《伊利亚特》与特洛伊战争

你喜欢蜘蛛侠、神奇女侠和复仇者联盟这类超级英雄电影吗？

Do you like superhero movies like Spider Man, Wonder Woman, and The Avengers?

或者你可能正盼着下一部《星球大战》上映，看主角们踏上危险的旅程，展开史诗般的战斗，完成他们的宿命。

Or maybe you can't wait for the next Star Wars movie, where you'll get to see people go on dangerous voyages and fight in epic battles in order to fulfill their destinies.

如果你是这样，那你并不孤单。

If this sounds like you, you're not alone.

这类电影、电视剧和诗歌都特别受欢迎。

These kinds of films, TV shows, and poems are extremely popular.

等等。

Wait.

你是不是在想，你刚才是不是提到了诗歌？

You're probably saying, did I just say poems?

没错，我就是说了诗歌。

I did.

实际上，超级英雄和史诗故事已经存在几千年了，最早的史诗都是以很长的诗歌形式表演的。

Actually, superheroes and epics have been around for thousands of years, and the first epics were performed as very long poems.

这些诗讲述了危险的旅程、奇幻的怪物和宏大的战斗场面。

These poems told of dangerous journeys, fantastical monsters, and grand battle scenes.

有些篇幅长得像整本小说。

Some of them were as long as chapter books.

英雄们必须克服几乎不可能的困难，才能实现自己的命运。

Heroes had to overcome almost impossible obstacles to fulfill their destinies.

世界各地的许多文化都有自己独特的史诗。

Many cultures, from all over the world, have their own epics.

这些传奇以生动难忘的方式，向人们传递了历史、神话和宗教。

These sagas told people about their history, mythology, and religion in a way that's exciting and memorable.

它们如此深入人心，以至于在文字出现之前，人们就靠背诵和表演来传承，一传就是几百年。

So memorable, in fact, that before there was writing, people would memorize and perform them, and they would be passed down for hundreds of years.

在本系列节目中，我们将讲述两位由古希腊诗人荷马创作的最著名的史诗。

In this series of episodes, we're going to talk about two of the most famous epic poems composed by a poet named Homer.

荷马是古希腊的一位诗人和吟游歌手。

Homer was a poet and bard in ancient Greece.

游吟诗人就是为听众吟诵故事或诗歌的人，常常配上音乐。

A bard was a person who recited stories or poems for an audience, often set to music.

他创作了世界上最有名的两部史诗：《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。

He composed two of the most famous epic poems in the world, The Iliad and The Odyssey.

他的生平其实是个谜。

His life is a bit of a mystery, actually.

我们不知道他具体出生在什么时候，也不清楚确切地点。

We don't know exactly when he was born or exactly where.

他很可能出生于公元前八世纪左右，地点在如今土耳其西部或附近的一个岛上。

He was probably born sometime in the eighth century BCE and somewhere in what is now Western Turkey, or a nearby island.

那时候，地中海沿岸的土耳其西部有很多希腊人定居点。

At the time, there were many Greek settlements in Western Turkey along the coast of the Mediterranean.

《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》都围绕一场叫特洛伊战争的古代战争展开。

Both the Iliad and the Odyssey talk about events surrounding an ancient war called the Trojan War.

诗中的特洛伊战争可能基于一场真实战争，但等会儿你就知道了，真实情况跟故事里差得远了。

The Trojan War in the poems was probably based on a real war, but as you'll see in a few minutes, the real war was probably nothing like the one in the stories.

第一首诗《伊利亚特》讲的是战争本身。

The first poem, The Iliad, talks about the war itself.

《奥德赛》讲的是战后国王奥德修斯回家的故事。

The Odyssey is the story of King Odysseus' homecoming after the war.

今天我们要聊《伊利亚特》，下一期再讲《奥德赛》。

Today we're going to talk about the Iliad, and in the next episode, we'll talk about the Odyssey.

《伊利亚特》的故事从特洛伊战争的第十年开始。

The Iliad starts out in the tenth year of the Trojan War.

希腊联军的统帅阿伽门农和他最厉害的战士阿喀琉斯发生了争执。

The leader of the Greek forces, Agamemnon, and his best fighter, Achilles, are arguing.

你可能在想，为什么故事要从战争的第十年讲起呢？

You might be wondering, why start the story in the tenth year of the war?

不是应该从头开始，让大家明白来龙去脉吗？

Isn't it important to start at the beginning so people know what's going on?

其实，荷马的听众——古希腊人——早就熟悉这些故事了。

Well, Homer's audience, the ancient Greeks, knew these stories.

他们很可能连荷马在《伊利亚特》里讲的那些故事都早听过了。

They probably even knew the stories he included in the Iliad.

但真正让人兴奋的，是听这些故事被完整地讲出来，说不定还加了些新细节，或者重点强调了某些部分。

But the excitement would have been in hearing them all put together, maybe with certain details added or certain parts given more attention.

不过，既然你可能不知道这场战争是怎么开始的，我现在就简单说说。

But since you may not know how the war started, I'll go over that now.

一切的开端，是一颗苹果。

It all starts with an apple.

古希腊的众神正在参加一场婚礼，却故意没邀请厄里斯女神。

The gods and goddesses of ancient Greece were celebrating a wedding and decided not to invite the goddess, Eris.

她很生气，决定给宾客们设个圈套。

She was angry and decided to trick the partygoers.

于是她把一个金苹果扔进宴会，说：‘这礼物属于最美丽的那位。’

So she threw a golden apple into the party and said, It was a gift for the fairest.

赫拉、雅典娜和阿佛洛狄忒三位女神，都觉得这苹果该归自己。

The goddess Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite each thought they deserved the apple.

经过一番争论，他们决定让一个叫帕里斯的人类来评判，谁最美丽，就该得到那个苹果。

After much arguing, they agreed to let a human named Paris judge which of them was the most beautiful and should get the apple.

三位女神都试图讨好帕里斯，许诺给他各种好处，只求他选自己。

All three goddesses tried to gain Paris' favor by promising him things if he chose them.

爱与美的女神阿佛洛狄忒答应他，可以娶世界上最美的女人为妻。

Aphrodite, the goddess of love, promised him he could marry the most beautiful woman in the world.

这正是帕里斯最想要的，于是阿佛洛狄忒赢得了比赛。

This was the prize Paris wanted, so Aphrodite won the contest.

世界上最美的女人名叫海伦。

The most beautiful woman in the world was named Helen.

但问题在于，海伦已经嫁给了斯巴达的国王。

But the big problem here was Helen was already married to the King of Sparta.

你大概能想到，这会引发多大的麻烦。

You can imagine how this is going to cause some problems.

于是帕里斯和海伦相爱了，趁帕里斯做客期间，两人私奔回到特洛伊城。

So Paris and Helen fall in love, and when Paris is visiting, they escape back to the city of Troy.

海伦的丈夫墨涅拉俄斯非常生气，因为她和巴黎一起离开了。

Helen's husband, Menelaus, was very angry that she and Paris left.

那他接下来做了什么？

So what did he do next?

他召集了所有朋友，帮忙把海伦带回来。

He called on all of his friends to help get her back.

他的很多朋友都是其他希腊城邦和岛屿的国王，势力强大。

Many of his friends were powerful kings of other Greek cities and islands.

他们组成了一支庞大的军队，直奔特洛伊，要从巴黎手里夺回海伦。

They formed a huge army and headed to Troy to take Helen back from Paris.

军队抵达特洛伊后，希腊人和特洛伊人试图让巴黎和墨涅拉俄斯单挑，来解决争端。

Once the armies reached Troy, the Greeks and the Trojans tried to settle their differences by having Paris and Menelaus fight one on one.

毕竟，这场战争就是因为两人争夺海伦才爆发的。

After all, it was their argument over Helen that started the war.

但眼看墨涅拉俄斯就要赢了，爱神阿佛洛狄忒却驾着云朵把巴黎救走了。

But when it becomes clear Menelaus is going to win, the goddess Aphrodite saves Paris by carrying him back to his house on a cloud.

所以，很遗憾，双方还是继续打下去。

So, sadly, the two sides just keep fighting.

在特洛伊战争中，另一个重要人物是战士阿喀琉斯。

Another important character in the battle for Troy is the warrior Achilles.

有预言说，只有靠阿喀琉斯的帮助，战争才能赢，但他因为受了委屈，拒绝参战。

A prophecy says that the war can only be won with Achilles' help, but Achilles has refused to fight because he was wronged.

后来，阿喀琉斯看到朋友们在战场上苦苦挣扎、一个个死去，心里越来越不好受。

Eventually Achilles starts to feel bad about not helping as he sees his friends struggling and dying around him.

于是，他把自己的盔甲借给最好的朋友帕特洛克罗斯，让他带领自己的士兵上战场。

So he gives his best friend, Patroclus, his armor and tells him to lead his men into battle.

可惜的是，帕特洛克罗斯在战斗中阵亡了，阿喀琉斯为此后悔不已，怪自己不该派他去。

Sadly, Patroclus dies in battle and Achilles regrets his decision to send him instead.

现在，阿喀琉斯觉得别无选择，只能重返战场，为朋友报仇。

Achilles now feels he has no choice but to rejoin the war and that he must avenge his friend's death.

于是，阿喀琉斯穿上盔甲，满腔怒火为朋友报了仇，但特洛伊战争还是继续下去了。

So Achilles puts on his armor and in anger avenges his friend's death, but the Trojan War continues on anyway.

这首名为《伊利亚特》的诗，以阿喀琉斯放下愤怒、承担起对朋友的责任告终。

This poem, called The Iliad, ends with Achilles overcoming his anger and accepting his responsibilities towards his friends.

最终希腊人赢得了战争，海伦也跟着丈夫墨涅拉俄斯国王回了家，但这些事并不在《伊利亚特》或《奥德赛》的范围之内。

Eventually the Greeks do win the war, and Helen returns home with her husband, King Menelaus, but those events aren't part of The Iliad or The Odyssey.

某种程度上，《伊利亚特》讲的不是战争，不是打了多少年，也不是为什么打、谁赢了。

In a way, The Iliad isn't about the war, how many years it took, why it was fought, or who won.

它讲的是一个人——阿喀琉斯——如何学会控制愤怒，去做朋友和社群期待他做的事。

It was about one person, Achilles, learning to overcome his angry feelings and do what his friends and community needed him to do.

很多时候，一个人之所以成为英雄，就是因为他能放下自己的愤怒、骄傲或恐惧，去服务更大的目标。

This is often what makes someone a hero, overcoming their own anger, pride, or fear in order to serve a bigger purpose.

下一集，我们会讲荷马的另一部史诗《奥德赛》。

In the next episode, we'll learn about Homer's other epic poem, The Odyssey.

这个故事和《伊利亚特》很不一样。

This story is very different from The Iliad.

它不谈战争，讲的是一位国王回家的旅程。

Instead of talking about the war, it talks about one king's return home.

这位国王名叫奥德修斯，以机智聪明著称。

The king's name is Odysseus, and he's known for being very crafty and smart.

正是他想出了让希腊人赢得特洛伊战争的计策。

He actually had the idea that led to the Greeks winning the Trojan War.

他的主意是造一匹巨大的木马，高度堪比一栋楼。

His idea was to build a giant wooden horse as tall as a building.

木马内部是空的，里面可以藏匿希腊战士。

It was also hollow inside so Greek warriors could hide inside.

接着，希腊人告诉特洛伊人，他们想把这匹马当作礼物送给他们。

Then the Greeks told the Trojans they wanted to give them the horse as a gift.

等木马被运进城里，夜幕降临后，藏在里面的士兵从暗门爬出来，一举占领了全城。

Once the horse was inside the city and it was night, the soldiers hidden inside climbed out of a trapdoor and took over the city.

够狡猾吧？

Pretty tricky, right?

我们今天说的‘特洛伊木马’，就是从这儿来的，指表面无害，实则暗藏危险的东西。

This is where we get the term Trojan horse for something that looks harmless but hides a nasty surprise.

谢谢收听这期关于《伊利亚特》的节目。

Thanks for listening to this episode about the Iliad.

别忘了收听下一期，讲的是史诗《奥德赛》。

Be sure to listen to the next episode about the epic poem The Odyssey.