2025年美国对外援助政策变革——全球影响深远

在他就职当晚，特朗普总统签署了一项行政命令，冻结了几乎所有国际援助，为期九十天。

On the night of his inauguration, president Trump signed an executive order that froze almost all international assistance for ninety days.

就在那之后

Shortly after that

国务院于周一进一步扩大了特朗普总统的行政行动，将对外援助冻结期延长至九十天。

The state department has issued an expansion on president Trump's executive action Monday to freeze foreign assistance for ninety days.

备忘录显示，国务卿马可·卢比奥下令暂停对外援助支出，并停止所有现有的人道主义和发展项目。

Memo, secretary of state Marco Rubio ordered a pause on foreign aid spending and a stop work order for any existing humanitarian and development projects.

随之而来的是数十亿美元援助的终止，这些资金原本用于从基础设施建设到疫苗接种计划，再到向敏感冲突地区运送物资等各项事务。

What followed was the termination of billions of dollars in aid, which funded everything from infrastructure building to vaccination programs to getting supplies into sensitive conflict zones.

像Oxfam America总裁阿比·马克斯曼这样的专家当时警告称，这一举措可能对那些依赖援助至关重要的国家造成不稳定影响。

Experts like Abby Maxman, president of Oxfam America, warned at the time that this move could have a destabilizing effect in countries where that aid's critical.

这对整个全球援助体系产生了深远的影响。

It's having seismic impacts for the entire global aid system.

坦率地说，这是一项残酷的决定，给全球数百万人民的生命带来了生死攸关的后果。

And really, frankly, it's a cruel decision that has life or death consequences for millions of people around the world.

今年，一个旨在消除所谓被忽视的热带疾病的美国小型对外援助项目被关闭了。

One small US foreign aid program working to eliminate so called neglected tropical diseases was shut down this year.

这些疾病影响着全球超过十亿人，可能导致严重残疾。

Those diseases affect more than a billion people worldwide and can be debilitating.

马马杜·库利·巴利是马里卫生部多个疾病消除项目的协调员。

Mamadou Kui Bali coordinates several disease elimination programs for the Mali Ministry of Health.

这就像一道晴天霹雳。

It was like a thunderbolt.

资金短缺已经使我们的活动陷入停滞。

This lack of financing has stopped our activities.

他表示，该国已动用本国资金填补财政缺口，但这远远不够。

He says the country has used its own money to fill the financial void, but it just isn't enough.

这些疾病会使人完全丧失劳动能力。

These are diseases that make someone completely invalid.

它们对国家的发展造成了极其严重的影响。

They have a very heavy impact on the development of the country.

如果我们不小心，这些疾病可能会卷土重来。

There could be a return of these diseases if we're not careful.

在乌干达西南部，当地居民注意到难民在食物上的花费减少了。

Over in Southwest Uganda, locals note that refugees are spending less on food.

这是因为美国没有续签对联合国世界粮食计划署的资助，而该计划原本帮助他们购买食品。

That's because The US has not renewed its contributions to the UN's World Food Program that helped them buy groceries.

经济学家迪恩·卡林在该地区从事反贫困项目。

Economist Dean Carlin works on antipoverty programs in the region.

由于援助削减，经济活动减少了。

Because of the cutbacks in aid, there was less economic activity going on.

市场不再像以前那样繁荣，人们确实能感受到这种变化。

The markets were not as thriving, and they could actually see that difference.

随着特朗普政府第一年的结束，一些对外援助资金又开始流动，但远少于以往，美国对外援助的未来面貌已大不相同。

As the Trump administration ends its first year, some foreign aid money is flowing again, but much less than before, and the future of US foreign assistance now looks very different.

想想看，对外援助政策的全面调整正在影响那些急需帮助的基层民众，未来还可能影响美国在全球的声誉。

Consider this, the complete overhaul in foreign aid policy is affecting people on the ground who need assistance now, and it may come to affect the reputation of The United States worldwide.

来自NPR，我是胡安娜·萨默斯。

From NPR, I'm Juana Summers.

在这个节日季，Up First团队仍在辛勤工作，推出全新集数，但新闻从不放假。

This holiday season, the team at Up First is still hard at work with all new episodes, but the news does not take a holiday.

我们知道，这一年这个时候跟上新闻变得更加困难了。

And we know it's harder than ever to keep up this time of year.

请收听十五分钟内三大关键新闻。

Listen for three essential stories in under fifteen minutes.

快速了解要闻，然后继续你的日常。

Get caught up and get on with your day.

首先是Up First，请在NPR应用或您收听播客的平台收听。

Up first, listen on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

当我们告别2025年时，我们的记者们正在回顾过去一年报道过的最令人难忘的国际新闻。

As we say goodbye to 2025, our reporters are looking back at some of the most memorable international stories they covered in the last year.

从非洲一座从战争中复苏的城市，到坚韧的印度海龟，从获得解放的难民到反抗的奥地利修女，这些都是过去一年的全球焦点。

From a city in Africa emerging from war to resilient Indian turtles, liberated refugees to defiant Austrian nuns, global favorites from the last year.

请在NPR应用或您收听播客的任何平台收听《世界现状》。

Listen to state of the world on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

您关心世界上正在发生的事情。

You care about what's happening in the world.

通过NPR的《世界现状》播客，及时了解全球动态。

Stay informed with NPR's State of the World podcast.

只需几分钟，我们就带您了解全球各地的故事。

In just a few minutes, we take you to stories around the globe.

您可能会听到全球冲突的最新进展，或了解重大国际事件如何影响您的咖啡价格。

You might hear the latest developments in world conflicts or about what global events mean for the price of your coffee.

收听NPR的《世界现状》播客。

Listen to the State of the World podcast from NPR.

这是来自NPR的《就此而言》。

It's consider this from NPR.

对外国援助的削减以及美国国际开发署的关闭，对依赖这些援助的国家和项目造成了广泛影响。

The cuts to foreign aid and the shutting down of USAID had widespread impact on countries and programs that relied on that assistance.

NPR的瓦特·马塔尼斯和加布里埃拉·埃马努埃尔今年一直关注此事，并与我的联合主持人玛丽·露易丝·凯利进行了交谈。

NPR's Vaat Matanis and Gabriela Emanuele have been following this all year and spoke with my cohost, Mary Louise Kelly, about it.

加布里埃拉，谈谈反应吧。

Gabriela, just reaction.

特朗普政府一上台就采取了这一举措。

The Trump administration makes this move right out of the gate.

全球的反应如何？

Reaction globally was what?

起初，人们完全震惊了。

At the beginning, total shock.

我们采访的一些人称这是一场灾难性事件。

Some people we spoke to called this kind of a cataclysmic event.

好的。

Okay.

那么，法特玛，我们来谈谈为什么。

So Fatma, the why question.

为什么特朗普政府一方面觉得有必要这么做，另一方面又如此迅速地行动？

Why did the Trump administration, a, feel they need to do it and b, do it so quickly?

很明显，特朗普政府将对外援助视为一个巨大的问题。

Well, it became clear quickly that the Trump administration viewed foreign aid as a big fat problem.

认为它不符合国家利益。

That it was not aligned with the national interest.

花费了太多钱。

It cost too much money.

尽管你知道，对外援助仅占联邦预算的约1%。

Even though, you know, in foreign aid was about 1% of the overall federal budget.

因此，他们希望彻底拆解整个体系，并以符合‘美国优先’外交政策的方式重新构建。

So they wanted to really take the whole thing apart and recreate it in a way that fits the America First foreign policy.

作为主导对外援助的机构，USAID被特朗普派共和党人视为左翼的堡垒。

USAID, as the agency that led foreign aid, was seen by Trump Republicans as a bastion of the left.

而它的一些支持性别平等、LGBTQ权利、气候解决方案甚至生殖健康项目的计划，被视为纳税人不应资助的‘觉醒’议程的一部分。

And some of its programs that supported gender equity or LGBTQ rights or climate solutions or even reproductive health, they were seen as part of this woke agenda that taxpayers should not be funding.

总统甚至指责该机构存在浪费、欺诈和滥用行为，尽管白宫迄今为止并未提供相关证据。

And the president even accused the agency of waste, fraud, and abuse, even though the White House hasn't provided evidence of that so far.

我与马克斯·普里马拉克进行了交谈。

I spoke with Max Primarack.

他是传统基金会的成员。

He's with the Heritage Foundation.

该基金会是‘2025项目’的幕后推手。

It's the conservative think tank that was behind project twenty twenty five.

普里马拉克过去曾担任过美国国际开发署的多个高级职务。

Primorac has held several senior roles at USAID in the past.

他是这样表述的。

Here's how he put it.

我们每年都在花钱。

We were spending money every year.

但情况从未改变。

It was never changing.

我们并没有解决问题。

We weren't solving problems.

我们没有让非洲人担任领导角色。

We were not putting Afro Africans in the lead.

这仅仅是出于惯性，花了大量钱，却似乎没能取得我们想要的结果。

And it's just through inertia, spending a lot of money without really seemingly to, to get the kinds of results that we wanted.

其他全球卫生专家持不同意见。

Other global health experts disagree.

我们采访了一些人，他们表示USAID当然可以在许多方面得到改进。

You know, we talked to people who said USAID could have been certainly improved in many different ways.

但他们也表示，像政府那样彻底解散它，是武断且不负责任的。

But they also said that, you know, burning it all down as the administration did was arbitrary and irresponsible.

那么，加布里埃拉，再多谈谈‘彻底解散’及其后果吧。

Well and Gabriela, say more about the burning it all down and the consequences.

你之前提到，从人们那里听到的都是混乱，像灾难性这样的词。

You were starting to describe this as you were hearing from people chaos, words like cataclysmic.

比如，这造成了什么影响？

Like, what was the impact?

是的。

Yeah.

所以我们采访了世界各地的人们。

So we talked to people all over the world.

一位女性，她的儿子因为美国资助的医院关闭而去世。

One woman who her son had died because their US funded hospital had closed.

另一位的母亲，她的婴儿因无法获得严重营养不良的治疗而夭折。

Another whose baby had died because she could no longer get the treatment for severe malnutrition.

当我在外国援助冻结生效约八周后前往赞比亚时，我遇到了一些正在接受艾滋病治疗的人，发现他们社区的诊所一夜之间全部关闭了。

When I went to Zambia about eight weeks after the foreign aid freeze went into effect, I met people who were on HIV medications and found that overnight their neighborhood clinics had shut down.

这些诊所是由美国资助的。

These were clinics funded by The U.

美。

S.

这曾是始于乔治·W.布什时期、持续了十年之久的抗击艾滋病的宏大计划的一部分。

That had been part of this kind of massive decade long effort that was started under George W.

旨在控制艾滋病。

Bush to control HIV AIDS.

美国为此投入了超过一千亿美元。

The US put over a $100,000,000,000 into this.

这被认为拯救了两千六百万人的生命，但突然间，大门紧闭，电力中断，人们再也无法获得每日的药物。

It's credited with saving twenty six million lives, and then suddenly, the doors are locked, electricity turned off, and people could no longer get their daily meds.

好的。

Okay.

所以具体一点。

So just make this specific.

比如，你会讲哪一个具体的人的故事来让我们感同身受？

Like, there one human story you would tell that that brings us home?

是的。

Yes.

我认识一位母亲，叫特蕾莎·姆万扎，她有一个十岁的女儿。

So one mom I met, Theresa Mwanza, she had a 10 year old daughter.

她们俩都是HIV阳性。

They were both HIV positive.

她们每天的药物来自社区里一家由美国资助的诊所。

They got their daily medication from one of these local US funded clinics in their neighborhood.

有一天，她的女儿去拿药。

And then one day her daughter went to get their medications.

这是特蕾莎·姆万扎。

Here's Theresa Mwanza.

她会跑去医院，然后回家说：‘诊所关门了。’

So she'll run to the clinic and then she'll come back home and say, oh, the clinic is closed.

那里的人都不在了。

They're not there anymore.

我们该怎么办？

What are we going to do?

我当时在他们家里。

I was with them at their house.

小女孩对正在发生的事情感到困惑。

The little girl was confused about what was happening.

当我见到他们时，他们的药物已经完全用完了，十岁的女儿已经出现了HIV复发的明显症状，因为她没有按时服药，而这并不是孤立事件。

And at that point when I met the two of them they had completely run out of their medications and the the 10 year old girl, the daughter, was already showing visible signs of the virus of HIV returning because she wasn't on her meds and this is not an isolated event.

我还遇到了许多其他遭遇同样情况的人。

I met many others who this was happening to as well.

人们体重下降，出现开放性溃疡，流感样症状，这些都是HIV发展为艾滋病的迹象。

People losing weight, developing these open sores, flu like symptoms, all signs that HIV was progressing to AIDS.

我在这里要补充的是，这种规模之大难以言表。

And I'll just add here that this scale is hard to overstate.

卫生计量与评估研究所的一项研究发现，这是本世纪以来儿童五岁以下死亡人数首次上升，而这直接归因于援助削减。

One study out of the Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation found that this is the first year this century that child deaths under age five went up instead of down, and that is directly due to aid cuts.

你知道吗，法特玛，有趣的是，就在不久之前，人们普遍达成两党共识，认为对外援助符合美国的利益。

You know, Fatma, it's so interesting because it wasn't that long ago that you would have found a largely bipartisan consensus that, in fact, foreign aid was in America's interest.

它曾是美国向海外施加影响力的一种工具。

It was a tool of power that America could project abroad.

这是一种软实力，通过交朋友、建立善意、传播美国及美国民主的理想。

A soft power, but making friends, building goodwill, spreading ideals about America and American democracy.

我知道这个问题很难回答，但你能追踪今年的这些发展如何改变了人们对美国的看法吗？

I know this is hard to answer, but are you able to track how this year's developments have changed the way people see The United States?

确实很难追踪，就像你说的那样。

It is hard to track, like you said.

但当我们身处海外实地与人们交谈时，可以明显看出，这已经对人们看待美国的方式产生了一些影响。

But in speaking to people when we were out there, on the ground overseas, you could see that it had had some impact on the way people viewed The United States.

我在八月访问乌干达时就看到了这一点，人们对于为什么美国——人们口中的全球超级大国——会突然停止提供资金感到困惑。

I saw that when I was in Uganda in August, and there was confusion about why The US, a global superpower as people put it, would suddenly stop giving money.

有些人认为这表明美国正面临财政困难，或者不再像过去那样强大，但也很明显的是，多年的援助为美国赢得了民众的善意。

Some people thought it was a sign that The US was struggling financially or that it wasn't as strong as it used to be, But it was also clear that years of aid had bought The US some goodwill among people.

比如奥卡特·博斯科，他是来自南苏丹的难民，因为美国削减援助而失去了在援助组织的工作。

Like Okat Bosco, he's a refugee from South Sudan who lost his job with an aid group because of The US cuts.

他告诉我，美国的对外援助资金并非单向的付出。

And he told me America's foreign aid money was not just a one way street.

受益的不仅仅是像他这样的受援方。

It wasn't just the recipients like himself who benefited.

美国从中受益，但他们并不知道自己正在受益。

America benefits, but they don't know that they are benefiting.

他们受益于人们的信任。

They benefit their trust.

人们对他们非常信任。

People trust them so much.

博斯科在难民营长大，他告诉我，他从未忘记他和家人收到的那些带有美国国际开发署标志、美国国旗以及‘来自美国人民’字样的食物和药品。

Bosco grew up in a camp for displaced people, and he told me he never forgot the food and medicine that he and his family got that carried the USAID logo, the American flag with the words from the American people on it.

好的。

Okay.

所以，法特玛，我们现在正处于这样一个时刻：美国正在减少对外援助的支出，并且也在改变其支出方式。

So we're at this moment now, Fatma, where The US is spending less money on foreign aid, and they're also spending it differently.

他们推出了一种新方法。

There's a new approach they've rolled out.

是什么方法？

What is it?

没错。

That's right.

他们在九月份推出了这一方案。

They rolled it out in September.

与旧模式不同，美国现在不再通过非营利组织或援助机构开展工作，而是优先直接与各国政府合作，为美国企业以及宗教组织创造机会。

And instead of working with nonprofits or aid groups like the old model, The US is now prioritizing working directly with governments, creating opportunities for American businesses and also faith based organizations.

因此，国务院最近宣布了其首批重大拨款之一：向美国无人机公司ZipLine提供1.5亿美元，以扩大其在非洲的业务，运送药品、血液和其他医疗物资。

So the State Department recently announced one of its first major grants, $150,000,000 to the American drone company, ZipLine, to expand their operations in Africa, delivering medicine, blood supplies, other health supplies.

他们还与肯尼亚、乌干达和卢旺达达成了协议，美国将向这些国家投资数亿美元，这些国家的政府也将配套投入资金。

They also made agreements with Kenya, Uganda, and Rwanda, where The US will be investing hundreds of millions of dollars to those countries, and those governments will be also putting in money as well.

以下是赫里蒂奇基金会的普里梅拉克对这一新战略的看法。

Here's how Primerac with the Heritage Foundation sees this new strategy.

这一届政府比以往任何一届政府都更好地管理了美国纳税人的钱。

This administration is being a far better steward of American taxpayer monies than previous administrations were.

它认识到我们存在债务问题，意识到必须在资源更少的情况下更有效地开展全球工作，并采取了相应措施。

So it's recognizing we have a debt problem, recognizing that we have to be effective around the world with less, and and taking the steps to do so.

好的。

Okay.

那么，这种新方法的理由是什么？

So the argument there for this new approach.

加布里埃拉，我再问你一个问题，然后就让你们都走吧。

Gabriela, one more question to you just before I let you all go.

那个无法获得艾滋病药物的小女孩后来怎么样了？

What happened to the little girl who couldn't get her HIV meds?

实际上，我们有个好消息。

So we have good news here actually.

赞比亚政府听到了我们的报道。

The Zambian government heard our reporting.

他们前往我们曾进行过社区调查的村庄，重新采访了当地居民，了解情况，并确保他们能够获得艾滋病药物。

They went to the villages where we had profiled the community, and they reinterviewed them, saw the situation, and made sure that they could access their HIV meds.

相对而言，人数不多，但这是一个积极的信号。

It's a small number of people, relatively speaking, but it was a good sign.

以下是加布里埃拉·埃马努埃尔和法特玛·塔尼斯，非常感谢你们的报道。

And here's Gabriela Emanuel and Fatma Tanis, thank you so much for your reporting.

谢谢。

Thank you.

谢谢。

Thank you.

本集由马洛里·俞制作，乔纳森·兰伯特提供额外报道。

This episode was produced by Mallory Yu with additional reporting by Jonathan Lambert.

本集由帕特里克·贾伦·瓦塔纳南和丽贝卡·戴维斯编辑。

It was edited by Patrick Jaren Watananen and Rebecca Davis.

我们的执行制片人是萨米·耶尼根。

Our executive producer is Sammy Yenigan.

感谢我们的Consider This Plus支持者，正是他们的支持让节目中听到的新闻报道成为可能。

And thanks to our Consider This Plus supporters who make the journalism you hear on the show possible.

支持者还能收听无广告插播的每一集节目。

Supporters also hear every episode without messages from sponsors.

了解更多，请访问 +.npr.org。

Learn more at +.npr.org.

这是来自NPR的Consider This。

It's consider this from NPR.

我是胡安·奥西默斯。

I'm Juan Osimers.

在迎接2025年跨年倒计时时，不妨收听NPR音乐频道的《All Songs Considered》播客，回顾今年最热门的歌曲与专辑。

As you prepare for the ball drop on 2025, listen to NPR Music's All Songs Considered podcast as we look back at the biggest songs and albums of the year.

从不容错过的热门单曲，到你可能尚未听过的精彩佳作。

From the unmissable hits to the fascinating other stuff you might not have heard.

在您常用的播客平台搜索‘All Songs Considered’，收听我们为您精选的2025年最佳音乐回顾。

Search for all songs considered wherever you get podcasts to hear us run back some of the best of the best of 2025.

在这个圣诞季的《StoryCorps》播客中，我们将目光投向北方。

This holiday season on the StoryCorps podcast, we're casting our eyes north.

我们已经反复检查了我们的追踪屏幕。

We have checked and rechecked our tracking screens.

我不愿向你和所有忠实听众带来这个坏消息，但看起来‘仅一分钟’节目还没出现。

I hate to bring you and all your good listeners the bad news, but it doesn't appear Just a minute.

我们有目击报告了。

We have a sighting.

圣诞老人正在路上。

Santa is on his way.

在NPR特别圣诞特辑的《StoryCorps》播客中，分享你关于过去圣诞节的恐惧、希望与喜悦。

Your tales of the fears, hopes, and joys of Christmas past on a special holiday edition of the StoryCorps podcast from NPR.

想在没有广告中断的情况下收听这个播客吗？

Wanna hear this podcast without sponsor breaks?

亚马逊Prime会员可以通过Amazon Music免费收听《Consider This》，或者你也可以支持NPR的重要新闻报道，订阅《Consider This Plus》服务，访问 +.npr.org。

Amazon Prime members can listen to consider this sponsor free through Amazon Music, or you can also support NPR's vital journalism and get consider this plus at +.npr.org.

那就是 +.npr.org。

That's +.npr.org.