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本期节目由Bombas赞助。
Today's episode is sponsored by Bombas.
这一年到了我们思考的时候了：今年我要做些什么不同的事？
It's the time of the year we think about, what am I gonna do differently this year?
也许我会多读点书。
Maybe I'm gonna read more.
也许我会多锻炼。
Maybe I'm gonna work out more.
也许我会学一项新技能，但在我列表的首位，最重要的是让自己更舒适。
Maybe I'm gonna learn a new skill, skill, but really at the top of my list is number one, to get comfy.
这就是Bombas的用武之地。
And that's where Bombas comes in.
它们为我日常穿的所有衣物带来了极致的舒适感。
They're bringing serious comfort to all my everyday go tos.
全新推出的Bombas运动袜，专为跑步、高尔夫、徒步、滑雪、单板滑雪等各种运动设计，提供运动专属的舒适体验。
The all new Bombas sport socks are engineered with sport specific comfort for running, golf, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, and all sport.
今年，我会多带我的狗散步，走更长、更好的路，而这些袜子会帮助我在散步时保持舒适。
This year, I'm gonna walk my dog more, longer walks, better walks, and these socks are gonna help me stay comfy while I do it.
至于我其他的决心，比如去书店多挑些书来读，我会穿我的新款柔软星期六麂皮拖鞋，这种鞋非常适合外出时穿着，非常舒适。
And for all my other resolutions like going to the bookstore and picking out more books to read, I'm gonna wear my new squishy Saturday suede slip on shoes, which are super comfortable for being on the go.
前往 bombas.com/family26 并使用代码 family 26，享受首次购买八折优惠。
Head over to bombas.com/family26 and use code family 26 for 20% off your first purchase.
网址是 bombas.com/family20six，结账时输入代码 family 26。
That's bombas.com/family20six, code family 26 at checkout.
嗨，朋友们。
Hi, friends.
你们可能听说了，今年春天我和Bark、Sandin正在全国巡演《Brains on Live》。
You might have heard that Bark, Sandin, and I are on the road this spring with Brains on Live.
我们已经去过好几个城市了，过程非常愉快。
We've been to several cities so far, and it has been so much fun.
我们的下两站是亚特兰大和劳德代尔堡。
Our next two stops are Atlanta and Fort Lauderdale.
那是在三月。
That's at the March.
然后我们刚刚宣布，五月份增加了堪萨斯州的劳伦斯，六月份增加了俄亥俄州的哥伦布。
And then we just announced that we added Lawrence, Kansas in May and Columbus, Ohio in June.
我们还将前往查塔努加、达勒姆、密尔沃基、波特兰、布法罗和密歇根州的安娜堡。
We're also heading to Chattanooga, Durham, Milwaukee, Portland, Buffalo, and Ann Arbor, Michigan.
我们希望你们能参加其中一场演出。
We hope you'll be able to join us at one of those shows.
我们迫不及待想见到你们。
We can't wait to see you.
要购票和获取更多信息，可以访问 brainson.org/events。
To get tickets and get more information, you can head to brainson.org/events.
那就是 brainson.org/events。
That's brainson.org/events.
你正在收听《Brain Zone》，我们认真对待好奇心。
You're listening to Brain Zone, where we're serious about being curious.
《大脑星球》部分资金由美国国家科学基金会提供支持。
Brains On is supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
我喜欢厕纸。
I love TP.
厕纸是我的最爱。
TP is for me.
莫莉，你有厕纸吗？
Molly, do you have any toilet paper?
总部所有洗手间的厕纸都用光了。
All the bathrooms and brains on HQ are out.
是的。
Yeah.
抱歉啊。
Sorry about that.
我得把所有的都用完。
I needed to use all of it.
什么？
What?
你把所有的厕纸都用完了？
You needed to use all of the toilet paper?
是的。
Yeah.
为了我新最爱的活动。
For my new favorite activity.
上厕所？
Going to the bathroom?
装饰厕纸。
Decorating toilet paper.
哦。
Oh.
好吧。
Okay.
这太有趣了，每次上厕所都像开派对一样。
It's so fun, and it makes every visit to the loo a potty party.
我真为你高兴。
I'm so happy for you.
我能拿一卷吗？
Can I have a roll?
我真的想
I I really have
去一下。
to go.
当然可以。
Sure.
选一卷让你觉得兴奋的。
Pick one that feels exciting to you.
我有扎染的、迷彩的、彩虹色的。
I've got tie dye, camouflage, rainbow.
哦，我还提供定制马桶纸肖像服务。
Oh, and I do custom toilet paper portraiture.
随便给我一张就行。
Just give me whatever.
不行。
No.
不行。
No.
你必须选一张。
You you have to pick.
我希望你能拥有
I want you to have
一次完全个性化的如厕体验。
a perfectly personalized potty experience.
好吧。
Fine.
我就选这个了。
I'll take this one.
不错的选择。
Great choice.
等等。
Wait.
每一张纸上都有冈加多尔的脸吗？
Does every sheet have Gungador's face on it?
哦，不会吧。
Oh, no.
不会。
No.
不会。
No.
不会。
No.
不。
No.
不。
No.
这个怎么样？
How about this one?
普通款。
The garden variety.
哦，这个太适合你了，罗茜·罗斯。
Oh, that's perfect for you, Rosie Rose.
每张纸上都有一朵手绘的花，而且还有香味。
There's a hand drawn flower on every sheet, and it's scented too.
闻一闻。
Give it a whiff.
我要这个。
I'll take it.
给你。
Here you go.
谢谢。
Thanks.
哦，这让我想起来。
Oh, and that reminds me.
我今天晚些时候要去参加一个卫生纸手工大会，需要有人替我主持一集。
I'm headed to a toilet paper crafting conference later today, and I need someone to guest host an episode for me.
你愿意吗？
Would you be up for it?
哦，当然可以。
Oh, yeah.
哪一集？
What episode?
纸是怎么制成的？
How is paper made?
天哪。
Oh my gosh.
太完美了。
That's perfect.
我超爱纸、折纸、纸浆工艺，甚至可能包括卫生纸。
I'm obsessed with paper, origami, paper mache, maybe even toilet paper.
谁知道呢？
Who knows?
我迫不及待要当客座主持人了，莫莉，但首先，我得试试这款用心制作的特殊卫生纸。
I can't wait to guest host Molly, but first, I just gotta try this super special made with love toilet paper.
太喜欢了。
Love it.
爱你。
Love you.
得走了。
Gotta go.
你正在收听来自APM工作室的《大脑》节目。
You're listening to brains on from APM studios.
我是罗斯·杜邦。
I'm Rosie duPont.
由于莫莉·布卢姆不在，我很荣幸能与来自马萨诸塞州阿克顿的阿里亚共同担任本期节目的嘉宾主持人。
Since Molly Bloom is away, I have the honor of guest hosting with Arya from Acton, Massachusetts.
你好，阿里亚。
Hi, Arya.
你好，罗斯。
Hi, Rosie.
今天这一期节目讲的是纸是怎么制造的。
So today's episode is about how paper is made.
多年来，我们收到了很多关于这个问题的提问。
We've gotten a lot of questions about it over the years.
纸是怎么制造的？
How is paper made?
纸是怎么从树木中制作出来的？
How is paper made from trees?
纸是怎么制作出来的？
How is paper made?
纸是怎么从木材中制作出来的？
How is paper made out of wood?
纸是怎么制作的？我们如何才能减少砍伐更多树木？
How is paper made, and how can we prevent more trees from being cut down?
衷心感谢加布、哈丽特、菲、小芳、卡西和艾什琳提交你们的问题。
Big thank you to Gabe, Harriet, Faye, Xiaofong, Cassie, and Ashlyn for sending in your questions.
我必须说，人们对纸感到好奇是很自然的，因为纸无处不在。
And I gotta say, it makes sense that people are curious about paper because paper is all around us.
有打印纸和披萨盒。
There's printer paper and pizza boxes.
有卫生纸和包装纸。
Toilet paper and wrapping paper.
砂纸。
Sandpaper.
纸尿裤。
Diapers.
书籍。
Books.
壁纸。
Wallpaper.
还有收据。
Receipts.
甚至还有纸币，宝贝。
And even money, honey.
艾莉亚，你在学校里会用纸做哪些活动呢？
Arya, what kinds of activities do you use paper for at school?
有时候会用在书本上。
Sometimes in books.
用来记东西。
For writing stuff down.
比如写日记吗？
Like journals?
是的。
Yeah.
你在美术课上用吗？
Do you use it in art class?
美术课。
Art class.
比如，我非常喜欢做手工。
Like, I like making crafts a lot.
比如，做什么样的手工？
Like, what kind of crafts?
有时候我会做折纸。
Maybe sometimes I do origamis.
你会折纸吗？
You can do origami?
是的。
Yeah.
比如，折纸是什么样子的？
Like, what does that look like?
就是把纸折成一些三维形状。
It's like folded pieces of paper come to three d sometimes.
太酷了。
That's so cool.
你都在做哪些三维形状？
And what kind of three d shapes are you building?
我可以折一只天鹅。
I can make like a swan.
哇哦。
Woah.
是的。
Yeah.
我还会折一些简单的手里剑。
I can do a little bit of like a ninja star.
我能折兔子、猫和盒子。
I can make rabbits, cats, boxes.
太棒了。
That's awesome.
我很喜欢你这么心灵手巧。
I love that you're so crafty.
对。
Yeah.
那纸飞机也算作折纸吗？
So do you count paper planes as part of origami?
算。
Yes.
我会。
I do.
因为折纸基本上就是通过折叠纸张来制作物品，而折纸飞机也是折叠纸张。
Because origami is basically when you fold paper to make an object, and you fold paper to make a paper airplane.
所以是的。
So yeah.
是的。
Yeah.
太酷了。
That's so cool.
你的纸飞机飞得最远有多远？
And how far has your best paper plane flown?
我不知道。
I don't know.
我做过一个特别酷的技巧。
I did this, like, really cool trick.
所以我哥哥做了一个，我也做了一个。
So it was like my brother made one and I made one.
然后，你知道吗，你可以把纸飞机打开？
And then, you know how, like, you can open the paper airplane?
嗯。
Mhmm.
所以我们把另一个纸飞机塞了进去。
So we stuffed another paper airplane in it.
什么？
What?
等等。
Wait.
这怎么做到的？
How does that work?
我不知道。
I don't know.
但那真的特别酷。
But it was like it was really cool.
然后你把它扔出去，它会在空中转个圈，然后就直接掉下来。
So then you threw it, and they would do like a circle in the air, and like it would just fall.
那真的太酷了。
It was really cool.
所以它们会像散开一样。
So they would like spread apart.
等等。
Wait.
那两个飞机还会彼此分开？
The the two planes would separate from each other?
它们会分开，然后各自转一个圈，接着就掉下来。
They would, like, separate, and then they would go, like and, like, maybe wind down one circle, and then they would fall.
这真的太棒了。
That's really, really cool.
是的。
Yeah.
你让我想出去试试折纸。
You you're making me wanna go out and and try origami.
是的。
Yeah.
你能告诉我今天你接触过的纸制品有哪些吗？
So can you name for me the things that are made out of paper that you touched today?
笔记本、书，
Notebooks, books,
比如普通的纸、纸巾、面巾纸。
like regular pieces of paper, paper towels, tissue papers.
我想就这些了。
I think that's pretty much it.
是的。
Yeah.
我的情况也差不多。
I mean, I that's pretty similar to me.
我觉得我还接触过纸巾、咖啡滤纸，还有邮件里收到的小册子的页面之类的。
I'd say I also it was definitely like tissue, coffee filter, pages of, like, you know, a pamphlet I got in the mail?
是的。
Yeah.
对。
Yeah.
比如装饼干的盒子，因为我超爱吃饼干。
A box of, like, for crackers because I love crackers.
我还得说，用了很多卷纸。
And I have to say, a lot of toilet paper.
哦，是啊。
Oh, yeah.
你知道吗？
You know what?
我们经常触碰它，却常常忘了它其实是纸。
We touch it all the time, and we often don't even remember that it's paper.
没错。
True.
所以有这么多不同的东西都是用纸做的。
So there's all this different stuff made from paper.
但纸本身是由什么制成的呢？
But what's paper itself made out of?
它是从植物中制成的。
It's made from plants.
准确地说，是纤维素，这种物质让植物变得坚硬结实。
Cellulose to be exact, the stuff that makes plants stiff and strong.
你知道吗？当你咬一口芹菜茎时，里面全是纤维状的？
You know how when you bite into a stick of celery, it's all stringy inside?
嗯，
Well,
那种纤维状的东西就是纤维素。
that stringy stuff is made up of cellulose.
这里有个有趣的事实。
And here's a fun fact.
你可以用芹菜来做纸。
You can make paper out of celery.
哇哦。
Woah.
真酷。
Cool.
是的。
Yeah.
你可以用几乎任何植物来造纸。
You can make paper out of almost any plant.
海藻？
Seaweed?
嗯嗯。
Mhmm.
香蕉呢？
Bananas?
香蕉皮。
The peels.
是的。
Yeah.
还有棉花和亚麻，美元钞票就是用这些材料做的。
And cotton and linen, that's what dollar bills are made of.
有些卫生纸是用竹子做的。
And some toilet paper is made of bamboo.
真的。
For real.
去问问莫莉就知道了。
Just ask Molly.
不过如今，世界上绝大多数的纸都以木材为原料，而木材取自树木。
But today, most of the paper in the world comes from wood, and wood comes from trees.
我们来想象一棵树吧。
Let's imagine a tree.
我现在脑补出一棵橡树，它长得特别高，树皮粗糙不平，还结了好多橡子。
I'm picturing it's it's an oak, and it's super tall, and it's covered in rough bark, and it's got all these acorns.
艾莉亚，你正在想象的是什么树呢？
What kind of tree are you picturing, Arya?
一棵樱桃树。
A cherry tree.
它长什么样子？
What does it look like?
春天的时候它特别好看，枝头开满粉白的花朵，之后这些花就会结出樱桃。
It's all pretty in spring with its pink and white flowers waiting to be bloomed into cherries.
哦，听上去太美了。
Oh, it sounds so pretty.
我爱樱桃树。
I love cherry trees.
是的。
Yeah.
而且我们的两种树都非常非常坚固。
And both of our trees are very, very strong.
与芹菜不同，把树干折断可没那么容易。
And unlike celery, snapping a tree trunk in half is not so easy.
这是因为树木中的纤维素非常坚固。
That's because the cellulose in trees is super strong.
比芹菜强得多。
Way stronger than celery.
树木需要足够坚韧，以免在风中被吹倒。
Trees need to be tough so they don't tip over in the wind.
但这还不是全部。
But that's not all.
树木必须长出非常坚硬的木质茎和枝条，以便将叶子举向天空，从而获取阳光，为自己制造养分。
Trees, they have to grow very stiff woody stems and branches to hold their leaves up to the sky so they can get sunlight, so they can produce food for themselves.
那是史密斯博士。
That's Doctor.
桑福德·史密斯。
Sanford Smith.
我大家都叫我桑迪，我在宾夕法尼亚州立大学工作，是一名林学专业的教学教授，林学就是培育森林的艺术与科学。
I just go by Sandy and I work at Penn State University where I'm a teaching professor in forestry, the art and science of tending forests.
桑迪对树木以及它们如何被制成纸张非常了解。
Sandy knows a lot about trees and how they get turned into paper.
他说，树木内部有大量纤维素细胞。
And he says inside trees, there are tons of cellulose cells.
细胞是构成所有植物和动物的微小基本单位。
Cells are the teeny building blocks that make up every plant and animal.
就像我们的肌肉由微小的肌细胞组成一样，树木的木材也是由微小的纤维素细胞构成的。
And just like our muscles are made up of tiny muscle cells, tree wood is made up of tiny cellulose cells.
树干或树枝里有成千上万、甚至数百万个这样的细胞，它们都被一种叫做木质素的特殊胶水粘在一起。
And there's thousands upon thousands of them, millions of them in any stem of a tree or branch, and they're all stuck together with a special kind of glue called lignin.
这些纤维素细胞对树木来说非常重要。
And these cellulose cells are really important for the tree.
它们内部是中空的，像管道一样在树干中上下输送水分和养分。
They're hollow inside, and they carry water and food up and down the trunk like pipes.
所以，树干实际上是由数百万条微小的管道向上延伸构成的。
So the trunk of a tree is actually millions upon millions of tiny little pipelines going up.
制作纸张时，你会把这些管状的纤维素细胞撕开，变成细小的纤维。
To make paper, you take all these pipe shaped cellulose cells and pull them apart into tiny fibers.
然后这些纤维就会被制成纸张。
And then those fibers get turned into paper.
但这一切是怎么运作的呢？
But how does it all work?
让我们想象一下，我们自己就是一粒微小的纤维素细胞。
Well, let's imagine for a minute that we're a tiny cellulose cell.
下一分钟，我们还在帮助树木上下输送水分。
One minute, we're helping move water up and down inside a tree.
我超爱当一个小小的纤维细胞。
I just love being a little cellulose cell.
再下一分钟，树已经被砍倒并运到了造纸厂。
In the next minute, the tree has been cut down and sent to a paper mill.
森林地面，我来啦。
Forest floor, here I come.
树木的枝条被砍掉，树干被装上卡车，送往造纸厂。
The tree's branches get cut off, the trunk is loaded onto a truck that heads to a paper mill.
当它到达那里后，树干会被剥去树皮。
And then when it gets there, the trunk is debarked.
剥皮就是把树干的树皮放进滚筒机里磨掉。
Debarking is when you rub the bark off the tree trunk in a tumbling machine.
太棒了。
Woo hoo.
真是一段奇妙的旅程。
What a ride.
接下来，树木被切成木屑，装入一个叫做蒸煮器的大罐中。
Next, the tree is chopped into wood chips and loaded into a big tank called a digester.
让我们再听听树木专家桑迪的说法。
Here's tree expert Sandy again.
蒸煮器里充满了化学药剂，并用蒸汽加热到极高的温度，木屑在这种条件下会分解并变得非常柔软。
The digester has lots of chemicals in it, and it's heated up with steam to very high temperatures, and those chips break down and get very soft.
还记得桑迪说过，树木中的纤维素细胞是被一种叫做木质素的天然胶水粘合在一起的吗？
Remember how Sandy said the cellulose cells in trees are stuck together with a natural glue called lignin?
当你对木屑进行加热蒸煮时，木质素胶水就会与纤维素细胞分离。
Well, when you cook the wood chips, the lignin glue separates from the cellulose cells.
这些木质素被溶解并移除，大部分木质素会被送往造纸厂的发电厂。
And that lignin is dissolved and taken away, and most of that lignin goes into the power plant of the mill.
它们会燃烧这些木质素来产生能量。
They burn that to create energy.
当木片加热时，纤维素细胞会分解成细小的纤维束。
As the wood chips cook, the cellulose cells fall apart into little strands of fiber.
你最后得到的是
And what you're left with is
一种叫做纸浆的稀薄液体，由液体和大量微小的纤维素纤维组成。
a soupy liquid called pulp, which is made of liquid and lots of little cellulose fibers.
纸浆中的纤维素纤维非常细小，比人类的头发还要细。
The cellulose fibers in pulp are very tiny, thinner than human hair.
纸浆汤大部分都是液体。
And the pulp soup, it's mostly liquid.
搓呀搓呀纤维素在浴缸里。
Scrub a dub dub cellulose in a tub.
因此需要去除大量液体，而这一过程是在造纸机中完成的。
So there's a lot of liquid to get rid of, and they do that in the paper machine.
桑迪说这些机器非常庞大。
Sandy says these machines are huge.
纸机实际上是一系列相互连接的机器，长度超过一个足球场。
So paper machines are really a series of machines that are all joined together and they're longer than a football field.
它们非常庞大。
They're huge.
在纸机的湿端，你将湿纤维送入其中。
And at the wet end of the paper machine, that's where you're putting in the wet fiber.
纤维进入后，会经过一个像大筛网一样的网状结构，并逐渐铺展开来。
It goes in there and it starts going across a screen, a large screen like a house screen, and it spreads out.
这些充满纸浆的大筛网开始快速移动，速度约为每小时70英里。
And these big screens filled with pulp start moving fast, about 70 miles an hour.
哇哦。
Woo hoo.
人生是一条高速公路。
Life is a highway.
我想骑上它
I wanna ride it
整晚不停。
all night long.
它们会经过一系列不同的滚筒和加热装置。
They run through a bunch of different rollers and heaters.
当充满纸浆的网帘到达纸机的另一端时，纸浆中的纤维素纤维已经被烘干并压平成
By the time the screens filled with pulp reach the other end of the paper machine, the cellulose fibers in the pulp have been dried out and pressed flat into
纸张。
Paper.
整个过程进行得非常快，纸机末端输出的纸卷巨大无比。
The whole process is going so fast, and these rolls of paper come out at the end and they're huge.
它们非常巨大。
They're huge.
它们的厚度达到数吨。
They're several tons thickness.
这些纸卷会被切割或运输出去，加工成其他纸制品。
These rolls of paper get cut up or shipped out to be turned into other paper products.
然后这些小小的纤维素纤维就开启了一段全新的旅程。
And that little cellulose fiber is off on a new adventure.
那就先再会啦。
Ta ta for now.
我希望自己能变成一个装满惊喜的信封，或是一个拥有超棒衣橱的纸娃娃。
I hope I become an envelope full of surprises or maybe a paper doll with a killer wardrobe.
才不要呢。
No.
我想做一片纸雪花。
I wanna be a paper snowflake.
玩得开心哦，纤维小伙伴。
Have fun, fiber friend.
关于用纸玩出花样，还有好多我都还没设想过的玩法呢。
There are so many ways to play with paper that I haven't even thought of yet.
听众朋友们，之前我们请大家把自己亲手做的纸艺作品照片发给我们，你们真的寄来了超多厉害的作品。
Listeners, we asked you to send us pictures of paper creations you've made, and you sent us a ton of amazing things.
我们已经在我们的《Brains on Universe》社交媒体频道上发布了你们作品的图片。
We've posted pictures of your work on our Brains on Universe social media channels.
请让你们的父母给你们看看。
Ask your parents to show you.
好的。
Okay.
我们稍后会继续聊聊纸张，但首先，是时候进入
We're going to talk more about paper in a bit, but first, it's time for the
神秘声音。
Mystery sound.
好的。
Alright.
Arya，你准备好听神秘声音了吗？
Arya, are you ready for the mystery sound?
是的。
Yes.
太好了。
Great.
好的。
Okay.
太好了。
Great.
来了。
Here it is.
嘿，Arya。
Hey, Arya.
你觉得这是什么？
What do you think it is?
我觉得可能是有人在订书。
I think it might be someone stapling something.
太棒了。
Amazing.
你想再听一遍吗？
Do you wanna hear it one more time?
好的，请。
Yes, please.
你的答案有改变吗，还是一样？
Has your answer changed, or is it the same?
没有。
No.
我觉得还是一样。
I think it's the same.
好的。
Okay.
所以是订纸。
So stapling paper.
是的。
Yeah.
好的。
Okay.
太好了。
Great.
好吧，我们会在节目结束后的片尾字幕后听到答案。
Well, we will hear the answer after the credits at the end of the show.
今天的节目由Bombas赞助。
Today's episode is sponsored by Bombas.
这一年到了我们思考的时候了：今年我要做些什么不同的事？
It's the time of the year we think about, what am I gonna do differently this year?
也许我要多读书。
Maybe I'm gonna read more.
也许我要多锻炼。
Maybe I'm gonna work out more.
也许我要学一项新技能，但在我列表的首位，最重要的是让自己更舒适。
Maybe I'm gonna learn a new skill, but really at the top of my list is number one, to get comfy.
而这就是Bombas的用武之地。
And that's where Bombas comes in.
它们为我日常穿的所有衣物带来了极致的舒适感。
They're bringing serious comfort to all my everyday go tos.
全新推出的Bombas运动袜专为运动设计，适合跑步、高尔夫、徒步、滑雪、单板滑雪等各种运动场景。
The all new Bombas Sport Socks are engineered with sport specific comfort for running, golf, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, and all sport.
今年，我要多带我的狗散步，走更长、更好的路，而这双袜子能让我在散步时保持舒适。
This year, I'm gonna walk my dog more, longer walks, better walks, and these socks are gonna help me stay comfy while I do it.
至于我其他的所有决心，比如去书店多挑些书来读，我会穿我的新款柔软周六麂皮懒人鞋，这种鞋在外出时超级舒适。
And for all my other resolutions like going to the bookstore and picking out more books to read, I'm gonna wear my new squishy Saturday suede slip on shoes, which are super comfortable for being on the go.
前往 bombas.com/family26 并使用代码 family26，即可享受首单8折优惠。
Head over to bombas.com/family26 and use code family 26 for 20% off your first purchase.
网址是 bombas.com/family20six，结账时输入代码 family26。
That's bombas.com/family20six, code family26 at checkout.
我们正在制作一期关于木星的专题节目，它是太阳系中最大的行星。
We're making an episode all about Jupiter, the biggest planet in our solar system.
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这让我们开始想象，如果行星有个性，它们会是什么样子？会有怎样的昵称呢？
And it got us wondering, if planets had personalities, what would they be like, And what would their nicknames be?
也许木星会非常强悍，就叫木星；而水星则小巧活泼，叫小梅尔克。
Maybe Jupiter would be super tough and go by Jupiter, or Mercury would be tiny and spunky and go by mini Merck.
如果你能给太阳系中的任何一颗行星取个昵称，你会取什么？为什么？
If you could give a nickname to any planet in our solar system, what would it be and why?
你觉得呢，阿莉雅？
What do you think, Arya?
也许我会给土星取个名字？
Maybe I would name Saturn?
是的。
Mhmm.
钻石戒指行星，因为土星本来就有一个环。
The diamond ring planet because Saturn already has a ring around it.
是的。
Mhmm.
那为什么不加一颗钻石呢？
And why not add a diamond?
太可爱了。
That's so cute.
我喜欢这个点子。
I love it.
这个昵称真棒。
That's such a good nickname.
谢谢。
Thank you.
各位听众，录制你们为行星取的昵称，并发送到 brainson dot org slash contact。
Well, listeners, record your planet nickname and send it to us at brainson dot org slash contact.
同时，别忘了发送你们的神秘声音、绘画和问题。
While you're there, send us your mystery sounds, drawings, and questions.
就像这个。
Like this one.
当你生病时，身体里会发生什么
What happens in your body when
你生病时会发生什么？
you get sick?
你可以在《Moment of》播客中找到这类问题的答案，这是一档每天工作日为您带来简短事实与乐趣的节目。
You can find answers to questions like these on the Moment of podcast, a short dose of facts and fun every weekday.
请前往 brainson.org 查找《Moment of》及其他内容。
Find Moment of and more at brainson dot org.
所以请继续收听。
So keep listening.
《Brains On Universe》是一个专为儿童及其成年听众打造的播客系列。
Brains On Universe is a family of podcasts for kids and their adults.
既然你是《Brains On》的粉丝，我们相信你也会喜欢我们宇宙中的其他节目。
Since you're a fan of Brains On, we know you'll love the other shows in our universe.
来吧。
Come on.
让我们探索一下。
Let's explore.
大脑科学！
Brains On!
我是他们最大的粉丝。
I'm their biggest fan.
我也喜欢《Forever Ago》，这是一档适合全家人的有趣历史播客。
I also love Forever Ago, a fun history podcast for the whole family.
听好了。
Listen.
我现在就给你播放《Forever Ago》。
I will play you forever ago now.
你会喜欢的。
You will love.
信鸽是一种快速向军事基地传递信息的方式。
Homing pigeons were a speedy way to deliver messages to military bases.
有些鸽子一天能飞数百英里，以每小时60英里的速度在空中疾驰。
Some pigeons could fly hundreds of miles in a single day, zipping through the air as fast as 60 miles per hour.
这么小的鸟居然飞得这么快。
That's so fast for such a tiny bird.
这些鸽子在战争期间传递了无数救命的信息。
These pigeons delivered life saving messages throughout the war.
佐尔布，信号去哪儿了？
Zorb, where did the signal go?
现在必须找到《Forever Ago》。
Must find forever ago now.
在你收听播客的任何平台都可以收听《Forever Ago》。
Listen to Forever Ago wherever you get your podcasts.
你正在收听《Brains On》。
Brains You're listening to Brains on.
我是阿莉娅。
I'm Arya.
我是罗斯。
And I'm Rosie.
今天，我们要聊聊纸以及它是如何制造的。
And today, we're talking about paper and how it's made.
我们了解到，纸是由纤维素制成的，这种物质让植物变得坚硬而强韧。
We learned that paper is made out of cellulose, the stuff that makes plants stiff and strong.
在美国，大多数纸是由树木制成的。
In The United States, most paper is made out of trees.
但在世界其他地方，树木没有那么多。
But in other parts of the world, they don't have as many trees.
那他们该怎么办呢？
So what do they do?
我们采访了斯里·拉马斯瓦米。
We spoke with Sri Ramaswamy.
他是明尼苏达大学生物产品与生物系统工程系的教授。
He's a professor in bioproducts and biosystems engineering at the University of Minnesota.
他非常了解由可再生资源制成的东西。
He knows all about things made from renewable resources.
这些是自然界中如果我们使用后可以被替代的东西，比如树木。
These are things in nature that can be replaced if we use them, like trees.
他说，在世界其他地方，当树木不多时，他们会使用当地丰富的植物。
He says in other parts of the world, when they don't have a lot of trees, they use the plants they do have a lot of.
竹子是世界上某些地区可用的一种资源。
Bamboo is a resource that is available in some parts of the world.
因此，在亚洲地区，竹子是一个选择。
So places in Asia, it is an option.
在南美洲，一种类似于竹子的替代品是甘蔗渣，即从甘蔗中提取糖分后剩下的残渣。
The alternative, similar to bamboo in South America, they actually use sugarcane bagasse, which is a residue after you take out the sugar from sugarcane.
这种残渣也可以用来造纸。
And that can be also used in making paper.
哇哦。
Woah.
甘蔗纸。
Sugar cane paper.
真棒。
Sweet.
这种甘蔗纸的酷炫之处在于，它是用将甘蔗加工成糖晶体后剩下的残渣制成的。
And what's cool about that sugar cane paper is that it's made from materials left over after you turn sugar cane into sugar crystals.
所以这些本来会被当成垃圾丢掉或焚烧发电的材料，现在变成了纸。
So it's stuff that otherwise would have been trash or burned for energy.
但如今，它们变成了纸。
But instead, it's paper.
非常环保。
Very earth friendly.
没错。
Exactly.
但即使在美国，造纸业也很好地做到了在砍伐老树后重新种植新树。
But even in The United States, the paper industry is good about replanting new trees after they cut old ones down.
而且Tree提到，没有被回收的纸张可以自然降解，重新回归自然环境。
And Tree says paper that isn't recycled can easily break down and become part of nature again.
和我们使用的很多其他材料不同——就拿我们常用的塑料举例——纸张的原料是可再生资源，而且本身是可回收的。
Unlike many other materials that we use, many of the plastic that we use, for example, paper is actually is coming from a renewable resource and it is recyclable.
它还能重复使用。
It's reusable.
所以从这个角度来说，我觉得大家完全不必有‘啊，我在用纸（会不环保）’这种心理负担。
So from that point of view, I don't think one has to feel that, oh, I'm using papers.
实际上我正在对环境造成负面影响，至少在美国是这样的。
I'm actually affecting the environment in a negative way, at least in The US.
真聪明。
Brains.
罗西，想听个很酷的小知识吗？
Rosie, wanna hear a cool fact?
羽衣甘蓝是不是膳食纤维素的优质来源呀？
Is kale an excellent source of dietary fiber?
当然。
Of course.
在美国，我们回收了超过60%的纸张和约90%的纸板。
In The United States, we recycle over 60% of all paper and around 90% of all cardboard.
太棒了。
Go us.
我们真厉害。
We rock.
我记得我第一次被回收时的情景，就像昨天发生的一样。
I remember the first time I was recycled like it was yesterday.
谁说的？
Who said that?
我觉得是地上那个旧生日帽。
I think it was that old birthday party hat on the ground.
生日帽。
Party hat.
手工纸
Construction paper.
来自爱达荷州博伊西市中心的明信片。
Postcard from beautiful downtown Boise, Idaho.
我做过很多不同的事情，但归根结底，都是一样的。
I've been a lot of different things, but at the end of the day, it's all the same.
我是纸。
I'm paper.
我叫克朗普斯蒂尔金，简称克朗普斯蒂尔金，不像我的人生，漫长得让人疲惫。
My name is Crumplestiltskin, Crumplestiltskin, Crumplestiltskin for short, unlike my life, which has been so so long.
哦，所以你被回收过？
Oh, so you've been recycled?
我们很想
We'd love to
听听你的故事。
hear about it.
是的
Yeah.
我一辈子都在回收纸张，但从未听过从一张纸的视角来看会发生什么。
I've recycled paper all my life, but I've never gotten to hear what happens from a piece of paper's point of view.
这真有趣。
This is neat.
有趣。
Neat.
你觉得被不断重制成各种纸张和纸制品，甚至有一次变成一张来自博伊西——树之城——的明信片，很有趣吗？
You think being turned into an endless array of papers and paper related products, including one time a postcard for Boise, aka the City Of Trees, is neat?
是的
Yeah.
很好。
Great.
因为这确实很有趣。
Because it is neat.
非常棒。
Very neat.
我真的很幸运。
I'm truly blessed.
确实。
Truly.
那么它是怎么运作的呢？
So how does it work?
嗯，罗斯，你有没有在寒冷的冬日里从头开始做巧克力曲奇？
Well, Rosie, you ever make chocolate chip cookies from scratch on a cold winter day?
有。
Yeah.
回收纸张就像那样吗？
Is a recycling paper like that?
完全不是。
Not at all.
你看，当你把这张纸丢进装满其他可回收物的垃圾桶时，它就开始了一段漫长而曲折的旅程，就像以博伊西河命名的风景如画的博伊西市一样。
You see, when you drop that paper in a bin with all your other recyclables, it sets off on a journey that is both long and winding, not unlike the Boise River from which Scenic Boise gets its name.
顺便问一下，我有没有提过我曾经被回收成一张介绍爱达荷州博伊西美景的明信片？
By the way, did I mention I was once recycled into a postcard for beautiful Boise, Idaho?
是的。
Yes.
你提过。
You did.
好多次了。
Several times.
你永远不会忘记你的第一次回收经历。
You never forget your first recycle.
无论如何，这一切都始于用过的纸张被运送到一个叫做材料回收设施的地方。
Anyway, it all starts when the used paper is taken to a place called a materials recovery facility.
一想到这个我就兴奋不已。
I get giddy just thinking about it.
我们可以乘坐这条有趣的小传送带，塑料、纸张和金属都会由机器分拣。
We get to ride this fun little conveyor belt, and plastic and paper and metals all get sorted by machines.
有时，工人会挑出那些不该出现在这里的杂物。
Sometimes, workers pick out all the small stuff that shouldn't be in there.
有一次，我在混合物里看到一个马桶座圈。
One time, I saw a toilet seat in the mix.
这肯定不能回收。
That's definitely not recyclable.
我知道。
I know.
那为什么呢？
So why?
所以，所有东西分拣完之后，接下来会发生什么？
So after everything is sorted, then what happens?
嗯，罗斯，我们纸片会被称重、打包，然后运往下一个目的地——另一家造纸厂。
Well, Rosie, us paper pieces are weighed and packed and shipped off to our next destination, Another paper mill.
你能相信吗？
Can you believe it?
你可能相信，因为这非常可信。
You probably can because it's very believable.
确实如此。
It is.
造纸厂。
The paper mill.
天哪。
Oh, boy.
就像博伊西人说的，这里才是奇迹发生的地方。
As people from Boise would say, this is where the magic happens.
我是说造纸厂，不是博伊西。
At the paper mill, I mean, not Boise.
奇迹在那里也会发生，但那里更有一种社区归属感。
The magic happens there too, but it's it's much more of a community built feeling of belonging.
而在这家造纸厂里，所谓的魔法就是把旧纸张变成新纸。
At the paper mill, the magic is turning old paper into new.
这也挺厉害的。
That's pretty impressive too.
对了，Crumpl，能不能跟我讲讲他们具体是怎么把这些颜色、油墨都各不相同的杂纸重新做成新纸的？
Tell me, Crumpl, how exactly do they take all those different kinds of paper with different colors and inks and make them new again?
首先，我们会被切碎成小碎片。
First, we're shredded into little pieces.
然后他们会往这些碎料里注水和化学药剂，把它们搅成糊糊状的纸浆。
Then they dump water and chemicals on those pieces to turn them into soupy pulp.
像订书钉、回形针还有带胶带的粘渣这类杂物都会被过滤掉。
Stuff like staples and paper clips and tapey tape get filtered out.
接下来还要再加更多化学药剂，注入气泡。
Then more chemicals and air bubbles.
这些步骤能帮着把所有的油墨都清理干净。
They help get rid of all the inks.
所以，基本上，旧用纸会被重新变成纸浆，就像树木被制成纸浆来生产新纸一样？
So basically, the old used paper gets turned back into a pulp, just like how trees are turned into a pulp to make new paper?
是的。
Yep.
一旦你得到了纸浆，你只需要把它做成纸张、压平并晾干即可。
And once you have your pulp, all you have to do is make it into a sheet, flatten it, and dry it.
然后它就能变成新的东西了，比如咖啡杯的外包装、宣传册，或者如果你运气好的话，一张展示博伊西市众多风景如画的森林环境的明信片。
Then it's ready to be something new, like a carrier for coffee cups, a pamphlet, or if you're lucky, a postcard showing off the many scenic forest surroundings the city of Boise has to offer.
这是每一张纸的梦想，但我恐怕我的回收生涯快要结束了。
It's what every scrap of paper dreams of, but I'm afraid my recycling days are almost over.
别担心，老纸先生。
Don't worry, mister old paper guy.
我们在这之后一定会继续回收你。
We'll still be sure to recycle you after this.
不是那个原因。
It's not that.
只是到了某个时候，纸张纤维和再生纸已经磨损得无法再被重复利用了，而我的纤维已经老化了。
It's just at some point, the fibers and recycled paper are just too worn out to be reused, and my fibers are old.
大多数纸张可以被回收五到七次，而这个生日帽是我第七次回收了。
Most paper can be recycled five to seven times, and this birthday hat is my seventh recycle.
我不确定我还能不能进行第八次回收，但你知道吗？
I'm not sure if I've got an eighth one in me, but you know what?
你说你相信我。
You said you believe in me.
我们说过吗？
We did?
这对我来说已经足够了。
That's good enough for me.
我会试一试。
I'll give it a shot.
把我扔进那个回收箱吧。
Throw me in that recycling bin.
让我们看看老克鲁姆普利斯蒂尔是不是还剩最后一口气。
Let's see if old Crumplestilt has one more life left in him.
这一回献给博伊西。
This one's for Boise.
纸是由植物中的一种叫做纤维素的物质制成的。
Paper is made from something found in plants called cellulose.
在美国，我们用树木来造纸，但其他国家会用竹子之类的东西。
In The US, we use trees to make paper, but other countries use things like bamboo.
我们把植物制成纸浆，
We turn the plants into pulp,
然后机器将其烘干并制成纸张。
and then machines dry it and make paper.
当我们回收一张纸时，它会被重新变成纸浆，再制成新的纸张。
When we recycle a piece of paper, it's turned back into pulp and made into paper again.
好了，本期《大脑进化论》就到这里。
And that's it for this episode of Brains On.
本集由
This episode was written by
罗斯·杜邦和
Rosie duPont and
桑丁·托滕撰写。
Sandin Totten.
由沙伊拉·法赞编辑。
It was edited by Shayla Farzan.
工程支持由加里·奥基夫和吉姆·沙利文提供，音效设计由蕾切尔·布里兹负责，事实核查由
Engineering help from Gary O'Keefe and Jim Sullivan with sound design by Rachel Breeze and fact checking by
杰丝·米勒完成。
Jess Miller.
原创主题音乐由
Original theme music by
马克·桑切斯创作。
Mark Sanchez.
我们还得到了以下团队成员的制作支持：
We had production help from the rest of
《大脑与宇宙》团队的其他成员。
the Brains on Universe team.
莫莉·布卢姆。
Molly Bloom.
安娜·戈德菲尔德。
Anna Goldfield.
尼科·冈萨雷斯·惠斯勒。
Nico Gonzalez Whistler.
鲁比·盖特里。
Ruby Guthrie.
劳伦·亨伯特。
Lauren Humbert.
约书亚·雷。
Joshua Ray.
马克·桑切斯。
Mark Sanchez.
夏洛特·特雷弗。
Charlotte Traver.
安娜·魏格尔。
Anna Weigel.
还有阿隆·沃尔韦萨西。
And Aron Wolvesselassi.
贝丝·帕尔曼是我们的执行制片人，APM工作室的负责人是钱德拉·卡瓦蒂和乔安妮·格里菲思。
Beth Pearlman is our executive producer, and executives in charge of APM studios are Chandra Kavati and Joanne Griffith.
特别感谢桑迪普南·萨尔马和乌尔查娜·乌帕迪亚。
Special thanks to Sandeepan Sarma and Urchana Upadhyay.
《大脑之城》是一个非营利性的公共广播节目。
Brains On is a nonprofit public radio program.
有多种方式可以支持这个节目。
There are lots of ways to support the show.
在YouTube上订阅《Brains On Universe》，观看你最喜欢的一些节目的动画版本，或者访问brainson.org。
Subscribe to Brains on Universe on YouTube, where you can watch animated versions of some of your favorite episodes or head to brainson.org.
在那儿，你可以给我们发送神秘的声音、图画和问题。
While you're there, you can send us mystery sounds, drawings, questions.
好的，Arya。
Okay, Arya.
你准备好再次听这个神秘声音了吗？
Are you ready to listen to the mystery sound again?
是的。
Yep.
好的。
Alright.
来听听吧。
Here it is.
好的。
Okay.
所以你之前说这是在订纸。
So you said it was stapling paper before.
那你的猜测还是没变吗？
Is that your still your same guess?
不是。
No.
因为现在我觉得听起来像是有人在走路的脚步声。
Because now I kinda feel like people it's like footsteps kinda walking.
哦。
Oh.
我真的完全猜不出来了。
I just really don't know.
你想再听最后一次吗？
Do you wanna hear it one last time?
好的，请再放一次。
Yes, please.
是的
Yes.
嗯嗯
Mhmm.
来了。
Here comes.
不是。
No.
这绝对是订书钉订纸的声音。
It's definitely stapling paper.
我能听到纸张被订在一起的声音，还能听到他们移动纸张。
I can I can hear the paper getting stapled together, and I can hear them moving it?
好的。
Okay.
猜得真棒。
Fantastic guess.
让我们听听揭晓结果。
Let's hear the reveal.
好的。
Okay.
我叫艾莉，住在路易斯安那州的门罗。
My name is Ellie, and I live in Monroe, Louisiana.
刚才那是我剪纸的声音。
And that was the sound of me cutting paper.
剪裁
Cutting
纸。
paper.
差一点。
So close.
订纸和剪纸很相似，因为你也是在纸上打孔。
Stapling paper is, like, almost like cutting paper because you're still punching holes in paper.
是的
Yeah.
我觉得你肯定能得部分分数。
I think you get you definitely get partial credit.
好的。
Okay.
剪纸。
Cutting paper.
一定是用那种像Zig风格的剪刀。
It must be with one of those, like, Zig style scissors.
那种剪刀上有图案。
Like, they have, like, designs on them.
当你用它们剪纸时，就会发出那种声音。
And when you cut paper with them, it makes, like, that kind of sound.
嗯
Mhmm.
那些剪刀本身长得几乎就像鳄鱼一样。
They almost look like the scissors themselves look like alligators.
对。
Yeah.
没错。
Yeah.
那还挺酷的。
Those are cool.
现在到了智力荣誉榜的时间。
Now it's time for the brains honor roll.
这些了不起的孩子们通过提问、分享想法、提供神秘声音、绘画和击掌让节目继续精彩进行。
These are the incredible kids who keep the show going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings, and high fives.
来自纽约杰克逊高地的迈克、伊桑和艾比，俄亥俄州都柏林的班尼，肯塔基州列克星敦的莉莉丝，英国伦敦的卢卡斯，马里兰州哥伦比亚的犹大，堪萨斯州奥拉斯的科尔特，澳大利亚悉尼的埃隆，伊利诺伊州奥克帕克的米凯拉，威斯康星州的德克兰，科罗拉多州利特尔顿的亨利和阿洛，纽约德尔马的伊吉，安大略省奥克维尔的金吉，日本岐阜的奥利弗，拉斯维加斯的费利克斯，宾夕法尼亚州朗霍恩的多姆，密歇根州大急流城的艾伦，加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥的瓦尔，马萨诸塞州剑桥的亚历山大，多伦多的艾拉，加利福尼亚州圣卡洛斯的钦马亚，加利福尼亚州圣莱安德罗的玛莎·卢西亚，威斯康星州埃尔克芒德的乔什，纽约南布朗克斯的哈洛，新西兰惠灵顿的凯克斯，新墨西哥州的诺亚，澳大利亚悉尼的艾莉亚，新泽西州蒙特克莱尔的班尼，加利福尼亚州拉加拿大弗林特里奇的查尔斯，马萨诸塞州贝德福德的莱利，丹佛的雅各布和欧文，阿尔伯塔省卡尔加里的埃利奥特和西奥，康涅狄格州西哈特福德的阿齐兹·拉菲克，多伦多的玛娜，纽约梅里克的哈德森，密歇根州三河市的艾米丽，马尼托巴省温尼伯的索菲，澳大利亚巴特汉姆的达西，安大略省滑铁卢的阿奈斯和阿玛雅，得克萨斯州奥斯汀的奥利弗和艾莉，亚利桑那州凤凰城的霍莉，得克萨斯州奥斯汀的塔利亚和阿舍，明尼苏达州库恩拉皮兹的延森和埃塔，得克萨斯州达拉斯的埃莉诺和卢克，威斯康星州尼纳的威尔，北卡罗来纳州夏洛特的伊恩和莱奥妮，伊利诺伊州尚佩恩的ZJ，温哥华的亚伦，弗吉尼亚海滩的马歇尔，新罕布什尔州贝德福德的萨里亚，宾夕法尼亚州赫尔希的伊莱扎，明尼苏达州伊登普雷里的杰拉姆和乔莉，纽约阿默斯特的阿比盖尔和约瑟芬，犹他州桑迪的奥克兰，马萨诸塞州阿普顿的卢奇，加利福尼亚州穆列塔的罗伯特，俄克拉荷马州埃德蒙的乔纳，加利福尼亚州富勒顿的凯文和艾米，缅因州弗里波特的克洛弗，洛杉矶的特迪，以及阿尔伯塔省卡尔加里的华莱士。
Mike, Ethan, and Abby from Jackson Heights, New York, Benny from Dublin, Ohio, Lilith from Lexington, Kentucky, Lucas from London, England, Judah from Columbia, Maryland, Colt from Olath, Kansas, Elon from Sydney, Australia, Mikaela from Oak Park, Illinois, Declan from Wisconsin, Henry and Arlo from Littleton, Colorado, Iggy from Delmar, New York, Jingy from Oakville, Ontario, Oliver from Gifu, Japan, Felix from Las Vegas, Dom from Langhorne, Pennsylvania, Alan from Grand Rapids, Michigan, Val from San Diego, California, Alexander from Cambridge, Massachusetts, Isla from Toronto, Chinmaya from San Carlos, California, Martha Lucia from San Leandro, California, Josh from Elk Mound, Wisconsin, Harlow from South Bronx, New York Cakes from Wellington, New Zealand Noah from New Mexico Arya from Sydney, Australia Benny from Montclair, New Jersey Charles from La Canada, Flintridge, California Riley from Bedford, Massachusetts Jacob and Owen from Denver Elliot and Theo from Calgary, Alberta Aziz Rafiq from West Hartford, Connecticut, Mana from Toronto, Hudson from Merrick, New York, Emily from 3 Rivera, Michigan, Sophie from Winnipeg, Manitoba, Darcy from Butterham, Australia, Anais and Amaya from Waterloo, Ontario, Olive and Ellie from Austin, Texas, Holly from Phoenix, Arizona, Talia and Asher from Austin, Texas, Jensen and Etta from Coon Rapids, Minnesota, Eleanor and Luke from Dallas, Texas, Will from Neenah, Wisconsin, Ian and Leonie from Charlotte, North Carolina, ZJ from Champaign, Illinois, Aaron from Vancouver, Marshall from Virginia Beach, Sariah from Bedford, New Hampshire, Eliza from Hershey, Pennsylvania, Jeram and Jolie from Eden Prairie, Minnesota, Abigail and Josephine from Amherst, New York, Oakland from Sandy, Utah, Lucci from Upton, Massachusetts, Robert from Murrieta, California, Jonah from Edmond, Oklahoma, Kevin and Amy from Fullerton, California, Clover from Freeport, Maine, Teddy from Los Angeles, and Wallace from Calgary, Alberta.
下周我们将带来一期关于唐氏综合症的专题节目。
We'll be back next week with an episode all about Down syndrome.
谢谢收听。
Thanks for listening.
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