#362 Revisited: Skyscrapers, Predicting The Future

伦敦的天际线正经历数十年来最重大的变革，一场新的垂直复兴正从市政厅到伦敦府掀起阵阵兴奋浪潮。

The London skyline is undergoing perhaps its most significant transformation in decades as a new vertical renaissance is sending tremors of excitement from Guildhall to Mansion House.

The

The

伦敦市 corporation 表示，2025 年伦敦市内获批的办公空间超过五十万平方米。

City of London Corporation says that over half a million square meters of office space was granted planning permission in the city in 2025.

这相当于十座小黄瓜大厦那么大。

That's equivalent to more than 10 Gherkins.

小黄瓜大厦就是 2003 年建成的圣玛丽斧街 30 号，而目前这一数字的一半以上已经动工。

That's the iconic 30 Saint Mary axe completed in 2003, with around half of this amount already under construction.

其中包括高达 309.6 米的‘巨兽’一号地下塔，建成后将与碎片大厦一样高。

This includes the Leviathan 309.6 meter one Undershaft, which will be as tall as The Shard once completed.

但这并不仅仅是关于空间容量。

But it's not all about the capacity.

与二十世纪那些被称为金融堡垒的早期摩天大楼不同，新建筑将更开放地融入街道，设有步行通道、公园和商业拱廊，让这座城市比以往几代人所经历的更加生机勃勃，不再那么死板。

Unlike the Financial Fortresses of the twentieth century, as the earlier skyscrapers in the city were sometimes called, the new structures will be more open to the streets with pedestrian access, parks, and commercial arcades to make the city feel more vibrant and less sterile than it has to previous generations.

在经济环境充满挑战的时期，伦敦最大的办公楼——22号主教门街，一直走在前列。

The city's largest office building, 22 Bishopsgate, has led the way in a period of challenging economic headwinds.

如今它已全面入驻，租金创下新高，可以说是金融城内第一座真正融入这场复兴浪潮的后金融危机时代垂直社区。

Now fully occupied and seeing record high rents, it's perhaps the first of these post financial crash vertical villages in the square mile that can be considered part of this renaissance.

我们决定重新回顾一下2022年制作的关于这座建筑的节目，当时我们特别表彰了那些在多年规划与建设后，依然能清晰预见未来使用场景的建筑。

We decided to revisit this episode we produced on the building back in 2022, which began with a special recognition for buildings that showed a clear vision and understanding of the world they would be opened into after years of planning and construction have passed.

历史上最著名的预言家，大概就是诺stradamus了。

Possibly the most famous prophet in history is Nostradamus.

这位法国占星家生活在16世纪，写下了大量长篇诗歌，据称预言了未来会发生的事。

The French astrologer lived in the sixteenth century and wrote lengthy poetry supposedly predicting things to come.

每年都有记者为了凑版面，神秘主义者担心世界末日，纷纷拿他的晦涩诗句当素材。

Every year, his cryptic verses are seized upon by journalists looking to fill column inches, and mystics fearing the end of times.

只要诺stradamus的预言稍微沾上点重大事件的边，他的声望就水涨船高。

If Nostradamus penned something that hits reasonably close to major events, his esteem grows.

要是没猜中？那他现在也管不着了。

If he misses, well, what does he care now?

但确实有一些企业必须预测未来。

But there are businesses out there that actually do have to predict the future.

他们得揣测五到十年后，个人和社会会如何行为。

They have to guess how individuals and society will behave five or ten years into the future.

他们可以观察行为趋势和行业偏好，但十年里能发生的变化实在太多了。

They can look at behavioural trends, industry preferences, but ultimately a lot can happen in ten years.

做这些预测的人，手里掌控着数亿英镑的资金。

And the people making these predictions are in charge of hundreds of millions of pounds.

他们的决策塑造了城市的建筑环境，决定了天际线的样貌。

Their decisions carve out the built environment and sculpt the skylines of cities.

如果他们的决策做对了，确实能赚大钱。

If they get the decisions they make right, they can make money, yes.

但更重要的是，他们能催生新的关系，影响企业走向，改变数万人的工作方式。

But more than that, they can spark new relationships, shape companies, and affect the work of tens of thousands.

如果你想见一个真正必须预测未来的人，那就去找一个被要求设计摩天大楼的人。

If you want to meet someone who truly has to predict the future, find someone who's asked to design a skyscraper.

大家好，欢迎收听《工程之道》。

Hello, and welcome to Engineering Matters.

我是亚历克斯·科尼克。

I'm Alex Koniker.

我是贝娜黛特·巴兰廷。

And I'm Bernadette Ballantyne.

本期节目，我们与英国WSP公司合作，聊聊伦敦天际线最新添的一座建筑。

In this episode, we have partnered with WSP in The UK to talk about one of the latest additions to the London skyline.

这座建筑叫毕晓普斯盖特22号。

The building is 22 Bishopsgate.

它和小黄瓜、奶酪刨、火腿三明治这些地标并肩而立。

It takes its place among the Gherkin, the Cheese Grater and the Walkie Talkie.

虽然它高达278米，是伦敦金融城最高的建筑。

But although at two seventy eight meters it is the tallest building in the City Of London.

同时也是西欧第二高的楼，仅次于泰晤士河南岸的碎片大厦。

And the second tallest in Western Europe after the Shard, which lies just to the south of the River Thames.

它还没有一个独特的绰号，至少现在还没有，这背后是有原因的。

It doesn't have an eccentric nickname, at least not yet, and there's a good reason for that.

其他那几栋楼造型怪异，但22号完全不是这样。

Whereas these other weird buildings are visually bizarre, 22 just isn't.

虽然22号外观很出色，但它真正特别的地方并不在于远看的样子。

Although 22 looks good from the outside, the reason it's interesting isn't how it appears from a distance.

22号引发热议的原因在于它的内部：在里面工作和停留是什么体验，以及它的开发商早在疫情前十年就准确预判了后疫情时代办公空间的需求。

The reason 22 is sparking conversation is what's going on on the inside, what it's like to work and spend time in the building, and how its developers wholly predicted what people would need from a post COVID office up to ten years before the pandemic.

而一座摩天大楼的建造周期，恰恰就是十年左右。

Which is how long it takes to build a skyscraper.

一旦落成，它就会在那里几乎永久存在。

And once it's with us, it's with us almost forever.

所有这些，再加上它非同寻常的诞生过程——它是由一座未完成的摩天大楼残骸改造而来的，而那座楼曾经也做过一个预测。

All of that, plus its unconventional birth from the unfinished remains of a skyscraper that made a prediction of its own.

可惜那个预测在金融危机来袭时落空了。

A prediction that it lost when the great recession hit.

预测建筑环境未来的人，背景各不相同，技能也多种多样。

The people who have to predict the future of the built environment come from diverse backgrounds and bring a range of skills.

要建成22号比肖普斯盖特大楼，需要成千上万人的协作。

To make 22Bishopsgate happen required a team of thousands.

我们没法把所有人都请进这期播客，但这一期的内容，将建立在开发商、结构工程师、建筑师，以及机电工程师提供的基础之上。

We can't bring them all into a single podcast, but this episode will be built on foundations provided by a developer, a structural engineer, an architect, and a mechanical and electrical engineer.

首先，我们得先了解22号比肖普斯盖特的来龙去脉。

First, we need to get a handle on the background of 22 Bishopsgate.

为此，我们需要认识一下

And for that, we need to meet

我们的开发商。

our developer.

对他来说，对事物运作原理的兴趣，从小时候就开始了。

And for him, an interest in how things worked started in childhood.

别人给我的东西，我总会忍不住拆开，再重新装回去。

I was the person who would whenever I was given something, I'd probably take it apart and put it back together again.

我总是特别想知道东西是怎么运作的。

And I always wanted to see how something worked.

后来我去上技术学院，选了建筑专业，特别务实，学的东西都能马上看到实际应用。

So when I went to, technical college I went and studied building which was quite reasonably practical or you could certainly see that what you were learning and how it was put into practice.

这位是保罗·哈格里夫斯。

This is Paul Hargreaves.

他是利普顿·罗杰斯公司的施工总监。

He is the construction director for Lipton Rogers.

我完成建筑课程的时候，正赶上八十年代经济大萧条。

When I finished my building course, it was the height of the recession back in the eighties.

于是我去布里斯托大学读了施工管理，一读就是三年。

And so I went off to Bristol University and studied construction management, which was, you know, three years there.

没想到后来又碰上一次经济衰退。

And then we hit another recession as well, believe it or not.

那可真不怎么样。

So that wasn't great.

尽管经历了经济衰退，保罗还是闯入了这个行业，而这些快速的经济变化让他深刻体会到事物变化有多快。

Paul clawed his way into industry despite the recessions, but these rapid economic shifts left him with an appreciation for how quickly things can change.

他参与过帝国学院、皇家歌剧院、欧洲首家苹果商店，以及诺基亚总部在手机行业鼎盛时期的项目，但从来没建过高层建筑。

He worked on a number of projects at Imperial College, the Royal Opera House, the first Apple store in Europe, and the Nokia HQ during the mobile company's heyday, but never a tall building.

当22号毕晓普斯盖特项目出现时，他心想，

And when 22 Bishopsgate came along, he thought,

这倒是个不错的机会。

well, it's a nice opportunity.

那时候我的职业生涯正好到了这个节点，我觉得，不如试试看。

You know, it's that right time in my career that I thought, well, let's let's have a go.

我以前建过的最高楼也就十七八层。

I've never built a the tallest building I built was about seventeen, eighteen storeys.

那为什么不挑战一下62层的大楼呢？

So why not go for a 62 storey building?

2012年的时候，保罗和利普顿·罗杰斯公司注意到了伦敦金融城一个搁浅的项目，叫‘巅峰’。

Back in 2012, Paul and Lipton Rogers had become aware of a stalled project in the City Of London called Pinnacle.

之前的Pinnacle项目有大约80个投资方共同出资开发，但项目一直在亏钱。

The previous Pinnacle project had a consortium of about 80 funders who were all putting money in to fund the development, and the project was haemorrhaging money.

他们得回去找这80个投资方再要钱，可只要其中有几个人说‘不，够了，别再投了’，项目就直接崩了。

They needed to go back and ask the consortium for more money and when you're having to ask 80 people for money, you don't need many to say sorry, no, enough's enough for the project to fall over.

结果项目真就垮了，完全没进展。

So it fell over and it wasn't going anywhere.

于是这块地空置了三四年，一直没人管。

So it laid a dormant sight for, you know, three or four years.

问题在于，Pinnacle的设计理念是金融危机之前形成的，已经跟不上时代了。

The problem was that Pinnacle had been conceived in a different time before the global financial crisis.

设计在2005年就定稿了，地基施工也从2006年开始。

Design was completed in 2005 and foundation construction began in 2006.

但经济衰退后的现实太残酷，这栋楼根本没法盈利。

But the cruel calculus of the post recession era made the building unviable.

Pinnacle确实很漂亮，但它是那个时代的产物。

Pinnacle was certainly a beautiful building, but a building of its time.

你还记得那些以常见物品命名的伦敦摩天大楼吗？

Remember the slew of London skyscrapers named after recognisable objects?

那些建筑都起了名字，个个都很漂亮，造型优雅，但都是那个时代的产物。Pinnacle本身也很美，但它的问题在于，它太像一件艺术品了——举个例子，Pinnacle的每一块玻璃尺寸都不一样。

Buildings were getting names, and they were all very nice buildings, all lovely buildings, very sculptural, but they were buildings of their time and the pinnacle was a lovely building, but the problem it had with the pinnacle is that it was very much an art form, and to give you an idea, every single pane of glass in the pinnacle was a different size.

这就意味着成本高得吓人，完全没有任何重复性。

And what comes with that is huge cost, know, there is no repetition at all.

它的核心结构也很特别，得换电梯才能上到顶层——你得先坐一部电梯，再换另一部才能到顶楼，而且每层的平面布局都特别不规则。

It also had quite a strange core, which meant there were transfers, so you literally had to go up a lift, transfer to another lift to get to the top of the building, and it meant the floor plates were quite very irregular.

从实用角度来说，这根本不是人们想要的。

And not really what people wanted from a practicality point of view.

但不可否认，它确实是一件艺术品。

But again, undeniably a work of art.

所以我们一开始研究它的时候就想，得找个更经济的办法，让这栋楼能运作起来。

So when we started looking at it, thought, well, we've got to find a much more economic way to make this building work.

按常理，保罗和利普顿·罗杰斯可能会对金融危机做出过度反应，设计一栋只追求成本最低、面积最大、财务效率最高的建筑。

Conventional wisdom might have told Paul and Lipton Rogers to overreact to the changes of the financial crisis, to design a building for pure economy, maximum floor space, total financial efficiency.

但他们没有这么做。

But they didn't.

他们停下来，邀请了更多专家参与。

They took a moment and called in more expertise.

他们联系了德斯皮娜·卡齐卡基斯，她当时在商业地产代理公司世邦魏理仕工作。

They contacted Despina Katsikakis, who worked for the commercial real estate agent Cushman Wakefield.

我们就问她：你觉得现在世界上最好的建筑是哪些？

And we asked her, you know, what where do you think are the best buildings in the world at the moment?

谁在引领未来建筑、办公空间和人们需求的方向？

Who's who's out there about the future of buildings and offices and what people want?

她说：你们得去澳大利亚看看，悉尼和墨尔本正在做些什么。

She said, you've got to come over to Australia and have a look at what they're doing in Sydney and Melbourne.

大型银行和其他公司都在关注员工福祉，把人放在首位。

The big banks and other companies were looking after their staff, putting people first.

于是他们组织了一次大规模的考察团前往澳大利亚，实地了解那里的做法。

So there was a big research trip out to Australia to look at what was going on.

他们建高楼的时候，加了很多配套设施，这正是我们构思22号大楼、把它打造成一个垂直社区的灵感来源。

They were building towers but they were putting in lots of amenities and this is where we got our vision for creating 22 and making it a vertical village.

如果你去22号比肖普斯盖特大楼，理论上最多能容纳一万两千人。

And if you were to go to 22 Bishopsgate potentially could have 12,000 people in the building.

实际不太可能那么多，但平时正常情况下，大概每天有八千人左右在楼里活动。

Sort of unlikely, but more like sort of generally, you know, about 8,000 people during a normal day in the building.

八千人，那差不多就是一个小村庄，或者说是小镇了。在村庄或小镇里，你总会有市政厅，有公共绿地，有便利店、餐厅、餐饮点、咖啡馆，各种服务设施一应俱全，为居民提供便利。

Well, 8,000 people is a small village, well, a small town, a village, and in a village or town, you would have your town hall, you might have your village green, but you'll have your local shop, you'll have a restaurant, you'll have food outlets, your coffee shop, you'll have lots of amenities to serve the community.

所以我们想到，要设计一栋楼，里面配备丰富的设施，专门服务楼里的上班族。

And that's where we got the idea of designing a building that had lots of amenities to serve the occupants of the building.

而大楼最终的设计，恰好留下了一些空余空间，我们觉得这些地方可以好好利用起来，回馈给楼里的使用者。

So, and the way that the building ended up being designed lent itself to some spare spaces within the building that we felt that we could use and return to the occupants of the building.

所以不是一味追求最大化出租面积，而是要把22号比肖普斯盖特打造成一个让人待得舒服的地方，提供额外的设施，供公司租用，或由员工自由使用。

So not a knee jerk to maximize rentable area, but make 22Bishopsgate a comfortable place to be with extra facilities that could be rented to companies or used by employees at will.

这跟只看重外观的设计思路不一样，但也完全避开了那种冷冰冰的实用主义。

A departure from prioritising aesthetics, but completely swerving away from a grim utilitarianism.

我们打造了一些负担得起的办公空间，还特意设置了可以做演示和讲座的区域，比如阶梯式座位、创客空间，还有顶级的沉浸式视频会议系统和剪辑室——这些设施租户可能偶尔会用到，但未必愿意花大价钱在自己办公室里专门建一个，毕竟一年也用不了几次。

A sort of affordable workspace and then within there we've put in spaces to be able to give presentations and lectures so some bleachered seating, maker spaces, you could have the best immersive VC conferencing room or editing suites, stuff that tenants may want to use periodically but might not want to spend or put the outlay of creating a really great space in their offices where they only use it once a year.

除此之外，各楼层还配备了餐厅、观景廊、健身房和健康中心，把整栋楼装点得像他们在澳大利亚学到的那样，设施一应俱全。

As well as this, on various floors, they also built restaurants, viewing galleries, gyms, wellness centres filling the structure with amenities like they learned in Australia.

命运再次转向，2020年初，全球疫情突然爆发。

The winds of chance blew again and the global pandemic emerged in early twenty twenty.

一瞬间，‘目的地办公’成了人们对办公室的全新期待。

All of a sudden, destination office became the zeitgeist of what an office should be.

配套设施、吸引人的会面场所、可出租的设施，全都变成了企业不可或缺的关键要素。

Amenities, a desirable meeting location and rentable facilities all became critical to businesses.

但在2010年代初期，要实现这一切，必须比Pinnacle原本规划的面积多出30%的空间。

But back in the early to mid twenty tens, to do all of this required increasing the available area of the building by 30% compared to that which would have been offered by Pinnacle.

这需要在获得市政府规划许可之前，就让新组成的财团立即达成共识。

It required immediate buy in from the new consortium ahead of planning permission being granted by the city.

更麻烦的是，Pinnacle的地基已经建好了。

And on top of this, the foundations for Pinnacle had already been built.

在当今越来越注重碳排放的世界里，把它们彻底拆除挖掉简直是巨大的浪费。

Grinding and digging them out would be an incredible waste in a world growing ever more carbon conscious.

接下来，这个故事里需要一位结构工程师登场。

The next character in this story needs to be a structural engineer.

我出生在秘鲁，小时候跟着父亲跑遍了各个工地，因为他是一名土木工程师。

So I was born in Peru and I grew up in different construction sites because my father is a civil engineer.

我的童年基本上就是在全国各地的公路、桥梁、电站和运河之间度过的。

So my childhood was basically us traveling across the country and on roads and bridges and power stations and canals.

所以这根本不是个选择问题。

So it was not really an option.

这其实是个很自然的决定。

It was quite an easy choice.

这位是迭戈·帕迪利亚-菲利普斯，WSP英国分公司的技术总监，我们的结构工程师。

This is Diego Padilla-Philips, technical director for WSP in The UK and our structural engineer.

当

And when

到了选职业的时候，我有两个选择。

the time came to to choose a career, I had two options.

我最感兴趣的两件事是工程和艺术。

The two things that I liked the most were engineering and art.

我选了工程，但一直觉得和艺术有着某种联系。

I chose engineering but I always felt connected to art.

在我看来，结构工程其实是土木工程中非常有创意、非常富有艺术性的一面。

And I found that structural engineering is, in my opinion, a very creative, a very artistic side civil engineering.

2007年，秘鲁首都利马发生了一次大地震。

Then in 2007, a major earthquake struck Peru's capital city, Lima.

我当时就在利马，亲身经历了那次地动山摇。

And I was there in Lima, and I experienced that ground movement.

这件事激励我去研究地震工程相关的内容。

It motivated me to study something related to seismic engineering.

于是我找到了伦敦大学学院的硕士项目，过来攻读地震工程与灾害管理，之后的事就顺理成章了。

So I found a master's in The UK at UCL, and I came to do a master's in seismic engineering and disaster management, and the rest is history.

英国并不以地震活跃著称

The UK is not known for

但我的地震工程背景让我深刻理解了结构动力学——所有建筑都会动。

its seismicity, but My background in seismic engineering has given me a really good understanding of of dynamics, and and all buildings move.

关键要看是什么让它们动。

Depends what makes them move.

比如在英国，主要是风在作用。

If in in The UK, for example, it is the wind.

风推着建筑，让它们摇晃。

The wind pushes them and makes them move, makes them sway.

而在地震多发区，是地面在晃动。

In a seismic region, it is the ground that shakes.

这会引发运动和受力。

It results in a movement and forces.

归根结底，建筑的动力特性是相通的。

So in the end, building dynamics are universal.

这让我对动力学有了深刻的理解。

So it's given me that really good understanding of dynamics.

迭戈于2014年5月加入WSP，就在同年12月21日，圣诞节前，他面临一个难题：如何在已建成的基座上平衡一栋更大建筑的荷载。

Diego joined WSP in May 2014, and on the December 21, just before Christmas, he was presented the problem of how to balance the loads of a bigger building on an already built foundation.

当我们看到柱子的受力数值时，意识到这非同小可。

And then when we saw the magnitude of the column forces, we realised this is something big.

挑战在于，如何把这些新的柱力合理分配到现有结构的承载能力上，并找到合适的传递方案。

The challenge was how do we locate these new column forces into this existing capacity and find some transfer strategies.

我们一看到柱子的受力数据，就知道这事儿不简单。

When we read the column forces, we thought this is something big.

这其实是一份圣诞礼物。

It was actually a Christmas present.

从那以后，我的职业生涯彻底改变了。

And then it changed the rest of my career forever.

因为迭戈接下来的五年，都在处理他职业生涯中最棘手的几个基础工程。

Because Diego spent the next five years working on the most challenging foundations of his career.

所以我们一开始面对的是一个三层的地下地下室，全部埋在地下，还有一部分核心结构。

So we started with an existing three storey basement, all buried underground, but also a partial core.

原来的塔楼核心建到了第九层。

The old pinnacle core was built up to Level 9.

这就是我们接手时的状况。

That's what we inherited.

核心结构需要拆除，但那只是现有结构中的一小部分。

The core was to be demolished, which was a small part of the existing structure.

而整个地下室则尽可能保留下来。

And then the entire basement was to be retained as much as possible.

因为有既有结构的时候，我们通常都会尽量利用现有的承载能力。

Because when you have existing structures, what you try to do is to reuse capacity.

这样不仅能节省材料和时间，更重要的是能减少碳排放——这现在是最关键的因素。

That way you save on materials, time possibly, but also in what is currently the most important factor, which is carbon emissions.

建得越少，产生的碳排放就越少。

The less you build, the less carbon emissions you generate.

所以我们有三层地下室。

So we have three stories of basement.

他们原本是为另一座塔楼设计的。

They designed for another tower.

他们保留了尖塔部分的柱子和承载能力。

They had capacity and the columns of the pinnacle.

这些柱子的位置和新建筑规划的柱子并不一致。

So the columns were in different positions to those of the new building to be proposed.

我们的任务是尽可能保留原有结构，能留多少就留多少。

And the brief was to retain as much as we could, keep as much as we could.

所以，不仅从工程角度，也要从建筑角度考虑：设计团队如何利用现有的地下室布局，来适应更大、更不同功能的新建筑？

So not only from an engineering point of view, but also from an architectural point of view, how does the design team reuse the existing basement geometry to adapt to the new needs of a bigger and different building?

尖塔建筑有着独特的螺旋造型，外立面采用网格状斜撑结构，也就是由倾斜交叉的金属、混凝土或木梁组成的支撑体系，常用于建筑和屋顶的建造。

The pinnacle building had a unique spiral shape and a perimeter diagrid, which is a framework of diagonally intersecting metal, concrete, or or wooden beams that is used in the construction of buildings and roofs.

外围的柱子间距很特别，而且承载能力非常强，因为它们要支撑整座塔楼的稳定受力。

So the perimeter columns had a special spacing, but also had very large capacity because they were supporting the stability forces of the the tower.

所以你看平面图时，中心区域其实留了一些承载能力，因为那里有个小混凝土核心筒，周围则是呈椭圆形分布的柱子——这是由尖塔的形状决定的。

So when you look at a plan, you had some capacity in the center, because you had a small concrete core, and then columns around the perimeter in an elliptical sort of shape, which was there because of the shape the pinnacle had.

理想情况下，我们希望把新柱子放在旧柱子的位置上，这样就能充分利用原有的承载能力。

Ideally, we would need to locate the new columns where the existing were so that we could utilize all of our capacity.

但22号毕晓普斯盖特大楼的楼板面积更大，为了更高效地利用地块，它的布局和原来不一样了。

Now, the floor plate of 22 Bishopsgate trying to optimize the use of the site was different, bigger, was larger.

所以我们得和建筑师紧密配合，确定新柱子的布置位置，尽量让它靠近地下室里原来尖塔的柱子。

So we had to coordinate with the architect where to place the new columns so that they were as close as possible to the existing pinnacle columns in the basement.

在某些地方，这是能做到的。

And in some cases this was possible.

但在另一些地方，这真是个大难题。

In some cases, this was a real challenge.

因此他们不得不在好几层楼之间设置一个过渡层。

So they had to create a transition level over several storeys.

过渡越平滑，荷载传递的效果就越好。

And the smoother that transition, the better it is in terms of load transfer.

所以我们从3层到8层之间，逐步将柱子从地下室的位置倾斜调整到上部结构的位置。

So we used between Levels 3 And 8 to transition from basement positions to the superstructure positions gradually in a way of inclining the columns in or out to meet them.

之所以从3层开始，是因为地面层到3层的设计意图是保持柱子完全垂直，这样完工后看起来会很壮观——沿人行道整齐排列着一排宏伟的垂直柱子，然后再慢慢过渡到最终的位置。

And the reason why this was from Level 3 and up is because I believe the intention for the Ground Floor, ground To 3, was to have fully vertical columns so that they looked as impressively as they look right now being finished, like a nice row of massive columns along the pavement, straight vertical columns, and then transition gradually into the into the final positions.

在结构工程中，斜柱是传递力最有效的方式。

In structural engineering, inclined columns are the most efficient way to transfer force from one point to another.

但当你让柱子倾斜时，就会产生水平方向的力。

But when you incline a column, you generate a horizontal force.

我通常会用一支笔或铅笔来解释这个原理。

So I normally explain this with with a pen or a pencil.

我会说，如果你用双手垂直向下压这支铅笔，所有的力都是垂直向下的。

And I say, if you push this pencil vertically with your two hands, the forces are all vertical.

太棒了。

Brilliant.

现在把铅笔放在桌上，再往下压，力也全是垂直的。

Now put that on a table and then push it down, it's all vertical.

现在把铅笔稍微倾斜一点。

Now incline the pencil a little bit.

如果你往下压，会发生什么？

And if you push it down, what happens?

它会想往旁边滑。

It tries to slide.

明白了吗？

You see?

所以底部和顶部都得有约束，才能防止它滑动。

So somewhere it has to be restrained at the bottom and at the top to stop that from sliding.

大楼里也是同样的道理。

And the same happens in a building.

如果柱子是倾斜的，力虽然往下传，但会产生巨大的水平力。

If I have an inclined column, the forces are coming down, but we're generating mega horizontal forces somewhere.

倾斜得越厉害，产生的水平力就越大。

Now, the more inclined, the bigger the forces.

倾斜度越小，产生的力就越小。

The less inclined, the smaller the forces.

所以如果我们把倾斜段设在三层到八层之间，一共五层，是完全可以实现的。

So if we incline between level three and level eight, that's five levels, doable.

这些水平力需要通过现有的楼板传递到建筑中抵抗水平力的构件上——在这个项目里，就是中央的混凝土核心筒，也就是电梯和各种管线集中的那个区域。

And those horizontal forces have to travel through the existing floor plate into the elements which resist the horizontal forces in a building, which in this case is the concrete core, The core where all the lifts are, all the services are.

任何高层建筑的核心筒都是非常坚固的结构，能提供侧向稳定性，有效承受这些强大的水平力。

The core of any tall building is a really strong structure, providing lateral stability to the building, capable of holding those strong horizontal forces together.

这些力会传到核心筒，再沿着楼板向下传递。

They travel into the core and down through the floor.

在某些情况下，如果这些力太大，就会通过嵌入楼板中的额外钢构件，再回传到核心筒，从而牢牢固定住。

In some cases, if these forces are too big, it goes through additional steel elements embedded within the slab back into the core so that you're holding that in place.

地下室里也是同样的原理。

And the same happens in the basement.

只要存在倾斜的柱子，我们就要依靠地下室结构中的其他构件来共同抵抗这些水平力。

Whenever we have inclined columns, we are resisting these horizontal forces within the basement box with all the other elements.

有时候，我们还需要更大的转换结构。

In some cases, we also needed bigger transfer structures.

有些情况下，光靠倾斜的柱子根本不行，必须用深梁或者重型桁架。

In some cases, it was impossible to just have inclined columns, we have actually a deep beam or a deep truss.

这些大型转换构件的作用，就是把荷载从一个位置传到能承受的地方。

These mega transfers, what they do is they bring the forces from one position to where the capacity release.

有时候，这些结构是藏在建筑内部的。

In some cases, these are hidden within the architecture.

在地下室，有一道隐藏的梁，差不多四米深。

In the basement, they have a hidden beam that's nearly four meters deep.

它本质上就像一堵墙，藏在设备房的楼板里，外表看不见，但里面是个巨大的结构构件，专门负责传力。

So it's basically a wall, and and it's hidden within a floor within a plant room so that it's not seen, but there is a mega structural element there transferring that.

我们不能让柱子直接穿下去，是因为下面有个旋转平台，专门给垃圾清运车进地下室时调头用的。

One of the reasons why we couldn't have an inclined column or a column going through is because below that space, we had a turning table for the waste management lorries to go into the basement and rotate.

那是唯一能放这个地方的位置。对我而言，这特别有意思，因为整个结构设计竟然是被垃圾处理的流程推动的。

And that was the only place where it could go to make sure that So in this case, for me, that was fascinating to understand because it was the waste management strategy that was driving the structure.

摩天大楼的占地面积相对较小，但需要众多专业团队紧密协作，因此每个团队都得围绕其他人的需求来调整自己的工作。

The relatively small footprint of a skyscraper and all of the disciplines that need to work together means that each team needs to work around the needs of their colleagues.

这就像一场精密的芭蕾舞，接下来登场的是一位精通机电装修的专家。

It's a delicate ballet and our next dancer is an expert in M and E fit out.

我们家确实有工程背景。

There was definitely engineering in the family.

我父亲是土木工程师，后来转做承包商，再之后又去教建筑管理。

My my father was a civil engineer and then worked in construction as a as a contractor and then later lecturing in construction management.

所以，我没法否认自己没受到任何影响。

So I guess I can't deny that I didn't have any influence.

这位是大卫·希利，机电工程师，也是迭戈在英国WSP公司的同事。

This is David Healy, mechanical and electrical engineer, one of Diego's colleagues at WSP in The UK.

那时候我觉得工程吸引我的地方在于，它能打开无数条路——拿个工程学位，几乎什么都能干。

And I think what I liked about engineering at that stage in my life was that, you know, there were so many options open to you because you can kind of do almost anything with an engineering degree.

有人还提到，很多公司的CEO都是从工程师做起的，我觉得这确实是一段很棒的训练经历。

And, you know, I think my someone makes a point that you know a lot of the CEOs of companies started off as engineers so I think I think it's good good kind of training.

大卫负责的是大楼的‘呼吸系统’和生命支持，由于开发商想要的设施和功能特别多，这项工作比平常复杂得多。

David is responsible for well the lungs and life of the building which is more effort than normal given all of the amenities and features that the developers wanted.

我们自称建筑服务工程师，或者叫MEP工程师，M是机械，E是电气，P是给排水或者公共卫生。

We call ourselves building services or MEP engineers, M being mechanical, E being electrical and and P being plumbing or or public health.

那我按顺序来解释一下。

So I'll sort of take it in order.

在机械方面，我们的任务是确保大楼内部环境舒适。

On the mechanical side, we look to maintain comfortable conditions in the building.

也就是给各个空间供应新鲜空气，同时做好供暖和制冷。

So, that's ventilating the spaces with fresh air, making sure that they're heated and cooled.

从设备角度看，像这种大楼，通常会在地下室安装大型冷水机组，通过管道把冷冻水输送到每一层，让各区域都能用上这套制冷系统。

And what that means from a plant perspective is generally we'll have on a building like this we'll have large chillers generally in the basement those will pump the chilled water around to all occupied floors so they can get their cooling from that system.

同时，我们还得把房间里产生的热量排出去，通常这都是靠楼顶的冷却塔来完成的。

And then we also need to get rid of all that all the heat that they put back into the system and generally that's done by cooling towers at the top of the building.

你可以想象，我们得把地下室的冷水机组和楼顶的冷却塔整个连起来，中间的管道粗得几乎能让人环抱。

You know, so you can imagine there that at some point we're taking the whole load for the building and connecting the chillers in the basement and the cooling towers on the roof, so you could you know you get pipework that's just about you can just about hug it.

接着我们还有一个大型供暖系统。

We've then got a large heating system.

当年设计毕晓普斯盖特大厦时，用的是燃气锅炉。

So at the time we designed 22 Bishopsgate, it was gas fired boilers.

戴维说，如果现在重新设计这座楼，这可能是唯一会改的地方。

This is possibly the only change David said would be made if they were designing the building now.

2022年，电供暖系统看起来更具备前瞻性，因为英国的电力网络正在为实现净零排放而逐步脱碳。

An electric heating system in 2022 looks more future proof because the electricity grid is decarbonizing as part of The UK's route to net zero.

但这就是设计一栋为尚未到来的世界服务的建筑的本质。

But this is the nature of designing a building for a world that does not yet exist.

燃气锅炉负责把热量输送到整栋楼，而通风系统则靠我们说的空气处理机组来完成。你可以想象，有几辆双层巴士停在大楼半空中，那就是这些设备的规模——因为我们得为一万两千人循环空气。

Gas fired boilers and that distributes the heating throughout the building and then the ventilation on this building is done by what we call air handling units and if you can imagine some double decker buses parked partway up your building that gives you an idea of the scale of these units, know, because we're moving enough air around for 12,000 people.

所以这些设备对空间的需求非常大。

So there's some pretty big demands on space.

以上就是主要的机械系统。

So those are key mechanical systems.

在建筑底层，有大型变压器，它们把街道上来的高压电降到400伏，中间经过一系列变压器转换。

Electrically, there are large transformers in the bottom of the building, and they take the high voltage that we get from the utility in the street, and they drop it down to 400 volts through a whole other series of transformers.

因为我们是这座楼的租户，所以特别关注系统的可靠性，必须确保即使系统某处出故障，运营也能持续运行。

And because we're tenants in a building like this, we're always really interested in resilience, so they want to be able to keep their operations going even if there's a fault somewhere in the system.

为了保障这一点，我们的电力设施做了大量冗余设计。

And we've got a lot of duplication on the electrical infrastructure to keep that going.

电力系统另一个关键部分是楼顶的备用发电机，一旦停电，它们能维持所有设备正常运转。

Another key part of the electrical infrastructure is having standby generators at the top of the building to keep everything going in the case of an outage.

发电机系统还支持大量生命安全系统。

And the other thing you get from the generator system is we've got a lot of life safety systems.

在高层建筑里，我们会安装喷淋系统，从地下室排烟，还会用空气加压楼梯间，这样一旦发生火灾，楼梯就能保持无烟，便于逃生。

So in a tall building, we'll have things like sprinklers, we'll be doing smoke extract from the basement, We'll be pressurizing the stairs with air so that if there is a fire anywhere, it keeps them clear of smoke.

此外还有火灾探测和报警系统，以及其他相关设备。

And then there's fire detection and alarm systems and all the rest of it.

所以我们不仅要考虑日常运行，还得提前规划好火灾发生时的应对方案。

So, there's a not only do we need to consider how things work on a day to day basis, but we need to work out what happens if there's a fire.

这可能是整个设计中最引人注目的部分，也最受关注。

And then that's probably one of the most interesting parts of the of the whole design and subject to a lot of scrutiny.

但它其实一直默默运作，希望根本没人意识到它的存在。

But actually it kind of sits there in the background and hopefully people never know it's there.

这座建筑在火灾时还会使用电梯作为紧急疏散通道。

The building also uses lifts for emergency egress in the event of a fire.

因为在高层建筑里，楼梯对行动不便者或老年人来说是很大的障碍。

This is because stairs in tall buildings are a serious obstacle for the mobility of impaired or the elderly.

22号毕晓普斯盖特街是如何实现这一点的，非常有意思，这也是《工程大事》最早的一期节目主题。

How 22Bishopsgate achieved this is fascinating and the subject of one of the first ever episodes of engineering matters.

我们2018年8月21日发布的那期节目，标题是《发生火灾时，请使用电梯》。

See the episode we released on the 08/21/2018 titled in the event of fire, use the lift.

我们在节目说明里提供了链接。

We've linked to it in our show notes.

最后一点，是管道系统。

Last but not least is plumbing.

为大楼里的人员提供饮用水，用于卫生间和其他区域的用水需求。

Getting fresh water around the building for occupants, for the restrooms, and for other uses around the building.

同时还要处理排水问题，尽可能回收利用水资源，并把屋顶的雨水顺利引到地面。

But then also providing drainage and, you know, trying to recycle water where appropriate and dealing with rainwater from, from the top of the building and and getting that all the way down.

你可以想象，在高层建筑里，一个关键挑战就是尽量缩小核心区域的面积，那里集中了电梯、楼梯和各种服务设施。

And, you know, as you can imagine in a in a tall building, one of the key challenges is trying to keep the core of the building where all the lifts and the stairs and the service is distributed as tight as possible.

所以我们一直在寻找优化这些系统的方法，以减少它们所占的空间。

So we're always looking at ways of optimizing all those different systems to minimize the impact.

从机电工程的角度来看，这对迭戈的结构设计也是一个挑战，因为现代摩天大楼的地下室空间竞争非常激烈。

From an M and E point of view, but also a challenge for Diego's structural design, is that there is a lot more competition for basement space in a modern skyscraper.

我们这座楼的规模差不多大了五成。

And we have a building that was sort of 50 bigger.

我们一开始先讨论了需要安装的所有设备，其中一部分原本是想放在地下室的。

So we started off by talking about all the plant that we're gonna need, and some of that would ideally have been in the basement.

但当你把一栋更大的楼建在同一个地下室上时，这些设备的尺寸也得跟着变大。

But when you put a bigger building on the same basement, then that plant all gets a bit bigger.

这就让地下室变得更加紧张了。

So on its own, that makes the basement a lot more constrained.

更大的建筑需要更大的货物装卸区域。

A larger building required larger areas for deliveries.

骑自行车的人越来越多，所以自行车存放区和配套的淋浴设施也比以前的设计多了不少。

Cycling's more popular, so cycle storage and the showers that go with that also increase compared with previous design.

原本该放在地下室的设备，现在都被往上挪到了更高楼层的设备层，而这又跟餐厅和其他空间抢起了地盘。

So a lot of the plant that would normally go in the basement gets kicked upwards to the plant floors that are spaced higher up in the building, which in turn competes with restaurants and other spaces.

我们跟配套设施之间也出现了竞争。

We get a bit of competition with the amenities.

我们尽量把设备往上移，一路往上推，直到推到楼顶。

We try and move stuff a bit more up, and we kind of we kept on going until we we reached the top of the building.

到了楼顶，设计师们还得担心别影响到伦敦城市机场的飞行航道。

And at the top of the building, the designers needed to start worrying about not encroaching into the flight path of London City Airport.

所以这是一个需要各专业紧密协调的紧张环境。

So it was a competitive environment that required coordination between all of the sections.

而这一切如何巧妙地融合在一起，全靠建筑师的功力。

And the artistry of how it all hangs together depends on the architect.

我是美国人，所以不是本地人。

Well, I'm American, so, you know, not from these shores.

但我父母是军人，每三四年就搬一次家。

But I my parents were military, moved every three to four years.

到处换地方，经历各种不同的事。

It was, you know, different places, different things.

也许正因如此，我才来到伦敦——总是换环境、换生活，我觉得这很有趣、很刺激，尽管我在这里住的时间比 anywhere 都长。

That's probably what brings me to London is we always change places and change things and I find that interesting and exciting, even though I've actually lived here longer than I've lived anywhere.

但我早就知道自己喜欢有创意的东西。

But I knew I liked creative things.

我爸爸是工程师，我就想，我能做点什么既有创意，又不是空洞无物的呢？

My dad is an engineer, you know, it was like, what can I do that is creative, but also has some, you know, it's not just fluffy stuff?

所以很久以前，我就开始往建筑这个方向想了。

And so that's where I started thinking towards architecture eons and eons ago.

我是PLP建筑事务所的艾米·霍尔茨。

This is Amy Holtz from PLP Architecture.

她注意到，22号大楼的许多设计特点最近越来越多地出现在其他建筑中。

She's noticed a number of the features of 22 appearing in buildings more recently.

我觉得，提供共享设施，让建筑不只是办公空间，这一点确实正被越来越多的项目采纳。

I think the provision of shared amenities and things that make a bring a building beyond just an office building is for sure you see projects picking up on these things.

十年前刚开发这块地的时候，经济刚复苏，大家首要考虑的是最大化使用面积。

At the time when they started developing the site ten odd years ago, you needed to maximize area post recession.

但他们发现了一个市场缺口：如果企业想留住人才，就得打造真正吸引人的空间。

But they they saw this this spot in the market that if you focus on the people and the retention of staff, which the big businesses want to do, then they need to have great spaces to bring them into.

而22号大楼提供的这些设施和优质空间，正好帮他们实现了这一点。

And these amenities and the quality of space that twenty two provides helps them do that.

我们并没有为了多盖几层楼，而把每一毫米的空间都压榨到极限。

Because we don't you know, it's not that we you know, 62 story building, we didn't pinch every millimeter in order to get more floors on there.

整个办公区的净高都是三米，靠近立面的地方天花板还抬高到3.2米，这样采光好得多，也让整个办公空间显得更高、更宽敞。

We have three meter clear throughout the office plate with the the ceiling stepping up to 3.2 at the facades, and that brings in a huge amount more daylight into the space and just gives perception of taller, more generous spaces for the entire office space.

22号比肖普斯盖特大厦的外立面是另一个超前于时代的特色。

The facade of 22 Bishopsgate is another feature that was also ahead of its time.

艾米2004年来到伦敦，立刻攻读环境设计硕士学位。

Amy came to London in 2004 and immediately took up a Masters in Environmental Design.

从那以后，她一直深耕这个领域，现在是PLP的可持续发展主管。

It's an area she's worked in ever since and is now Head of Sustainability at PLP.

这么多年来，人们对环境问题的意识一直在增强。

In all that time, there's been a growing awareness of environmental issues.

但在22号大楼设计时，行业对净零排放的关注还远未形成。

But when '22 was being designed, industry's laser focus on net zero had not yet arrived.

我们希望建筑的外观在天际线上能像变色龙一样融入环境。

Externally, we wanted the bill the building to behave almost like a chameleon on the skyline.

白天从不同角度观察，外立面会随着光线强弱和周围环境的变化而改变。

The facade, if you're looking at it through the day, it changes in response to the light levels or the viewing angle and the surrounding environment.

你经常能看到它从透明变成乳白色，再反射出天空中的云彩。

So often you can see it go from transparent to milky white to reflecting all of the clouds.

但这些并不是完全不同的幕墙类型。

And it's not that those are all different facade types.

我们精心设计了玻璃的角度和透光度，让它真的能像变色龙一样变化。

It's that we carefully crafted the angle and the clarity of the glass so that it did become that chameleon.

这套幕墙系统属于封闭式腔体幕墙，由三层玻璃组成。

The facade system is what's known as a closed cavity facade, which has three panes of glass.

其中两层是双层中空玻璃，中间留有空腔，再加一层外层玻璃。

Two are double glazed, then there is a cavity, then a third pane.

空腔内部保持恒定气压，并装有自动遮阳百叶。

The cavity is pressurised and contains an automated blind.

当阳光照射到建筑外立面时，一部分辐射会先被外层玻璃反射掉。

As the sun's energy hits the building, initially some radiation is reflected from the outer face of the external glazing.

剩余的部分进入空腔后，会被百叶反射回外侧，或被吸收，加热空腔内的空气，再将热量重新辐射出去。

A reduced amount penetrates into the cavity where it's reflected back out by the blinds or absorbed, heating the air in the cavity that then reradiates the heat back out.

内层的双层玻璃涂有低辐射膜，能隔绝空腔的热量传入室内，同时进一步将能量反射回室外。

The inner double glazing with a low e coating insulates the hot cavity from the office inside and further reflects the energy back to the outside.

最后，还有一小部分太阳能会进入室内。

Finally, a small amount of the solar energy will make it into the building.

当百叶窗完全关闭时，大约占总能量的10%。

This is about 10% of the total when the blinds are fully closed.

这样一来，冬天建筑的保温效果非常好。

This all gives the building great insulation in winter.

但到了夏天，这些百叶窗的设计特别巧妙。

But in summer, the blinds are really clever.

它们会根据周边建筑的几何模型和传感器数据，实时检测太阳的位置和强度。

They use a geometrical model of the surrounding buildings and sensors to detect the position and intensity of the sun.

然后智能判断什么时候该放下百叶窗。

It then makes an intelligent decision as to when it should deploy the blinds.

如果已经有云层挡住了阳光，系统就知道没必要再阻挡热量了。

So if there are clouds already blocking the sun from the facade, it knows that it doesn't need to block the heat.

如果没有这套系统，就只能设计更暗的外立面，导致办公室显得阴沉。

Without all of this, it's necessary to design a darker facade, resulting in a gloomier office environment.

这可不是为了好看才这么设计的。

That's not just for fun because we thought it would look nice.

它还有实际功能，能提升建筑内部的使用体验，从远处看也别具一格。

It's also performing something, and it's also helping to make the building better for the people within it, as well as something special when you're seeing it from afar.

我们用了一种略带反光的玻璃包裹外立面，进一步强化了立面丰富多变的视觉效果。

It's a slightly reflective glass that we've wrapped around the facade and it in a way it further accentuates the varied and dynamic appearance of the facade.

人们走进大型建筑时，最先注意到的往往是宏伟的大堂。

The first thing people see in a large building is often a grand entrance hall.

但对‘22’这座建筑来说，团队更希望营造一种更贴近人的尺度。

But for '22, the team was keen to have something on a more human scale.

这是建筑面向公众的门面。

It's the civic face of the building.

我们从这里进入。

We go in it.

它与上方的玻璃钢构塔楼形成了一种精心设计的人工对比。

It's a crafted and man made juxtaposition to the glass and steel tower above.

上了三楼之后，你就到了三楼的市场区。

So you get above Level 3, the Level 3 market.

我们用混凝土和玻璃打造了一个挑檐，沿线分布着亚历山大·梅利申科的几件艺术作品。

We have a cornice line created by this concrete and glass canopy that has intermittent artwork by Alexander Melishenko along that run.

我们特别用心地让底层显得亲切自然，不像是那座高塔的延伸——你从远处看到的高塔本身就很特别，玻璃和各个切面都在努力营造整体效果。

But we worked quite carefully to make sure that the base felt human, that it didn't feel like this tower, that it brought you because you see the tower from a distance and it's a special thing and the glass is working incredibly hard and the facets are working and everything is creating this whole element.

但当你沿着人行道往上走时，体验就完全不同了。

But as you walk up at Pedestrian Skill, there's a different experience.

你沿着针线街走过来时，根本看不到那座塔，直到越来越近，才慢慢显现出来。

You don't see that tower as you're walking down Threadneedle and you get closer and you approach it.

你看到的是大堂，看到这个充满公共气息的空间，它从设计上就是对公众开放、可以自由穿行的。

You see the lobby, you see this this really civic space, and and it's designed to be open to the public to walk through.

某种程度上，它就像一个不断更新的艺术画廊。

It's it's a in a way, it serves as a a changing art gallery.

他们并没有只是因为‘大家都这么做’，就用石头把整栋楼糊一遍。

They haven't just plastered the entire building in stone because that's what you do.

他们不想要一个传统的门厅。

They didn't want to have a traditional entrance hall.

如果你从主教门街走过来，就能感受到这一点。

And if you walk down Bishopsgate, you feel that.

你看到人们边走边停，抬头看顶棚，又往里瞧那些艺术品。

You see people walking along and stopping and looking and they look up at the canopy and they look in at the artwork.

我觉得他们真想进去。

And I think they want to go in.

说实话，我自己就特别想进去。

I mean, I know I want to go in.

像20号这样的大型建筑项目能否成功，取决于它是否准确评估并预测了租户未来的需要。

The success of a major building development such as 20 rests on whether it has accurately assessed and predicted the future needs of its tenants.

那么，我们的开发商怎么看22号在后疫情时代的表现呢？毕竟项目规划早在几年前就开始了。

So what does our developer think of how well twenty two does in a post pandemic world, considering project planning began years before?

是的，我觉得我们运气很好。

Yeah, I think we were very fortunate.

我们做了大量研究，同时也想大胆尝试一些新东西。

I think we did all this research and we like to push things a bit as well.

我们很早就意识到，像22B这样庞大的建筑，施工周期大约要四到五年。

And we realised very early on that when you're building a building like 22B, huge building, the build programme is roughly four or five years.

所以你设计的建筑，等建成时，你的设计方案其实已经落后五年了。

So, you're designing a building that has to be at the forefront of the market that's effectively your design is five years old.

这确实是个很大的挑战。

So you've got a real challenge.

你建的是个大项目，但还得跟那些规模小得多、可能只有你五分之一大小的建筑竞争，而它们的设计才刚三年左右，你的却已经五年了——你必须跟上它们的水平，因为那就是你的竞争对手。

So you're building a big building but you've got to be competing against that smaller building that's maybe you know a fifth of the size but their design is only probably three years old but yours is five so you've got to be where they are as well because that's going be your competition.

那你能怎么办呢？

So what do you do?

你得有勇气，但同时也必须做足功课。

So you have to be quite brave but you've got to do your research.

所以我们做了大量的研究。

So we did lots of lots of research.