重启 - 阅读_773 - 扩展闪电网络的解决方案

好了，各位。

Alright, guys.

欢迎回到《比特币可听》。

Welcome back to Bitcoin Audible.

我们今天要再次重启这个话题，我认为这次讨论的紧张度关注度还不够。

We are doing another reboot today, and this one, I think, just didn't get enough tension attention.

我指的是时间树这个概念，它们能提供多么简单直观的扩展优势。

And I mean the idea, the idea of time out trees, and just how simple, intuitive, and what a massive scaling benefit they could provide.

这就是为什么我认为CTV（CheckTemplateVerify）很重要，可能是比特币需要具备的最后重要基础功能，它能实现UTXO的分段或渐进式所有权。

And this is why I think CTV is the important thing, the next probably the last important primitive to have in Bitcoin where you can have a UTXO that has segmented out or incremental ownership.

基于此构建的系统并不需要多么庞大复杂或多层结构。

And that the systems that you could build with this aren't some massive, you know, necessarily complex or giant multilayered things.

它可以很简单——现在你就能用单个UTXO同时与50个人开通通道，预设这些通道存在，到期前只需刷新即可。

It could just be a simple, okay, well, now you can open up channels with 50 different people all at once in a single UTXO and make the assumption that those channels exist, and then just have them expire and have to refresh it before expiration.

这个构想的简洁性被严重低估了。

The simplicity of this idea, I think, is really undervalued.

或许只需再增加一两个小复杂点，就能让它变得更有趣且减少依赖性。

And with maybe just another one or two little pieces of complexity, you could make this far far more interesting and potentially less reliant on.

具体内容等我们进入正片后你会明白，之后我会详细讨论。

Well, you'll dig into you'll see when we get into the episode, and I talk about a lot of this after.

但我觉得这期节目非常棒，值得重温——因为这个理念值得我们持续探讨。

But I just thought this was a really good episode, and I wanted to refresh this one because this is an idea that I think we should not stop talking about.

我相信这是真正实现复利效应所需的扩展基础，能填补现有系统（如闪电网络）运行中的微小缺口，使其更直观更健壮。

I believe this is the scaling primitive that is needed to really give that compounding effect to everything that we have in Bitcoin right now, and start closing in the little gaps in how in the complexity of things that are already running, like lightning, and making it more intuitive and more robust.

我们将重温Shinobi关于闪电网络扩容解决方案的这篇内容。

So we're gonna hit we're gonna bring back this piece from Shinobi on a solution to scaling lightning.

别忘了看看Blockstream Jade Plus硬件钱包。

And don't forget to check out the Blockstream Jade Plus hardware wallet.

用我的优惠码'Guy'可以享受9折。

You can get 10% off with my code, Guy.

链接和详情都在节目说明里。

Link and details are right down in the show notes.

如果你想找一个支持比特币链上和闪电网络的自托管钱包，内置LSP功能，使用超级简单。

And if you want a good Bitcoin on chain and Lightning wallet that is self custody, has a built in LSP, so it's super easy to use.

你可以把它当作储蓄账户或消费账户来用。

You just either have it in your savings or your spending.

操作直观，非常适合新手入门。

Super intuitive, great for onboarding.

你找的应该是BitKit移动钱包。

You were looking for the BitKit mobile wallet.

快去看看吧。

Check it out.

再次提醒，链接就在节目说明里。

Again, link right down there in the show notes.

说完这些，我要去陪Rad了。

With that, I'm gonna go spend some time with Rad.

希望大家喜欢这期内容。

I hope you guys enjoy this.

让我们开始吧。

Let's dive in.

约翰·劳的'超时树'是一个非常具体且明确的通道工厂设计方案，它试图解决实际使用和实现中的真正问题，而非半成品或模糊概念。

John Law's time out trees is a very concrete and specific proposal for a channel factory design that actually attempts to address the real issues of use and implementation instead of a half defined and vague concept.

这在解决闪电网络长期扩展性限制方面是一个重大进展。

That is a massive progress in terms of addressing Lightning's long term scaling limitations.

比特币领域最精彩的内容，现在可听了。

The best in Bitcoin made audible.

我是盖伊·斯旺，这里是《比特币可听》。

I am Guy Swan, and this is Bitcoin Audible.

大家好，最近怎么样？

What is up, guys?

欢迎回到《比特币可听》。

Welcome back to Bitcoin Audible.

我是盖伊·斯旺，一个比你认识的所有人都读更多比特币相关内容的家伙。

I am Guy Swan, the guy who has read more about Bitcoin than anybody else you know.

今天我们有个非常有趣的读物。

We have got a fascinating read today.

我们再次与《比特币杂志》的Shinobi合作，因为有个令人着迷的新提案——这个相当简单的方案利用契约和CTV技术，本质上创造了另一种扩展可能性，为闪电网络带来数量级的扩容。

We are actually right back in with Shinobi on Bitcoin Magazine because there is a fascinating new proposal, which is actually a pretty simple proposal that uses covenants, that uses CTVs to essentially create another scaling potential, to create another order of magnitude scaling for the Lightning Network.

那么如何扩展闪电网络服务提供商(LSP)的规模？这样你就能为LSP及其所有后续用户减少一个数量级的链上足迹。

So how do you scale Lightning Network LSPs so that you have a, you knock a zero off the on chain footprint even for LSPs and all of the subsequent users for LSPs.

这是约翰·劳设计的一个非常有趣且极其简单的方案。

It's a really fascinating and really simple design created by John Law.

因此，Shinobi在这篇文章中进行了详细分析，之后我们将讨论它。

And so, Shinobi breaks it down in this article and then we will talk about it.

我会尝试给出我的类比并试图理解它。之后如果有任何困惑，我真的很想讨论这种动态，比如当涉及到提供服务及扩展比特币系统所有权时，这会如何改变所谓的社会权力层级。

I'll try to give my, you know, analogies and try to make sense of it Afterward, if there's any confusion and I really wanna talk about the kind of dynamic, like how this changes the the social power hierarchy so to speak when we when it comes to providing services and scaling ownership of the Bitcoin system.

现在，我还要说明这期介绍是在节目录制很久之后才制作的。

Now, I also will have an episode of this intro is being done well after the episode and guys take were recorded.

所以当时我还没遇到那个最新的闪电网络漏洞，它实际上还没发生。

So I don't have the the bug, the recent lightning bug had not actually occurred yet.

因此我可能会在下一期节目里深入探讨这个问题，但不管怎样很快就会有结果，我正在研究大量不同资料、提出的解决方案以及所有这些内容。

So I'm going to be doing a deep dive on that probably next episode, but very soon regardless, I'm going through a lot of different material and the proposed solutions and all of these things.

有趣的是，严格来说它不算漏洞。

And what's funny is it's not I mean, is a bug.

它更像是一个漏洞利用。

It's more of an exploit.

不是那种代码编写失误导致的差一错误。

It's not like a off by one, like somebody screwed up the code bug.

更多是关于系统设计如何确保HTLC中合法所有者的权益。

It's more of a how how is the system designed such that you enforce the rightful owner in an HTLC.

这就是为什么它初看很吓人——确实挺吓人的，因为这本质上关系到我们如何保障所有权，或者说如何在闪电网络路由支付中确认合法所有者。

And that's why it seemed pretty scary at first kind of is pretty scary because it's kind of fundamental to the way we secure ownership or we enforce who the rightful owner is in a payment that is routed through the Lightning Network.

但这其实是个非常迷人的问题，它揭示了很多关于MIM池运作机制的内容，以及为什么MIM池政策如此重要。

But it's actually a really fascinating thing, and it informs a lot about how the MIM pool works and why MIM pool policy is actually really important.

所以我们将深入探讨这个问题。

So we will dig into it.

正如我所说，我收集了大量相关链接和资料，我们将在接下来的几期节目中深入探讨。

I like I said, have a lot of links and stuff that I've collected on it, and we will be covering it in the next couple of episodes.

不过今天不会涉及这个话题，因为所有这些内容都是在事件发生前录制的。

However, we won't be covering it today because all of this stuff was recorded before that happened.

但本期节目将介绍一篇关于闪电网络扩容解决方案的超级精彩文章。

But this episode is a really really cool article about a lightning scaling solution.

另外我最后会再次提到——任何认识我或听过节目的人都知道，我是个狂热阅读爱好者。

And also, I will mention this again at the end, but I anybody who knows me knows that, or listen to the show for a minute and a half knows that I am an avid reader.

所以我打算重新开始做书籍推荐，其实之前坚持过一阵子，后来就慢慢淡忘了。

And so I'm going to start recommending, and in fact, I did this for a while and I just kinda forgot about it.

可能因为缺乏动力吧，毕竟不是专门做读书推荐的栏目，虽然我确实读过很多超有价值的书籍。

I guess there wasn't really an incentive to do so if I wasn't particularly on the topic of recommending books and the things that I read and the stuff that I find like super super valuable.

我希望能让《比特币爱好者必读书单》重新上线。

And I hope to get my Bitcoiners required reading list back online.

最后我会详细介绍一个超酷的服务平台叫Prodcast。

But there's a really cool service which I'll talk about again at the very end of the episode called Prodcast.

网址是prodcast.io。

It's prodcast.io.

准确说是pr0dcast.io。

So pr0dcast.io.

以后我推荐的书籍都会自动同步到那个平台，这个功能实在太方便了。

And whenever I recommend a book, it should automatically show up there, which is really really neat.

节目尾声时我会再详细说明这个服务。

I'll explain explain it a little bit at the very end of the show.

我刚完成的那本有声书，就是前天晚上哄Rad睡觉时听完的，真的非常棒。

But the one that I just finished, I just finished the audiobook like the night before last while I was putting Rad to sleep, but it's really good.

事实上，我可能会再听一遍，因为消化吸收这本书的内容简直就像挖到金矿一样珍贵。

In fact, I might actually listen to this one again because internalizing this is probably going to be absolutely, like, just worth absolute gold.

这本书名叫《原子习惯》。

But it's a book called Atomic Habits.

它提供了一套非常实用的方法来掌控你的习惯，而不是让习惯控制你，并思考习惯为何形成以及它们如何逐渐主导一切。

But it's breaking down a very practical approach to controlling your habits rather than letting your habits control you and to think about why it is that your habits develop and how they essentially kind of come to dominate things.

这真是个非常非常酷的思维模式。

But it's just a really really cool mental model.

总之，强烈推荐大家看看这本书。

So anyway, check that one out.

好了各位。

Alright, guys.

让我们开始今天的内容：关于闪电网络扩容的一个全新实用解决方案。

Let's get into today's read on a new practical solution to the scaling of the Lightning Network.

文章标题是《超时树：闪电网络LSP的扩容解决方案》。

And it's titled Time Out Trees, A Solution to Scaling Lightning Network LSPs.

John Law提出的超时树提案，是首个针对闪电网络扩容限制的具体通道工厂设计方案。

John Law's Time Out Tree Proposal is one of the first concrete designs for a channel factory to address Lightning's scaling limitations.

作者Shinobi指出：闪电网络最大的内在限制在于每个区块能开通或关闭的通道数量受区块大小限制。

Written by Shinobi One of the biggest inherent limitations to the Lightning Network is the limited number of channels that can be opened or closed per block given the block size limit.

无论链下交易能多便宜多高效，这个根本瓶颈都限制了实际能使用闪电网络的用户规模。

Regardless of how many transactions can occur off chain how cheaply, this is a fundamental bottleneck restricting how many people could actually realistically use the Lightning Network.

就连闪电网络白皮书在结论中也指出，在全世界70亿人口都使用闪电网络、每人每年仅进行两笔链上交易的场景下，比特币需要133MB的区块容量才能支持闪电网络运行。

Even the Lightning Network white paper went through in the conclusion that in a scenario where the entire world's population of 7,000,000,000 was using Lightning, with only two on chain transactions a year per person, Bitcoin would require 133 megabyte blocks for Lightning to work.

这并非什么突如其来的问题或不可预见的状况。

This isn't some out of left field problem or unpredictable issue.

这是协议设计之初就完全理解的局限性。

It was a limitation of the protocol design fully understood from day one.

解决该问题的计划中始终包含通道工厂的概念，即一种由两个以上用户共同参与的通道类型。

Part of the plan to address this issue has always been the idea of channel factories, I e a type of channel that more than two users participated in.

要在不增加区块大小的情况下扩展闪电网络和比特币，这始终是必须发展的方向。

This was always the direction things would have to go in order to scale Lightning and Bitcoin without a block size increase.

但问题在于，解决链上足迹问题会引发一系列其他问题。

But the issue is that solving the problem of on chain footprints introduces a whole host of other problems.

首先，当交易对手无响应时，强制执行中间状态的基本要求并未改变。

First of all, nothing fundamental changes about the requirement to enforce intermediate states if a counterparty becomes non responsive.

这对增值服务具有重要影响。

This has implications for the value add.

通道工厂的核心价值在于，例如20人可以共享一个UTXO，并与其他20人自由调整内部流动性。

The entire point of a channel factory is that, for example, 20 people can share one UTXO and rearrange the liquidity inside with the other 20 people however they want.

一旦有人非合作性地在链上关闭通道，就会开始干扰这一目标。

Once someone closes out on chain non cooperatively, this starts to interfere with that goal.

如果我在通道工厂内关闭自己的通道，就会连带拖累一批人退出工厂。

If I close out my channel inside a channel factory, I drag a bunch of people with me out of the factory.

可以把工厂想象成默克尔树结构。

Think of a factory like a Merkle tree.

顶部有一个UTXO，它会先在链下分成两半，然后这些部分再继续分半，依此类推，直到到达每个人的独立通道。

There's one UTXO at the top and that splits in half off chain and those split in half, etcetera, until we get to everyone's individual channels.

一旦我将我的通道从工厂中剥离出来，每个分叉中属于我这一侧且上链的部分就会与工厂中的其他所有人断开连接。

Once I peel my channel out of the factory, everyone on my side of each split that goes on chain is now cut off from everyone else in the factory.

如果所有人都配合，他们就无法将自己的流动性重新组织到该部分群体中。

They can no longer reorganize their liquidity into that part of the group if everyone cooperates.

另一个大问题是，即使要启动一个工厂，也需要所有人在开始时在线预签所有交易。

Another big issue is that even to start one, you need to have everyone online at the beginning to pre sign all the transactions.

如果你想在工厂中加入20个人，那么所有人都需要在线才能启动它。

If you want 20 people in a factory, everyone needs to be online to start it.

如果你想加入一千人，就需要一千人同时在线，以此类推。

If you want a thousand people, a thousand people need to be online, etcetera.

这使得通道工厂成为一个充满待解决问题的巨大设计空间。

This makes channel factories a big design space full of lots of problems to solve.

因此我们虽然解决了闪电网络的一个现有问题，却又制造出一堆新问题。

So we solve an existing problem for lightning, but make a bunch of new ones.

听起来这就是工程学的本质。

Sounds like engineering to me.

超时树。

Time out trees.

John Law最近的提案'超时树'试图为通道工厂的一个核心问题提供解决方案。

John Law's recent proposal Time out Trees attempts to offer a solution to the one core issue of channel factories.

我不完全认为超时树是通道工厂，它更像是一个原型工厂，但它为在不引入非合作关闭破坏其他用户使用工厂的前提下，大规模开启和关闭通道的问题提供了潜在解决方案。

I wouldn't quite call a timeout tree a channel factory, more of a proto factory, but it offers a potential solution to the issue of opening and closing massive amounts of channels without introducing the problem of non cooperative closes ruining the use of the factory for other users.

要实现功能运作，需要Check Template Verify（CTV）和一个闪电网络服务提供商（LSP）。

It requires Check Template Verify or CTV and a Lightning Service Provider, an LSP, in order to work functionally.

超时树本质上是一个通过合约保证的通道工厂，一旦通过特殊退出条款创建后，就无法改变链下流动性的重组方式。

A timeout tree is essentially a channel factory guaranteed by covenants with no ability to change how the liquidity is reorganized off chain after it is made with a special escape clause.

我们姑且称LSP为Bob，它的作用是将普通用户接入更广阔的闪电网络。

An LSP, we'll call them Bob, plays the role of bridging casual users into the wider Lightning Network.

Bob可以动用他控制的代币创建CTV树，生成单个UTXO展开后为其LSP服务的任意数量用户开通通道。

Bob can take coins that he controls and creates a CTV tree that creates a single UTXO unfurling to open channels to any arbitrary number of users of his LSP service.

CTV的妙处在于无需所有人在同一时间在线即可完成这一操作。

The nice thing about CTV is it enables this to be done without everyone being online at the same time.

Bob只需逐个让用户签署初始通道状态并保存，待所有用户完成通道设置后，再将资金转入CTV树即可。

Bob can simply get everyone to sign their initial channel state one at a time and hold on to them until everyone has set up the channel and just spin the funds into the CTV tree when he has channels set up with every user.

这解决了必须所有人同时在线才能建立报价工厂并使用闪电网络的问题。

This addresses the problem of everyone having to be online at the same time in order to set up the quote factory and start using Lightning.

由于CTV的存在，一旦Bob将代币转入树状结构为所有人建立闪电通道后，他就无法反悔取回代币。

Because of CTV, once Bob spins coins into the tree setting up everyone's Lightning channels, there is no way for him to back out and take the coins yet.

当首个UTXO和CTV在链上确认后，所有人都可将自己的通道视为已开启，且不存在双花风险。

With that first UTXO and the CTV confirmed on chain, everyone can treat their channels as open and there is no risk of them being double spent.

现在说最后一步——关闭通道。

Now the last part, closing the channels.

虽然借助CTV开通通道只需在链上占用一个UTXO，但关闭时仍需整个CTV树在链上展开以便所有人提交通道状态，对吧？

Even though opening them only requires a single UTXO on chain because of CTV, closing them would still require the entire CTV tree to unfurl on chain so everyone can submit their channel states, right?

错了。

Wrong.

这是超时树中的超时部分。

This is the timeout part of timeout trees.

超时树中的每个分支都有一个脚本分支，Bob可以在时间锁到期后提取所有资金。

Every branch in the timeout tree has a script branch where Bob can sweep all of the funds after the time lock.

现在，我确信你正在想，什么？

Now, I'm sure you're thinking, what?

这才是该提案真正精妙之处。

This is the real genius of how this proposal works.

由于Bob可以在时间锁到期后自行提取链上UTXO而无需他人参与，这些通道都设有有效期，除非用户实际展开整棵树并在链上确认真实的通道资金。

Because Bob can sweep the on chain UTXOs himself without anyone else after the time lock, These channels all have an expiration date unless users actually unfurl the whole tree and confirm the real channel funding on chain.

这使得Bob能够完成一项巧妙操作。

This allows Bob to do something neat.

当时间锁即将到期时，他可以与当前树的所有用户共同创建全新的超时树，让他们将所有资金从即将过期的树中完全通过闪电网络转移到新树，然后提取旧树中唯一的链上UTXO。

When that time lock is coming up, he can open a brand new time out tree with all of the users of the current one and have them move all of their funds from the expiring tree into the new one entirely off chain on Lightning and then sweep the single on chain UTXO of the last tree.

这实现了所有通道在链上的高效关闭。

This allows for efficient closing of all these channels on chain.

现在剩下的唯一问题是在对方停止合作时如何在链上执行HTLC。

The only problem left now is enforcing an HTLC on chain if the other party stops cooperating.

其实这在本方案中并非真正的问题，或者说这是个全有或全无的问题。

Well, that isn't really an issue in this case, or rather it's an all or nothing issue.

需要关闭通道来执行HTLC的原因是当通道的另一方在路由过程中停止响应时。

The reason channels have to be closed to enforce an HTLC is if the other party of the channel stops responding in the middle of routing it.

在超时树中，每个用户的交易对手都是Bob。

In a timeout tree, every single user's counterpart is Bob.

因此，只要鲍勃是诚实的，如果他没有为一个用户更新失败或成功的HTLC，那么他也不会为其他用户更新。

So if Bob, as long as he is being honest, is not responding to update a failed or successful HTLC for one user, he's not responding for any other user either.

在这种情况下，所有人仍可在超时前通过链上操作关闭通道，并停止使用鲍勃的LSP服务。

In that case, everyone can still close out their channels on chain before the timeout and stop using Bob's LSP.

总结一下。

Wrapping up.

用户仍需支付链上交易的手续费。

Users will still have to pay fees for on chain transactions.

这是无法避免的。

There is no way around that.

而整个超时树以非合作方式在链上关闭，将会产生庞大且昂贵的链上足迹。

And an entire timeout tree closing out on chain non cooperatively would be a large and expensive on chain footprint.

但这最终是所有多方通道系统都需要解决的问题。

But this is ultimately an issue any multi party channel system will have to address.

不过，超时树确实为大规模多方通道的开启和关闭提供了令人信服的合作方案，且不会将系统信任模型降级为托管模式。

Timeout trees, however, does have compelling solutions to the cooperative case of both opening and closing a massive multi party channel without degrading the trust model of the system to something custodial.

约翰在其论文最新版本中甚至提出了一种方案：对非合作关闭行为的用户实施足够惩罚，以覆盖鲍勃最终在超时后清理大量碎片化树状UTXO的成本。

John has, even in his most recent version of the paper, proposed a scheme where users could be penalized for non cooperative closures enough to cover Bob's cost for eventually sweeping a bunch of fragmented tree UTXOs after the time out.

理论上，如果鲍勃的不作为或不诚实导致用户不得不非合作关闭其所属树状结构部分，也存在反向操作的可行性。

Potentially, there are ways to do the reverse if Bob's inactivity or dishonesty is the cause for users having to non cooperatively close their part of the tree.

归根结底，这是一个非常具体明确的通道工厂设计方案，它真正尝试解决实际使用和落地中的问题，而非半成品式的模糊概念。

At the end of the day though, this is a very concrete and specific proposal for a channel factory design that actually attempts to address the real issues of use and implementation instead of a half defined and vague concept.

在解决闪电网络长期扩容限制方面，这代表着重大进展。

That is massive progress in terms of addressing Lightning's long term scaling limitations.

好的。

Alright.

所以，这篇文章一发布，我就知道我们刚和Shinobi讨论了另一个最近发布的开发动态，但这件事很重要，因为Shinobi提到我们讨论过的所有支付池和相关功能——CTV（检查模板验证）这个软分叉提案，大约一两年前曾被激烈辩论过。

So, as soon as this, article landed, I know we literally just did another one with Shinobi on a different, development, that came out recently, but this is a big deal just because, you know, what Shinobi said is we've talked about all of these payment pools and all of these things that c CTV could do, check template verify which is the soft fork that, you know, it's like loosely proposed and debated hotly debated like a year or two ago.

我们在节目里多次讨论过这个话题，因为我当时正试图厘清它的运作原理，并试图从Twitter上的噪音和戏剧性言论中筛选出这项技术真正的价值所在。

And something that, we talked about quite a bit on this show because I was trying to sort out how exactly it worked and where trying to sort out the noise, just the nonsense on Twitter and the drama from the actual truth of how this thing worked and what it was good for.

令我震惊的是，关于其优势的解释竟然如此匮乏且混乱。

And I was shock shockingly surprised how little focus or how poorly it was explained the benefits of it.

我认为问题在于人们过度关注技术层面和它实现的关系，却忽略了深入探讨实际应用场景——作为用户我们能如何使用它、它能实现什么功能。

And I think it was more that it was kind of the technical side and the relationship that it enabled was the primary focus rather than really digging into the depth of the amount of application, the ways that we could use this as a user, what it was going to be able to do.

但在详细阅读支付池概念和拥堵控制交易后，特别是讨论ARC（另一个绝佳案例）时，我看到了这项技术的更多应用可能。

But after I read at length the payment pool concept and the, the congestion control transactions, and then after we discussed ARC, ARC is another great example of some of the ways that you can utilize this technology.

你可以通过将交易转移到UTXO后明确承诺特定交易，从而锁定该交易状态。

You can utilize this means of committing to a very to an explicit transaction after you move it to a UTXO so that nothing else can happen to it.

Shinobi在文章中强调的关键点（也是我想重申的）是它的非交互性。

And the real key that Shinobi hits or I think makes clear in this article, but that I want to reiterate, is the fact that it is non interactive.

你只需提供信息。

You can just give your information.

只需提交签名地址——比如目标地址、想要支付的交易对象，可以发给LSP（流动性服务提供商）、交易压缩服务，或是试图聚合这些交易的资金池/用户社区，他们就能逐步整合这些信息，最终广播锁定到特定输出的UTXO交易——而你全程无需在线。

You can just give the signed address, like where you want it to go, the the transaction that you want it to pay out to, to some sort of to an LSP, to a, you know, transaction compression service, to a pool or community of, users and funds that are trying to aggregate these transactions, and then they can slowly pull all of these things together before they can then broadcast the transaction, broadcast the UTXO that commits to exactly this output and balance that you have already previously agreed to, and you don't have to be there.

不需要所有人同时在线。

Not everybody has to be there all at once.

我最欣赏这个方案中设置的'分支'设计，它使得整个系统可以实现循环利用。

And I love in this in this one, what it is is essentially it's leaving a branch in this setup so that the entire thing can be recycled.

因此，如果没有人强行退出协议，没有人单方面退出，那么整个交易就可以通过新的承诺转入另一个UTXO。

So that if no one forcibly exits from the agreement, no one takes their unilateral path out, well then the entire thing can be rolled over into another UTXO with all new commitments.

可能这一点之前没有完全讲清楚，现在我要明确说明：我们讨论的是LSP（闪电网络流动性服务提供商）提供的单一地址和单一余额，他们为人们开通支付通道。

And so and and maybe this wasn't entirely clear, but just so I can make it very clear, what is happening is the UTXO that the what's being committed to so we're talking about one address and one balance from an LSP, from somebody who is providing a lightning liquidity service and opening channels with people.

可以说，这个地址背后实际上隐藏着一棵由承诺数据构成的脚本树。

That one address basically has a tree of script of of committed data hidden behind it, so to speak.

如果没有这些信息，没有这些合法的交易记录和已承诺的余额，你就无法花费那个UTXO。

That only this without this information, without these trans legitimate transactions, with these balances that have been committed to, you can't spend that UTXO.

所以这个UTXO必须分配到：地址a获得0.1比特币，地址b获得0.2比特币，地址c获得2.1比特币，依此类推。

So that UTXO has to go to address a with point one Bitcoin, address b with point two Bitcoin address, c with two point one Bitcoin, etcetera, etcetera.

尽管链上这个UTXO地址只需要一个签名，显示余额为10比特币。

Even though the the UTXO, the one address on the chain just has one signature and, you know, a balance of 10 Bitcoin.

你看不到所有这些额外信息——要动用这个UTXO、离开这个地址所需完成的所有交易，都必须执行才能从该UTXO发送资金。

You can't see that all of this other information, all of these transactions that now have to take place in order to leave that UTXO, to leave that address, all of them must take place if you want to send from that UTXO.

因此，不同于简单地承诺向某个地址支付余额，这种情况下LSP实际上是在承诺为所有人开通支付通道。

So instead of simply committing to, you know, just paying out a balance to an address, what happens is that the LSP in this situation is committing to opening channels with everyone.

当你使用LSP时，比如连接Breeze或Async（在Phoenix钱包里）、Bitkit及其同系列产品（我忘了他们的LSP叫什么）、或是Blix钱包。

So when you use an LSP, when you're connecting to Breeze or Async in the Phoenix wallet or Bitkit and the synonym, I forget what their LSP is called, or the Blix wallet.

这涉及大量钱包。

This is just a ton of wallets.

对吧？

Right?

而LSP已逐渐成为主流模式，因其易用性并能确保系统正常运作。

And the LSP has slowly become the dominant model for ease of use and to make this just work.

但他们的做法是，目前每次当你缺乏流动性接收付款时，他们就会开通一个通道。

But what they do is, currently, they open up a channel every time you don't have the liquidity to receive a payment.

而且这一切都是自动完成的。

And they just do it automatically.

所以这是个新地址，一个在线的新通道。

So it's a new address, a new channel online.

举个很好的例子，让我现在直接打开我的Phoenix钱包，看看我有多少个通道。

Like, so a great example is let me actually just open up my Phoenix wallet right now, I'll see how many channels I have.

我有一阵子没检查了。

I haven't even checked in a little while.

好的。

So alright.

我们现在在设置这里，支付通道。

We're in settings here, payment channels.

我有13个通道。

I have 13 channels.

所以我逐渐积累了一些通道，大概有13次。

So I have slowly built up channels over time, 13 times, roughly.

我确信在某些时候，其中一些通道关闭后又重新打开，但在某些时间段，他们不得不完全开通新通道，因为我收到的付款金额略大，所以必须为我的节点或钱包创建带有新流动性的新通道。

I have I'm sure at some point, some of them have closed and then reopened, but then at certain subsets of time, they had to open up entirely new channels because I received a payment that was slightly too large, and so a new channel with new liquidity had to be paid, or had to be created with my node or with my wallet.

这一切都在后台管理，我甚至无需知晓。

It's all being managed behind the scenes and I don't even have to know.

就像我根本不知道它的存在，也不知道可以查看或对这些独立通道进行任何操作。

Like if I didn't know that that was even there and that I could check it or that I could actually do anything with those individual channels.

这无关紧要。

It wouldn't matter.

我在使用时不会考虑它。

I don't think about it when I'm using it.

现在，还有拼接技术正逐渐兴起，正以一种相当大规模的方式逐步实施，看到这一技术的实现确实令人非常兴奋。

Now, there is also splicing which is slowly becoming, is slowly being implemented in a pretty big way which is really really exciting to see that come about.

我认为新版凤凰系统很快就会推出。

And I think the new Phoenix is going to be very, very soon.

它的作用其实就是持续更新单一通道。

And what that does is that actually just constantly updates a single channel.

这实际上节省了大量签名空间和UTXO空间（比如地址空间），因为通过拼接技术，你可以'关闭'并重新开启新通道。

And this actually saves a ton of signature space and UTXO space, like address space, because you can actually quote unquote close and reopen the new channel with splicing.

如果我没记错的话，它大约只需要三分之一的数据量。

And I think it takes like, like a third of the amount of data, if I'm not mistaken.

这只是普通交易中的情况。

And that's just in the the normal transaction.

更不用说你还不会产生第二个通道。

That's aside from the fact that you don't end up with a second channel.

因此这会带来巨大的数据成本，最终导致每个用户实际上只有一个通道，这也将使管理变得简单得多。

So it's a huge data cost and it just ends up making it so that essentially every user only has one channel, which is gonna be a whole lot easier to deal with as well.

现在这个方案基本上能带来数量级的改进。

Now what this does, this does basically an order of magnitude improvement to that.

超时树的概念是：你将比特币总金额（比如用于100个人通道的资金）存入单个UTXO，并承诺对该UTXO唯一能做的操作就是开启所有这些通道。

So the idea of a time out tree is that you send the total amount of Bitcoin for, let's say, a 100 different people's channels into a single UTXO and you commit to the fact that the only thing you can do with that UTXO is then open up all of those channels.

就像进行闪电支付时一样，先开通一个通道，然后进行一系列支付。

So just in the same way that when you're doing lightning payments, open up a channel and then you do a bunch of payments.

本质上，因为你有能力为每笔支付上链，所以你实际上不需要上链，因为正是这种能力确保了你可以持续更新通道状态——你和通道伙伴都知道双方都无法作弊。

And essentially, because you have the ability to go to chain with every individual payment, you don't then ever need to go to the chain because the very fact that you have that capability is what enforces the fact that you can just keep updating it between your channel partner and you just know that neither one of you can cheat.

你只需接受它。

You just as you take it.

你假设它已经属于你，所有权已经转移，因为这是你唯一能对它做的事。

You you make the assumption that it is already yours, that ownership has already been transferred because that's the only thing that you can do with it.

如果他们试图挑战这一点，那么你就会直接拿走他们的比特币，因为这就是闪电合约的规定。

And that they if they try to challenge it, well, then you're just gonna steal their Bitcoin because that's, you know, the Lightning contract.

因此，尽管它尚未以地址形式上链，但仍被视为用户所有。

So even though it's not on chain in an address yet, it is assumed owned by the user.

这其实是同样的道理——通道被视为已开通并归属，但你实际上并不需要在链上开通这个通道。

Well, this is the same thing except it's assumed that the channel is opened and owned, but you never actually have to open the channel on chain.

你要做的是承诺：这个UTXO唯一能做的就是开通通道。

What you do is you commit to the fact that the only thing you can do with this UTXO is open the channel.

这就像把大量通道压缩成一个地址和余额。

So it's like a giant batch of channels compressed into a single address and balance.

但关键在于：

But here's the thing.

因为它会过期，你可以开通通道并进行大量交易，就像这个通道已在链上一样参与闪电网络——链上有一笔交易声明唯一可能发生的事就是你拥有这个余额的通道，但整个安排会过期。

Because it expires, you can open the channels and do a bunch of transactions and participate in the Lightning Network as if that channel is already on chain because there is a there is a transaction on chain that says the only thing that can happen is that you have this channel with this balance, but the whole thing expires.

而你使用的LSP服务提供商如果始终不作弊，那么到期后他们可以再次全额回收资金。

And the LSP, the service provider that you're using with, if they never cheat, well, then now they can sweep the entire thing again.

你的操作是给他们更新后的信息，可能你现在不需要通道里有那么多流动性，想提取一部分出来，就像进行剪接操作那样。

And what you do is you give them the updated maybe you don't want as much liquidity in your channel now, maybe you wanna take some of it out, like just like you you would with splicing.

有时候你需要更多流动性来接收更多付款，或者减少流动性以便将部分资金转入冷存储。

You want more liquidity at some point because you need to receive more payments, or you want less liquidity because you wanna send some to your cold storage.

你可以把部分资金转到冷钱包，这样就不必随身携带——当你不再需要这些流动性时，比如比特币价格翻倍导致闪电钱包余额过多。

You wanna toss some over to your cold card just so that it's not on you don't need the liquidity anymore, maybe the Bitcoin price doubled and now you got way too much in your lightning wallet.

嗯，无所谓。

Well, whatever.

不重要。

Doesn't matter.

现在整个流程可以直接滚动转移到新通道，完全无需重新开启通道。

Now the entire thing can just be rolled over into another one without ever having to open the channel.

协作式关闭能让100个从未上链的通道直接转移成100个新通道，根据所有独立用户需要的流动性和调整需求，随时间推移只需发起信息、UTXO和余额等数据，并为新CTV签署传送新文件。

The cooperative close is that 100 channels that never had to touch on chain now get rolled over into a 100 new channels with whatever new liquidity is needed, whatever adjustments are desired by all of the separate users, and simply over time, they just have to initiate the information, the UTXO and the balances and everything and sign and send over the new signed stuff for the new CTV.

最棒的是整个过程无需交互。

And best of all, it's non interactive.

他们可以在持续运行的流程中自动完成。

So they can just kind of ongoing do it in an ongoing process.

在我看来CTV最出色的特性之一就是能精细控制余额所有权——你随时可以带着对应金额退出到链上。

That's really one of the best things about CTV in my opinion is the the the granular control over who controls or who owns what balance because you can always exit to the chain with that amount.

你本质上拥有这个权利。

You you basically got the right to do that.

再加上它无需交互的特性。

And then the fact that it is non interactive.

你无需亲自到场与他人共同签署，只需提供相关信息，完成互动后，他们就能将其与其他人的资金池合并——你既不必在场，也无需关心资金池中的其他参与者。

You don't have to be there actively signing with other people, you just give them the relevant information, you have your interaction with them, and then they can take it and they can combine it with other people's, with with a larger pool of funds, you don't have to be there or care about all of the other people in in the pool.

实际上，整棵交易树可能包含成千上万人，你甚至不必知晓或在意——只要确保拥有属于你的那部分（你所处的分支），就能随时将其提交至区块链。

In fact, with the entire tree, like the tree could have thousands of people in it and you don't even necessarily know or care just as long as you have your piece, the branch that you are a part of so that you can always take it to the chain.

最精妙之处在于：CTV本身也可以指向联邦合约、其他支付池或闪电网络超时树，从而实现这些结构的嵌套组合。

And what's really cool about this is that the CTV itself can also be a toward a Fedement or toward another payment pool, toward another lightning time out tree so that you can basically nest these things.

重申一次，所有这些都仅在一个UTXO内完成。

Again, this is all just within a UTXO.

这就是其设计精髓所在，尤其当我们讨论Fetamin时——我认为这种模式能持续扩展的关键，在于它将实现信任的规模化。

So here's kind of the brilliant piece of it, especially when we're talking about Fetamin because like one of the brilliant things about how I believe this will continue to scale is that we will scale trust.

这项协议分层架构最激动人心的前景是：我们将消除对受监管许可托管人的需求。

The the really fascinating thing that we'll be able to accomplish in the kind of the ongoing future of this protocol and this layered stack is that we will remove the need to have permissioned regulatory custodians.

我们将重新实现无需许可的本地化信任与自组织。

We will be able to get back to permissionless local trust and organization.

具体而言——前几天我和兄弟讨论时提到：基于KEAT协议（其底层是hypercore）构建的pair credit系统...

So what I mean by that is, and especially there's there's something I actually spoke with my brother just the other day because, we were talking about pair credit which is built on top of the KEAT, the protocol that KEAT is built on top of, hypercore.

当然，目前它尚未成型。

Granted, it doesn't exist yet.

呃...这么说也不完全准确。

It's it's a well, that's not entirely true.

它算是存在于幕后阶段。

It exists kind of behind the scenes.

开发团队正在解决所有技术难点，虽然所有组件理论上都可行，但实际应用版本尚未推出——你还无法下载体验。

They're they're working out all the kinks, and it appears that all of the pieces are going to work, but it doesn't exist in practice like you can't go download it and play with it.

但本质上，这是一种拥有所谓'信用代币'的方式，而无需实际的区块链和共识机制，因为信用代币必然有发行方。

But essentially, it's a, it's a means of having, quote unquote credit tokens without actually a blockchain and a consensus mechanism because a credit token necessarily has an issuer.

对吧？

Right?

但当你开始审视像BitVM这样的工具时，能够做到这点就变得非常有趣——如果通过BitVM内部的这种密钥管理系统，你实际上可以指定UTXO的子所有权会怎样？

But there's something really interesting about being able to do that when you start looking at, tools like a BitVM is what if you can actually designate sub ownership of a UTXO with this sort of a key management system within inside of a BitVM.

当我们开始讨论这个问题时，回想之前那期节目并概念化思考，试着想象当你能为UTXO所有权或脚本树执行任意代码时能做些什么——太多可能性就此展开，你还可以将其与诸如超时树这类更广泛的机制叠加使用。

When we start talking about, you know, going back to that previous episode and conceptualizing, trying to think about what you can do when you can actually execute arbitrary code for the ownership of a UTXO or within a a tree of script, So much stuff becomes possible and you can layer it with some of these broader things like the the time out tree.

除此之外，我们不妨称之为'联邦制'，或者叫它支付池，随你怎么命名。

But aside from that, let's just call it a Fediment, let's call it a a payment pool, whatever you wanna do.

你完全可以实现嵌套的超时树结构。

You could just have a time out tree within a time out tree.

不过举个例子，我可以作为银行和支付服务提供商存在。

But, just as an example, is that I could be a banking and payment service provider.

因此我对这些工具的掌握远超同龄人，比如亲友圈里的任何人。

So I know the tools vastly better than anybody in my peer group like my my friends and family.

而且我把密钥管理得非常好。

And I I manage the keys really well.

我建立了系统化的管理流程，深入思考过攻击面和攻击向量。

I I I, you know, have systems for this and I think about and I know the attack surface and the vectors.

我还能轻松与团队其他人建立多签合作，这样当组内任何人（包括我自己）遭遇黑客攻击时，我们可以分摊风险和损失敞口。

And I could also easily partner with other people in our group to have a sort of multisig where we could divide up the risk and the exposure in the case of someone myself or anybody being hacked in the group.

但通过这种方式，我实际上可以在类似Breeze LSP的超时树框架内实现这点——毕竟本质上这是'我的UTXO'，他们无需知晓也不关心我的UTXO内部发生了什么。

But by doing that, I could actually do this within a time out tree of like the Breeze LSP, you know, because essentially it's quote unquote my UTXO and they don't have to know or care what's happening inside my UTXO.

他们只知道如果出了问题，这笔特定余额就会归我所有。

They just know that this goes to me if this this particular balance goes to me if anything goes wrong.

但我能做的是采取更本地化的方式。

But what I am able to do is take an even more local.

所以LSP（闪电服务提供商）有点偏向商业导向。

So the LSP is a little bit like business oriented.

对吧？

Right?

他们离我有点远，是一家公司，无论管辖地在哪里，其实都无所谓。

They're a little bit they're further distant from me and, you know, it's a company, you know, wherever the jurisdiction is, it doesn't really matter.

我可以直接联系世界上任何人。

I can just connect to anybody in the world.

但这个人通常不是我能在电话里联系到的。

But it is it's not somebody that I can generally call on the phone.

对吧？

Right?

这是我在闪电网络上使用的一项服务。

It's it's it's a service out there on the Lightning Network that I am.

我可能会谷歌搜索他们，找到Breeze SDK，然后觉得：好吧。

I might Google them and, you know, find the Breeze SDK and be like, alright.

那我就用他们来开发我的应用吧。

Well, I'll just use them for my app.

而在另一种情况下，当我们再深入一层，讨论我的社区团体时，这些都是彼此认识的人。

Whereas in the other scenario, when when you we take another layer down and we're talking about my community group, this is all people who know each other.

这些人都是朋友和家人，他们在节假日聚在一起。

This is all people who are friends and family who get together on the holidays.

这更像是十九世纪末存在的金融兄弟会和家族信托模式——我指的‘信托’不是‘信任’层面的意思，不是‘哦我们互相信任’那种。

This is far more akin to the kind of late eighteen hundreds financial fraternities that existed and the family trust model where and I don't mean that in trust and like, oh, we trust each other.

我指的是法律机构层面的信托，那些金融基金，类似于由地方控制或处理的财产管理形式。

I mean, it trust in like the legal institution, the the financial, the funds that were kind of like a locally controlled or dealt with estate sort of thing.

但想想正在被消除的障碍级别。

But just think about the level of barrier that is being removed.

比如服务提供的范围、本地化服务的能力。

Like how the scope of provision, the ability to provide and localize a service.

简直是天壤之别。

Like, it's night and day.

这完全是从自上而下转变为自下而上。

It's it's literally from completely shifting from top down to bottom up.

地球上没有人能阻止我、我的家人和我的社区建立这种关系，并分摊该UTXO所有权产生的任何费用。

There's nobody on planet earth that can stop me and my family and my local community from having this relationship and splitting any apparent fees for the ownership of that UTXO.

如果每次更新这个UTXO变更所有权（或者做我们本地的小型LSP）都需要100美元——假设我们有100个家族成员参与呢？

So if it takes a $100 every time we wanna update this UTXO and change ownership or, you know, do our own little local LSP, well, what if we have a 100 people in our extended family that we are doing this with?

那么每次变更就只需要花费1美元。

Well, then it only cost it only cost a dollar anytime we're making any change.

如果我们在LSP的超时树内操作，那更理想——我们只需要分摊千分之一美元（这笔费用仅在出现问题时才需要）。

And even better if we're doing this within a timeout tree of an LSP, well, then we're only splitting it with a dollar of one out of a thousand that's in this time out tree, which we only ever need if something goes wrong.

这意味着我们社区可以用每次约1美元的成本，通过链上机制向全球任何司法管辖区的银行、闪电网络或全球支付网络服务商主张所有权。

Which means that we as a community can go to the chain to enforce our ownership from a provider, from a banking, lightning network and global payment network service provider from any jurisdiction in the world for like a dollar a pop.

我们基本上可以直接向全球货币最高法院申请，无需他人许可就能获得对资金的无可争议所有权。

We can basically go to the global monetary supreme court and get incontestable ownership of our funds without anybody else's permission.

想想这种转变——我认为社会正在崩溃的主要原因之一，在历史上尤其是近一两百年的民主社会主义时期，这种多数统治理念和国家扮演父母角色的观念随处可见。

And think about the shift, know, one of the big things about why I believe society is kind of breaking down and something that you see very commonly when you look in history and particularly in the democratic socialist era, kind of in the last like hundred, hundred and fifty years where this idea of the majority rule and this idea of the state being your parent.

我们确实搞砸了，彻底扭曲了这种畸形关系。

Like, we've really messed up, like, just corrupted this odd relationship.

最终导致的结果是家庭结构解体，管理越来越细，控制越来越严，形成与民众距离越来越远的极权体系。

And what ends up happening is the breakdown of the family is you get more and more management, more and more micro control, and kind of totalitarian systems that are further and further distant from the people that they actually govern.

你根本无从知晓三千里外那群决定如何挥霍六万亿美元的人是谁——那份长达六千页的垃圾法案，满屋子腐败透顶的混蛋里甚至没人真正读过。

You know, you don't have the slightest bit of control, a slightest bit of genuine knowledge as to who the hell the people are that are 3,000 miles away determining how to how to spend $6,000,000,000,000 in some bullshit bill that's 6,000 pages long and not one asshole in that giant room of just corrupt sacks of shit even read the thing could even read it.

对于系统中的腐败和惊人浪费，纠错机制实际上完全失效。

The feedback mechanism for anything going wrong, for the corruption, for the level of waste that is in that system is practically impotent.

难怪社会会崩溃——这种组织结构越是成为主导模式，我们越是依赖它来解决社会问题，崩溃就越不可避免。

It's no wonder society ends up breaking down the further and further we go into that structure as being the dominant mode of organization and the dominant arena by which we believe we should be settling social issues.

但这与家庭解体和家庭权力密切相关——家庭建立自身系统、创造主权空间的能力，构建所需结构和货币安全网络的能力，以及与更广泛网络建立连接的能力，都已被彻底剥夺。

But it's very deeply connected to the breakdown of the family and the family's power, the power of the family to actually set up their own systems and to basically create their own sovereignty, their own little bubble of the structures and the systems and the monetary security that they need amongst themselves and their ability to communicate communicate to get that connection to the broader network has just been completely eliminated.

家庭确实已被完全移出权力架构，彻底沦为社会领域的附属品。

Like, it's just we've just kind of been the family has genuinely been removed from the stack and relegated entirely to the social sphere.

但由于比特币的抗审查特性，这种局面正在被强力扭转——我们能提供这些服务。

But that has that is actually aggressively shifting back because of the permissionless and the censorship resistant nature of Bitcoin and the fact that we can provide this these services.

我们能提供隐私保护。

We can provide privacy.

我们能提供所谓的'压缩服务'。

We can provide quote, unquote compression services.

我们可以提供支付服务，并接入全球支付网络、智能合约乃至资产管理。

We can provide payment and connections into the global payment networks and smart contracts and even the asset management.

我们可以创建一个绝佳范例——配对信贷。

We can create a a great example is pair credit.

这意味着我们每个家庭成员都应该能轻松管理彼此间的信贷关系。

Is that everybody in our family should be able to easily manage, you know, credit amongst each other.

这其实就是信贷得以运作的根本原因。

Like, that's the whole reason credit actually worked.

要知道，货币史上有个常见误解——很多人认为以物易物是最初的交易形式，但这并不符合史实。

You know, this is one of the things actually in monetary history is a lot of people talk about how barter was the original form of trade, and that's actually not really true.

以物易物仅在极特殊情况下使用，而且专属于不同社会群体之间。

Barter was only used in very rare cases because and it was specifically between societies.

是部落之间的交易方式。

It was between tribes.

就像当年英国人来到北美时进行的物物交换。

It was between, you know, when the British came to North America, they would barter.

但很快就会出现主导性商品——比如皮革、枪支等关键物资，这些商品会迅速成为主要交易形式。

But very very quickly, you would actually have kind of dominant goods like leather, guns, very fundamental and critical goods would become the dominant form of trade extremely quickly.

这正是货币史揭示的规律：货币的诞生本质上是因为大规模物物交换效率极其低下。

And it's for exactly the reason that the monetary history is explained as to why a money of all emerges in to begin with is because barter is so inefficient at scale.

当你试图在数百上千人、不同社会群体间进行物物交换时，其低效程度使得这种模式几乎不可能自发形成。

When you're talking about trying to barter between a hundred, two hundred, 300, a thousand people between different societies, it's so unbelievably inefficient that it almost never emerges.

所以我们总说要解决物物交换的问题，但实际上它烂到根本不会自发形成规模——这就是物物交换的真实处境。

So we kinda have this thing is that, oh, we have to solve the problem of barter, but we don't really have to solve the problem of barter because barter is so shitty that it literally just doesn't really ever manifest at scale by itself because that's just how bad it is.

我们最终总会得到某种金钱上的好处。

We always end up with some sort of monetary good.

然而，当我们谈论社区时，当我们谈论邓巴数字范围内的小型社区时——你知道，就是那个150人左右的规模，在这个范围内你还能在心理上把握人与人之间的各种联系和关系，因为你知道，这是n的平方关系。

However, when we're talking about communities, when we're talking about smaller communities within the Dunbar's number, within that, you know, 150 people that you can actually mentally hold kind of the series of connections and relationships between each other because, you know, it's n squared.

对吧？

Right?

每当你向100人的群体中加入一个新成员时，你就需要理解100种新的关系。

Is the number of every time you add one new person to a group of a 100 people, well then, you now have a 100 relationships to understand.

而当人数达到101时，每次新增一个人就意味着要理解101种新关系——尽管只增加了一个人，因为你不仅要理解自己与ta的关系，还要理解ta与你配偶、挚友、父母的关系，以及你父母彼此之间的关系，如此等等。

And then when it's a 101, you have a 101 new relationships to add every single time even though you're only adding one person because you don't have to just understand your relationship to them, you have to understand their relationship to your spouse and to your best friend and to your parents and then your parents relationship with each other, etcetera etcetera.

就像这样，每次群体中增加一个人，你需要理解和处理的社交关系、复杂局面和潜在冲突就会呈指数级增长。

Like, you just the number of relationships and social intricacies and complications and conflicts that have to be understood and dealt with just grows exponentially every single time you add just one more person to the group.

这就是邓巴数字存在的意义。

That's why you have Dunbar's number.

部落规模通常维持在100到150人左右。

Tribes stay in a hundred, hundred a and 5,200 people.

这本质上是因为人际关系无法良好地规模化扩展。

And it's specifically because it just doesn't scale well.

当群体超过千人规模时，如果没有极其严格的传统规范、宗教教义和价值准则来维系社区凝聚力——因为这些外在因素能为社交关系建立屏障和框架... 我的意思是，这些制度存在的意义就在于此。

After you get to a thousand people without like extremely strict, like kind of traditions and, you know, religious and values, value rule sets to begin to keep the community together because you have something external to the social relationships to to kind of create a barrier, to create a structure so that that that I mean, that's what these things are.

宗教是一种规模化管理技术。

Religions are scaling technologies.

传统是为那些无法完全理解人际关系的社区提供的规模化技术。

Traditions are scaling technologies for communities that can't actually understand the totality of the relationships between each other.

货币是经济体系和文明最典型的扩展技术，因为它能跨越传统障碍。

Money is the quintessential scaling technology of economic systems, of civilization because it can bridge across traditions.

它能跨越宗教差异。

It can bridge across religions.

如果你能独立信任货币，就能与说不同语言、持不同价值观、有不同传统的人进行交易。

If you can trust the money independently, you can have people who speak different languages, have different values, have different traditions.

只要货币持续发挥作用，你们仍能进行高效且广泛合作的贸易。

And if the money continues to do its do its job, you can still engage in efficient and vastly, like like broadly cooperative trade.

没有货币，社会就无法存在。

Society doesn't exist without money.

但回到邓巴数字理论，回到社区概念——最初的货币不是以物易物，最早的交易手段也不是物物交换，而是社会信用。

But again, going back to the Dunbar's number, going back to the community, the first money wasn't barter or the first means of trade wasn't barter, it was social credit.

这种能力让你能与认识的人交易，比如你为朋友做了件事，心里自然就会记下这笔账。

It was the ability to trade with the person, a person that you know, you know, if you and your friend are, you know, you do something for your friend, you just kind of have this natural tally in your mind.

你帮我，我帮你。

I scratch your back, you scratch mine.

最初的货币始终都是社会信用的一种形式，但这只在社交互动的规模范围内有效。

The first money always was and has been a form of social credit, but that only works to the degree that social interactions scale.

这个规模上限就在100到150人左右。

It just stops at a hundred, hundred and fifty people.

超过就会失效。

It breaks down.

但在那个范围内，它确实是至关重要的机制。

But within that zone, it's actually a really important mechanism.

拥有这个图腾——这个全球经济规则的去中心化终极真理与经济所有权的证明——最不可思议之处在于，你实际上可以完全回归到以社区和家庭为主导的模式，让地方社区和家庭成为社会实际资本组织与控制的核心力量。

And the crazy thing about having this this totem, this global integrated decentralized canonical truth of economic rules and proof of economic ownership, you can actually scale all the way back down to where the community and the family, the local community and the family take precedence as the dominant power, as the dominant mode of organization and control of the actual capital of society.

这样的转型需要两代人甚至三代人才能真正实现，但想想就令人震撼——因为世界在这之后将变得截然不同。

Now a transition like that is going to take two generations, three generations to actually play out, but it's just crazy to think because the world just looks fundamentally different on the other side of this.

因为这种病态的庞大体系，所有事物都变得巨大化，一切都由企业掌控，甚至民族国家在历史上其实都是一种反常现象。

Because this kind of toxic bigness where everything is just huge and everything's corporations and everything's, you know, the nation state is actually an anomaly in history.

回溯到十八世纪，那时的基础单元是家庭。

When you go back to the seventeen hundreds, it was the family.

是这些地方社区。

It was these local communities.

不像那些遥不可及的陌生机构——我对他们一无所知，也没人理会我的诉求——政府机器远在三千英里外，你甚至从未见过其中的任何成员。

And unlike some distant faceless, I don't know anything about them and nobody is even responsive to me, you know, government apparatus is 3,000 miles away and you've never even met any of the people in it.

反馈机制、实现诉求或抵制不公与腐败的能力，在这种规模下几乎不存在。

The feedback, the ability to actually get what you want or to push back against inconsistencies, corruption, and these things at that scale is almost nonexistent.

你的参与简直毫无意义。

Your participation might as well be meaningless.

事实上，整个政治机器都在竭力让你相信：你完全无权的状态反而具有意义。

And in fact, so much of the entire political apparatus is trying to convince you that your complete lack of power is actually meaningful.

当你外出投票，乞求他人代行你期望政府做的事时，这不过是让你产生被赋权的错觉。

And when you go out and vote and you you beg for someone else to do what you want the government to do is to make you feel empowered.

当你的政客当选时，你就赢得了胜利。

When your politician comes in, you won the day.

你才是成功者。

You're the one who succeeded.

你自以为是更宏大事物的一部分，但实际上我们什么都没做，也根本没有任何实质影响。

You're a part of something bigger than yourself when in reality we've done absolutely nothing and we have no meaningful effect whatsoever.

我们只需用脚投票、用钱投票，就能产生指数级更大的影响力。

We have orders of magnitude more effect simply by voting with our feet and voting with where we put our money.

而政治机器正是限制这两种方式的主导工具——它从你手中夺走钱财交给大企业ABC，尽管你憎恶它们；它让你创造的财富、资本和资源被银行系统吞噬，尽管你认为这个系统腐败透顶、处处欺诈，甚至彻底锁死了你退出的可能性。

And the political apparatus is the dominant means by which those two things are restricted, where your money is taken from you and given to big corporation a, b, and c even though you despise them, where your money, your capital, and your resources that you produce in the world get flooded and sucked up by the banking system that you believe is corrupt and is cheating you six ways from sideways and literally locks down your ability to even exit from the system.

这与赋权完全背道而驰。

It is the exact opposite of empowerment.

这是奴役。

It is enslavement.

现在想象这样一个世界：你能真正扩展自下而上的金融、支付和所有权保障体系，其整个信任模型都建立在本地社区，与你认识、共事、信任的人共同构建，同时又能连接全球每个个体和社区，无需中央权威、许可交易所，一旦超出本地社区范围也完全不受审查。

Now imagine a world where you can actually scale a bottom up system of financial, payment, and ownership security, provision, services whose entire trust model is built locally with your community and people that you know and you work with and you do business with and that you trust, but remains connected to every other individual and community in the entire world without a central authority or any permissioned exchange or even possible censorship as soon as you scale outside of your local community and family.

如今，所有信任都流向体系顶端。

Today, all of the trust flows up to the top of the system.

完全依赖那些遥不可及的中央银行和政治机构。

It is all reliant on this distant central bank on these distant political institutions.