崩溃的，有些老师就是这样，因为他们从不

Otherwise, you'll just explode and and some some teachers do because they don't go and

他们确实不。

They don't

去好好处理。

go and best.

而是直接说，天哪，这群人真是渣滓，我讨厌他们。

Go like, oh my god, they're a bunch of like scumbags and I hate them.

然后你就会

Then you come

出来，是的。

out and Yeah.

他们就是

They're

没事的。

all right.

讨厌他们。

Hate them.

你只是

You just

别这么想。

think No.

因为你根本不会。

Because you don't.

整整一个小时了。

For the last hour.

不会的。

No.

我跟你说，前几天有个学生问我，那时候我正在给他们上课，他们问：‘你有没有特别讨厌过哪个学生？’

I I I do you know, I found out a student asked me the other day actually, I was teaching them, they said, have you ever actually disliked a student?

我说，其实没几次。

I'm like, not very often.

我不是那种容易讨厌谁的人。

I'm not someone who actually takes a dislike Yeah.

人啊。

People.

我这个人其实挺随和的。

I I actually I'm I'm quite a I'm quite a nice person.

不过在过去这二十五年里，确实有那么一两个，我都能叫出名字来。

And but actually, there have been over the last quarter of a century, there have been a couple and I can name them all.

因为真的少得可怜。

That's how few there are.

他问我：‘那最讨厌的是谁？’——我真能立刻说出来。

It's just this like, you know, I can literally because he said to me, on who was the worst one?

我当时就明白了。

And I was like, right.

这事儿啊。

It's

马上就想起来了。

Immediately there.

因为我能说出来，毕竟都过去二十五年了，他们现在大概四十岁左右，我猜他们现在多半已经改过自新了，几乎可以肯定。

Because because I can tell you, because also it was twenty five years and they're actually probably in their like 40 and I imagine they are probably, Her Majesty or His Majesty's pleasure by now, almost certainly.

他们十四岁的时候，把自家公寓给烧了。

They they when they were 14, they burnt down their own flat, their parents' flat.

天哪。

Jesus.

是啊。

Yeah.

明白了。

Okay.

是的

Yeah.

对

Yeah.

没错

Exactly.

所以啊，我教过的一些人，但确实，有时候你得发泄一下情绪。

So I mean, the the people I've taught but it is but you do, you have to let off steam sometimes.

你知道的，人总得有人性的一面，警察也是这么处理的。

It's, you know, you you gotta be human and that's, you know, that's how police officers deal with it.

就像护士一样，你得有点黑色幽默，不然真会疯掉。

I mean, you know, how nurses, you you gotta have a bit of gallows humor otherwise, you'll just go mad.

不过呢。

But yeah.

总之，咱们聊点天文学吧？

Anyway, should we should we talk about some astronomy?

好啊？

Shall we?

对。

Yeah.

咱们聊聊现在正在发生的天文学吧，之前聊过，但说说最新的情况。

Let's talk about mean, we have been talking about astronomy, but let's talk about like the Astronomy that's happening now, I guess.

是吧？

Right?

对。

Yeah.

行，说吧。

Let's do it.

行，说吧。

Let's do it.

那你接着说。

So so go on.

那到底是什么

What what what's what's

所以呢，我

So I I

想知道现在有什么

wanna What's

取决于这一集播出的具体时间。

What's caught caught your Depending on exactly when this episode goes out.

5月15号，可能正好是这一集播出那天，或者前一天。

On the May 15, so maybe the day this episode goes out or the day before Mhmm.

‘派西尼’探测器刚刚飞掠火星，或者马上就要飞掠了。

We have either just just had or, you know, is imminently happening, a flyby of Mars by the Psyche spacecraft.

是的。

Yeah.

我知道。

I know.

所以我想到，不如咱们聊聊引力弹弓是怎么回事，毕竟它在太空探索中太关键了。

And so I thought it might be fun to actually talk about how flybys work because they are such an essential part of space exploration.

确实如此。

They are.

没错。

Right.

真的很重要。

They are.

要是没有它，很多任务根本没法开展。

You couldn't do a load of the missions.

要是这招不管用，那确实不行。

If if it didn't work, it wasn't Yeah.

很多任务要么是我们早就算好了的，要么就是非得靠这个才能实现，要没这招，咱们一半的深空任务都做不成。

Thing that either we'd worked out or that you you actually could do, you wouldn't be able to do half like half the missions we've done especially in like the further solar system.

根本就走不通。

They just really just wouldn't work.

是的

Yeah.

没错

Exactly.

像旅行者号探测器，我们当时根本没有足够强大的火箭，甚至现在我都不确定有没有这样的火箭

Like the Voyager spacecraft, we did not have rockets powerful enough and I I don't even know if we've got rockets powerful enough today

确实没有。

Not really, no.

要达到它们当时的速度，把探测器送到外太阳系

To like send them out at the speeds that they traveled at

是的

Yeah.

把它们送到外太阳系

To get out to the outer solar system.

是的

Yeah.

完全正确。

Completely.

没错。

Completely.

我们只能借助引力弹弓效应来加速，否则单靠火箭动力，它们根本不可能离开太阳系。

We had to do the flybys in order to boost their speed and to actually I mean, they certainly would never leave the solar system on pure rocket power.

确实不行。

Not really.

不行。

No.

不行。

No.

不行。

No.

要达到那样的速度，得需要一个极其强大的火箭才行。

You would need a flipping powerful rocket to to impart that amount of Yeah.

冲量。

Impulse.

是的。

Yeah.

当然。

Absolutely.

对。

Yeah.

所以‘灵神星’任务，简单说一下，几年前发射了，目标是灵神星小行星——毕竟飞船和目标都叫‘灵神星’，这名字确实有点容易搞混。

So the Psyche mission, just very briefly, launched couple of years ago and it is heading towards asteroid Psyche because it's not confusing to have the spacecraft called Psyche and its target also called Psyche.

我都不知道当初是谁想出这么个名字的。

Like, I don't know whose clever idea what that was.

不过话说回来。

But anyway

他们没给它取个缩写，真是奇怪。

They didn't give it an acronym, acronym, so

原来在这儿呢。

Well, there you are.

是的。

Yeah.

我有个挺有意思的

I have got a lovely

他们在这方面可以通融一下。

them a pass on that.

我愿意给他们一点宽容，因为确实如此。

I'll I'll give them I'll give them a little buy on that because Yeah.

他们也没硬凑个缩写，毕竟Psyche本身就没啥含义。

They didn't try and crowbar like Psyche doesn't stand for anything.

我待会儿还有几个缩写给你，你到时候可以好好乐一乐。

I got I got some acronyms for you later, so you know, you can you can enjoy those.

我知道。

I know.

不过话说回来，我们这次要去的是灵神星，这可是个挺有意思的目标，因为学界还在争论它到底是颗原行星剩下的核心，还是别的东西。

But anyway, so, it's off to Astray Psyche which is an interesting object because it's debated whether it is the leftover core of a protoplanet or not.

我们还不确定，所以这才值得专门跑一趟去看看。

We don't know so this is why we're off to visit this.

我们知道它富含金属，但不清楚它到底是岩石和金属碎片的混合体，还是真真切切暴露在外的原行星核心——如果是后者，那对我们理解太有帮助了。

We know it's metallic but we don't know if it's like a conglomeration of bits of rock and bits of metal or if it actually is like the exposed core of a protoplanet, which would give us amazing insight into Oh.

岩石类行星的核心结构。

The cores of rocky worlds.

是啊，那该多棒啊。

God, wouldn't it?

所以这就是为什么任务这么急着出发。

So so this is why it's going off in short.

但要到达那里得花时间，因为它用的是离子推进器——我们之前几期好像聊过，这种推进器是慢慢积累速度和动量的。

But in order to get there, because it's using an ion thruster which we I think we talked about a few episodes ago, where so these thrusters, they build up, your speed, your momentum slowly over time.

虽然能让你达到惊人的高速，但整个过程得等很久。

And they can allow you to reach incredible speeds, but it just takes a long time.

所以他们利用这次飞掠，不仅调整探测器的飞行方向，还给它加了一把速。

So they're using this flyby to not only modify the direction of the trajectory but also to give Psyche a speed boost.

说到飞掠，我们总爱说，哦，这是动量交换，像是从别的天体那儿‘偷’了动量。

And I think like with flybys, we always talk about, oh, it's like momentum exchange and they steal momentum.

但这话到底是什么意思呢？

And it's like, but what does that actually mean?

对。

Mhmm.

没错。

Mhmm.

所以今天我们就来好好聊聊这个话题。

So that's what I thought we could talk about a bit today.

首先，我们得弄清楚速度和速率的区别，它们根本不是一回事——速度只讲快慢，而……

So first of all, we have to talk about the difference between speed and velocity because they are not one in the same because speed is just God, you you

你这简直像在给我复习GCSE物理一样。

you almost like doing my GCSE physics revision sessions.

天哪。

Oh my goodness.

速度只是指你移动得多快，而速度还包含方向。

Because speed is how fast you are travelling, but then velocity factors in your direction as well.

这叫矢量。

It's what we call a vector.

它两者都有。

It's got it's got both of them.

哦。

Oh.

我这题能得两分吗，珍？

Do I get do I get two marks two marks, Jen?

能。

You do.

能。

You do.

是的。

You do.

两个分都能拿到，但一定要写出你的解题过程。

You get you get both marks, but make sure you show you're working.

好的。

Okay.

我会多举手。

I will do more hands.

我会多举手。

I will do more hands.

不是说那个

Not that the

多举手。

Do more hands.

把过程写清楚。

Show your work in.

听众能看到我的手在做什么，但接着我们得考虑参考系的问题。

The listeners can see what my hands are doing, but they see So then we have to think about frames of reference.

首先，我们假设自己身处火星。

So we, first of all, think we act as if we are Mars.

我们假装自己在火星上，而Psyche探测器会从我们身边飞过。

We pretend that we're Mars, and Psyche's gonna fly past us.

从火星的视角来看，Psyche只是改变了方向，因为卫星会飞进来。

Now as far as we're concerned, from Mars' perspective, Psyche will will just change direction because what will happen is the satellite will come in.

它会落入火星的引力阱中。

It will fall into the gravitational well of Mars.

对。

Mhmm.

然后它会以同样的速度从火星的引力阱中出来，只是方向变了。

It will then come out of the gravitational well of Mars with the same speed, just in a different direction.

对吧？

Right?

对。

Yeah.

这就像想象一个骑自行车的人从山坡上冲下来，再骑上去，如果我们假设没有摩擦力也没有空气阻力，他冲下坡时的速度，会在爬回坡顶时完全一样，只是方向变了。

It's much like if you imagine a cyclist going down a hill and then it when they come back up to the top of the hill, if we pretend that friction doesn't exist and air resistance doesn't exist, they roll down that hill, they will come back up to the top of that hill with the same speed as when they started going down the hill, but just they're now in a different direction.

这是从火星的视角来看的。

That's from the reference frame of Mars.

但从太阳的视角来看，情况就完全不同了，这一点非常关键，也正是速度变化的关键所在。

But this is not true from the sun's perspective, and this is critical, and this is where, like, the velocity thing comes in.

因为火星本身也在运动。

Because the thing is Mars is also moving.

火星并不是静止不动的。

Mars is not stationary.

所以当Psyche飞掠火星时，它飞过的并不是一个静止的火星，火星本身也在动。

So what happens is that as Psyche is flying by Mars, it's not flying by stationary Mars, Mars is also moving.

因此，火星的引力实际上会把这颗卫星稍微拖着绕太阳转一圈。

So Mars is gravity essentially drags this satellite around a bit, around the sun.

是的

Yeah.

而这就是动量传递发生的地方。

And this is where that momentum imparting happens.

动量等于质量乘以速度。

And momentum is mass times velocity.

由于探测器的质量不变，变化的是它的速度。

And since Psyche's mass isn't changing, it is the velocity that changes.

所以这就是为什么速度会改变——它不仅加速了，还改变了方向。

And so this is why then the velocity changes, so it gains speed and it also then changes direction.

这确实会让火星损失一点动量，但火星质量太大了，速度虽然有变化，却微乎其微，根本察觉不到。

And it does mean a bit of momentum loss for Mars, but because Mars is massive, like, its velocity does change, but by such a tiny amount, you can't even notice it.

总有一天，人类往太空发射了太多探测器，火星干脆就停住了。

One day, humanity sent so many spacecraft into into the first that the Mars just grinds to a hole.

对

Yeah.

火星直接掉进太阳里了。

The Mars just falls straight into the sun.

波洛克们。

Pollocks.

是的。

Yeah.

就是说，哎呀，波洛克们。

It's like, oh, Pollocks.

对。

Yeah.

没错。

Yeah.

所以，就这样了。

So and so that's it.

我只是觉得，趁这次飞掠，好好聊聊会发生什么挺有意思的。

That I just thought it would be nice to dig into what happens on a fly by Mhmm.

而且他们为什么会这样。

And why they would.

我一直觉得，这就像有人拿着绳子在 swinging，你懂吧，就是快速地甩动什么东西。

It's that as I always think of it, it's that idea of, you know, it's almost like someone, you know, sort of that swinging with a rope where you sort of, you know, kind of, you know, swing something fast.

这就像是行星抓着一根绳子，猛地一甩。

It's almost like you the planet's grabbing a rope and just giving it that sort of swing Yeah.

绕一圈，就额外获得了一点能量。

Around and it just imparts a And bit more

或者就像，做完之后感觉有点累，因为。

then Or it's like, well, feels a bit tired afterwards because it's

对。

Yeah.

因为它在做这个动作的时候消耗了一些能量。

Because it's it's lost a bit of energy doing that.

没错。

Exactly.

也是同样的道理。

In the same way Yeah.

你会的。

You would.

这非常相似。

It it it's very similar.

我的意思是，这其实体现了物理学中一些基本原理，非常相似。

I mean, it's actually quite the the the kind of basic principles of physics is is very is is very similar.

这个比喻很贴切。

It's nice analogy.

所以没错，确实如此。

So yeah, it is it is.

对。

Yeah.

这很有趣，确实如此。

It's a fascinating and it is.

如果这招不管用，如果引力不是唯一连接的方式，飞船根本没法飞起来

It's it's if it didn't work, if it wasn't a thing, if you couldn't fly because they're not connected only by gravity

对

Yeah.

要是这招不成立，我们就没法让航天器达到这样的速度

You know, if this didn't work, we couldn't speed these craft up to the kinds of speed.

那得用大得多、强劲得多的火箭才行，像旅行者号这样的任务根本不可能实现，真的

It would need so much more powerful bigger rockets to do it and it, you know, Voyager would never have happened and things like it's Yeah.

这确实是一项非常重要的技术

It is a really important technique.

如果我们想探索内太阳系，难度会大得多

And it would be incredibly difficult for us to explore the inner solar system.

是的

Yeah.

因为当你往太阳系内部飞的时候，做法恰恰相反——你掉进太阳的引力阱时会加速，就得想办法把多余的能量耗掉

Because you kind of do the reverse of this when you're going into the solar system because when you're going inside, as you're falling into the sun's gravitational well, then you're gaining energy and you need to get rid of this excess energy.

得把多余的能量耗掉。

Need to bleed it off.

对。

Yeah.

是的。

Yeah.

所以当你借助行星引力弹弓时，如果和行星公转方向一致，就能获得能量。

And so it's like when you're doing a flyby, if you flyby with the planet, so like the same direction it's orbiting, that's where you gain the energy.

但如果你反方向飞过的话。

But if you fly by in the opposite direction

对。

Yeah.

这就像是在刹车。

It's like breaking.

所以

So

最后，火星会坠入太阳，而金星会被甩出太阳系。

eventually, what will happen is Mars will fall into the sun and Venus will be yeeted out of the solar system.

不会。

No.

不会。

No.

它会被甩得更远，变得适合居住，到时候我们都会搬到那儿去。

It'll be yeeted out further and become habitable and that's where we will all live.

对。

Yes.

在金星上。

On Venus.

金星。

Venus.

在金星上。

On Venus.

是的。

Yeah.

不过，这确实太妙了。

But yeah, it is is brilliant.

我的意思是，这有点像，你靠近太阳的时候，得像进环形路口前先踩刹车一样。

I mean, it's kind of like, I mean, going towards the sun, it's that sort of idea almost like you gotta hit the brakes before you hit a roundabout, you know.

对。

Yeah.

接近的时候得慢慢减速，把速度一点点放掉，不然就会嗖一下飞过去。

As approach where you've gotta slowly, you gotta bleed that speed off and and kind of slow down before you otherwise, you just go, whoo hoo.

然后直接撞进太阳里。

And end up in the sun.

不过你确实会飞得很快，毕竟你知道，迄今为止最快的航天器。

Though though you do go pretty quick because of course, know, the fascinatingly, the you know, the fastest spacecraft.

是的。

Yeah.

最快的太空探测器是哪一个？

What is the fastest spacecraft?

新视野号。

New Horizons.

不是。

No.

我们历史上最快的太空探测器是哪个？

What is the fastest spacecraft that we've ever had?

是哪一个

What is

是先驱者系列中的一个吗？

Is it one of the pioneers then?

不是。

No.

是帕克太阳探测器。

It's the Parker Solar Probe Yeah.

我完全想反了。

I was thinking totally the wrong direction.

我只想着飞出太阳系，根本没考虑到太阳系内部。

I was just I was thinking about was exiting the solar system, didn't even think about the inner solar system.

2024年，它的速度达到了每小时43万公里。

In 2024, it reached 430,000 miles an hour.

这相当于……

That's like

也就是……

Which is

光速的一小部分。

a fraction of the speed of light.

但说到底，所有速度都是光速的一小部分，不过……

It but I mean, all speed is fraction of speed of light But

你懂我的意思吧。

you know what I mean?

就像……但是

It's like But

对。

Yeah.

我完全明白。

I know exactly.

就像……但是，对。

It's like But it's Yeah.

我可以告诉你，光速的0.064%。

I can tell you, it's naught point naught 64% the speed of light.

你看，用光速的分数来表示更有意义。

You see, it's worth quoting as a fraction of the speed of light.

所以，对，光速的0.064%。

So, yeah, it's it's naught point naught 64% the speed of light.

所以，你知道，那里会有非常微小的相对论效应。

So, you know, you're actually gonna get very minor relativistic effects going on there.

这太疯狂了，不是吗？

That's mad, isn't

只是稍微有点，每小时43万公里，它在2024年达到了这个速度。

It just gets a little But 430,000 miles an hour, it reached twenty twenty four.

这是人类制造过的最快物体。

It's the fastest fastest human object ever.

哇哦。

Wow.

到目前为止。

So far.

这难道不惊人吗？

How mad is that?

太阳系里最快的是哪个？

What's the fastest one x in the solar system?

你觉得是新视野号吗？

Do reckon that's New Horizons?

我觉得还是旅行者号。

I think it's still Voyager.

我倒是觉得

I have

我觉得还是旅行者号。

think it's still Voyager.

我的意思是，它一直以来都是最快的航天器，因为旅行者号借助了几次引力弹弓效应，被狠狠甩出去，速度特别快。但我感觉它现在依然在速度上领先，旅行者号依然是持续速度最高的航天器。

I that I'd I'd because it always used to be it was the fastest spacecraft, it was Voyager because it was just the the more that energy imparted by those like fly by things and off it whanged and just But I have a feeling it's still in terms and I think Voyager still is the most consistently fast spacecraft.

我有种感觉

I have a

你所说的‘持续’是什么意思？

feeling in the What do mean by consistently?

比如帕克太阳探测器，它一直在加速，但其实现在速度已经比之前慢了，没达到每小时40万公里。

Well, whereas the the Parker Spaceboat, it's it's been like accelerating and actually it's gone slower, but it's now slower than that 400.

你明白我的意思吧？那只是它在特定轨道上的瞬时最高速度，并不是一直保持的。

If you see what I mean, it's not all called That was just like it's kind of peak speed in that particular orbit.

旅行者号一直保持着那个速度，稳稳地往前飞。

Voyager is consistently at the same, you know, banging along at that speed.

是的。

Yeah.

所以

So

这相当了不起

Which is pretty

而且确实还是旅行者号。

and it is Voyager.

现在还是旅行者一号。

It is still Voyager one.

是的。

Yeah.

它依然是最快的。

It's still fastest.

我还以为新视野号已经超越它了，但没有，还是旅行者一号最快。

I thought New Horizons had has beaten it, but no, it is still Voyager one.

我觉得新视野号是发射时速度最快的。

It's I believe New Horizons was the fastest launch.

我认为

I think

它确实是

it was

基本上是目前为止我们发射过的速度最快的探测器，没错。

like, essentially, like, it was the it was the fastest we've actually physically Yeah.

送入太空的卫星。

Greeted a satellite.

对。

Right.

明白了。

Okay.

但整体速度不是最快的，因为我猜它做的飞掠次数比较少？

But not the fastest overall because I guess it did fewer flybys?

对。

Yes.

是的，它更像是直接飞向目标。

It it it was more like direct Yeah.

几乎是直奔冥王星，而且我想，随着距离增加，它的速度肯定会慢慢降下来。

Straight to Pluto almost and it it I think it of course, you're just gonna lose momentum as it as it Yeah.

随着远离太阳，它的速度会慢慢降下来。

Powers away from the sun and things is going to do that.

而旅行者号，我觉得它一直保持着最快速度。

Whereas, yeah, Voyager is I think it's like the consistently the the fastest Yeah.

从整体来看，你甚至可以说它仍然是速度最快的天体，因为它一直维持着那个速度。相比之下，帕克太阳探测器虽然最快时能达到每小时43万英里，但大部分时间速度没那么快。

It is like overall, you could you could argue it's still the fastest object because it's just constantly at that speed whereas, yeah, even Parker is like, yeah, it's slow day, he's not doing 430,000 miles an hour at

不是的。

the No.

是的

Yeah.

就简单说一下。

Just Just very briefly.

这也太快了吧。

That's so quick.

那从太阳系的行星说到系外行星吧。

So then from planets to exoplanets

对。

Yes.

我想聊一聊这个，因为最近出了两则新闻，结果它们居然有交集，还互相关联了。

I wanted to talk about this because there's been like like two stories which are actually end up kind of crossing over and being linked that have come out.

对。

Mhmm.

第一个故事其实没什么好深挖的。

And and this first one is, I mean, there's nothing so much to dig into with this story.

但这是使用TESS数据的人发布的一个惊人消息。

But it's this amazing announcement from people using TESS data.

TESS是凌日系外行星巡天卫星。

So TESS is the Transient Exoplanet Survey Satellite.

这个缩写挺合理的，我觉得你也会同意吧。

Reasonable acronym, I think you'll agree, maybe.

这个缩写确实不错。

I'll I'll I'll pretty good that one.

因为确实如此。

Because it is.

他们能得个半票认可。

They get a half nod.

是的。

Yeah.

还行吧。

That's alright.

还不错。

It's not bad.

还不错。

It's not bad.

还不错。

It's not bad.

把那个强行塞进去。

Mapping crowbar it.

不行。

No.

他们真正让我生气的是，硬把缩写塞进一个词里。

They haven't What I really get upset about is where they try and crowbar an acronym into a word.

对。

Yes.

哦。

Oh.

他们非得弄成一个词，你知道的，硬把字母缩写塞进一个单词里，还搞出一堆毫无意义的东西。

They try and make it a, you know, they try and make the a word I and then they give it some kind of completely pointless

我待会儿还得去几个地方。

I gotta I gotta go to a few later on.

天哪。

Oh, god.

说不定还是个缩写里的缩写。

It may be an acronym inside an acronym.

我的天。

Oh, my god.

干脆给它取个好听的名字吧。

Just just give it a good name.

不过话说回来。

But anyway

你能想象吗？要是他们给阿波罗任务之类的东西也起个奇怪的缩写名字？

Can you imagine if they try to name like the Apollo missions or something, like, with some sort of weird acronym?

是的

Yeah.

但是

But

天哪

Oh, god.

总之，我们还是回到这个话题吧。

Anyway, come back to that.

继续说，这个

Carry So this

中年男人的牢骚。

Middle is aged man rant over.

是的

Yeah.

这是TESS。

This is TESS.

所以，TESS是在2018年4月发射的，对。

So, TESS launched Yeah.

它一直在巡天，盯着附近大约20万颗明亮的恒星，寻找系外行星。

In April 2018 and it has been, surveying the sky, looking at the nearest like 200,000 bright stars for transcend exoplanets.

当这些行星从我们的视角经过恒星前方时，会造成亮度变暗，而这种周期性的变暗能帮我们确认那是系外行星，而不是银河系里随便什么杂物挡在那儿之类的情况。

So these ones that pass in front of their star from our perspective cause a dimming, and then that repetitive dimming allows us to confirm it's it's an exoplanet, not, you know Yeah.

对。

Random bit of crud in our galaxy getting in the way sort of thing.

它特别在寻找类超级地球，也就是比地球大一些的岩石行星，对。

And it's been looking in particular for like super earths, so like rocky worlds but bigger than earth Yeah.

这些行星可能有厚厚的大气层，也可能是海洋世界。

Possibly with thick atmospheres, possibly ocean worlds.

这类行星在我们的太阳系里是没有的。

These these kind of worlds that we don't have in our solar system.

有一项研究挺有意思的，因为测试目标主要锁定在附近那些明亮的恒星上。

And an interesting study was done because the thing is, like, the the test goals are focusing on on bright stars nearby.

对

Mhmm.

对

Mhmm.

但后来有人提到，虽然TESS的设计目标是观测这些明亮的恒星，但它实际上拍到了远不止这些亮星，还捕捉到了大量暗得多的恒星。

But then people were like, well, the thing is, even though TESS is, like, designed to look at these bright stars, it sees a hell of a lot more fainter stars than just these bright ones.

是的

Yeah.

是的

Yeah.

是的

Yeah.

那我们为什么不也看看那些它原本没打算研究的恒星呢？

So why don't we have a look at the stars it wasn't designed to study?

因为那种恒星有好几百万颗呢。

Because there's millions of those buggers.

所以人们用机器学习来分析开普勒原本没打算观测的数百万颗恒星，看看能不能发现凌星系外行星的迹象。

And so people use machine learning to look at millions of stars that TESS wasn't supposed to look at and and study to see if they could get any kind of transiting exoplanet signals.

现在他们已经公布了上万个行星候选体。

And they have now announced 10,000 planet candidates

天哪。

Jeez.

这些发现都来自这项额外的拓展任务。

From this kind of extra test mission.

一万颗。

10,000.

这些还都不是确认存在的行星。

So these are not confirmed.

其中有一颗已经确认了，但另外上万颗候选体还在等待进一步验证。

One of them is, but 10,000 candidates which are now awaiting confirmation.

我的天。

Bloody hell.

你想想看，这真是惊人。

Put this in perspective Jeez.

目前我们确认的系外行星有6200颗。

We know confirmed 6,200 exoplanets.

对。

Yeah.

我只是说，这差不多翻了一倍多。

I just say that more than doubles.

是的。

Yeah.

这都快翻三倍了。

That that it triples.

快接近翻三倍了，你知道的。

It's it's getting close to tripling, you know, what Yeah.

我们

What we

这些数据本来根本没人打算看，现在全靠机器学习帮天文学家筛选和分析这些信息。

data that wasn't even supposed to be looked at and this is all then machine learning enabling astronomers to filter through this data and and look at it and stuff.

但问题在于，他们担心的是，这些恒星本身比较暗，可能有些恒星活动看起来像是行星凌星的现象。

But the thing is, like, what they're worried about is because these are fainter stars, they could be like things going on with the stars which maybe are mimicking Yeah.

对。

Yeah.

凌星现象，没错。

The transits Yeah.

因为恒星太暗了。

Because they're fainter.

所以干扰信号和杂音会多得多。

So there's gonna be a lot more kind of noise and mess.

有意思的是，这个月，南半球智利帕拉纳尔天文台新启用了一台望远镜。

Now interestingly, this month, a new telescope came online in the Southern Hemisphere at Paranal in Chile.

对。

Yeah.

还有这个，你继续说。

And this is, Go on.

POET。

POET.

这是帕拉纳尔太阳浓缩望远镜，其中‘浓缩’指的是那个很棒的VLT仪器，它本身就是一个缩写，所以我们现在有了一个缩写套着另一个缩写。

The Paranal Solar Espresso Telescope, where espresso is that wonderful VLT instrument, which itself is an acronym, so we've now got an acronym beside an acronym.

保罗看起来快撑不住了。

And Paul looks like he's about to die.

是的。

Yeah.

为什么没有复数形式的s呢？

Why why isn't there why isn't there an s?

啊。

Ah.

因为你刚才说？

Because you said?

对。

Yes.

那是因为它跟太阳有关。

Well, that's because they Solar.

他们用了这个字。

Have got It

那可就拼不成‘poet’了，对吧？

wouldn't make the word poet, would it?

他们是从‘Paranal’里取了开头的P，对吧？

They've got the p from Paranal, right?

然后我觉得他们从‘solar’里拿了个小写的o，因为 acronym 里它不是大写的。

And then I think they've taken the little o from solar because it's not capitalized Right.

在缩写里。

In the acronym.

所以是大写的P，小写的

So it's capital p, little

哦，明白了。

o Okay.

然后是ESo telescope。

And then espresso telescope.

所以就像是

So it's like

但你不是还提到过天文台吗？

But didn't you say observatory as well?

没有。

No.

就是并行太阳ESo望远镜。

It's just, parallel solar espresso telescope.

哦，这样啊，行了。

Oh, it's Alright.

好的。

Okay.

是的

Yeah.

所以它就像那样像个诗人似的。

So it's like poet like that.

这简直太刻意了。

That's that's trying far too hard.

它

It

是啊，对吧？

is, isn't it?

不好意思。

I'm sorry.

但这个望远镜到底是什么，真的很酷，对吧？

But what what this telescope is, it's very cool, right?

因为关键是，Espresso 是一个非常厉害的光谱仪，通常装在甚大望远镜上，没错。

It's because the thing is, right, Espresso is this amazing spectrograph which is usually attached to the VLT And like Yeah.