Mexico City - Mujeres muralistas

你好。

Hola.

我是马丁娜·卡斯特罗，这档多邻国西班牙语播客的主持人兼执行制片人。

I'm Martina Castro, the host and executive producer of the Duolingo Spanish podcast.

这个季节，我们打算做点不一样的东西。

This season, we're doing something a little bit different.

接下来的五期节目里，我们会和几位当地居民一起，探索墨西哥城的一些宝藏之地。

Over the next five episodes, we're going to explore some of the treasures of Mexico City with people who live there.

我们的第一位向导是普拉凯塔，她会带我们以全新的视角认识这座城和它的历史。

And our first guide, Plaqueta, will help us see her city and its history in a new way.

普拉凯塔是一位女权主义博主、记者，也是土生土长的墨西哥城人，当地人叫她‘奇兰加’。

Plaqueta is a feminist blogger, journalist, and Mexico City native, or Chilanga.

她特别热衷于让更多人关注墨西哥城的女性艺术家，她们的作品常常被忽视。

She's especially passionate about bringing more attention to women artists in Mexico City, whose work has often been dismissed.

在这期节目中，普拉凯塔会带我们去看三幅墨西哥城的壁画，都是由女性艺术家创作的。

In this episode, Plaqueta is taking us to three murals, or murales, in Mexico City, all created by women artists.

一路上，我们会了解这些艺术如何塑造了墨西哥文化，以及它们今天的意义。

Along the way, we'll get to know how their art shaped Mexican culture and what it means today.

我们收到了你们听众的反馈，知道你们特别喜欢旅行，探索新地方。

We've heard from you, our listeners, about how you love to travel and discover new places.

每集节目中，我们都会认识一位当地人，由他们带我们领略他们眼中的墨西哥城。

In each episode, we'll meet locals who will show us their version of Mexico City.

我们会发现，为什么这里成为设计、艺术、美食和文化的中心，也会了解它丰富悠久的历史和多元的人口。

We'll discover why it's a hub for design, art, food, and culture, and we'll learn about its rich history and diverse population.

这座城市充满活力，热情好客，同时兼具现代感与古老气息。

It's vibrant and welcoming, modern and ancient at the same time.

今天，Plaqueta 会为我们讲述她最喜爱的几幅女性艺术家壁画背后的故事与理念。

Today, Plaqueta will share the history and vision behind some of her favorite murals painted by women.

她会使用中等水平的西班牙语，我会适时用英语补充说明。

She'll be using intermediate Spanish, and I'll be chiming in for in English.

如果错过了什么，随时可以回听重播。

If you miss something, you can always get back and listen again.

我们还在 podcast.duolingo.com 提供完整的文字稿。

We also offer full transcripts at podcast.duolingo.com.

在这个特别系列中，你可以在我们的网站上找到每场导览的图片。

For this special season, you'll be able to find images of each tour on our site.

在开始之前，你需要知道，壁画在墨西哥有着悠久的历史。

As we get started, it's important to know that murals have a long history in Mexico.

在西班牙人到来之前，中美洲文明的人们就在宫殿和神庙的墙壁上绘制壁画作为装饰。

Before the Spaniards arrived, in Mesoamerican civilizations, people painted murals to decorate their palaces and temples.

到了二十世纪初，商贩们开始在墨西哥城的墙壁上作画，用来吸引顾客，这种做法一直延续到今天。

Later in the early twentieth century, shopkeepers painted on the walls, or muros, of Mexico City to advertise to potential clients, something that's still done today.

壁画艺术持续激励着现代艺术家。

Mural arts continued to inspire modern artists.

1917年革命之后，墨西哥进入了新的政治时代。

In 1917, after the revolution, Mexico transitioned into a new political era.

在接下来的几十年里，政府委托画家创作壁画，来讲述国家的历史。

In the following decades, the government commissioned painters to create murals to tell the country's history.

壁画运动旨在让艺术更贴近大众，同时发挥教育作用。

Muralism became a movement to make art accessible and educate people.

像迭戈·里维拉这样的艺术家名气越来越大，甚至受邀到美国作画。

Some artists like Diego Rivera became so famous, they were invited to paint in The United States.

果然，普拉凯塔从小听过的那些作品，其实有不少是女性画家创作的，比如她今天想带我们看的第一幅壁画。

Sure enough, some of the artwork Plaqueta had heard about her whole life was actually painted by women, like the first mural she wants to show us today.

为了看这幅画，普拉凯塔带我们去了一个叫科约阿坎的地方，意思是‘郊狼之地’。

To see it, Plaqueta takes us to a neighborhood called Coyoacan, or Land Of The Coyotes.

科约阿坎最出名的是弗里达·卡洛和迭戈·里维拉曾经住过的地方。

Coyoacan is best known as the place where Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera lived.

很多游客都会专程来这里参观他们的故居。

Many tourists flock to see their house here.

但普拉凯塔的目标另有去处。

But Plaqueta has a different destination in mind.

那是一座古老的宫殿，现在是科约阿坎的市政厅。

It's an old palace that now serves as Coyoacan's local government building.

大多数当地人去那里交水电费，或者报告路上的坑洞。

Most locals go there to pay their utility bills or report a pothole on their street.

但在这栋楼里，收藏着奥罗拉·雷耶斯的作品，她是墨西哥最早的女性壁画艺术家之一。

But inside, the building houses the work of Aurora Reyes, one of Mexico's first women muralists.

奥罗拉·雷耶斯还是一位诗人、教师，积极参与多个女性主义组织的工作。

Audora Reyes was also a poet, teacher, and activist in many feminist organizations or Organizationes Feministas.

她的革命精神深深激励着普拉凯塔。

Her revolutionary spirit inspires Plaqueta.

这幅壁画是奥罗拉在上世纪七十年代末创作的，那时她的艺术生涯已接近尾声。

The mural inside the government building was painted by Aurora in the late nineteen seventies, near the end of her career.

它叫《第一次相遇》，意思是西班牙殖民者与古代墨西哥城特诺奇蒂特兰原住民的首次碰撞。

It's called El Primer encuentro, or the first encounter.

壁画描绘了西班牙殖民者与特诺奇蒂特兰原住民之间的冲突。

And it shows the clash between Spanish colonizers and the native peoples of Tenochtitlan in ancient Mexico City.

生活在特诺奇蒂特兰的人常被称为阿兹特克人，但许多阿兹特克人其实自称梅斯卡人，他们的帝国还包含其他原住民族群。

The people who lived in Tenochtitlan are often called Aztecs, but many Aztecs would have referred to themselves as Mexicas, and their empire included other indigenous groups as well.

在壁画的左侧，你能看到西班牙殖民者刚到时可能看到的景象。

On the left side of the mural, you'll find what the Spanish colonizers might have seen when they arrived.

那里有一个原住民的节日，一群郊狼，远处还有一座正在喷发的火山。

There's an indigenous festival, a group of coyotes, and in the distance, a volcano erupting.

在这幅画里，奥罗拉想表达原住民文化是墨西哥的一部分。当你抬头看，壁画顶端画着一个形象。

In this piece, Odora wanted to capture how indigenous culture is part of Mexico's When you look up, there's a figure painted at the top of the mural.

那是一只从天空中飞出来的鹰。

It looks like an eagle coming out of the sky.

那是夸特莫克，最后一位墨西加皇帝，他正用长矛指向 arriving 的欧洲人。

It's Gautemok, the last Mexica emperor, and he's pointing a spear at the arriving Europeans.

普拉凯塔上学时，看过无数版本的这场‘首次相遇’。

When Plaqueta was in school, she saw hundreds of versions of this first encounter.

但她喜欢这幅画的地方在于，艺术家奥罗拉·雷耶斯打破了那种认为这两种文化完美和谐共处的神话。

But what she likes about this one is that the artist Aurora Reyes shatters the myth that these two cultures came together in a way that was perfectly harmonious or harmonoso.

在这幅壁画里，普拉凯塔看到的是更真实的历史，而不是被美化的版本。

In this mural, Plaqueta sees a more authentic version of what really happened, not an idealized story.

这就是她如此喜欢它的原因。

And that's why she likes it so much.

为了带我们去看下一幅壁画，普拉凯塔要带我们去墨西哥城的历史中心，也就是市中心。

To find the next mural on our tour, Plaqueta is taking us to the historic center of Mexico City or Centro Historico.

白天的时候，这里的石板街道上人来人往，热闹非凡。

During the day, its cobblestone streets are teeming with people, movement, and noise.

我们在索卡洛地铁站下车，那里是个巨大的广场，坐落着国家宫、大都会大教堂和古代遗迹。

We get out of the metro at the Zocalo, a huge plaza that's home to the National Palace, the Metropolitan Cathedral, and ancient ruins.

我们往东北方向走几个街区，就到了下一幅壁画前。

We walk a few blocks northeast to find ourselves at our next mural.

它位于一家市场里，是这座城市最古老的传统市场之一——阿贝尔拉多·罗德里格斯市场。

It's in a market, one of the oldest traditional markets in the city, the Abelardo Ele Rodriguez Market.

我们参观的这个市场建于20世纪30年代，正好和墨西哥壁画运动兴起的时间相近。

The market we're visiting was built in the nineteen thirties, around the same time the Mexican muralism movement began.

政府当时想装饰这个公共空间，便邀请了两位来自美国的艺术家参与，格蕾丝·格林伍德和她的妹妹玛丽恩。

The government wanted to decorate this public space, and two artists from The United States were invited to participate, Grace Greenwood and her sister Marion.

但这些关注社会议题的艺术家对画什么有自己的想法。

But these socially conscious artists had their own ideas about what to paint.

就在摊位后面，堆满熟透的木瓜和一箱箱鸡蛋的地方，藏着这座城市最震撼人心的几幅壁画。

There, right behind the stands, piled high with ripe papayas and cartons full of eggs, are some of the most powerful murals in the city.

有一幅画特别吸引了Plaqueta的注意。

There's one that really catches Plaqueta's attention.

它叫《矿业》，讲的是采矿业的事。

It's called La Mineria, or the mining industry.

Grace在1935年参观了邻近的伊达尔戈州一个采矿小镇后，画了这幅画。

And Grace painted it in 1935 after she visited a mining town in the nearby state of Hidalgo.

她想让人们看到她亲眼所见的不公。

Grace wanted to call attention to the injustices she witnessed.

矿工们冒着生命危险，挣着微薄的工资，而富有的矿主却独吞了所有利润。

Miners, or mineros, risking their lives for low pay, and the rich mine owners keeping all the profits.

她画的这幅壁画规模巨大，覆盖了多面墙壁。

The mural she painted is so big, it covers multiple walls.

画中是赤着上身的矿工在开采银子之类的金属。

It shows bare chested miners excavating metals, like silver or plata.

这些金属随后被熔炼成钱和武器。

Then those metals are melted down into money and weapons, or armas.

对于格蕾丝和壁画运动的其他艺术家来说，这展现了二十世纪真实的墨西哥。

For Grace and other artists in the muralist movement, this represents the true Mexico of the twentieth century.

对普拉凯塔而言，这提醒着人们，墨西哥的劳动者才是推动国家前进的力量。

And for Plaqueta, it's a reminder that the workers of Mexico moved the country forward.

普拉凯塔说，壁画的摆放地点也很关键。

Plaqueta says the setting is important too.

这些壁画不在政府办公室，也不在博物馆里。

These murals are not in a government office or a museum.

要找到我们行程中的最后一幅壁画，我们得离开市中心的喧嚣车流，走进宁静葱郁的查普尔特佩克森林。

To find the last mural on our tour, we step away from the bustling traffic of downtown and head into the quiet and leafy Bosque De Chapultepec.

这是整个拉丁美洲最大的城市公园，面积是纽约中央公园的两倍。

It's the largest urban park in all of Latin America, twice the size of Central Park in New York City.

我们往公园中心走，去参观国家人类学博物馆。

We're headed to the center of the park to visit the Museo Nacional de Anthropologia or the National Anthropologia Museum.

在博物馆深处的一堵大墙上，我们找到了这幅壁画，由波兰裔墨西哥艺术家法妮·拉韦尔创作。

Deep inside the museum, along a large wall, we find the mural called It was painted by the Polish Mexican artist Fanny Ravel.

她曾跟随著名的弗里达·卡洛学习艺术。

She studied art with the iconic Frida Kahlo.

1964年，她受委托创作这幅壁画，后来成了她最著名的作品。

In 1964, she was commissioned to paint this mural, which would become her most famous work.

法妮·拉韦尔用粉红和橙色的色调绘制了这幅壁画。

Fani Ravel painted the mural in hues of pink and orange.

现代摩天大楼、殖民时期的教堂和古老的金字塔散布在画面中，展现了墨西哥历史的各个阶段。

Modern skyscrapers, a colonial church, and ancient pyramids dot the landscape, illustrating the different chapters in Mexico's history.

画面顶端是阿兹特克的雨神特拉洛克。

Above it all is Tlaloc, the Aztec god of rain.

壁画一角有个细节吸引了普拉凯塔的目光——一个小女孩穿着粉红色的连衣裙，头发上还系着同色的丝带。

One figure in the corner of the mural catches Plaqueta's eye, a little girl in a pink dress with matching ribbons in her hair.

她手里拿着一个糖骷髅，这是墨西哥亡灵节用来纪念已故祖先的。

She holds a calaverita, or skull made of sugar, that's used during Mexico's Day of the Dead to honor ancestors who've passed on.

壁画中央，一排孩子手拉着手站成一行。

At the center of the mural, a row of children are linked together, holding hands.

小时候，普拉凯塔觉得这象征着和平。

As a child, Plaqueta saw this as a symbol of peace.

如今她以成人的视角再看这幅画，才发现它把墨西哥的历史理想化了。

When she visits the mural now, as an adult, she can see that it romanticizes Mexico's history.

但同时，普拉凯塔也努力去感受范妮·拉韦尔想传递的那份希望。

At the same time, Plaqueta tries to see the hope that Fanny Ravel wanted to convey.

在普拉凯塔看来，女性壁画艺术家是记录墨西哥历史不可或缺的一部分，无论是对本地居民还是游客而言。

For Plaqueta, women muralists have been an essential part of capturing Mexico's history for residents and visitors alike.

正因如此，普拉凯塔认为这些女性艺术家及其作品值得被看见、被铭记。

That's why Plaqueta believes that these women artists and their work should be recognized and celebrated.

多亏了范妮、格蕾丝和奥罗拉这样的壁画先驱，如今普拉凯塔看到越来越多的艺术家在墨西哥城的墙上找到属于自己的表达空间。

Thanks to muralists like Fanny, Grace, and Aurora paving the way, Plaqueta sees more artists expressing themselves by finding new walls to paint in Mexico City.

塔玛拉·德安达，也就是普拉凯塔，住在墨西哥城。

Tamara De Anda, also known as Plaqueta, lives in Mexico City.

2020年，她出版了最新著作《图巴里奥·特雷斯帕尔达：女性图史》。

In 2020, she published her latest book, Tubarrio Terrespalda: An Illustrated History of Women.

本故事由玛雅·克罗夫特制作。

This story was produced by Maya Croft.

别忘了收听我们这个特别旅行季的下一期，届时我们将探访康德萨街区。

Be sure to check out our next episode in this special travel season when we visit the neighborhood of La Condesa.

我们很想知道你对这期节目的看法，也可以和我们分享你对墨西哥城最难忘的回忆。

We'd love to know what you thought of this episode, or you can share your favorite memory of Mexico City with us.

你可以发邮件到 podcast@duolingo.com，或者通过 WhatsApp 给我们留言，电话是 +1 (703) 953-9369。

You can write us an email at podcast@duolingo.com and call and leave us a voicemail or audio message on WhatsApp at +1 (703) 953-9369.

别忘了报上你的名字和来自哪里。

Don't forget to say your name and where you're from.

这是最近我们收到的来自密苏里州圣路易斯的希瑟的留言。

Here's the message we recently got from Heather in Saint Louis, Missouri.

天哪，马丁娜。

Oh my gosh, Martina.

真不敢相信我居然能在电话里听到你的声音。

I can't believe I'm hearing your voice on my phone.

我刚听完《La Buela Superstar》，已经泪流满面了。

I just finished listening to La Buela Superstar, and I am in tears.

我特别喜欢你在播客里的声音，所有播客里都一样。

I absolutely love your voice on this podcast and on all the podcasts.

我都能反复听好多遍。

I could listen to that over and over again.

没想到光是听着就让我这么感动。

I can't believe how emotional I got just listening to that.

真的太谢谢你了。

So thank you so much.

哦，希瑟，谢谢你打电话来，还有这么暖心的留言。

Oh, Heather, thank you so much for calling and for your very sweet message.

我也特别喜欢这一集。

I really loved that episode too.

如果你喜欢这个故事，欢迎分享给其他人。

If you liked this story, please share it.

每期节目的音频和文字稿都可以在 podcast.duolingo.com 上找到。

You can find the audio and a transcript of each episode at podcast.duolingo.com.

你也可以在 Apple 播客或者你常用的听播客应用上关注我们，这样就不会错过任何一期了。

You can also follow us on Apple Podcasts or on your favorite listening app so you never miss an episode.

Duolingo 拥有超过五亿用户，是全球领先的语言学习平台，也是全球下载量最大的教育类应用。

With over 500,000,000 users, Duolingo is the world's leading language learning platform and the most downloaded education app in the world.

Duolingo 坚信，教育应该是免费、有趣、人人都能享有的。

Duolingo believes in making education free, fun, and available to everyone.

现在就下载应用，或者访问 duolingo.com 了解更多，加入我们吧。

To join, download the app today or find out more at duolingo.com.

《Duolingo 西班牙语播客》由 Duolingo 和 Adonde Media 联合制作。

The Duolingo Spanish podcast is produced by Duolingo and Adonde Media.

我是执行制片人马丁娜·卡斯特罗。

I'm the executive producer, Martina Castro.