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Leminata。
Leminata.
大脑与宇宙。
Brains on universe.
你正在收听《大脑与》，我们认真对待好奇心。
You're listening to Brains on, where we're serious about being curious.
有时它们是面孔，或是花朵。
Sometimes they're faces Or flowers.
它们可以是独角兽。
They can be unicorns.
或者是价格标签。
Or price tags.
有些闪闪发亮。
Some are sparkly.
另一些会在黑暗中发光。
Others glow in the dark.
有些甚至还有气味。
Some of them even smell.
这个是蓝莓味的。
This one's blueberry.
我们说的是贴纸，它们有一百万种以上的用途。
We're talking about stickers, and there's a million and one uses for them.
从标记杂货和装饰水瓶，
From labeling groceries and decorating water bottles
到可穿戴的姓名标签，甚至用于修补我们身体内部的破损。
to wearable name tags or even patching up holes inside our bodies.
想象一个补丁，然后外科医生只需将其按压在组织上，它就会粘附在组织上。
So imagine a patch, and then the surgeon just presses it onto the tissue, and it sticks to the tissue.
所以这就像一种内部创可贴。
So it's kinda like an internal bandage.
这位是贴纸科学家菲尔·梅瑟史密斯。
That's sticker scientist, Phil Messersmith.
我们稍后会再听到他的更多内容。
We'll hear more from him later.
此外，我们会告诉你贴纸最出名的本事——如何牢牢粘住东西。
Plus, we'll tell you how stickers do the one thing they're most famous for, stick to stuff.
所以，敬请关注本集内容。
So tag along for this episode.
别走开，继续关注我们。
Stick with us.
别太早撕掉。
Don't peel away too soon.
嘿，桑丁。
Hey, Sandin.
你在干什么？
What you doing?
在园艺。
Gardening.
你知道我有多喜欢。
You know I love it.
新鲜的空气，泥土从指缝间渗出，还有和蚯蚓的深刻对话。
The fresh air, the dirt between your fingers, the stimulating conversations with worms.
后现代主义是对前几代人所追求的宏大中心性的解构。
Postmodernism is a deconstruction of the grand centralities sought out by previous generations.
你说得对，小虫。
You said it, Wormy.
但你知道我最喜欢园艺的什么吗？
But do you know what my favorite thing about gardening is?
我猜我知道。
I bet I know.
是因为园艺是一种隐喻。
It's the fact that gardening is a metaphor.
一种对 Smarty Pass 的隐喻。
A metaphor for Smarty Pass.
我们的节目就像生长出来的水果和蔬菜。
Our shows are the fruits and vegetables that grow.
加入Smarty Pass的人就像滋养它们的土壤、阳光和水分。
People who join Smarty Pass are like the soil, sun, and water that nourishes them.
他们也是为我们授粉的蜜蜂。
They're also the bees that pollinate us.
等等。
Wait.
授粉？我们被授粉？
Poll pollinate us?
是的。
Yeah.
就像蜜蜂会得到花粉作为回报一样，Smarty Pass会员也能获得无广告剧集、虚拟聚会邀请、我们的读书会、周边商品折扣等福利。
And just like how the bees get pollen in return, Smarty Pass holders get ad free episodes, invites to virtual hangouts, or our book club, discounts on merch, and more.
这显然不是我想表达的意思。
That's definitely not what I was about.
就像所有这些事物都需要找到花园来帮助植物生长一样，你也需要访问 smartypass.org 来帮助我们成长。
And just like all those things have to find the garden to help the plants grow, you have to go to smartypass.org to help us grow.
当你这么做的时候，你会像阳光一样闪耀，因为你知道自己正在帮助美好的事物在世界上萌芽。
And when you do, you beam like the sun knowing you are helping beautiful things sprout into the world.
这本来就是你想说的。
That's what you were gonna say.
对吧？
Right?
不对。
No.
我本来想说的是花朵。
I was gonna say flowers.
哦，好吧，我还是更喜欢我的说法。
Oh, well, I like mine better.
所以今天就加入 Smarty Pass，为我们的播客花园施肥吧。
So join Smarty Pass today and fertilize our podcast garden.
帮助我们长出更多智慧的豆子、爆裂轰鸣的南瓜，以及永恒之果。
Help us grow more beans of brains on, squashes of smash boom best, and fruits of forever ago.
谢谢。
Thank you.
你正在收听《Brains On》。
You're listening to Brains On.
我是莫莉·布卢姆，今天我的联合主持人是来自印第安纳波利斯的阿米拉。
I'm Molly Bloom, and my co host today is Amira from Indianapolis.
嗨，阿米拉。
Hi, Amira.
嗨，莫莉。
Hi, Molly.
我们今天在这里，是因为你给我们提了一个让我们印象深刻的问题。
We're here today because you sent us a question that really stuck with us.
是的。
Yeah.
我问的是贴纸是怎么粘住的？
I asked how do stickers stick?
真是个好问题。
Such a good question.
贴纸无处不在，它们的工作原理非常酷。
Stickers are really everywhere, and the science of how they work is super cool.
所以，Amira，我想知道，你有没有特别喜欢的贴纸，比如贴在笔记本上的？
So, Amira, I'm wondering, do you have a favorite sticker, like, on a notebook or anything?
我会用贴纸装饰我所有的宝盒。
I decorate any, like, treasure boxes I have with stickers.
真棒。
Nice.
你现在宝盒上最喜欢的贴纸是什么？
What's your favorite sticker right now that's on a treasure box?
大概是那只三维小鸟。
Probably a three d bird.
哦，它是那种毛茸茸的吗？还是说这个三维指的是什么？
Oh, is it kinda like fuzzy or like what's three d about it?
它会凸出来。
It like pops up.
那贴纸贴在车 bumper 上呢？
So how about a bumper sticker?
如果你能设计一个 bumper 贴纸来向世界展示你自己，你会写什么？
If you could design a bumper sticker to tell the world about you, what would it say?
它可能会是其中之一
It would probably be one of
我最喜欢的书，因为我喜欢阅读。
my favorite books because I love reading.
哦。
Oh.
你最喜欢的一本书是哪一本？
What is one of your favorite books?
我目前最喜欢的系列是《失落之城的守护者》。
My favorite series right now is Keeper of the Lost Cities.
那你有没有朋友特别喜欢贴纸，把贴纸贴得到处都是？
So do you have, like, friends who are really into stickers, who have stickers, on everything?
我妹妹们。
My sisters.
她们把贴纸贴在哪？
Where do they put their stickers?
同样的地方。
Same places.
水瓶、书上。
Water bottles, books.
我觉得现在我去哪儿都能看到好多贴纸。
I feel like there's so many stickers now when I go places.
它们又有趣又鲜艳，尤其是我去书店的时候，总觉得总有特别酷的贴纸。
Like, they're so fun and colorful, and there's, like, when I go to the bookstore, especially, I feel like there's always really cool stickers.
我总是想，我想要这些贴纸，但又不太知道该贴哪儿。
And I'm always like, I want them, but I don't really know where to put them.
这算是我的一个问题。
It's sort of my problem.
我确实有一个很棒的贴纸，是我朋友放在我计划本里的，上面写着‘放屁笑话’，因为她太了解我了。
I do have a great sticker that my friend gave me inside of my planner that just says fart jokes because she knows me really well.
所以贴纸最棒的地方就是它们能粘住。
So the best part of stickers is that they stick.
是的。
Yeah.
贴纸。
Stickers.
好名字。
Great name.
一听就知道是干什么用的。
Tells you exactly what they do.
但这个名字并没有说明它们是如何工作的。
But the name doesn't tell you how they do it.
为此，让我们用我们 handy dandy 的 Zoomray。
For that, let's use our handy dandy Zoomray.
它能让我们放大某物，近距离观察发生了什么。
It lets us zoom in on something and see what's going on up close.
Zoomray，另一个好名字，直接说明了它的功能。
Zoomray, another great name, tells you what it does.
是的。
Yep.
Amira，你能去拿一些贴纸吗？
Amira, can you please grab some stickers?
这些会飞的山羊贴纸怎么样？
How about these flying goat ones?
它们长着天马的翅膀，还在打彩虹嗝。
They've got Pegasus wings, and they're burping rainbows.
太随机了。
Super random.
超喜欢。
Totally love it.
现在，贴纸有一面有粘性，另一面没有粘性。
Now, stickers have a sticky side and a non sticky side.
让我们放大看看有粘性的那一面。
Let's zoom in on the sticky side.
得给这道射线充一下电。
Just gotta power up this ray.
分子是由原子组成的，而原子是万物的基本单位。
Molecules are a group of atoms, which are the building blocks of everything.
哦，对。
Oh, right.
如果一个原子就像
If an atom was like
单个乐高积木就像分子，是一堆粘在一起的乐高积木。
a single LEGO brick, molecules would be like a bunch of LEGO bricks stuck together.
没错。
Exactly.
就像你可以用乐高搭出几乎任何东西一样，世界也是由原子和分子构成的，但原子和分子都小到肉眼根本看不见。
And just like you can build almost anything out of Lego, the world is built out of atoms and molecules, but both atoms and molecules are way too small to see with just your eye.
这就是我们需要变焦射线的原因。
That's why we need the Zoom Ray.
贴纸上使用的分子被称为粘合剂。
The molecules used on stickers are called adhesives.
这其实就是一种更专业的说法，意思是它们特别擅长粘附在物体上。
That's basically a fancy way of saying they're good at sticking to things.
所以我们现在看的是粘合剂，也就是有粘性的分子。
So we are looking at adhesives aka sticky molecules.
有道理。
Makes sense.
是的。
Yeah.
但这些粘性分子的特别之处在于：
But here's what's special about these sticky molecules.
它们能很好地平衡流动性与固态的刚性。
They have a nice balance of being able to flow like a liquid and stay stiff like a solid.
让我给你展示一下。
Let me show you.
这是纸张的近距离图像。
This is a piece of paper up close.
哇哦。
Woah.
它实际上非常粗糙，像编织的篮子一样。
It's actually really bumpy, like a woven basket or something.
是的。
Yeah.
这些是纸张的纤维。
Those are the fibers of the paper.
近距离看，你能看到纸张有多粗糙，但当我们拉远视角时，它看起来却是平的。
Up close, you can see how rough paper is, but when we zoom out, it just looks flat.
哇。
Wow.
放大缩小太酷了。
Zooming is so rad.
是的。
Yeah.
确实如此。
It is.
纸张上的这些凸起和凹陷是非常重要的粘附点。
Those bumps and dips on the paper are really important stickers.
事实上，当你近距离观察时，大多数你贴贴纸的物体表面都是凹凸不平的。
In fact, most things you put stickers on have bumpy surfaces when you look at them up close.
当我们把贴纸贴在这样的表面上时，分子会流入那些凹凸不平的地方。
When we place the sticker on a surface like that, the molecules flow into the bumps and dips.
现在看着我们把贴纸压到纸上。
Now watch as we press the sticker into the paper.
哦，粘性分子正在填满这些空隙。
Oh, the sticky molecules are filling up those spaces.
它们像液体一样流入其中。
They're flowing into them kind of like a liquid.
没错。
Exactly.
但与液体不同，一旦它们进入这些地方，就会固定不动。
But unlike a liquid, once they get in there, they stay put.
它们不会流回去。
They don't flow back out.
所以更像一种固体。
So more like a solid.
是的。
Yes.
这些粘性分子需要在像液体一样流动和像固体一样固定之间取得平衡，这也是为什么让贴纸粘牢的关键在于按压。
These sticky molecules need a balance of being able to flow like a liquid and stay put like a solid, and that's also why the key to making stickers stick is pressing them.
哦，就像你用手指把贴纸压到纸上那样。
Oh, so like how you press a sticker into paper with your finger.
你压得越多，它就粘得越牢。
The more you press, the better it sticks.
是的。
Yes.
按压有助于将这些粘性分子推得更深，进入那些微小的凹陷中，从而牢牢抓住物体表面。
Pressing helps push those sticky molecules deeper into those nooks and crannies so they can really hold on to the surface of something.
现在，我们拉远一点。
Now, let's zoom out.
哇。
Wow.
现在，它只是纸上一个五彩缤纷的会飞的山羊贴纸。
Now, it's just a very colorful flying goat sticker on a piece of paper.
谁会想到近距离看竟有这么多奥秘？
Who knew there was so much going on up close?
每当你放大观察，总是一个全新的世界。
It's always a whole new world when you zoom.
接下来，我们来看看刮刮嗅觉贴纸是如何工作的？
Coming up, how do scratch and sniff stickers work?
但在那之前，我有个东西会牢牢印在你的耳朵里。
But first, I've got something that'll stick in your ears.
这是神秘声音。
It's the Mystery sound.
阿米拉，你准备好听这个神秘声音了吗？
Amira, are you ready for the mystery sound?
是的。
Yes.
我准备好了。
I am.
来吧。
Here it is.
你觉得呢？
What do you think?
我不知道。
I don't know.
这声音真奇怪。
That is a very strange sound.
确实很奇怪。
It really is.
我觉得我们再听一遍，怎么样？
I think we should hear it again, maybe?
好的。
Okay.
听起来有点像一辆垃圾车，然后倒出一大堆钉子之类的东西。
Kinda sounds like a dump truck and then dumping out like a bunch of nails or something.
哦。
Oh.
我喜欢这个想法。
I like that idea.
不知怎么的，它听起来有点像水，是的。
For some reason, it kinda sounded like water maybe Yeah.
对我来说。
To me.
但我搞不懂那水会是什么。
Couldn't figure out what the water would be though.
是的。
Yeah.
也许是一辆装满水的垃圾车。
Maybe a dump truck full of water.
是的。
Yeah.
好的。
Okay.
好的。
Okay.
好吧，我们一会儿再听一遍，有机会再猜一次，最后会公布答案。
Well, we will hear it again, get another chance to guess, and hear the answer at the end of the show.
留心听一下。
Keep an ear out for that.
我们正在制作一期关于如何划分世代的节目。
We are working on an episode all about how we divide up generations.
你和你认识的所有孩子都属于同一代人。
You and all the kids you know are in the same generation.
你会给你的世代起什么名字？
Which name would you give your generation?
现在，人们称你们为阿尔法一代，这有点无聊。
Right now, people are calling you Gen Alpha, which is kind of boring.
它基本上就只是指A世代。
It basically just means generation a.
我觉得我们可以想得更好。
I think we can do better.
所以，阿米拉，你会给你的世代起什么名字？
So, Amira, what would you call your generation?
我会称我们的世代为‘新冠一代’，因为我们经历了新冠19或者不管它叫什么。
I would call our generation the coronial since we went through corona nineteen or whatever it was called.
是的。
Yes.
我觉得这是个非常好的名字。
I think that's a really good name.
那是一件大事。
That was a big deal.
那时候你上几年级？
How what grade were you in when that happened?
我觉得我当时在二年级，然后是三年级。
I I think I was in second and then third grade.
嗯。
Mhmm.
听众朋友们，请给我们写信，告诉我们你们的想法。
Well, listeners, please write to us and tell us what you think.
你会怎么称呼你们这一代？
What would you call your generation?
你可以访问 brainson.org/contact 并发送你们的录音给我们。
You can head to brainson.org/contact and send us your recording.
欢迎回到《大脑进化》。
Welcome back to Brains On.
我是莫莉。
I'm Molly.
我是阿米拉。
And I'm Amira.
我们正在讨论
And we're talking about
贴纸的科学。
the science of stickers.
贴纸被称为压敏胶粘剂。
Stickers are what's known as pressure sensitive adhesives.
因为你要施加压力，比如按压它们使其粘附，
Because you use pressure, like pressing them down to make them adhere,
这不过是另一种说法，就是粘住。
which is just another way of saying stick.
当你按压贴纸时，背面的粘性分子会流入纸张等表面的缝隙中。
When you press a sticker, the sticky molecules on the back flow into the nooks and crannies of a surface like paper.
然后这些分子会牢牢抓住。
Then those molecules hold on tight.
但并不是所有东西都以这种方式粘附。
But not all things stick this way.
比如传统的白色胶水。
Like classic white glue.
那种胶水是湿的时候涂上，干了之后才会粘住。
For that, you put the glue on wet, and it sticks as it dries out.
液体蒸发后，就会形成粘性结合。
The liquid leaves, and it creates a sticky bond.
热熔胶枪会喷出熔化的胶状物，冷却变硬后就会粘住。
Hot glue guns work squirting out a melty goo that sticks as it cools down and gets hard.
在这种情况下，当热量从胶水中散失时，粘合强度就会增强。
In this case, the bond is made strong as heat leaves the glue.
粘附的方式有很多。
There are lots of ways to stick.
那闻一闻呢？
But what about sniff?
阿米拉，你喜欢刮刮嗅觉贴纸吗？
Amira, do you like scratch and sniff stickers?
是的。
Yes.
我喜欢。
I do.
我也喜欢。
Me too.
所以，如果你能拥有一包世界上任何气味的贴纸，你会选什么气味？
So if you could have a pack of stickers with any smell in the world, what would it be?
我会做一包
I would make a pack
闻起来像烘焙食品的贴纸。
of stickers that smell like baked goods.
就像一个混合口味的套装？
Like like a variety pack?
像不同种类的吗？
Like different kinds?
饼干和布朗尼。
Cookies and brownies.
是的。
Yes.
我会买这些贴纸，把它们贴得到处都是。
I would buy those stickers and put them all over everything.
绝佳的主意。
Excellent idea.
关于刮嗅贴纸的有趣之处在于，它们就像普通贴纸一样能粘住。
So the cool thing about scratch and sniff stickers is, you know, they stick just like a regular sticker.
但香味来自另一面，也就是不粘的那一面。
But the smell comes from the other side, the non sticky side.
要制作一个，首先你需要一种有香味的化学物质。
To make one, first, you need a smelly chemical.
科学家可以制造出各种气味的化学物质。
Scientists can make chemicals with all kinds of smells.
从香蕉、蓝莓到根汁啤酒和巧克力碎片。
From banana to blueberry to root beer and chocolate chip.
然后，你把这种有气味的化学物质放进一个极小的胶囊或容器里，真的非常小。
Then you put that smelly chemical in a tiny little capsule or container, like really small.
想象一下一个微小的气泡。
Like picture a teeny tiny little bubble.
这些充满气味的小气泡会被添加到
Those tiny little smell filled bubbles are added to
贴纸所用的纸张中。
the paper used for the sticker.
当你刮擦这张纸时，实际上是在打破这些微小的气泡。
When you scratch that paper, you are actually breaking those tiny bubbles open.
这样气味就会释放出来。
That lets the smell out.
每次你刮一刮、闻一闻，都会打破更多这样的小气泡。
Each time you scratch and sniff, you're breaking more and more of them.
但气泡数量很多，所以香味能持续相当长的时间。
But there are a lot, so the smell can last a pretty long time.
品牌就在上面。
The brand's on.
既然我们在聊贴纸，我请了一些朋友带着他们的贴纸收藏过来。
Since we're talking stickers, I asked some of our friends to stop by with their sticker collections.
进来吧，朋友们。
Come on in, friends.
嘿，大家好。
Hey, everyone.
嗨，你好。
Why, hello.
你好。
Hi.
嘿，桑丁。
Hey, Sandin.
嘿，马克。
Hey, Mark.
哦，嗨，鲍勃。
Oh, hi, Bob.
马克，我们能先看看你的贴纸收藏吗？
Mark, can we see your sticker collection first?
这太尴尬了。
This is embarrassing.
你带着一箱钟表吗？
Are you carrying a box of clocks?
我以为我们是要展示我们的贴纸收藏呢。
I thought we were supposed to be showing off our ticker collections.
我带了钟表、转向灯、节拍器，但没带贴纸。
I brought clocks, turn signals, metronomes, but no stickers.
抱歉。
Sorry.
哦，马克。
Oh, Mark.
我明白了。
I see.
那你呢，桑丁？
What about you, Sandin?
哦，我确实有贴纸。
Oh, I definitely have stickers.
我收集最酷、最炫、最贵的贴纸，就是那些怪物贴纸。
I collect the coolest, the flashiest, the most allowance costing stickers ever, creature creeper stickers.
怪物贴纸？
Creature creeper stickers?
就是那些描绘拥有不同能力的怪物的贴纸。
You know, it's stickers made up of monsters with different powers.
比如这个，是滑溜溜的，一半是蛇，一半是甘草。
Like, oh, this one's slitherish, part snake, part licorice.
他简直让人无法抗拒。
He's irresistible.
这个是白影。
This one's Blancho Mirage.
当你靠得太近时，她就会消失。
She disappears when you get too close.
哦，这个是最稀有的，潜行鼠。
Oh, and this is the rarest of all, Sneakichu.
Do
Do
你是指皮卡丘吗？
you mean Pikachu?
我没听说过她。
Never heard of her.
不。
No.
Sneakichu是一双长着獠牙的运动鞋。
Sneakichu is a sneaker with fangs.
这个贴纸太贵了。
This sticker was so expensive.
哇。
Wow.
多少钱？
How much?
5.99美元。
$5.99.
哇。
Wow.
这价格真不错。
That's a great price.
我在这儿呢。
I have it here.
看吧？
See?
鲍勃，那是你的贴纸收藏吗？
Bob, is that your sticker collection?
是的，莫莉。
Yes, Molly.
我收集价格标签贴纸。
I collect price tag stickers.
看看吧。
Check it out.
我有2.25美元和6.50美元的。
I have two twenty five, six fifty.
我甚至还有19.99美元的。
I even have $19.99.
那个找了好久才找到。
That one took forever to find.
猜猜它花了多少钱？
And guess how much it cost?
19.99美元。
$19.99.
哇哦。
Wow.
你真厉害。
You're good.
它还附赠了一本免费的书。
It even came with a free book attached to it.
鲍勃，你收集价签？
Bob, you collect price tags?
这可不是贴纸收藏。
That's not a sticker collection.
不。
No.
不。
No.
不。
No.
你需要有颜色、有图案、有各种大小和能力的怪物贴纸。
You need stickers with with colors, with patterns, with with monsters of varying sizes and abilities.
是吗？
Do I?
我喜欢我的贴纸。
I like my stickers.
不。
No.
不。
No.
你需要帮助来开始一个真正的贴纸收藏。
You need help starting a real sticker collection.
别担心，鲍勃。
Do not worry, Bob.
我有个主意。
I have an idea.
好了，感谢大家的到来。
Well, thanks for stopping by everyone.
是的。
Yeah.
漂亮的贴纸和标签。
Nice stickers and tickers.
大家再见。
See y'all later.
再见，滑板爱好者们。
Later, skaters.
再见。
Bye.
回头见。
Catch you on the flip side.
这个
This
现在似乎是查看邮件信箱的好时机。
seems like a good time to check our mailbag.
对吧，阿米拉？
Right, Amira?
是的。
Yeah.
你知道，邮票其实就是用来寄信的贴纸。
You know, stamps are just stickers that pay for mail.
所以寄信真的很切题。
So mail is really on theme.
你说得太对了。
You are so right.
我们开始吧。
Let's do it.
嘿。
Hey.
你们最喜欢的桑丁来送邮件了。
Your favorite Sandin here with mail.
让我们打开旧邮箱，看看有什么内容。
Let's fire up the old inbox and see what we've got.
哦，来自圣何塞听众亨宇的一个问题。
Oh, a question from listener Heng Yu in San Jose.
为什么人们即使知道金属很容易变热，仍然使用金属餐具？
Why do people still use metal as utensils even though it gets hot so easily?
好问题。
Great question.
展开剩余字幕（还有 161 条）
你知道吗，昨天我从洗碗机里拿勺子的时候，差点把指纹都烫没了。
You know, I was taking a spoon out of the dishwasher yesterday, and it nearly melted my fingerprints off.
它太烫了。
It was so hot.
喜欢你的好奇心。
Love your curiosity.
好吧。
Okay.
我们来看看这封邮件。
Let's check out this mail.
这是来自科恩和斯嘉丽的。
It's from Cohen and Scarlett.
他们说，有很多词就是简单地在末尾加个 'er'。
They say, there are so many words that just add e r to the end.
更热、更冷、更暖、更晴朗、更阴沉。
Hotter, colder, warmer, sunnier, cloudier.
为什么不行呢？
Why not fun?
为什么'funner'不是一个词？
Why isn't funner a word?
如果'funner'是个词，那会有趣得多。
It would be much more fun if funner were a word.
好的。
Okay.
我完全同意。
I 100% agree.
Funner 永远成立。
Funner forever.
哦，说到有趣，我们这里有个来自威廉和查理的笑话。
Oh, and speaking of fun, we've got a joke here from William and Charlie.
什么样的车是最好的学生？
What cars are the best students?
荣誉榜上的汽车。
The honor roll cars.
太好笑了。
Hilarious.
这个不错。
That was good.
好的。
Okay.
谢谢大家的来信。
Well, thanks y'all for the mail.
继续发来吧。
Keep it coming.
把你的笑话和随机想法发送到 brains dot org slash contact。
Send your jokes and random thoughts to brains on dot org slash contact.
再见。
See you.
你知道吗？你可以不看广告，直接收听《Brains On》《Smash Boom Best》和《Forever Ago》？
Did you know you can listen to brains on, smash boom best, and forever ago all without ads?
只需加入Smarty Pass会员。
Just join Smarty Pass.
会员还能获得虚拟活动邀请、我们的读书会等更多福利。
Members also get invites to virtual events, our book club, and more.
前往smartypass.org注册吧。
Go to smartypass.org to sign up.
非常感谢你们让我们的节目持续运行。
Thank you so much for keeping our shows going.
大脑，大脑，大脑。
Brains, brains, brains.
这个
This
这里是《Brains On》，由莫莉和阿米拉为您主持。
is brains on with Molly and Amira.
我们现在聊的是黏糊糊的贴纸。
And we're talking sticky, sticky stickers.
我们所熟知的贴纸已经存在了将近一百年。
Stickers as we know them have been around for almost one hundred years.
早期，它们主要被用来标记物品。
In the early days, they were mostly used to label things.
但随着时间推移，人们发现可以把它们贴在汽车保险杠、行李箱上。
But over time, people figured out you can put them on car bumpers, suitcases.
你甚至可以用它们来装饰东西。
You can even use them to decorate stuff.
它们变得有趣且具有收藏价值。
And they became fun and collectible.
如今，你可以
Today, you can
找到几乎任何东西的贴纸，甚至会飞的彩虹打嗝
find a sticker of almost anything, even flying rainbow burping
山羊。
goats.
但有一些你每天都在使用的东西，你可能没意识到它们其实是贴纸。
But there are things that you use all the time that you probably don't realize are stickers.
果汁盒。
Juice boxes.
那些装果汁的小纸盒通常由五到十层材料组成，每一层都用粘合剂粘在一起。
Those little cartons that contain juice are actually usually between five and ten layers of material, each of them stuck together using an adhesive.
这是菲利普·梅瑟史密斯。
That's Philip Messersmith.
他在加州大学伯克利分校教授有关贴纸等物品的科学知识。
He teaches about the science of things like stickers at the University of California, Berkeley.
他尤其关注贴纸的未来。
He's especially interested in the future of stickers.
例如，他的实验室正在研发可完全回收的贴纸。
For example, his lab is working on stickers that can be fully recycled.
目前，我们很难回收带有贴纸胶水或粘合剂的物品。
Right now, we can't easily recycle things with sticker glue or adhesives on them.
但也许很快我们就能做到了。
But maybe soon we'll be able to.
他正在研究的另一件酷事是，能在人体内部粘附的贴纸。
Another cool thing he's working on, stickers that can stick inside our bodies.
想象一下，你是一名外科医生，正在修补患者肠道上的一个洞。
So imagine you're a surgeon repairing a a hole in a patient's intestine.
肠道是我们消化系统的一部分。
The intestines are a part of our gut.
食物在胃里被分解后，就会进入肠道。
It's where food goes after it's broken down in the stomach.
必须非常仔细地密封这个洞，因为肠道中的细菌一旦泄漏到身体其他部位，可能会造成非常危险的情况。
And it's critical to actually seal that hole very, very carefully because the bacteria in the intestines, if they get out and into your into your body, the rest of the body, they can it can be very dangerous situation.
缝合像肠道这样柔软的组织其实非常困难。
Stitching soft material like the intestines can be really tough.
但如果你能用一个贴纸呢？
But what if you could use a sticker?
所以医生可能会拿一块看起来像创可贴的补片，把它按在组织上，覆盖并封住那个洞，防止细菌逃逸到体内。
So what the doctor might do is they may take a patch that looks kind of like a Band Aid, and they might press it onto the tissue and, cover off and block that hole so that no bacteria can escape into the body.
当然，这类贴纸必须是防水的。
Of course, those kinds of stickers need to be waterproof.
因为我们的身体内部是湿润的。
Because it's wet inside our bodies.
而且它们必须由不会让我们生病或伤害身体的材料制成。
And they have to be made out of materials that won't make us sick or hurt our bodies.
所以这是一个挑战。
So it's a challenge.
但幸运的是，像菲利普这样的科学家正在研究这个问题。
But luckily, scientists like Philip are working on it.
谢谢，菲利普。
Thanks, Philip.
所以贴纸无处不在。
So stickers are everywhere.
它们有一百万种用途，我们还在不断想出新的使用方式。
They have a million and one uses, and we keep dreaming up new ways to use them.
贴纸太棒了。
Stickers for the win.
哇哦。
Whoo.
鲍勃，
Bob,
嘿。
hey.
你今天走运了。
It's your lucky day.
是吗？
It is?
天哪。
Oh, boy.
是的。
Yeah.
因为我觉得
Because I
看到你的贴纸收藏太无聊了，所以我给你买了这个。
saw how boring your sticker collection was, so I got you this.
你专属的苦力怕生物贴纸套装。
Your very own pack of creeper creature stickers.
我的天啊。
Oh, my grapes.
真的吗？
Oh, really?
这简直太棒了。
This is absolutely amazing.
桑丁，这正是我需要的。
Sandin, it's exactly what I need.
我的意思是，是的。
I mean I mean, yeah.
这确实是一套挺酷的贴纸。
It's it's it's a pretty cool pack.
我的意思是，挺普通的，但我的意思是，是的。
I mean, it's pretty average, but I mean, yeah.
是的。
Yeah.
里面可能有些很酷的贴纸。
Could be some cool stickers in there.
3.99美元？
$3.99?
我找了好多年了，就为了这个价格。
I've been looking for that price tag for years.
我真不敢相信你找到了。
I can't believe you found it.
我得马上把它放进我的收藏里。
I need to put this in my collection right away.
等等。
Wait.
等等。
Wait.
等等。
Wait.
礼物是那包贴纸，不是价格标签。
The the gift was the pack of stickers, not the price tag.
你难道不打算打开看看吗？
Aren't you gonna even open these?
没时间。
No time.
太感谢你了，兄弟。
Thanks a million, buddy.
你真是个英雄。
You're a true hero.
最棒的。
The best.
我简直不敢相信我得到了399。
I can't believe I got 399.
太惊人了。
Amazing.
399，这价格真完美。
399, a price so fine.
这是我的。
It's mine.
我的。
Mine.
我的。
Mine.
贴纸也被称为压敏胶，因为你需要按压它们才能使其粘附。
Stickers are also called pressure sensitive adhesives Because you press them to make them stick or adhere.
它们的一面涂有特殊胶水，可以渗入纸张等表面的微小凹陷中。
They have a special glue on one side that can flow into the microscopic nooks and crannies of a surface like paper.
这种胶水随后会固定不动，牢牢附着在表面上，使贴纸粘住。
That glue then stays put, holding onto that surface and making the sticker stick.
科学家们正在研发对地球更友好的新型贴纸。
Scientists are working on new kinds of stickers that are better for the planet.
还有可以作为体内创可贴使用的贴纸。
And stickers that can be used as Band Aids inside our bodies.
以上就是本期《Brains On》的全部内容。
That's it for this episode of Brains On.
本集由莫莉·布鲁、马克·桑切斯和桑丁·托滕制作。
This episode was produced by Molly Blue, Mark Sanchez, and Sandin Totten.
我们得到了亚当·格罗斯的工程帮助，特别感谢亚伦·塞西尔和整个家庭，以及肯·塔博尔斯基和《北方代码》提供的网站支持。
We had engineering help from Adam Gross, special thanks to Aaron Cecil and the whole family, and Ken Taborski and Code of the North for all of their website help.
阿米拉，你准备好回到那个神秘声音了吗？
Amira, are you ready to go back to that mystery sound?
是的。
Yes.
我准备好了。
I am.
好的。
Okay.
再来听一遍。
Here it is again.
你有什么新的想法？
What are your new thoughts?
听起来也有点像高压清洗机。
Kind of also sounded like a pressure washer.
哦，有意思。
Oh, interesting.
对。
Yeah.
压力清洗机是一种用非常强劲的水柱来清洁物品的设备。
The pressure washer is something that, like, cleans stuff with a really, like, strong spray of water.
对。
Yeah.
这个猜测不错。
That's a good guess.
对。
Yeah.
它开始时很安静，然后变大声。
It's it's like starts quiet, then gets loud.
它又安静下来了。
It's quiet again.
我打算回到你的垃圾车想法。
I'm gonna go back to your dump truck idea.
我觉得你当时想到点子上了。
I think you were on something there.
我打算再谈谈垃圾车撒出软糖豆的情景。
I'm gonna go back to dump truck spilling out jelly beans.
我们来验证一下对不对吧？
Should we see if we're right?
是的。
Yeah.
好的。
Alright.
答案在这里。
Here is the answer.
你好。
Hi.
我叫泽诺，住在芝加哥。
My name is Zeno, and I live in Chicago.
我的神秘肥皂是一个火山。
My mystery soap was a volcano.
它是用小苏打和醋做的。
It was made from baking soda and vinegar.
你在家做过火山实验吗？
Have you ever made a volcano at home?
哦，哇。
Oh, wow.
我没做过。
I haven't.
你呢，阿米拉？
Have you, Amira?
我没做过。
I have not.
天哪。
Oh my gosh.
难怪我们没认出来。
That's why we didn't recognize it.
不过我喜欢他问了我们一个问题。
I like that he asked us a question though.
那真的很贴心。
That was really sweet.
是的。
Yeah.
那确实挺难的。
That was that was tricky.
你以前见过那种火山吗？
Have you seen one of those volcanoes before?
我见过。
I have.
所以，是的，你倒一点醋进去，然后它就会冒泡。
So, yeah, you pour, like, vinegar in and then it, like, fizzes up.
对。
Yeah.
它会爆炸。
It explodes.
为我们尽了最大努力鼓掌吧。
High fives to us for trying our hardest.
现在到了大脑荣誉榜的时间。
Now it's time for the brain's honor roll.
这些是了不起的孩子们，他们通过提问、想法、神秘声音、绘画和击掌让这个节目持续进行。
These are the incredible kids who keep this show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings, and high fives.
来自弗吉尼亚州纽波特新闻的托比，来自中国上海的帕米，来自科罗拉多斯普林斯的艾拉，来自密苏里州奥法伦的欧文和伊芙琳，来自英国福尔克斯顿的利奥，来自佐治亚州的诺亚，来自纽约布鲁克林的西奥，来自俄亥俄州的迈尔斯，来自阿拉巴马州莫比尔的哈里斯，来自加利福尼亚州方廷瓦利的蒂亚戈和科特兹，来自加利福尼亚州蒙特华盛顿的芬恩，来自纽约市的利奥，来自新罕布什尔州康科德的玛尔塔，来自佛蒙特州温诺斯基的哈里森，来自伊利诺伊州阿灵顿高地的约瑟芬，来自葡萄牙里斯本的西奥多拉，来自密苏里州鲍德温的卢卡斯，来自加利福尼亚州蒂布龙的伊莎贝拉，来自西雅图的巴克斯特，来自台北的奥斯汀和卢卡斯，来自华盛顿特区的克莱兰，来自辛辛那提的本，来自科罗拉多州奥克克里克的黑兹尔，来自弗吉尼亚州费尔法克斯车站的约书亚，来自华盛顿州林登的利奥，来自佛罗里达州劳德代尔堡的多诺，来自澳大利亚墨尔本的利奥，来自澳大利亚悉尼的玛蒂娜，来自加利福尼亚州福斯特城的阿德里安，来自佛蒙特州塞特福德的伊娃和艾玛，来自纽约布鲁克林的亚瑟，来自内布拉斯加州林肯的伊丽莎白，来自渥太华的亚斯敏，来自纽约尼斯卡尤纳的基兰和贝克特，来自纽约约克镇的克里斯蒂安娜，来自伦敦的雷娜，来自德国法兰克福的雨果，来自俄亥俄州哥伦布的德克斯特，来自爱达荷州卡德威尔的海莉，来自澳大利亚平贾拉的扎德，来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的拉切尔，来自加利福尼亚州奥克兰的罗温，来自加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省维多利亚的艾登，来自科罗拉多州博尔德的克莱尔，来自伊利诺伊州洛马尔的凯特琳和格雷厄姆，来自印度尼西亚雅加达的伊隆，来自宾夕法尼亚州的克莱尔和塞缪尔，来自加利福尼亚州伯克利的塞巴斯蒂安，来自加拿大温哥华的科本，来自佐治亚州坎顿的戴维斯，来自纽约州波特华盛顿的乔纳，来自加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省维多利亚的凯莉，来自密歇根州的埃莉诺、约瑟芬、里根和夏洛特，来自加利福尼亚州圣罗莎的格里芬，来自明尼苏达州德卢斯的安东，来自澳大利亚珀斯的阿里亚，来自华盛顿州温哥华的玛吉，来自加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省维多利亚的埃莉诺和亨利，以及来自马萨诸塞州的莱拉。
Toby from Newport News, Virginia, Paramie from Shanghai, China, Ella from Colorado Springs, Colorado, Owen and Evelyn from O'Fallon, Missouri, Leo from Folkstone UK, Noah from Georgia, Theo from Brooklyn, New York, Miles from Ohio, Harris from Mobile, Alabama, Thiago and Cortez from Fountain Valley, California, Finn from Mount Washington, California, Leo from New York City, Marta from Concord, New Hampshire, Harrison from Winooski, Vermont, Josephine from Arlington Heights, Illinois, Theodora from Lisbon, Portugal, Lucas from Baldwin, Missouri, Isabella from Tiburon, California, Baxter from Seattle, Austin and Lucas from Taipei, Taiwan, Kylan from Washington DC, Ben from Cincinnati, Hazel from Oak Creek, Colorado, Joshua from Fairfax Station, Virginia, Leo from Linden, Washington, Dono from Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Leo from Melbourne, Australia, Martina from Sydney, Australia, Adrian from Foster City, California, Eva and Emma from Thetford, Vermont, Arthur from Brooklyn, New York, Elizabeth from Lincoln, Nebraska, Yasmin from Ottawa, Killian and Beckett from Niska Yuna, New York, Christiana from Yonkers, New York, Reyna from London, England, Hugo from Frankfurt, Germany, Dexter from Columbus, Ohio, Haley from Caldwell, Idaho, Zade from Pinjarra, Australia, Rachel from Durham, North Carolina, Rowan from Oakland, California, Aiden from Victoria, British Columbia, Claire from Boulder, Colorado, Caitlin and Graham from Lombard, Illinois, Elon from Jakarta, Indonesia, Claire and Samuel from Pennsylvania, Sebastian from Berkeley, California, Coben from Vancouver, Davis from Canton, Georgia, Jonah from Port Washington, New York, Kelly from Victoria, British Columbia, Eleanor, Josephine, Reagan, and Charlotte from Michigan, Griffin from Santa Rosa, California, Anton from Duluth, Minnesota, Aliyah from Perth, Australia, Maggie from Vancouver, Washington, Eleanor and Henry from Victoria, British Columbia, and Lyra from Massachusetts.
下周我们将在昆虫世界迎来一场史诗级对决。
Tune in next week when we'll have an epic battle in the insect world.
谢谢收听。
Thanks for listening.
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