工业革命

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现在环顾一下你所在的房间。

Take a look around the room you're in right now.

你看到多少东西是自己或家人亲手做的？

Do you see many things that you or a family member made with their own hands?

也许你有一条别人亲手织的婴儿毯，或者墙上挂着几件手工艺术品。

Maybe you have a special baby blanket that someone knitted for you, or a few art projects hanging on the wall.

但我猜，房间里大部分东西都是在远方的工厂里生产的。

But I'm guessing that most of the things in the room were made far away in factories.

二百五十年前，情况可完全不一样。

Two hundred and fifty years ago, things would have been very different.

你家里的大多数东西，都是你认识的人亲手做的。

Most of the items in your house would have been made by someone you knew.

要么是你自己做的，要么是家人做的。

Either you or a family member would make them.

你也会从社区里那些手艺人手里买或换这些东西。

You would have traded or bought them from someone in your community who made them.

还有一些东西，可能是祖父母传下来的。

Other things might have been handed down from your grandparents.

那时候，人们要想活下去、过得舒服，得会很多本事。

Back then, people had to know how to do many things to survive and keep themselves comfortable.

家里人不仅要拿东西去换，还得会种地、劈柴、修修补补。

A family member would have to trade, but would also be able to grow food, chop wood, and build and fix things in the house.

女人们会做饭、缝纫、纺线、织布、打理菜园、搅黄油。

Women knew how to cook, sew, spin, and weave clothes, keep a garden, and churn butter.

少数人可能也会做点买卖。

A few might have traded too.

孩子们也会做各种工作和家务，维持家里的运转或农场的运作。

Children would also do a variety of jobs and chores to keep the house or farm going.

男孩大约十三岁左右就会去当学徒，学习一门手艺。

A boy would become an apprentice to learn a trade around 13.

那时候的体力活几乎全靠人力，而不是机器。

Most labor was done by people, not machines.

当时存在的机器，动力来源都是牲畜，比如马和牛。

The machines that did exist were powered by livestock like horses and oxen.

这一切都在工业革命之后发生了改变。

All of this would change with the Industrial Revolution.

工业革命并不是由某一项发明或某一个人引发的。

No single invention or person set off the Industrial Revolution.

事实上，工业革命持续了大约一百年。

In fact, the Industrial Revolution was happening for about one hundred years.

还要注意的是，当时这些变化首先在英国出现，之后才逐渐传播到美国和欧洲其他地区。

It's also important to know that in this time period, these changes started in England and then spread to The United States and in Europe.

所以这一集我们就重点讲这个。

So that's where we'll focus on this episode.

当时出现了好几项重要的发明和想法，彻底改变了世界，让今天的样子成了现在这样。

There were several important inventions and ideas that would change in the world and make it look a lot more like it does now.

这些创新彻底改变了人们的劳动方式，以及他们购买和制造东西的方式。

These innovations would drastically change how people worked and how they bought and made things.

总的来说，发生了三件大事。

Three big types of things happened.

第一，新机器被发明出来了。

First, new machines were invented.

第二，人们找到了给这些机器提供动力的方法。

Second, people figured out how to power those machines.

一开始用的是蒸汽动力，后来逐渐转向电力、石油和天然气。

At first, they used steam power, then later electricity, oil, and gas.

第三，人们开始建起工厂，把大量产品的生产集中到一个地方，而不是让每个人在小作坊里单独制作。

And third, people started building factories where they could make large quantities of products in one place, instead of having individuals make things in small workshops.

但为什么人们突然开始发明这么多新机器和新方法呢？

But why do people suddenly start inventing all these new machines and ways of doing things?

其中一个原因是十八世纪英国人口激增。

One reason was a population explosion in Britain in the eighteenth century.

新生儿越来越多，大家对衣服的需求上升，但又不想花太多钱。

All the new babies being born meant that people needed more clothing and they didn't want to pay too much.

靠手工制衣的匠人们根本赶不上需求。

The trades people who made cloth and clothing just couldn't keep up.

于是，一些手艺人开始想办法，用更少的时间和力气生产出更多的纱线和布料。

So some of these tradespeople started to invent ways to make more thread and cloth in less time and with less work.

他们发明了纺纱和织布的机器。

They invented machines for spinning thread and weaving cloth.

最初，这些纺纱和织布的工厂都建在河边。

At first, the factories that did this spinning and weaving were located next to rivers.

河水的流动带动巨大的水轮，为厂内的机械提供动力。

The river's current would turn a giant wheel, which would power the moving parts of the machinery inside.

你可以想象，如果你想找地方建厂，但又不住在河边，这会挺麻烦的。

As you can imagine, this could be inconvenient if you wanted to set up a factory but didn't live near a river.

没过多久，人们就开始发明新的动力方式，这样工厂就不用非得靠河了。

It wouldn't be long before people began to invent new ways of powering machines so they wouldn't need to be near rivers anymore.

你大概听说过发动机，比如汽车和飞机上的那种。

You've probably heard of engines, like the ones in cars and planes.

但你知道吗？任何能产生能量的机器都叫发动机。

But did you know that an engine is any machine that generates energy?

发动机即将再次改变人们的生产方式。

Engines were about to change how people made things once more.

第一种新型动力来源是蒸汽机。

The first new source of power was the steam engine.

一提到蒸汽机，你可能想到的是冒着浓烟的大火车。

When you think of a steam engine, you probably imagine a big train with smoke pouring out of its stack.

那只是蒸汽机的一种类型。

That's one type of steam engine.

但最早的蒸汽机并不是用来驱动火车的。

But the first steam engines didn't power trains.

它们被用在矿井里。

They were used in mines.

矿工们要深入地下开采矿物或金属，矿井常常会积水。

Miners have to dig deep into the earth to find minerals or metals, and often the mines would flood.

最早的蒸汽机用来抽走矿井里的水，但功率并不大。

The first steam engines were used to pump water out of mines, but they weren't very powerful.

一个叫詹姆斯·瓦特的人改变了这种情况。

A man named James Watt would change that.

1765年，他重新设计了蒸汽机，让它更强劲、更高效。

In 1765, he redesigned the steam engine to be much more powerful and efficient.

这不仅提升了抽水能力，也让它能用来驱动工厂里的机器。

This made it better at pumping water, but also made it useful for running machinery in factories.

当然，它也为火车用的蒸汽机铺平了道路，让出行变得更便捷、更快速。

And of course, it paved the way for the train's steam engine, which would make traveling easier and faster.

蒸汽机运行需要木材或煤炭。

Steam engines required wood or coal to operate.

细节我就不多说了，总之就是烧木材或煤炭来加热水，产生蒸汽，再用蒸汽驱动机器。

I won't go into the details, but wood or coal would be burned in order to heat water to create the steam, which in turn powered the machinery.

烧木材和煤炭当然会冒出大量烟雾，导致严重的空气污染。

Burning wood and coal, of course, creates a lot of smoke, and this caused a lot of air pollution.

像英国伯明翰这样工厂密集的地区，树干都被烟熏得发黑。

In areas with many factories such as around Birmingham, England, tree trunks even turned black from the smoke.

到目前为止，我们提到的所有发明都诞生于英国，但创新的势头已经开始向外扩散。

So far, all the inventions we've talked about were created in England, but the inventiveness was now spreading.

1793年，一个名叫伊莱·惠特尼的发明家造出了一台机器，把工业革命带到了美国。

In 1793, a tinkerer named Eli Whitney would invent a machine that would bring the Industrial Revolution to America.

惠特尼原本去南卡罗来纳州当家庭教师。

Whitney had traveled to South Carolina to work as a tutor.

但在拜访朋友的种植园时，他了解到南方农民在棉花种植上遇到的一个大难题。

But while he was visiting a friend's plantation, he learned about a big problem that Southern farmers had with their cotton crops.

那白色的棉絮里全是黏糊糊的种子，得一颗一颗手工挑出来。

The white fluff was full of sticky seeds that had to be picked out by hand.

一个人要花整整一天，才能挑完一磅棉花里的种子。

It took one person a full day to pick the seeds out of one pound of cotton.

大概十天后，惠特尼就发明了轧棉机。

In about ten days, Whitney had invented the cotton gin.

‘gin’其实是‘engine’的缩写，意思是机器。

The gin part is short for engine.

它用一套梳子、滚筒和金属筛网，把种子从棉絮里分离出来。

They used a system of combs, rollers, and wire sieves to pull the seeds out of the fluff.

一个人用一个简单的摇柄就能操作这台机器。

One person operated the machine with a simple crate.

轧棉机让工作快了很多，农民种棉花也能赚更多钱了。

The cotton gin made the work much faster, which meant farmers could make more money by growing cotton.

但不幸的是，很多棉农为了用这台新机器加工更多棉花，反而买了更多奴隶。

Unfortunately, many cotton growers decided to buy more slaves in order to process even more cotton using the new machine.

惠特尼没料到会这样。

Whitney didn't expect this.

他以为这台机器能减少奴隶制，因为它干的是奴隶们以前干的活。

He thought his machine would actually reduce slavery since it did the same job that enslaved people had been doing.

但悲剧的是，种植园主反而决定种更多的棉花。

But tragically instead, growers just decided to grow even more cotton.

这意味着需要更多被奴役的人去摘棉花、操作轧棉机。

That meant more enslaved humans picking the cotton and operating the gins.

工业革命在工人问题上也带来了一些意想不到的后果。

The Industrial Revolution had some other unexpected results when it came to workers.

很多手艺人不希望看到这种变化。

Many tradespeople didn't want things to change.

他们担心新机器会抢走他们的饭碗，让他们没法养活自己。

They thought that the new machines would take away their work, and then they wouldn't be able to support themselves.

有些人气得直接冲进工厂和纺纱厂，砸毁机器，甚至放火烧掉了一些工厂。

Some got so angry that they attacked the new factories and mills, smashing machinery, and even burning some factories to the ground.

当人们意识到工厂不会消失后，许多熟练工人并不愿意去工厂上班。

Once it became clear that factories weren't going away, many of these skilled workers didn't want to work in them.

于是，一些工厂主开始雇用儿童，而不是成年人。

So instead of hiring grown ups, some factory owners began to hire children instead.

有些孩子年仅五岁，就要在工厂里长时间干着繁重的活儿。

Children, some as young as five years old, went to work in factories for long, exhausting days.

工厂主给这些孩子的工资，只有成年人的很小一部分，而工作却同样危险又辛苦。

Factory owners paid them only a fraction of what they paid adults for dangerous, difficult work.

要过很久之后，各国才出台法律，规定孩子应该去上学、玩耍，而不是在工厂里挣微薄的工资。

It would be a long time before countries made laws saying that children needed to be allowed to go to school and play, instead of working in factories for very little pay.

不过，也有人欢迎进工厂工作的机会。

Some people though welcomed the opportunity to work in a factory.

工厂也雇用了许多女性。

The factories also hired women.

在旧有的体系里，大多数女性根本学不到一门手艺。

In the old system, most women didn't learn a trade.

她们结婚后，在家务和农活上操劳，养活全家。

They got married and did household and farm work to support the family.

在一些地方，进工厂工作让年轻女性能够自己赚钱、自己做主，而不必早早结婚，靠丈夫养活。

Working in factories allowed young women in some areas to earn and control their own money instead of having to get married at a young age and rely on their husbands.

工业革命之前，大多数人住在乡村或小镇，自己种粮食养活自己。

Before the Industrial Revolution, most people lived in rural areas or small towns where they could grow food for themselves.

随着越来越多的产品从手工工坊转向工厂生产，越来越多的人从乡村和农场搬进城市，去工厂做工。

As more and more products were made in factories instead of small workshops, many more people moved from rural areas and farms into the cities where they could work in factories.

城市变得拥挤又肮脏，很多人生活在贫困中。

Cities became crowded and dirty with many people living in poverty.

工厂内部也同样拥挤、脏乱。

The factories themselves were also crowded and dirty.

更糟糕的是，工厂里常常采光差、空气闷热。

On top of that, they were often poorly lit and stuffy.

有些工厂噪音大到让工人听不见了。

Some were so loud that workers went deaf.

工人常常接触会致病的材料和可能伤人的机器。

Workers were often exposed to materials that can make them sick and machines that could injure them.

和独立的手艺人不同，工厂工人日复一日做着同样的工作，对工作方式和时间几乎没有发言权。

Unlike independent tradespeople, factory workers did the same tasks over and over again, and they didn't have much say in how or when they worked.

每天工作时间通常长达十二小时，很多老板还特别苛刻。

Workdays were often long, twelve hours, and many bosses were very harsh.

他们一天只给工人安排短短几回休息时间。

They would only allow workers a few short breaks through the day.

只要工人出错或干活不够快，就扣工资。

Many would take away pay if a worker made a mistake or didn't work fast enough.

工业革命彻底改变了人们的生产和生活方式。

The Industrial Revolution changed just about everything about how people lived and worked.

人们从能自主掌控工作的熟练工匠，变成了被迫忍受恶劣不公条件的工厂劳工。

People went from being skilled craftspeople who had a lot of control over their work to factory laborers forced to endure harsh, unfair conditions.

人们的居住地也发生了变化，纷纷从乡村搬进了城市。

It changed where people live as they moved from rural areas to cities.

这一趋势一直持续到今天，城市仍在不断扩张。

This trend has continued all the way until today as cities are still growing.

尽管工业化带来了污染、恶劣的劳动条件和童工问题，但它也催生了许多其他创新。

But even though it resulted in pollution, bad working conditions, and child labor, the Industrial Revolution also made many other innovations possible.

我们只来得及聊了早期工业革命中的一小部分发明，但那时的创新可不只是蒸汽机和纺织业。

We've only had time to talk about a few of the innovations of the early Industrial Revolution, but it wasn't all about steam power and cloth manufacturing.

到了十九世纪末、二十世纪初，汽车、飞机和冷藏技术都出现了。

By the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, we had cars, airplanes, and refrigeration.

人们也开始以全新的方式合作。

People also started to work together in new ways.

工人们开始彼此交流。

Workers began to talk to each other.

他们成立了工会，要求雇主改善工厂的安全条件。

They formed labor unions and insisted that their bosses make factories safer.

周末的概念由此诞生，法律也陆续出台，强制要求改善工作环境。

The idea of a weekend was born, and laws were passed to require better working conditions.

童工最终被法律禁止了。

Child labor was eventually outlawed.

要记住，历史上的事件往往既有积极的一面，也有消极的影响。

It's important to remember that events in history often have good and bad consequences.

只有全面看待这两方面，才能真正理解它们对世界造成的整体影响。

We have to look at both in order understand the full impact they had on the world.

了解过去事件的意外后果，能帮助我们避免在未来重蹈覆辙。

Knowing about the unintended consequences of past events can help us avoid similar results in the future.

当我们看到当今世界中可能让人、动物或地球遭受痛苦的事情时，可以想想自己能做些什么来改善现状。

When we see things in the world today that might cause people, animals, or the planet to suffer, we can ask what we can do to help make things better.

这样，我们才能一点一点地建设一个更好的未来。

That way, we can keep building a better future bit by bit.

如果你想听一个发生在工业革命时期的有趣历史小说，不妨去YouTube搜索《Explorer Society: Full Steam Ahead》。

If you'd like to hear a fun historical fiction story that took place in the Industrial Revolution, be sure to search YouTube for Explorer Society Full Steam Ahead.

这是我几年前写的一个故事，讲的是两名时间旅行的特工意外穿越到工业革命时期，帮助拯救了蒸汽机。

This is a story I wrote a couple of years ago about two time traveling secret agents who end up in the Industrial Revolution and helped to save the steam engine.