重启 - 阅读_740 - 比特币的关键特性是什么 [詹姆森·洛普]

比特币的关键特性。

The key properties of Bitcoin.

我想重点讨论这个话题，因为它与Jamieson Lop最近发表的一篇关于量子计算风险的文章密切相关——无论时间线如何，量子计算机可能破解比特币加密体系的风险。

I wanted to hit this piece because this is actually going to be relevant to another piece that Jamieson Lop has written and published very recently about quantum about the risk of quantum break quantum computers breaking the cryptography of Bitcoin regardless of the timeline.

虽然这期节目主题并非专门讨论这个，但我认为有必要重新梳理比特币的本质及其核心理念。

Now this episode specifically isn't about it, but I think the idea of refreshing what Bitcoin means, what the heart of the Bitcoin idea is.

究竟是什么特质让比特币成为比特币？

Like, what is it that makes Bitcoin Bitcoin?

隐藏在比特币代码背后的精神是什么？这样当我们面临需要修复漏洞或做出改动时，才能判断代码本身是否出错，并确保我们所知的比特币依然是比特币。

What is the the spirit behind the law, the spirit behind the code that is Bitcoin so that we know when a change or when a bug is to be fixed or a change is to be made, how do we know the law or the code itself has made an error and that what we know of as Bitcoin is still Bitcoin?

对此的共识是什么？

What's the consensus around that?

我知道很多人可能已经厌倦了量子话题，但我必须说他的文章极其重要——我们确实需要持续讨论量子威胁。

Now I know a lot of people probably are sick of the quantum conversation, and I wanna say I actually think his piece is really, really important because and we have to have the conversation about quantum.

重点不在于它是否构成重大威胁，或者是否值得过度恐慌。

And it's less about whether or not it is a huge risk or whether or not it's something to be, like, super scared about.

至少在中短期内我并不这么认为。

I really don't think so in the short to medium term.

但比特币系统的防御机制本质上是关于非对称博弈的。

But the defense of Bitcoin, the system, is about asymmetrical bets.

判断失误的代价与提前制定应对方案的成本相比，孰轻孰重？

What is the cost of getting that wrong versus the cost of fixing it or having a conversation and a plan in place in case it does arise?

比特币签名加密被破解的严重性在于：这本质上是一场关乎生死存亡的危机。

And the thing about the cryptography of Bitcoin signatures being broken is that this is fundamentally an existential crisis.

这将是比特币的生存危机。

This would be an existential crisis for Bitcoin.

这将是比特币体系的终结。

Like, that would be the end of the Bitcoin system.

因此，如果未来十年内发生这种情况的概率有1%，那么我认为应该将其视为优先事项——功能固然重要，但生存才是根本。

So if there is a 1% chance of that happening in, say, the next ten years, then I think it should be considered a priority because features are good to have, but survival is a must have.

这关乎核弹级软件系统的可靠性。

This is about nuclear grade software systems.

这关乎一个无法被摧毁的经济系统，一个能抵御所有攻击的工程化体系。

This is about an engineered economic system that cannot be destroyed or that can essentially withstand any and all attacks thrown at it.

最关键的是要认识到：密码学是有时效性的。

And it is critically important to accept the realization that cryptography has a shelf life.

历史上向来如此，我不认为当今有什么根本性差异能让我们免于破解旧密码学的命运，SHA-256也不会永远安全，总会存在变数，总会出现能破解其安全性的计算机设计。

Historically, it always has, and I don't think there's anything fundamentally different today that should suggest we won't break the cryptography of the past or that SHA two fifty six will just last indefinitely, and there will never be a change or there will never be a problem or a computer designed in such a way to undo its security, to to open that cryptography up.

若真如此，比特币的整个存在基础、交易体系和所有权验证都将崩塌。

And if it did, Bitcoin's entire existence and its transactions and its ownership are all based on that cryptography.

只要有1%的发生概率，就必须纳入所有关于比特币升级的讨论中。

If there is a 1% chance of that happening, then it has to be a part of every discussion about changing Bitcoin.

即便永远用不上，抗量子密码学和抗量子签名方案也应是重中之重。

Even if it's never used, a quantum safe cryptography, a quantum safe signature scheme should be a very, very serious consideration.

我认为Jameson Lop的观点很有说服力——如果我们能预见危机，如果明确知道终将面临那个节点...

And I also think Jameson Lop makes a pretty good case if we can see it coming, if it's very clear that we are going to get to that point.

我认为他对行动方案的建议极具说服力。

I think he makes a really great case for his course of action or his suggested course of action.

但我认为在进入这个话题前，关键是要先明确比特币的本质。

But I think in getting into that conversation, it is critically important to remind ourselves what Bitcoin is.

我觉得这篇文章很适合作为切入点，而且这也是Lop之前的作品。

And I thought this would be a great one to do it with, and it's also Lop's previous work.

所以这是用他的声音，由他为我们将要阅读的文章奠定基础。

So it's in his voice, and it is him laying the groundwork for the article we are going to read.

这些就是比特币的核心特性。

This is what are the key properties of Bitcoin.

我会保留团队成员最初发表时的见解，但这是我们重新解读的版本。

And I'll leave my guys take in it from the first time this was published, but this is our reboot.

希望大家喜欢。

So I hope you enjoy it.

别忘了看看Blockstream新出的Jade Plus硬件钱包。

Don't forget to check out Blockstream Jade Plus hardware wallet, their new hardware wallet.

设计非常时尚。

It is sleek.

与Blockstream Green钱包配合使用特别方便。

It's really easy to use with the Blockstream Green Wallet.

就像我说过的，蓝牙是我最爱的连接方式，因为它们能自动配对，操作起来特别顺畅。

And like I've said, Bluetooth is my favorite setup because it just they just talk to each other and everything just kinda works.

使用优惠码'guy'可以享受9折优惠。

You can get 10% off with code guy.

我其实会拍个视频来介绍。

And I'll do a video actually.

你可以查看一下。

You can check that out.

教程已经完成了。

The tutorial is done.

我弟弟刚才说他刚看完教程，却没意识到我根本没做过。

My brother just said he he just watched the tutorial and didn't realize that I hadn't even done it.

所以教程在YouTube和Rumble上都有。

So the tutorial is on YouTube and Rumble.

如果你想了解如何设置的详细说明，或者想找个材料边看边了解Jade Plus的使用方法。

If you were looking for either the t l d on how to set it up or want to just kinda have something to go through it and see how the jade plus works.

这些资源都为你准备好了。

That is there for you.

我会在节目说明里放上链接。

I'll have the link in the show notes.

使用优惠码'guy'可享9折。

And 10% off with code guy.

然后是Bitkit（b I t k I t），一个直观的非托管钱包，你自己掌握密钥，支持比特币链上和闪电网络。

And then for an intuitive, non custodial, you hold the keys, Bitcoin on chain and lightning wallet, Bitkit, b I t k I t.

这是个超棒的钱包，可以添加联系人。

This is an awesome wallet where you can add contacts.

后台会进行点对点对话，你可以直接付款给通讯录里的联系人。

There's a peer to peer conversation happening in the background, and you can pay directly to your contacts list.

这真是个非常非常酷的钱包和创意，他们正在开发一些超棒的技术。

It's just a really, really cool wallet and a really cool idea, and they are building some really awesome tech.

快来看看。

Check it out.

详情见节目备注。

Details in the show notes.

好的。

Alright.

那么，让我们开始重新探讨比特币的关键特性。

With that, let's jump into our reboot of what are the key properties of Bitcoin.

将信任最小化作为基本要求，是实现本文所述其他诸多原则的基础。

Having a requirement for minimizing trust is a fundamental property that enables many of the other principles covered in this post.

这些原则可以被理解为源自并服务于低信任目标。

These principles can be understood as coming from and working towards a low trust aim.

我们永远无法实现100%的无需信任，因为没有人有资源审计他们用于与网络交互的所有软硬件。

We'll never be able to achieve a 100% trustlessness as no one has the resources to audit all of the software and hardware they use to interact with the network.

但我们可以相当接近这个目标，从而确信那些透明且利益一致的参与者群体不会勾结损害生态系统其他部分。

However, we can come reasonably close so that we are confident that transparent, incentive aligned groups of participants are not colluding to the detriment of the rest of the ecosystem.

比特币精华，听得见。

The best in Bitcoin made audible.

我是盖伊·斯旺，这里是《比特币可听》。

I am Guy Swan, and this is Bitcoin Audible.

大家好，最近怎么样？

What is up, guys?

欢迎回到《比特币可听》。

Welcome back to Bitcoin Audible.

我是盖伊·斯旺，一个比你认识的任何人都更了解比特币的人。

I'm Guy Swan, the guy who has read more about Bitcoin than anybody else you know.

今天我们有一篇精彩的文章要分享。

We have got a wonderful read today.

我原本考虑把这期做成基础知识专题，但决定还是放在新手播放列表里，因为这是一篇文章，而且又是杰米森·洛普的作品。

I actually thought about making this a basics episode, but I think I'm just gonna put it in the beginner, playlist, without actually putting it into the basics, because this is a read, and, it is another one by Jamison Lop.

他写过很多非常出色的文章，涉及基础知识、宏观理解，以及重要概念的梳理。

And this is he has he has a number of really, really great pieces on just kind of, like, some of the fundamentals and, like, understanding the big picture and, like, going down the list of major ideas.

这篇文章完全符合这个方向。

And this one is perfectly in line with this.

我不太确定是否要选它，因为节目里已经做过好几篇类似主题的内容了。

And I wasn't sure because we've done a number of these pieces similar to this on the show.

说实话，这类内容我们已经做过很多了。

I mean, we've done a lot of them actually.

本来没打算发布这篇，因为要单独为他录制音频，但文章中有两个很少被讨论却至关重要的部分打动了我。

I wasn't sure if I was gonna publish this one because I was doing the audio for him separately, but then there were, like, two sections in the article that are not often talked about that I think are really, really critical.

其中一点我甚至很久都没思考过了，这让我感到特别兴奋，于是决定：

And one of them I had not even thought about in a while, and it was enough that it got me excited enough about it that I was like, okay.

不，

No.

这期节目我们一定要发布这篇内容。

This we're gonna publish this one on the show.

总之，重温比特币的所有核心要点永远不是坏事。

And in general, it's never a bad thing to refresh all the major the major points of Bitcoin anyway.

好的。

Alright.

那么，让我们开始今天的阅读，标题是《比特币的关键特性》，作者詹姆森·洛普。

And with that, let's get into today's read, and it's titled, what are the key properties of Bitcoin by Jameson Lop.

什么是比特币？

What is Bitcoin?

许多人试图回答这个问题，但我认为我们的探索注定会永远持续下去。

Many have attempted to answer this question, but I believe that our quest to do so is doomed to continue in perpetuity.

协议的持续发展才是真正探讨比特币本质及其未来方向的前沿阵地。

The continuing development of the protocol is where the cutting edge of research into what Bitcoin is and discussion about what it should strive to be actually occurs.

对于新人来说，理解哪些提案更可能被比特币采纳可能很困难，因为协议变更存在许多不成文规则。

It can be tricky for newcomers to wrap their head around what sort of proposals are more likely to be accepted for Bitcoin because there are plenty of unwritten rules regarding protocol changes.

其中有些规则偏向哲学层面，有些侧重工程与安全，还有些则是两者的结合。

Some of these rules are more on the philosophical side, some are more on the engineering and security side, and some are a blend of the two.

共识至上，而非命令与控制。

Consensus, not command and control.

比特币中没有权威。

There is no authority in Bitcoin.

即便是本文概述的原则也绝非权威。

Even the principles outlined in this article are by no means authoritative.

这些只是我和其他生态系统参与者的观察所得。

They are simply observations made by myself and other ecosystem participants.

比特币是一个自动化实现参与者间持续共识发现的系统。

Bitcoin is a system that automates the continual discovery of consensus amongst its participants.

正是机器共识在强制执行人类共识。

It is machine consensus that enforces human consensus.

共识失败会摧毁整个系统，因为它会破坏人们对系统可靠性的信任。

Consensus failures can destroy the whole system by causing loss of confidence in its reliability.

共识代码应当被隔离保护，极少改动。

Consensus code should be ring fenced and rarely touched.

协议变更不应在未经用户同意的情况下强加于人。

Protocol changes should not be forced upon users without their consent.

也就是说，用户应该主动选择接受变更，而不是被迫选择退出。

That is users should opt in to changes rather than having to opt out.

因此，软件客户端不应自动更新，否则会将权力从用户手中夺走，交给开发者。

As such, software clients should not update automatically as that would take power away from the users and put it in the hands of developers.

鉴于网络的分布式特性，不能假设每个用户都在关注协议变更。

Due to the distributed nature of the network, it should not be assumed that every user is paying attention to protocol changes.

我们该如何对系统进行变更？

How do we make changes to the system?

要修改共识代码，我们必须以某种方式达成人类共识来改变系统规则。

In order to change the consensus code, we must somehow achieve human consensus to change the rules of the system.

比特币改进提案流程在此有详细说明。

The Bitcoin improvement proposal process is described here.

虽然不完美，但共识构建本身就是个复杂的过程。

It's not perfect, but consensus building is a messy process.

Johnson Law在这篇提供的链接文章中很好地描述了不同类型的分叉（即修改机器共识的含义），Paul Storks则详细论述了分叉可能带来的不同程度的强制行为。

Johnson Law did a good job describing the different types of forks, meaning of making machine consensus changes in this post link provided, and Paul Storks has written at length about different levels of coercion that are possible with forks.

历史上是如何进行变更的？

How have changes been made historically?

按照中本聪的旨意逐一实施。

One by Satoshi decree.

链上矿工投票，BIP 16。

On chain minor voting, BIP 16.

标志日升级，BIP 30。

Flag day upgrade, BIP 30.

超级多数是否采用双重阈值切换机制，包括BIP 34、BIP 65和BIP 66，以及版本位BIP 9。

Is supermajority a double threshold switchover mechanism, BIP 34, BIP 65, and BIP 66, and version bits, BIP nine.

谁有权决定接受或拒绝提议的变更？

Who gets to accept or reject proposed changes?

在开发者层面，目标是达成所谓的'粗略共识'，这意味着不需要100%一致同意，但需要将提案推进到不存在合理反对意见的程度。

At the developer level, the goal is to achieve rough consensus, quote unquote, which means you don't need a 100% agreement, but you need to develop any proposal to the point that there are no reasonable objections remaining against implementing it.

我们如何衡量对系统变更的支持度？

How do we measure support for changes to the system?

开发者会与可能受提案影响的其他生态系统参与者进行内部讨论。

Developers will discuss amongst themselves and other ecosystem participants who may be affected by a proposal.

任何关注持续开发工作的人都可以通过邮件列表、代码仓库、社交媒体等渠道参与讨论并提供意见。

Anyone who is paying attention to ongoing development efforts is welcome to provide input via discussions on mailing lists, code repositories, social media, etcetera.

最终，协议的治理并非通过明确定义的自上而下方式实现。

Ultimately, the governance of the protocol does not occur via a well defined top down fashion.

相反，它通过自下而上的执行颠覆了传统的治理模式。

Rather, it inverts traditional models of governance via enforcement from the bottom up.

信任最小化。

Trust minimization.

比特币是一种点对点的电子现金，相比传统系统具有价值，因为它通过去中心化给用户带来了货币自主权。

Bitcoin is peer to peer electronic cash that is valuable over legacy systems because of the monetary autonomy it brings to its users through decentralization.

比特币旨在解决传统货币的根本问题——即其运作所需的所有信任。

Bitcoin seeks to address the root problem with conventional currency, all the trust that's required to make it work.

并非说合理的信任是坏事，但信任会让系统变得脆弱、不透明且运营成本高昂。

Not that justified trust is a bad thing, but trust makes systems brittle, opaque, and costly to operate.

信任失败会导致系统性崩溃。

Trust failures result in systemic collapses.

信任管理会造成不平等和垄断锁定，而自然形成的信任瓶颈可能被滥用，剥夺正当程序的权利。

Trust curation creates inequality and monopoly lock in, and naturally arising trust choke points can be abused to deny access to due process.

通过使用加密证明和去中心化网络，比特币最小化并替代了这些信任成本。

Through the use of cryptographic proof and decentralized networks, Bitcoin minimizes and replaces these trust costs.

在当前技术条件下，规模与去中心化之间存在根本性的权衡。

With the available technology, there are fundamental trade offs between scale and decentralization.

如果系统成本过高，人们将被迫信任第三方，而非独立执行系统规则。

If the system is too costly, people will be forced to trust third parties rather than independently enforcing the system's rules.

如果比特币区块链的资源消耗相对于现有技术过高，比特币将失去相比传统系统的竞争优势，因为验证成本过高会挤走许多用户，迫使信任重新进入系统。

If the Bitcoin blockchain's resource usage relative to the available technology is too great, Bitcoin loses its competitive advantages compared to legacy systems because validation will be too costly, pricing out many users, forcing trust back into the system.

如果容量过低且我们的交易方式效率不足，访问链上进行争议解决的成本将过高，这同样会迫使信任重新进入系统。

If capacity is too low and our methods of transacting too inefficient, access to the chain for dispute resolution will be too costly, again, pushing trust back into the system.

格雷格·麦克斯韦。

Greg Maxwell.

比特币开发者Matt Corallo也撰文论述了这一特性的重要性。

Bitcoin developer Matt Corallo also wrote about the importance of this property.

在比特币众多特性中，免信任性（即无需信任任何事物即可使用比特币，只需依赖你运行的开源软件）是最核心的特性。

Of Bitcoin's many properties, trustlessness or the ability to use Bitcoin without trusting anything, but the open source software you run is by far king.

更具体地说，人们对比特币的兴趣几乎完全源于希望避免需要信任某些第三方或第三方组合。

More specifically, interest in Bitcoin appears to almost exclusively derive from a desire to avoid needing to trust some third party or combination of third parties.

这对任何人来说都不应该是新闻，但准确理解为什么这种免信任性如此重要以及它采取何种形式，对于构建和升级比特币技术至关重要。

This should hardly be news to anyone, but an understanding of exactly why this trustlessness is so important and what forms it takes is critical to building and upgrading Bitcoin technology.

将最小化信任作为基本要求，是实现本文讨论的其他许多原则的基础属性。

Having a requirement for minimizing trust is a fundamental property that enables many of the other principles covered in this post.

这些原则可以被理解为源自并致力于实现低信任目标。

These principles can be understood as coming from and working towards a low trust aim.

我们永远无法实现100%的免信任，因为没有人有资源审计他们用来与网络交互的所有软件和硬件。

We'll never be able to achieve 100% trustlessness as no one has the resources to audit all of the software and hardware that they use to interact with the network.

但我们可以足够接近这个目标，从而确信透明且激励一致的参与者群体不会合谋损害生态系统其他部分的利益。

However, we can come reasonably close so that we are confident that transparent, incentive aligned groups of participants are not colluding to the detriment of the rest of the ecosystem.

去中心化。

Decentralization.

像比特币这样的开放系统，如果变得足够中心化以至于网络的某些方面可以被个人或集团控制，就无法保持本文所述的理想特性。

An open system such as Bitcoin will not retain the desired properties described in this post if it becomes sufficiently centralized such that aspects of the network can be controlled by individuals or cartels.

去中心化是手段，而非目的。

Decentralization is the means, not the end.

通过尽可能广泛地分散权力，我们最小化对任何单一实体的信任需求，因为我们知道没有任何单一实体能干扰我们对系统的使用。

By distributing power as widely as possible, we minimize the trust required in any single entity because we know that no single entity can interfere with our use of the system.

许多人因为自九十年代以来众多公司的失败，就自动将电子货币视为注定失败的事物。

A lot of people automatically dismiss e currency as a lost cause because of all the companies that failed since the nineteen nineties.

我希望显而易见的是，正是这些系统的中心化控制特性导致了它们的失败。

I hope it's obvious it was only the centrally controlled nature of those systems that doomed them.

我认为这是我们首次尝试一个去中心化、非基于信任的系统。

I think this is the first time we're trying a decentralized, non trust based system.

中本聪。

Satoshi Nakamoto.

中心化存在许多潜在的维度，且难以量化。

There are many potential dimensions of centralization, and they can be difficult to quantify.

交易所、开发者、软件客户端、矿池、挖矿硬件、经济活跃节点、总价值所有权分布、控制自己私钥的用户比例、用自己节点审计账本的用户比例。

Exchanges, developers, software clients, mining pools, mining hardware, economically active nodes, general value ownership distribution, percent of users who control their own private keys, percent of users who audit the ledger with their own node.

在任何一个指标上的高度中心化不一定会摧毁系统，但我们应该考虑到系统的强度取决于其最薄弱环节。

High centralization in any given metric isn't necessarily a system killer, but we should consider that a system is only as strong as its weakest point.

因此，任何系统变更都应谨慎避免在任何可能的维度上集中权力。

As such, any changes to the system should take care to avoid consolidating power along any possible axis.

抗审查性。

Censorship resistance.

任何人都不应有权阻止他人与比特币网络互动，也不应有权无限期阻止有效交易被确认。

No one should have the power to prevent others from interacting with the Bitcoin network, nor should anyone have the power to indefinitely block a valid transaction from being confirmed.

虽然矿工可以自由选择不确认有效交易，但任何支付合理费用的有效交易最终都应被经济理性的矿工确认。

While miners can freely choose not to confirm a valid transaction, any valid transaction paying a competitive fee should eventually be confirmed by an economically rational miner.

匿名性。

Pseudonymity.

拥有或使用比特币不应要求提供官方身份证明。

No official identification should be required to own or use Bitcoin.

这一原则增强了系统的抗审查性和可替代性，因为当系统本身不追踪用户时，更难选择将哪些交易视为有问题。

This principle strengthens the censorship resistance and fungibility of the system as it is more difficult to select transactions to consider tainted when the system itself does not keep track of users.

这一原则还可延伸至认识到系统甚至不要求其用户必须是人。

This principle can also be extended to the realization that the system does not even require its users to be human.

开源。

Open source.

比特币客户端源代码应始终开放，供任何人阅读、修改、复制和分享。

Bitcoin client source code should always be open for anyone to read, modify, copy, and share.

比特币的价值建立在系统的透明度和可审计性之上。

Bitcoin's value is built upon the transparency and auditability of the system.

能够审计系统的任何方面确保我们无需信任任何特定实体会诚实行事。

The ability to audit any aspect of the system ensures that we need not trust any specific entities to act honestly.

生态系统参与者有动力诚实行事，因为他们知道不当行为将受到惩罚。

Ecosystem participants are incentivized to act honestly because they know they will be penalized for misbehavior.

如果用于与系统交互的代码本身无法被审计，那么该代码启用的任何审计功能都将变得毫无价值。

If the code being used to interact with the system cannot itself be audited, then any audit functionality enabled by the code becomes worthless.

开放协作。

Open collaboration.

虽然欢迎任何人私下进行研究和开发，但任何试图修改协议的行为，特别是非向后兼容的更改，都应公开进行而非闭门造车。

While anyone is welcome to conduct research and develop privately, any attempts to make protocol changes, especially non backwards compatible changes, should occur in the open rather than behind closed doors.

比特币属于全人类。

Bitcoin belongs to humanity.

因此，拟议的变更必须开放给公众评论，这一点很重要。

Thus, it is important that proposed changes be open to public comment.

比特币改进提案流程是建议采用的变更提议方式。

The Bitcoin improvement proposal process is the recommended way to go about suggesting changes.

不过由于没有权威机构能强制要求遵循该流程，所以这不是硬性规定。

Though because no authority can enforce that the process be followed, it's not a requirement.

自愿组织的问题及其衍生的权力动态可能导致人们认为特定个人或团体是权威，但这只是权力的假象。

The issue of voluntary organization and the power dynamics that result from it can result in the perception that specific people or groups are authorities, but this is an illusion of power.

无需许可。

Permissionless.

任何任意的守门人都不应能阻止人们以交易者、节点、矿工等身份参与网络。

No arbitrary gatekeepers should be able to prevent anyone from participating in the network as a transactor, a node, miner, etcetera.

这是信任最小化、抗审查和假名化的结果。

This is a result of trust minimization, censorship resistance, and pseudonymity.

法律中立。

Legal indifference.

比特币应像其他互联网协议一样，不关心民族国家的法律。

Bitcoin should be unconcerned with the laws of nation states just like other Internet protocols.

监管机构需要设法应对比特币技术支持的功能，而不是反过来。

Regulators will have to figure out how to respond to the functionality enabled by Bitcoin powered technology, not the other way around.

可互换性。

Fungibility.

可互换性是健全货币的重要属性。

Fungibility is an important property of sound money.

如果每个用户都需要对他们收到的所有资金进行污染分析，那么系统的实用性将大幅下降。

If every user needed to perform taint analysis on all the funds they received, then the utility of the system would drop significantly.

所有UTXO应该具有同等的可花费性。

All UTXOs should be equally spendable.

遗憾的是，目前情况并非如此，存在一些服务会追踪与犯罪活动相关的被污染UTXO。

Unfortunately, this is not currently the case, and there are services that track tainted UTXOs that are tied to criminal activity.

这带来的副作用是，无辜用户可能因为花费了仅与'被污染UTXO'相隔几跳的UTXO而卷入资产扣押行动。

The side effect of this is that innocent users can get caught up in seizure actions due to spending UTXOs that are only several hops removed from a, quote, tainted UTXO.

可互换性需要隐私保障。

Fungibility requires privacy.

隐私来源于拥有大量用户群体，使得无法区分交易所有权。

Privacy comes from having a large set of users amongst whom you can't distinguish transaction ownership.

不幸的是，比特币用户的隐私面临诸多已知威胁，因此当前状态的比特币远未达到完全可互换的程度。

There are unfortunately many known threats to the privacy of Bitcoin users, and as a result, Bitcoin in its current state is far from perfectly fungible.

前向兼容性。

Forward compatibility.

比特币支持在不广播的情况下签署交易。

Bitcoin supports signing transactions without broadcasting them.

存在一个原则：任何当前可能已签署但未广播的交易都应保持有效并可广播。

There is a principle that any currently possibly signed but not broadcast transactions should remain valid and broadcastable.

一个很好的例子是锁定时间内的交易，在交易指定的时间之前这些交易无法被确认。

A good example of this are transactions within lock time that are not valid for confirmation until after the time specified by the transaction.

这可以用于遗产继承或其他具有时间延迟目的的场景。

This could be used for inheritance or other time delayed purposes.

修改这条规则可能会带来危险的后果。

There could be dangerous repercussions to changing this rule.

数量未知的未广播交易可能因此失效。

An unknowable number of unbroadcast transactions could become invalid.

没人愿意承担因规则突然变更而导致用户财富受损的责任。

No one wants to be responsible for destroying someone's wealth because a rule upon which a user was relying was pulled out from underneath them.

比特币坚持这一原则的事实让所有人对协议充满信心。

The fact that Bitcoin has stuck to this principle gives everyone confidence in the protocol.

任何人都可以通过自己设计并部署的方案来保护资金，无需获得许可。

Anyone can secure their funds by whatever scheme they dream up and deploy it without needing permission.

只要他们遵守协议规则，最坏的情况不过是节点默认停止转发某些交易。

So long as they are following the rules of the protocol, the worst that might happen is for nodes to stop relaying certain transactions by default.

资源最小化。

Resource minimization.

为了保持验证成本低廉，区块空间是稀缺资源。

In order to keep verification costs low, block space is scarce.

因此，大量占用区块空间应当代价高昂。

As such, it should be expensive for anyone to consume a lot of block space.

这里的重要原则是鼓励花费或消耗UTXO，而抑制创建新的UTXO。

An important principle here is to encourage spending or consuming UTXOs and discourage the creation of UTXOs.

如果UTXO膨胀因UTXO累加器技术不再成为问题，这条原则可能会改变。

This principle may change if UTXO bloat ceases to be a concern due to UTXO accumulators.

验证应当廉价，因为当更多用户能够负担系统审计时，有助于实现信任最小化。

Validation should be cheap because it supports the trust minimization if more users can afford to audit the system.

廉价的验证同样使得资源耗尽攻击代价高昂。

Cheap validation also makes resource exhaustion attacks expensive.

比特币提供了快速拒绝低成本生成无效区块的机制。

Bitcoin provides the mechanism to reject cheaply produced invalid blocks quickly.

这是哈希现金的基本原则——迫使攻击者为制造垃圾信息付出高昂代价。

This is the fundamental principle of hashcash, force the attacker to pay dearly in order to create spam.

通过首先下载80字节的区块头，节点可以在同步区块交易前获取工作量证明并执行正确快速的验证。

By first downloading the 80 byte block header, a node can obtain proof of work and perform correct and fast validation before ever syncing the block's transactions.

我们还应当优先考虑区块空间的高效利用，仅存储验证复杂操作所需的最小数据，而非在区块链上存储和执行复杂操作本身。

We should also prioritize efficient use of block space by only storing the minimum data required for validating complex operations rather than storing and executing complex operations on the blockchain itself.

验证重于计算。

Verification is greater than computation.

资源最小化原则的一个子集。

A subset of the resource minimization principle.

对于复杂逻辑，理想情况是让尽可能少的人来执行该逻辑。

For complex logic, it's desirable for the execution of said logic to be performed by as few people as possible.

其他在网络上运行全验证节点的用户不必关注逻辑的每个步骤，只需确信逻辑被正确执行即可。

Everyone else who is running a fully validating node on the network should not be concerned with every single step of the logic, but rather should simply be satisfied that the logic was executed correctly.

正确性比完整性更重要。

Correctness is more important than completeness.

让区块链做它擅长的事。

Use the blockchain for what the blockchain is good for.

安德鲁·波斯特拉。

Andrew Polstra.

对任何系统而言，最高效的优化就是从一开始就避免进行计算。

The greatest possible optimization for any system is to avoid performing computation in the first place.

区块链非常适合存储带有时间戳的数据以供审计使用。

Blockchains are good for storing time stamped data for auditing purposes.

存储可被任何相关方验证的计算证明就已足够，无需要求每个参与者都为他们不关心的交易执行计算逻辑。

Storing a proof of computation that can be checked by anyone who cares should suffice as opposed to requiring every participant to compute logic for transactions that don't concern them.

收敛性。

Convergence.

任意两个比特币客户端，只要连接到一个诚实节点，最终都应收敛到相同的链顶端。

Any two Bitcoin clients, if they connect to a single honest peer, should eventually converge on the same chain tip.

例如，比特币ABC通过制定10个区块的最大链重组规则破坏了这一原则。

As an example, Bitcoin ABC broke this principle by instituting a 10 block maximum chain reorganization rule.

其结果是，如果发生网络分区且中国等国家与网络其他部分断开，这些矿工将继续挖不同的链。

As a result, if there was network partition and a country such as China was cut off from the rest of the network, those miners would continue mining a different chain.

当网络重新连接时，两条分叉链不会收敛到累计工作量证明最多的那条链。

And when the networks were rejoined, the two chain forks would not converge to the chain with the most cumulative proof of work.

所有交易操作都必须是确定性的。

All transaction operations must be deterministic.

在系统状态相同的情况下，每笔交易只能以一种方式执行。

It should only be possible for a transaction to be executed in one way if the system state is the same.

系统外部的因素不应影响其计算过程。

Factors that are external to the system should have no effect upon its computations.

同样地，脚本不应在两台不同机器上以两种不同方式运行。

Similarly, you should not have scripts that work in two different ways in two different machines.

唯一的解决方案就是隔离。

The only solution to this is isolation.

智能合约和交易必须独立于非确定性元素。

Smart contracts and transactions must be independent from nondeterministic elements.

协议变更不应导致交易因区块链重组而失效的可能性。

Protocol changes should not create the potential for transactions to be invalidated by blockchain reorganizations.

交易操作不仅应该是确定性的，还应该是无状态的。

Not only should transaction operations be deterministic, they should be stateless.

例如，可以参考2010年提出的操作码区块编号提案。

For example, see the op block number proposal made in 2010.

有几个人提出了可能导致交易在重组后失效的操作码。

Several people have proposed op codes that might render a transaction invalid after a reorg.

这些提案通常被要求重新设计，使其像操作码CLTV设计那样始终保持前向有效性。

The proposals are generally requested to be redesigned to be always forward valid using the op CLTV design.

但有时这是不必要或不切实际的，有人建议可以接受类似Coinbase交易那样让交易受限于100个区块的操作码，或者像操作码CSV那样限制100个区块。

But sometimes that's unwanted or impractical, and it suggested that it might be acceptable to have an op code that encumbers a transaction for a 100 blocks similar to a Coinbase transaction or op CSV a 100 blocks.

交易的不可变性。

Transaction immutability.

在特定区块之后添加到链上的每个额外区块，都应大幅降低该区块因链重组而成为孤块的可能性。

Each additional block added to the chain after a given block should make it far less likely that the given block will be orphaned by a chain reorganization.

虽然协议允许任意长度的链重组，但长时间的重组可能会造成破坏，因为某些软件或节点可能无法优雅处理这种情况。

While the protocol allows for arbitrary length chain reorganizations, long reorgs would likely be disruptive as some software or nodes may not be able to handle them gracefully.

此外，超过100个区块的重组可能会因为导致已花费的Coinbase交易不复存在而额外造成破坏，实际上相当于销毁了价值。

Also, reorganizations longer than a 100 blocks could be additionally disruptive due to causing spent Coinbase transactions to cease existing, effectively destroying value.

虽然在技术上无法保证不可篡改性，但我们可以确保在交易被足够的工作量证明覆盖后，逆转交易将变得极其昂贵。

While there can technically be no guarantee of immutability, we can guarantee that it becomes impractically expensive to reverse a transaction after it is sufficiently buried under enough proof of work.

拒绝服务攻击防护。

Denial of service resistance.

远程节点不应能向比特币节点发起消耗过多资源的请求。

It should not be possible for a remote peer to make a request to a Bitcoin node that consumes an inordinate amount of resources.

违反这一原则的功能实例是SPV布隆过滤器——在对抗条件下，攻击者可通过迫使目标节点扫描大量区块数据来消耗其磁盘IO资源。

An example of functionality that breaks this principle are the SPV bloom filters, which in adversarial conditions can be used to eat up a lot of disk IO on a target peer by making them scan through a lot of block data.

若在页面上搜索'misbehav'（不带e的拼写），你可以看到许多拒绝服务防护规则。

You can see many of the DOS protection rules here if you search for, quote, misbehave without an e on the page.

被视为有害的行为会被赋予不同分值。

Actions that are considered harmful are given various scores.

当对等节点超过最大不良行为分数时，你的节点将断开连接以防止进一步滥用。

And if a peer exceeds the max misbehavior score, your node will disconnect to prevent further abuse.

竞态条件规避。

Race condition avoidance.

当系统行为取决于不可控事件的顺序或时间时，就会发生竞态条件。

Race conditions occur when a system's behavior is dependent on the sequence or timing of uncontrollable events.

在比特币这种分布式无许可系统中，事件通常是不可预测的。

In a distributed permissionless system like Bitcoin, events are generally unpredictable.

UTXO模型能帮助我们避免竞态条件，因为输出总是被一次性花费。

The UTXO model helps us avoid race conditions because outputs are spent all at once.

交易输出的状态是二元的：要么已花费，要么未花费。

The state of a transaction output is binary, either spent or unspent.

这是交易不应依赖于系统状态的另一个原因。

This is another reason transactions should not have dependencies on the system's state.

当区块链重组期间状态发生变化时，可能会产生竞态条件和复杂性。

It can create race conditions and complexity when state changes during a blockchain reorganization.

保守主义。

Conservatism.

货币长期来看应当保持稳定。

Money should be stable in the long run.

我们应当对系统变更持保守态度，既是为了最小化系统风险，也是为了让人们能继续以他们认为合适的方式使用系统。

We should be conservative about making changes, both in order to minimize risk to the system and to allow people to continue using the system in a way they see fit.

不应要求用户对系统问题保持高度响应。

Users should not be expected to be highly responsive to system issues.

因此，我们应当积极主动且谨慎行事以限制这些问题。

Thus, we should be proactive and cautious in order to limit them.

保守主义的真正意义是什么？

What is conservatism really about?

这是我们确保社会可扩展性的方式。

It's how we ensure social scalability.

引用：'比特币成功的秘诀在于，它巨大的资源消耗和糟糕的计算可扩展性换来了更宝贵的东西——社会可扩展性。'

Quote, the secret to Bitcoin's success is that its prolific resource consumption and poor computational scalability is buying something even more valuable, social scalability.

尼克·萨巴。

Nick Zaba.

许多由人类运作的系统存在的固有问题是，系统规则可能被任意执行或根据他人意愿随意更改。

The problem inherent to many systems operated by humans is that the rules of the system may be applied arbitrarily or may be subject to change at someone else's whim.

这导致系统可靠性降低。

This results in systems being less reliable.

当我们能够通过计算机科学而非传统会计师、监管机构、调查人员、警察和律师来保障金融网络的最重要功能时，我们就从一个人工操作、本地化且安全性不一的系统，转向了一个自动化、全球化且更加安全的系统。

When we can secure the most important functionality of a financial network by computer science rather than by traditional accountants, regulators, investigators, police, and lawyers, we go from a system that is manual, local, and of inconsistent security to one that is automated, global, and much more secure.

尼克·萨巴。

Nick Saba.

激励一致性。

Incentive alignment.

比特币之所以有效，是因为系统规则为参与者提供了诚实行事的动力。

Bitcoin only works because the rules of the system create incentives for participants to be honest.

例如，矿工理论上可以重组区块链以多次花费自己的资金，但这将是自毁行为，导致他们在硬件和电力上的投资贬值。

Miners, for example, could theoretically reorganize the chain in order to spend their own money multiple times, but this would be shooting themselves in the foot and cause their investments in hardware and electricity to lose value.

对他们来说，将资源诚实用于保护区块链更为有利可图。

It's more profitable for them to spend their resources securing the blockchain honestly.

僵化。

Ossification.

普遍认为随着时间的推移，随着生态系统的发展，对基础协议进行更改将变得越来越困难。

There is a general belief that over time it will become more and more difficult to make changes to the base protocol as the ecosystem grows.

这是因为能获得用户群体中广泛不同观点和利益方一致认可的改动将越来越少。

This is because there will be fewer and fewer changes that are uncontroversial to the wider variety of perspectives and incentives of the user base.

因此，改进更可能需要在比特币之上构建的其他层中实现。

As such, it will be more likely that improvements will have to take place in other layers built on top of Bitcoin.

难以达成的共识变更。

Unlikely consensus changes.

将比特币发行总量增加到2100万枚以上。

Increasing the total number of issued Bitcoins beyond 21,000,000.

虽然可以增加精度或可分割性，但必须保持所有权比例不变。

While the precision or subdivisibility may be increased, proportional ownership must be unchanged.

任何增加强制性或显性中心化的规则。

Any rule that adds required or explicit centralization.

例如，要求所有区块必须由某个中心化机构签署的变更。

For example, a change requiring that all blocks be signed by some central organization.

对判定为丢失或未使用的币实施滞期费、删除或重新分配。

Demurrage or deletion or reassignment of coins judged to be lost or unused.

不能仅因为某个UTXO的私钥在一定时间内未被使用，就客观断定其已丢失。

It's not possible to objectively say that the private key to a UTXO has been lost simply because it has not been spent after a certain period of time.

截至本文撰写时，仅有约5000枚BTC可被证明丢失或销毁，但实际丢失的比特币可能超过100万枚。

There are only around 5,000 provably lost or burned BTC at the time of writing, though there may be over 1,000,000 lost Bitcoin.

相互冲突的原则。

Conflicting principles.

导致货币供应无法审计的可替代性或隐私改进方案不太可能被采纳，因为以牺牲可审计性换取可替代性提升是个存在争议的权衡。

Fungibility or privacy improvements that result in it becoming impossible to audit the money supply are unlikely as degrading auditability in return for improved fungibility is a controversial trade off.

未来某个时间点可能需要使某些UTXO无法花费以保护网络，例如可能受量子攻击威胁的p2pk资金。

It may be the case at some point that it will become desirable to render some UTXOs unspendable in order to protect the network, such as p two p k funds that could be vulnerable to quantum attacks.

这类提案必然存在争议，但如果其收益远大于危害，用户或许会接受。

Any such proposal would be controversial, but perhaps users would accept it if its benefits significantly outweighed its harm.

未来有效性无法保证，因为区块链可能在最初创建该价值的Coinbase交易之前被重组。

Future proof of validity isn't guaranteed because the chain could be reorganized prior to the Coinbase transaction in which the value was originally created.

比特币网络设有100个区块的Coinbase成熟期规则以防止此类情况发生，且截至目前主网极少出现超过一个区块深度的重组。

There is a 100 block Coinbase maturity rule to help protect against such a scenario, and Mainnet rarely sees reorganizations more than one block deep at time of writing.

归根结底，比特币生态系统中最大的冲突根源之一在于它无法满足所有人的所有需求。

Ultimately, one of the greatest causes of conflict in the Bitcoin ecosystem is the fact that it cannot be everything to everyone.

若强行实现这点反而会导致比特币的衰败，因为不同优先级之间存在根本性权衡——比如优化全系统验证的低成本与交易的低成本之间的取舍，或是功能丰富的编程语言与精简攻击面之间的抉择。

To do so would be Bitcoin's downfall as there are fundamental trade offs between various priorities, such as optimizing for low cost of full system validation versus low cost of transacting or optimizing for a feature rich programming language versus a small attack surface.

我们正齐头并进。

Proceeding together apace.

为了让用户能像往常一样继续交易并信任比特币，比特币用户社区必须坚持：任何变更都需在不断扩大的群体中达成共识后才能实施。

In order to enable users to continue to transact and trust in Bitcoin as they always have, the community of Bitcoin users must continue to enforce that changes happen only through consensus among the ever broadening group.

反过来说，为避免比特币陷入不必要的停滞，其社区必须愿意围绕比特币形成共识，做出既有利于他们想使用的系统又不损害他人的改变，并实施那些合乎情理的改进——无论其形式如何。

Conversely, in order to keep Bitcoin from stagnating unnecessarily, its community must be willing to form consensus around Bitcoin and make changes which help the system they wish to use without hurting others and make common sense changes, whatever form they might take.

关键在于，这意味着所有既能帮助他人又不会损害比特币多种应用场景效用的改进，都应尽可能予以实施。

Critically, this means that all changes which do not harm the utility of Bitcoin for any of its many use cases while helping others should be made wherever possible.

马特·科拉洛。

Matt Corallo.

好的。

Alright.

希望大家喜欢这个关于比特币核心特性的讲解。

So I hope you guys enjoyed the key or what are the key properties of Bitcoin.

需要再次强调的是，他所做的是通过观察比特币的运作原理、运行方式以及维持其运转的激励机制，来试图理解这个系统。

And one of the things, again, to point out in this is that what he is doing is he is observing by the nature of how Bitcoin works, how it operates, and the incentives aligned in keeping it running and trying to make sense of it.

正如他所指出的——而且洛特特别擅长阐述这点——我们任何试图描述或理解比特币的尝试，始终都带有视角的局限性。

You know, this one thing that he pointed out and and Lot has, you know, is really good at articulating this, I feel like, in the sense that he is always aware of the fact that anything that we try to do to describe or understand Bitcoin is always from a limited perspective.

我们并非单纯在发现这件事，而是在定义它。

There's no we are genuinely discovering this thing as much as we are defining it.

它远不止是一个软件那么简单，规模更大、复杂度更高。

It's far larger and far more complex than simply a piece of software.

这正是争论的焦点所在——它是否去中心化及其含义，因为这是个多维度的问题，没有简单答案。

And this is where you get into, like, the debates about whether or not it's decentralized and what that means because it's such a multifaceted thing that there is no simple answer.

这正是加密领域里困惑者不理解的地方——他们既不懂这些要素，也不明白其中的微妙差异，很容易指着某处曲解中心化，又简单地认为代码本身就代表去中心化，却意识不到代码只是为实现去中心化提供了可能，但去中心化无法被复制粘贴。

And that's one of those things that, like, the people in who who get confused in crypto don't understand what those elements are or how much nuance there is in them, and it's so easy to point at one thing and misconstrue centralization, and then also point at something as simple thinking that the code itself is what what means decentralized rather than realizing that what the code does is enable the possibility of decentralization, but you can't copy and paste decentralization.

成熟度也无法被复制粘贴。

You can't copy and paste maturity.

这就是为什么我用比特币来类比——它的去中心化本质在于不受任何单一意志支配或控制。

That's why I use the analogy, really, the the idea of Bitcoin and its decentralization in the sense that it's not being dictated or controlled.

没人能控制，这很有趣。

Nobody and it's funny.

基本上，他在这里列出的所有测试都在某种意义上证明了去中心化，因为去中心化本身就是实现本文所述所有目标的手段。

Like, the basically, the test of all of these things he lays out here are the proof of decentralization in a sense, because decentralization is really just kind of the means to all of the ends laid out in this piece.

没有任何团体或个人能单方面强制改变这个系统。

There is no group or persons who can unilaterally force some sort of change on the system.

历史上每次尝试都以失败告终。

Every single time it has been attempted in the past, it has failed.

如果你还没读过或听说过的话，现在正是了解区块大小战争或hop return战争历史的好时机——我们节目可能很快会讲到这些。

And this is a great time to if you have not read it, heard it, if you don't know the history of something like the block size war or the hop return wars, which is something we'll probably actually cover on this show soon.

这个在我的阅读清单里，它非常值得一读，因为某种程度上它是2017年2月时期诸多事件的前奏——虽然议题不同，但哲学理念几乎如出一辙。

I have that in my reading list, and it's really good because it's kind of a precursor to a lot of the things that went on in the 02/2017 era over a different topic, but similar philosophy almost.

那里存在着某种共同点。

You there's this kind of a common thread there.

但关于区块大小战争的一个关键点是，他们试图迎合那两个X群体。

But one of the things about the block size war was that they were trying to the the two x group.

对吧？

Right?

那个所谓的'两个X群体'，即来自企业和矿工实体的'妥协方案'——那些自以为掌控比特币的人。

The seg two x group, the quote, unquote compromise from the corporate and the minor entities, the people who thought they controlled Bitcoin.

正如我所说，这是许多人忽略的重点：每个人都对这个事物有着极其局限的视角，我们不可避免地存在认知盲区。

And this is one of the big things that so many people like I said, everybody has a very small perspective of what this thing is, and inevitably, we we have limited idea limited view.

最令人着迷的是，整个事件被Bcash和加密圈人士轻率地否定甚至妖魔化，而这实际上是一场精彩绝伦的、关于各方势力博弈的实时实验。

And what was really fascinating, about that entire thing, and it's crazy how much people in Bcash and and crypto or whatever dismiss it or even demonize what happened when it's such a beautiful exploration or it's such a it's such a fascinating experiment, live experiment of the different forces at play.

想想看，据称80%到90%的矿工'同意'修改比特币代码，通过极具争议的变更进行分叉——背离网络用户意愿，而主流交易所和矿池也都支持这个决定。

And think about what it means that supposedly 80 to 90% of the miners, quote, unquote, signed off on this, entered into an agreement to change the Bitcoin code, to fork it away for with a very, very contentious change, away from the users of the network, that the bulk of the major exchanges and mining pools were also on board.

从普通人的视角看，这几乎像是整个生态系统的共识，但实际上有一批开发者和用户群体坚决反对。

For all intents and purposes, this looked like the entirety of the ecosystem when you think about this from kind of a normie perspective, but there were a a number of developers and an entire subset of the user base that were entirely against this.

技术团队和开发流程经过严密论证，最终确定隔离见证（Segwit）是解决争议的最佳方案。

And the engineering crew, the development side of the the bit process, like everything that had gone through the very elaborate process of trying to figure out what was and wasn't contentious had settled on Segwit.

这就是争议的根源——关于是否硬分叉网络的激烈论战持续了太久。

That's why we we ended up with the contention because there were so many vicious fights for so long about hard forking the network.

这才是核心矛盾所在——大区块支持方绝不会告诉你这点，尽管辩论被简单粗暴地框定为'大区块派vs小区块派'。

And this is really what the main issue was that and this is what you won't hear from a lot of the other side, the the big blocker side of the debate, and especially because it was the big blockers versus the small blockers, like, that's how it was framed.

但我认为这种二分法远不能反映事件全貌。

But I really think that's a real it does not even close come close to doing it justice.

我其实挺讨厌这种说法，因为本质上双方都是大区块支持者。

I actually kind of hate that that's how it was referred to because basically both of them were big blockers.

想要实现隔离验证(Segwit)的那群人实际上是在增加区块大小。

The the crew or the side that wanted to get Segwit were increasing the block size.

他们确实这么做了。

They have.

我是说，看看现在的区块大小就知道了。

I mean, look at the block sizes today.

然后大区块派试图以此为要挟，或者至少专门讨论纽约协议和SegWit2x——这可能导致网络分叉，当时看起来整个官方生态系统、企业、交易所和矿工在多年的激烈争论和会议辩论后都参与其中。

Then the big blocker crew were trying to hold that hostage or at least listen just specifically talk about the the New York agreement and SegWit2x, which was a potential fork of the network in which you had an enormous amount of what appeared to be the official ecosystem, the businesses, the exchanges, and the miners all on board after years of screaming arguments and conference and debate circles over and over again.

我的意思是，关于这个问题的争论没完没了，但问题其实不在于大区块还是小区块之争。

I mean, it was it went on and on and on about this issue, but the issue wasn't really against big blocks versus small blocks.

如果有办法实现适中而非过大的区块大小，实际上没人认为2MB本身——仅仅是2MB区块的想法——会导致比特币如此去中心化程度下降。

If there was a way to have a decent sized but not exorbitant size like, nobody actually thought two megabytes itself, just the idea of two megabyte blocks, was going to make Bitcoin so poorly decentralized.

这将成为一个极具侵略性的中心化力量，对比特币的历史和未来产生重大影响。

So it was gonna be such an aggressive centralizing force that it was gonna be hugely consequential in the history of Bitcoin and its future.