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现在是春假季节。
It's spring break season.
太棒了。
Woo hoo.
真是太令人兴奋了。
It's so exciting.
我希望你们都去一些有趣的地方。
I hope you guys are going somewhere fun.
我们要去佛罗里达。
We are going to Florida.
哦，我最喜欢的春假地点。
Oh, my favorite spring break location.
我非常喜欢佛罗里达。
I love Florida so much.
这里是《探索国家公园》播客，由《鞋底的泥土》带来。
This is the exploring the national parks podcast with Dirt in My Shoes.
我叫阿什，曾是国家公园管理员，也是《鞋底沾泥》的创始人。
My name is Ash, and I'm a former park ranger and the founder of Dirt in My Shoes.
我认为公园最好的体验方式就是徒步，我在这里帮助大家轻松规划国家公园之旅。
I think that the parks are best seen from the trail, and I'm here to make national park trip planning easy.
我是约翰。
And I'm John.
我背着孩子们走小径，讲各种故事，留意阿什不太在意的东西，比如鸟类。
I carry the kids on the trails, I tell stories, and notice all the things that Ash doesn't care about much, like birds.
加入我们，一起游览美国壮观的国家公园。
Join us as we show you around America's spectacular national parks.
我们将分享我们最爱的地方、有趣的知识、冒险经历以及一些小插曲。
We're sharing our favorite places, fun facts, adventures, and misadventures.
我们还会顺便提供一些旅行规划建议。
And we'll even throw in a little trip planning.
让我们开始探索吧。
Let's start exploring.
我们
We
我们几乎每年都会去一次佛罗里达。
pretty much try to get to Florida at least once a year.
我们有点着迷了。
We're kind of obsessed.
是的。
Yeah.
我觉得这个假设很合理。
I think I think that's a fair assumption.
那里太棒了。
It's so wonderful.
天气非常好。
The weather is so nice.
问题是这样。
Here's the thing.
我爸爸的家人全都来自佛罗里达。
My dad's family is all from Florida.
嗯。
Mhmm.
我们其实从来没去探望过他们。
And we never went to visit them, really.
我不太喜欢，我对佛罗里达有些记忆，但我最记得的是我爸爸总说，夏天千万别去佛罗里达。
I don't like, I have some memories of being in Florida, but what I remember most is my dad always saying, never go to Florida in the summer.
这就是我所知道的。
Like, that's what I know.
所以我们也就干脆放弃了，觉得没关系。
And so we just kind of wrote it off as like, it's fine.
我们没必要去那里。
We don't need to go there.
对。
Right.
然后我们发现了大沼泽地
And then like, we discovered Everglades
嗯。
Mhmm.
那地方其实根本不在我想去的地方列表上。
Which was not very high on my list of places to visit.
但因为我们是国家公园爱好者，所以觉得是啊，我们大概应该去一趟。
But since we're National Park people, we're like, yeah, we probably should go there.
阿什基本上已经打卡了大部分地方。
Ash had basically like checked a lot.
她清单上所有能乘飞机轻松到达的国家公园几乎都去完了。
Pretty much everything else off of her list of easily accessible National Parks by plane.
我知道。
I know.
我知道。
I know.
她说，该去佛罗里达了。
She's like, guess it's time to go to Florida.
我想我们该去佛罗里达了。
Guess we should go to Florida.
我超级超级喜欢大沼泽地。
And I loved loved loved Everglades.
嗯。
Mhmm.
我们还去了德莱托格斯群岛、比斯坎湾，还有附近所有地方。
And we, you know, we went to Dry Tortugas and Biscayne and everything right there.
那大概该怎么说呢？
And that was how about what would you say?
大概是六年前吧，嗯。
Probably six years ago Mhmm.
左右吧。
Or so.
我们现在每年都会去佛罗里达。
And we're in Florida every year now.
是的。
Yeah.
我们太喜欢那里了。
We love it so much.
所以我们着迷了。
So we're we're obsessed.
我们要去佛罗里达。
We're we're going to Florida.
希望你去的地方也很有趣。
Hopefully, you're going somewhere fun.
嗯。
Mhmm.
真希望你们能跟我们互动一下。
I wish you guys could talk back to us.
但如果你今年不打算出门，却想感受一下春假自驾游的氛围，我们有一期特别有趣的节目，介绍了我们最爱的一些春假目的地，嗯。
But if you need maybe you're not going anywhere, but you want that spring break road trip feel, we have a really fun episode that includes some of our favorite spring break destinations Mhmm.
我们会在节目笔记里提供链接。
That we'll link in the show notes.
所以，即使你哪儿也不去，也去听一下这期节目吧。
So even if you're not going anywhere, listen to that episode.
和家人一起去走走步道吧。
Go hit some trails with your family.
步道可以是小的。
They can be small ones.
也可以是本地的。
They can be local ones.
但关键是，走出去。
But like, get outside.
去让鞋子沾上些泥土吧。
Go get some dirt in your shoes.
多活动活动。
Be active.
去经历那些冒险吧。
Have the adventures.
好好享受你的春假。
Make the most of your spring break.
我们的凉鞋里会进沙子。
We'll be getting some sand in our flip flops.
那当然了。
You bet it.
我太兴奋了。
I'm so excited.
我知道。
I know.
我带了书，会坐在海滩上，吃美味的食物。
I am bringing books and I am sitting on beaches and I'm eating good food.
嗯嗯。
Mhmm.
而在这之后，我会看看生活会带我去哪里。
And we'll see beyond that where life takes me.
所以
So
说实话，我对今天的这一集就是这种感觉。
That's kinda honestly, that's kinda how I feel about today's episode.
我们就顺其自然，看看会走向哪里。
We'll just kinda see where this takes us.
我真的很期待今天的这一集，因为我们这次完全不同于春假去国家公园。
I'm I'm pretty excited about today's episode because we're we're we're it's totally totally different from a spring break National Park.
我们要深入地下。
We're going deep underground.
而不是温暖的天气，我们要去寒冷的深处。
Instead of the warm weather, we're going to the cold deep.
我非常喜欢温德洞穴。
I love Wind Cave.
嗯。
Mhmm.
如果你之前没听过我们探索温德洞穴的那一集，去听一下吧。
So if you didn't listen to our exploring Wind Cave episode before this one, go listen to that one.
但温德洞穴位于南达科他州。
But Wind Cave is in South Dakota.
嗯。
Mhmm.
它在地表上是一个相当小的国家公园，但我们一会儿会讲为什么它实际上并不小，是的。
It's a fairly small national park on the surface, but we're gonna talk about why it's not actually very small Yes.
几分钟内就会说到。
Here in a few minutes.
但很多人会忽略温德洞穴，或者根本不太在意它，甚至完全低估了它的价值。
But, a lot of people kind of bypass Wind Cave or just don't think much about it or just really kind of discount what it is.
你知道吗，当你去南达科他州时，人们几乎只知道那里有拉什莫尔山。
You know, when you're going to South Dakota, pretty much the only thing people know that's in South Dakota is Mount Rushmore.
对。
Right.
但整个黑山地区有很多值得看的，而风洞就在那里。
But that whole Black Hills area has a lot, and Wind Cave is just right there.
嗯。
Mhmm.
然而，它却常常被忽略。
And yet, it gets bypassed.
确实如此。
It does.
所以今天，我们就是要说服你，不要错过这个公园。
So today, we are here to convince you, you should not bypass this park.
它太棒了。
It is so cool.
是的。
Mhmm.
风洞的历史实际上可能是我最喜欢的国家公园历史之一。
The history of Wind Cave is actually probably one of my favorites of any national park.
我就是喜欢那种冒险精神。
I just love the spirit of adventure.
是的。
Mhmm.
我喜欢人们真的去做一些很酷的事情。
I love just how people like, do really cool things.
是的。
Mhmm.
没错。
Exactly.
你知道吗？
You know?
我认为，我只想指出，阿什曾经是洞穴的公园管理员。
I think and and I just wanna point out that Ash was a park ranger at a cave.
我是。
I was.
我曾在犹他州的蒂曼戈戈斯洞穴国家纪念地担任洞穴导览员，我非常喜欢洞穴。
I gave cave tours through Timpanogos Cave National Monument here in Utah, and I love caves.
我喜欢洞穴导览。
I love cave tours.
没错。
Right.
我很乐意做洞穴导览。
I am happy to give cave tours.
但有一些疯狂的人会花好几天待在洞穴里。
But there are some crazy people out there who will spend days in a cave.
那不是我。
That is not me.
嗯，Ash喜欢露营，但她可能不喜欢在地下露营。
Well, Ash loves to camp, but she may not like to camp underground.
我不太喜欢，我开始有点幽闭恐惧。
I don't like I do start to feel a little claustrophobic.
嗯。
Mhmm.
特别是当你参加洞穴游览时，比如在风洞二号，他们会把所有的灯都关掉。
Especially, you know, when you go on cave tours and they do this at Wind Cave 2, where they turn out all the lights.
嗯。
Mhmm.
那里一片漆黑，你连自己的手都看不见。
And it's complete darkness, and you can't see your hand in front of your face.
嗯。
Mhmm.
所以我一直非常害怕，比如会被困在完全黑暗的洞穴里。
So, I just always had really big fears that, like, I would get stuck in a cave in complete darkness.
对。
Right.
这让我害怕。
That terrifies me.
不行。
So, nope.
我不能当洞穴科学家，但我真的很喜欢洞穴。
Couldn't be a cave scientist, but I do really love caves.
是的。
Yeah.
风洞有一种稀有的东西，这也是它如此特别的原因。
And Wind Cave has something rare and that's what makes it so special.
有很多让它特别的地方。
There's so much to make it special.
它拥有一些稀有的东西。
It's got things that are rare.
就像你之前提到的那样。
It's like you mentioned earlier.
它有着惊人的历史，今天我们将会全面介绍这些内容。
It's got an amazing history, which we're gonna cover all of these things today.
但你确实提到过，与其他国家公园相比，它是个很小的国家公园。
But you did kinda mention, it's a it's a small national park, like, compared to a lot of other national parks.
它确实很小。
It's pretty small.
是的。
Yeah.
只有三条路可以开车走。
There's only, like, three roads you drive.
没错。
Exactly.
正因为如此小，我有点担心，随着我越来越深入研究它、为这期节目做更多准备，它的神秘感会逐渐消失。
And because it's so small, I was a little bit nervous that the more I studied it and the more I prepared for this episode, the more the mystery of it would go away for me.
哦。
Oh.
你知道吗？
You know?
嗯哼。
Mhmm.
有时候，越神秘就越令人兴奋。
Like, sometimes, the more mysterious it is, the more exciting it is.
对吧。
Right.
但我的担心完全是多余的，因为准备完这期节目后，我觉得风洞国家公园比以往更酷了。
But my fears were totally unnecessary because after preparing for this episode, I think Wind Cave is cooler than ever.
就像娶了阿什一样。
It's like being married to Ash.
你知道吗？
You know?
我们已经结婚十四年了。
We've been married for fourteen years.
我学到了很多关于她的事。
I'm I've learned lots of things about her.
我们共度了这么多时光。
We've spent so much time together.
一些神秘感消失了，但我比以往更爱她。
Some of the mysteries are gone, but I love her more than ever.
宝贝，我比以往更爱你。
I love you more than ever, babe.
谢谢。
Thanks.
谢谢。
Thanks.
我表面上挺肤浅的。
I'm pretty pretty shallow on the surface.
你就是这个意思吗？
Is that what you're saying?
你得深入一点？
You gotta go deeper?
这绝对不是我要表达的重点。
Definitely not the takeaway.
千万别这么理解。
Definitely don't take that away.
我们待会儿要吵一架了。
We're gonna have a fight later.
我真不敢相信你说了这话。
I can't believe you said that.
但希望今天这一集之后，每个人都会对温德洞有同样的感受，因为那里有太多值得探索的东西，我们会涵盖很多内容。
But, hopefully, everybody will feel that way about Wind Cave to after today's episode too because there's so much to discover, and we're gonna cover a lot.
你知道的，我们今天要讲的只是冰山一角。
And, you know, it's kinda like the tip of the iceberg is what we're gonna hit.
表面之下有太多东西。
There's so much below the surface.
这真是个洞穴笑话。
Cave joke right there.
但通常在趣味知识节目中，我们会从更科学的内容开始，以人类历史收尾。
But usually, in fun facts episodes, we start with the more science y things and we end with the human history.
但今天我们打算换个顺序。
We're actually gonna switch that up today.
太好了。
Yay.
人类历史。
Human history.
我最喜欢的。
My favorite.
因为我觉得，从人类历史开始，这里的内容实在太丰富了，我想先为洞穴本身铺垫好背景。
Because I think, like, starting with the human history, there there's just so much here and I wanna set the stage for the for the cave itself.
对我来说，温特洞的故事就像我们在电影、电视和书籍中看到的许多故事一样。
And the story of Wind Cave, to me, it's like a lot of the stories that we've seen played out in movies and on TV and read about in books.
而且，我最喜爱的一些故事正是这样开始的。
And, like, some of my absolute favorite stories start kind of like this.
一个人走在森林里或沙漠中。
A man is walking through the woods or in the desert.
你不知道为什么，但他意外地发现了什么。
You don't know why, but unexpectedly, he stumbles onto something.
通常是一些古老的东西。
It's usually something ancient.
或者电影以另一种方式开场。
Or the movie starts a different way.
你看到有人用铲子挖土，一铲子，两铲子，然后‘叮’的一声。
You've got somebody digging with a shovel, you know, one shovel full, two shovel fulls, and then tink.
然后你不确定那是什么，又戳了一下。
And then you're, unsure of what it is, pokes it again.
叮。
Tink.
叮。
Tink.
叮。
Tink.
叮。
Tink.
你知道吗？
You know?
然后他围绕着它挖一挖，拿出来，你知道的，通常是个特别酷的东西，但电影就是这么开头的。
And then he digs around it and then pulls something out, you know, and it's usually something really cool, but it start the movie all starts this way.
你知道吗？
You know?
有件东西，或者某人发现的某个东西，让整个电影就此展开。
There's an object that some or something that somebody finds, and it sets the movie off on its way.
很多时候，这些东西是秘密的，甚至可能拥有某种神秘的力量。
A lot of times, it's something kind of secret and maybe even have some hidden powers.
想想你一些最喜欢的故事吧。
Just think of some of your favorite stories.
比如对我来说，就是一些特殊的戒指，你知道的，有时候是一块石头、一个衣柜、一把剑、一个蛋、一本书。
Like, for me, it's like special rings, you know, sometimes a stone, a wardrobe, swords, eggs, books.
人们经常会偶然发现一些东西，包括通向奇妙之地的门道和通道。
People stumble onto things all the time, including doorways and passageways that lead to amazing things.
有时候它们是隐藏的。
Sometimes they're hidden.
有时候它们被遗忘了。
Sometimes they were forgotten.
有时候它们是被有意或无意拿走、留下，或是因为突发状况而被遗弃的。
Sometimes they were taken or left behind on purpose or on accident or because of unexpected circumstances.
战争、火山、自然灾害，或是为了逃离的需要。
War, volcanoes, natural disasters, the need for escape.
无论它是什么，那个特殊的东西都被遗留下了。
Whatever it was, the special thing was left behind.
然后我们快进到五年、十年、一百年，甚至一千年后，也就是主要故事发生的时代。
And then we fast forward five, ten, a hundred, even a thousand years into the future where the main story takes place.
好吧，朋友们，这就是风洞国家公园的故事。
Well, my friends, that is the story of Wind Cave National Park.
一个被遗落的特殊物品，于1881年被两名骑马穿过浅峡谷的兄弟偶然发现。
Something special left behind found years later on accident by two brothers riding their horses through a shallow ravine in 1881.
我认为，说十九世纪中后期是如今我们所知的美国经历巨大变革与动荡的时期，并不为过。
Now I don't think it's an understatement to say that the mid to late eighteen hundreds were a time of great change and turmoil in what would become The United States that we see today.
我们经历了美墨战争、内战、美西战争、林肯遇刺，加利福尼亚发现黄金，瞬间数百万人收拾行装，沿着摩门教先驱和捕猎者的足迹，一路向西前往西海岸。
We had the Mexican American War, our own civil war, the Spanish American War, Lincoln assassination, gold being found in California, and suddenly millions of people packed up and headed out west following the tracks of the Mormon pioneers and trappers all the way to the West Coast.
但当加利福尼亚的黄金似乎枯竭时，美国人开始遍布整个美国西部。
But when gold seemed to dry up in California, Americans started to fan out all across the American West.
一个接一个的淘金小镇兴起。
Boom town after boom town.
黄金、白银，还有各种矿物。
Gold, silver, all kinds of minerals.
但不仅仅是探矿者和矿工。
But it wasn't just prospectors and miners.
定居者和牧场主也来了。
Homesteaders and ranchers came too.
但问题是，现在他们想要占据以前只是经过的土地。
But the problem was now they wanted to occupy the land that previously they were just passing through.
最近，阿什给了我一本她和我几年前都读过的关于疯马的书。
Well, Ash recently gave me a book that both her and I had read several years ago about Crazy Horse.
是的。
Mhmm.
你还记得那本书吗？
You remember that book?
真是一本好书。
Such a good book.
从拉科塔人的视角阅读这个故事真的非常有趣。
It was really interesting reading that story from the perspective of the Lakota people.
我觉得我和阿什都记得，书中有一些场景描绘了来自美国东部的许多旅行者，而拉科塔人常常只是坐在山丘上，仿佛在进行一种观人活动。
And I think both of Ash and I remember there's some scenes in the book where a lot of the Americans from back east that are traveling, like, lot of the Lakota people would just kinda, like, sit on a hill, and it was almost like their form of people watching.
他们只是静静地看着马车队伍穿越大平原。
They would just watch the wagon trains go across the plains.
在淘金热初期，当人们只是前往加利福尼亚时，局势在很多方面还比较缓和，因为他们并没有在中途停留。
And early on during the gold rushes, when people were just heading out to California, it was low stakes in a lot of ways because they could just people weren't stopping in the middle.
他们只是直奔海岸。
They were just going to the coast.
但当人们开始定居，或有人希望留在内陆时，局势才真正变得紧张起来。
But when they started to inhabit or when people wanted to stay in the interior, that's when things really got heated.
而且紧张局势迅速升级。
And it got heated rather quickly.
很快，似乎美国军队就在整个边疆地区四处作战。
Pretty soon, it seemed like the US army was fighting all across the frontier.
德克萨斯州的科曼奇人、西南部的阿帕奇人，以及整个大平原和落基山脉地区，美军正在与拉科塔人、夏延人、阿拉帕霍人和基奥瓦人作战。
The Comanche in Texas, the Apache in the Southwest, and throughout the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, the US army was fighting the Lakota, the Cheyenne, the Arapaho, and the Kiowa.
美国西部的每一寸土地似乎都在争夺之中。
Every inch of the American West seemed like it was being contested.
西部最激烈争夺的地方之一是哪里，阿什？
And one of the most hotly contested places in the West was what, Ash?
南达科他州。
South Dakota.
黑山。
The Black Hills.
是的。
Yep.
拉科塔人认为黑山是神圣的。
The Lakota people considered the Black Hills sacred.
他们相信野牛和拉科塔人本身都源自黑山，并为保卫这片土地而战。
They believed that the buffalo and the Lakota people themselves both came from the Black Hills, and they fought to keep them as their own lands.
而且这实际上已经达成了协议。
And it was actually agreed to.
1868年，美国政府签署了《拉勒米堡条约》。
In 1868, the US government signed the Fort Laramie treaty.
根据该协议，包括黑山在内的大片土地被划为原住民专属领地。
Under the agreement, large swathes of land, including the Black Hills, were considered exclusive Native American land.
嗯，几乎每个人都知道，这种情况并没有持续太久。
Well, just about everybody knows that didn't last very long.
事实上，1874年在法国溪发现黄金时，这一发现是美国陆军远征队的一部分，而这支远征队的指挥官正是乔治·卡斯特。
And in fact, when gold was discovered in the Black Hills in 1874 at French Creek, it was discovered as part of a US army expedition headed by none other than George Custer.
一旦发现黄金，涌向该地区的淘金者、定居者、牧场主，以及各种美国人就再也停不下来了。
And once gold was struck, there was no turning off the faucet of prospectors, homesteaders, ranchers, and in general, just Americans who would flock to the area.
因为1875年，黄金又在我们另一个熟悉的地方——戴德伍德峡谷被发现了。
Because in 1875, gold was also discovered in another one of our favorite towns, Deadwood Gulch.
戴德伍德真的很酷。
Deadwood is really cool.
戴德伍德真的很酷。
Deadwood is super cool.
但别进来，别靠近。
But boo, stay out.
1876年，戴德伍德最著名的居民之一——狂野比尔·希科克和卡勒米特·简，连同成千上万其他人，纷纷来到这片西部最新热点地区碰运气。
In 1876, one of Deadwood's most famous inhabitants, Wild Bill Hickok and Calamity Jane, along with thousands of others, showed up to try their luck in the West's newest hot spot.
但当他们抵达时，都期待美军的保护，结果却彻底乱了套。
But when they showed up, they all expected protection from the US army, and then everything went crazy.
印第安人与美军之间的战斗在整个地区激烈爆发。
Battles between Native Americans and the US army raged throughout the territory.
像红云、疯马和坐牛这样的酋长和战士，与克鲁克准将和卡斯特中校以及美军骑兵和炮兵部队展开了交锋。
Chiefs and warriors that most people recognize, like Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, and Sitting Bull, engaged with brigadier general George Crook and lieutenant colonel George Custer, along with regiments of the US cavalry and artillery.
我不知道。
And I don't know.
这可能有争议。
This this might be contested.
但除了独立战争和内战之外，这段被称为大苏族战争的时期，可能是我们大陆上最具标志性的战争之一，我觉得。
But aside from the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, this period of war called the Great Sioux War is probably one of the most iconic of any, I think, we've had on the continent.
你看过太多电影了，比如《与狼共舞》，还有很多那个时代的电影，都展现了美国陆军进入西部，与原住民发生战斗的场景。
You've seen so see it in so many movies, you know, from Dances with Wolves to really, there's just a lot of movies of that time period where you see the US Army coming into the West, and you have battles with the Native Americans.
不同的世界，不同的文化，不同的武器，都在为自己的生活方式而战。
Different worlds, different cultures, different weapons, all fighting for their way of life.
1876年，卡斯特在1877年的小大角河战役中阵亡。
And in 1876, Custer was killed at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1877.
那是一个国家公园遗址，顺便说一下。
Which is a national park site, the by way.
是的。
It is.
我们去过那里。
And we've been there.
我觉得我们应该做一期关于这个的节目。
We need to do an episode on that, I think.
是的
Yeah.
这是一个非常特别的地方。
It's a really special place.
是的
Yeah.
整个这片区域你都能感受到。
This whole area is you can feel it.
你能感受到空气中的气息。
You can feel it in the air.
是的
Yeah.
它对许多人来说仍然是神圣的。
And it's still sacred to so many people.
嗯
Mhmm.
所以
So
而且，你知道，我之前提到过，这是一个非常具有标志性的时期。
And this, you know, like, I mentioned that this is kind of an iconic period.
这也是一个非常沉重的时期。
It's also a really heavy period.
是的。
It is.
真的很令人难过。
It's it's really sad.
这确实很难妥善处理。
It's really kind of it's hard to handle properly.
但在1877年，疯马在内布拉斯加州的罗宾逊堡被杀。
But in 1877, Crazy Horse was killed at Fort Robinson, Nebraska.
尽管美国西部在之后几年仍保持着其野性，但我认为，疯马被杀才是真正转折点。
And while the American West still maintained its fierceness for a few more years, I think that was the turning point, really, when Crazy Horse was killed.
从那时起，西部荒野开始变得不那么狂野了。
That's when the West the Wild West started to become a little less wild.
因为1877年，拉科塔人被驱逐出黑山，被迫迁入保留地，离开了他们的家园、猎场以及最神圣的场所和圣物。
Because in 1877, the Lakota were removed from the Black Hills, and they were put on reservations leaving behind their home, their hunting grounds, and their most sacred places and their sacred things.
随着战斗结束，越来越多的人开始遍布美国西部，仅仅十三年后，美国人口普查局就宣布他们再也找不到边疆了——这让我们回到了两个年轻牛仔的故事，他们在拉科塔人被驱逐仅四年之后，骑马穿过黑山南部的一个浅沟。
And with the fighting over, so many people began spreading throughout the American West that only thirteen years later, the US Census Bureau stated that they could no longer find a frontier, which brings us back to the story of two young cowboys who were riding through a shallow ravine in the Southern Black Hills only four years after the Lakota were forced to leave them.
我没想到时间竟如此接近。
I didn't realize it was that that close.
就是这么快。
It's that soon.
是的。
Yeah.
传说在1881年，汤姆和杰西·宾厄姆骑马前行时，杰西听到了一阵奇怪的呼啸声。
Legend goes that in 1881, Tom and Jesse Bingham were riding along when Jesse heard an odd whooshing sound.
他们两人都下了马。
They both got off their horses.
他们前去调查。
They went to investigate.
他们发现岩石中有一个大约十英寸宽的洞，风力强劲到把汤姆的帽子直接吹掉了。
What they found was a hole in the rocks, only about 10 inches wide, that was blowing so hard that it blew Tom's hat right off his head.
嗯哼。
Mhmm.
后来，他们带朋友回来展示，但风向已经改变了。
Later, they returned to show some friends, but the wind had changed directions.
当帽子被放在洞口时，反而被吸了进去。
And when placed over the opening, it actually sucked his hat in.
于是，他们偶然发现的——就像许多故事中的主角一样——是一件非凡的事物，一种被遗弃却未被遗忘的东西，这也引出了第一个趣味知识点。
And so that's what they stumbled upon, like many of our favorite characters in stories, was something extraordinary, something left behind but not forgotten, which brings us to fun fact number one.
他们发现的正是拉科塔人所称的‘马卡·奥尼耶’，即‘呼吸的大地’。
What they stumbled upon was what the Lakota people call Maka Oniye or Breathing Earth.
第一个趣味知识点是，马卡·奥尼耶，也就是我们所说的风洞，被认为是拉科塔人和野牛的发源地。
And fun fact number one is that Maka Oniye or what we call Wind Cave is considered the birthplace of the Lakota people and the buffalo.
起鸡皮疙瘩了。
Chills.
我知道。
I know.
传说中，许多万年前，拉科塔人和野牛就是从这个灵屋中首次现身的。
Legend says that this is where the Lakota people and the bison first emerged from the spirit lodge many eons ago.
由于环境所迫，他们不得不离开这里，但他们从未忘记自己的起源之地。
Circumstances forced them to leave it behind, but they never forgot where they came from.
而到了今天，你可以在国家公园管理局的网站上读到完整的诞生故事，也可以听一位美洲原住民公园管理员亲自讲述。
And fast forward to present day, you can actually read the full emergent story on the NPS website, or you can hear it told to you by a native American park ranger.
这真的非常有趣。
It's really interesting.
这个故事有点太长了，我们没法在这里完整讲述，但如果你感兴趣，不妨去了解一下。
It's a little too long for us to go through the whole story here, but if you're interested, go check it out.
我们会在节目笔记中提供链接，方便你查看。
We'll link it in the show notes so that you can you can see it.
而且我们也会在节目笔记中附上《疯马》这本书，嗯。
And also, we'll link the Crazy Horse book Mhmm.
我们非常喜欢这本书，因为正如约翰所说，它是从拉科塔人的视角写的。
That we really like because like John said, it's from the Lakota
视角。
Perspective.
是的。
Yeah.
我觉得这让它变得好太多了。
Which I think just makes it so much better.
所以，总之，我们也会在节目笔记中附上这两样内容，如果你想深入了解的话。
So anyway, we'll link both of those things in the show notes too so you can dig deeper if you want.
对。
Right.
但考虑到这个地区丰富的历史，甚至坐牛的侄子都提到过这个地方正是野牛的起源地，我认为我们必须认识到，这片地面上小小的开口，正是拉科塔人和其他美洲原住民部落如此奋力保卫黑山的原因之一。
But with all the history surrounding this part of the country, even with Sitting Bull's nephew talked about this place specifically being the place of emergence for the buffalo, I think it's kind of important to recognize that this tiny opening in the earth is part of why the Lakota and other native American tribes fought so hard to keep the Black Hills.
我知道。
I know.
你能想象吗？
Can you imagine?
这可是你整个故事、整个部落、整个生活方式的开端
Like, that's the beginning of your entire story, your entire tribe, your entire way of living
对。
Right.
以及存在与信仰。
And being and believing.
这真是一个非常、非常特别的地方
Like, that's a really, really special place
确实是。
It is.
对他们来说。
To them.
它甚至仍然如此。
It's even still.
嗯哼。
Mhmm.
我觉得他们把游客中心建在自然入口稍远的地方挺棒的，因为自然入口本身是个比较安静的地方。
And I think it's kind of cool that they built the visitor center a little way off from the natural entrance because the natural entrance, it's a little bit of a quieter place.
是的。
Yeah.
你经过它时，参加某些导览活动时会停下来留意一下，但它远离了公园的主要喧嚣区域。
And you walk past it and you kinda stop at it when you take some of the tours and things, but it's a little place apart from some of the main hubbub of the park.
所以你可以去那里，那里有一些说明展板，介绍这个地方对原住民有多么重要。
And so you can go there and they have some interpretive panels and some things that kinda describe how important this is to the native peoples.
但我只是觉得这真的很有趣，因为很多时候我们认为故事是从欧洲裔美国人发现它的时候才开始的。
But I just think it's really neat because a lot of times we think that the story started at a certain time when it was discovered by a Euro American.
但早在我们到来之前，这里就已经有着悠久的历史，我觉得谈论这一点很有意思。
But this has a long history before we even got here, and I think that's neat to talk about.
所以这就是我喜欢Maka Oniye——‘呼吸的大地’的原因之一，我不确定自己有没有念对。
So that's why one of the reasons why I love, I don't even know if I'm saying it right, but Maka Oniye, the Breathing Earth.
嗯。
Mhmm.
太酷了。
It's so cool.
这就是我想谈的人类历史的第一部分。
And that's the first part of the human history that I wanted to talk about.
第二部分也非常精彩。
The second part is also really cool.
第二部分完全关于探索。
And the second part is all about exploration.
是的。
Yeah.
我对这个话题特别兴奋。
And I'm so pumped about that.
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你知道吗，阿什，根据国家公园管理局的说法，直到1881年才有人进入过这个洞穴。
And you know what's really interesting, Ash, is that according to the NPS, there isn't any evidence of anyone entering the cave until 1881.
我猜也是。
I would imagine so.
如果这个地方如此神圣，你可能会想，嗯。
You would think if it's so sacred Mhmm.
原住民可能根本没进去过。
The native Americans probably didn't go in there.
对。
Right.
我觉得这非常有可能。
I think that's very, very possible.
更别提那是个只有10英寸宽的洞口了。
Not to mention it's a 10 inch wide hole.
对。
Right.
让一个孩子进去。
Send a child in there.
没错。
Exactly.
因此，在这两位牛仔发现它之前，它很可能很少被探索过。
And so it makes sense that previous to being discovered by these two cowboys that it wouldn't have been explored very much.
但在1881年，一个名叫查理·克雷里的当地男孩挤过天然入口，用一根绳子和一支蜡烛，成为第一个进入风洞的人。
But in 1881, a local boy named Charlie Crary squeezed through the natural entrance and with a string and a candle became the first person to enter Wind Cave.
从那时起，人们着迷了，都想来参观，但并不是每个人都把它用于探险。
And from that point on, people were hooked, And people wanted to come and see it, but not everybody used it for exploration.
你知道的？
You know?
你说到哪了？
What k.
这真的很好笑。
This is really funny.
我觉得因为你是个很务实的人，艾什，你可能会想明白这一点。
And I think because you're a pretty practical person, Ash, you might figure this out.
你认为风洞最实际的用途是什么？
What do you think the most practical use for Wind Cave was?
对‘藏风’之类的用途？
Practical use for Hiding Wind something.
这个猜测挺不错的。
That's a pretty good guess.
我的意思是，你确实可能会把它藏起来
I mean, it makes sense you would hide
我正要说的是，谁能通过一个10英寸的洞呢？就像我们的儿子那样
something I'm about who could fit through a 10 inch hole, which would be like a son our like our son
嗯，对。
Uh-huh.
一个正处于中学阶段、爱惹麻烦的孩子。
Who's middle school age and into all sorts of mischief.
世界上最好的捉迷藏藏身之处。
The world's best hide and go seek hiding place.
比如，他可能会把打算留到以后吃、但不该吃的食物藏在那里。
Like, that's where he would hide the food that he's saving for later that he wasn't supposed to eat or something.
你知道的。
You know?
不是。
Nope.
但这是个非常好的想法。
But very good idea.
实际上，我觉得还有更实用的用途。
Actually, even more practical than that, I think.
好吧。
Okay.
这个洞穴第一个真正实用的用途是空调。
The first real practical use for the cave was air conditioning.
哦，他们只是站在洞口外面。
Oh, they just stand outside the hole.
嗯，宾厄姆一家真是非常务实。
Well, so the Bingham's were so practical.
他们直接在洞口上方建了一座小屋。
They put a cabin right over the top of the entrance.
天哪。
Oh my gosh.
这样，在炎热的夏季，从洞里吹出的冷空气就能为他们的小屋降温。
That so that way, in the hot summer months, the cold air coming out of the cave would air condition the cave would air condition their little cabin.
太神奇了。
That's amazing.
那可真棒。
That'd be sweet.
对吧？
Right?
是的
Yeah.
天哪
Oh my gosh.
不过，我觉得这可能会适得其反，因为正如我们所说，当他们发现它时，有时空气会从洞穴中吹出来。
Although, I feel like it could back fire because like we said, when they discovered it, sometimes the air blows out of the cave.
有时又会被吸进去。
Sometimes it blows it gets sucked in.
对
Right.
这取决于……我相信我们会谈到这一点。
Just depending on the I'm sure we'll talk about it.
但如果你在洞穴上方建个小屋，冬天时所有冷空气都被吸进你的小屋怎么办？
But what if you built your cabin over it and then it sucked in all the like, either all the cold air in the winter comes into your cabin.
是的
Yeah.
那可太糟糕了。
That would be rough.
那可太糟糕了。
That would be rough.
风洞的吸气作用可能会
The the suction motion of Wind Cave could
或者它会把外面的热空气吸进来。
Or it sucks in all the hot air from outside into anyway.
这是一把双刃剑。
It's a double edged sword.
确实是。
It is.
也许值得。
Maybe worth it.
也许吧。
Maybe.
是的
Yep.
是的
Yep.
所以我建了两个小木屋。
So I have build two cabins.
对
Yeah.
一个能受益于空调，另一个则是普通的。
One one that could be benefiting from the air conditioning and the other one that's just normal.
好的
Okay.
但在整个1880年代，风洞主要仍是一个地方性的新奇景点。
But for the rest of the eighteen eighties, Wind Cave would stay mostly a local novelty.
他们又开凿了另一个入口，以便人们更容易进入洞穴。
They did dig out another entrance so people could more easily get in the cave.
但在1889年，风洞即将迎来一位意想不到的拥护者。
But in 1889, Wind Cave was about to find an unlikely champion.
一家当地矿业公司买下了风洞所在地的矿产开采权，JD·麦克唐纳和他的家人搬到这里管理矿权。
A local mining company bought the mineral rights to the land where Wind Cave sits, and JD McDonald and his family moved there to manage the claim.
他们没有找到黄金，但JD有一个儿子。
They didn't find any gold, but JD had a son.
你猜他是谁？
Who do you think that was?
他是我最喜欢的。
He is my favorite.
我只是太喜欢这个孩子了。
He's just I love I love this kid.
嗯。
Mhmm.
我根本都不认识他。
Don't even know him.
他很久以前就去世了。
He died a long time ago.
阿尔文·麦克唐纳。
Alvin McDonald.
麦克唐纳。
McDonald.
天哪。
Oh my gosh.
JD·麦克唐纳的儿子阿尔文，当时只有16岁。
JD McDonald's son, Alvin, he was 16 years old.
他爱上了这个洞穴，他是风洞的意外英雄。
He fell in love with this cave, and he is the unlikely champion of Wind Cave.
16岁。
16.
是的。
Mhmm.
我的意思是，我能理解一个16岁的孩子会爱上一个洞穴。
I mean, I can see a 16 year old loving a cave.
我明白。
I get that.
但让我感动的是，他有多么热爱这个洞穴
But what I love about it is just how much he loved the cave
嗯。
Mhmm.
还有他多么希望它能成为一件特别的事
And how much he wanted just it to be something special
对。
Right.
为人们。
For people.
哦，他真是太棒了。
Oh, he is so awesome.
他开始在空闲时间进入洞穴，每次只带着一根绳子和一支蜡烛，在里面待上好几个小时。
And he started going into the cave during his spare time, and he would spend hours in there with nothing but a string and a candle.
他开始记录自己在洞穴里所做的每一件事。
And he began to keep a diary of everything he did in the cave.
他早期的条目之一写道：‘1891年1月，我决定记录温德洞穴内部的情况，称之为AF·麦克唐纳的私人日志，温德洞穴的永久向导。'
One of his early entries reads, on the January 1891, I saw fit to keep a record of the inside workings at Wind Cave, which I called the private account of AF McDonald, permanent guide of Wind Cave.
这简直就是完美的青少年。
It's just the perfect teenager.
你知道吗？
You know?
他对这件事简直兴奋极了。
He's just so excited about it.
他是温德洞穴真正的第一位探险者。
And he he was the first true explorer of Wind Cave.
他每次进去都有计划，系统地记录自己所做的一切，绘制路线、命名房间和通道，写下他发现的有趣和奇特之处，比如某些洞穴装饰的位置以及他对其形成方式的推测，还花上数小时寻找从未有人踏足过的新地方——这对他来说至关重要，因为这些地方是人类从未到过的。
He would go in there with a plan, and he would systematically record everything that he did, mapping out routes, naming rooms and passageways, and he wrote down the interesting and unusual things he would find, where certain cave decorations were and how he believed they formed, and and he would spend hours and hours finding new places that this was very important to him that no human being had ever been in.
是的
Yeah.
我肯定。
I'm sure.
嗯哼。
Mhmm.
他经常白天进去，直到凌晨两点、三点，甚至四点才出来，作为妈妈，你会想：我儿子去哪儿了？
He would frequently go in during the day and not come out till like two, three, even 04:00 in the morning, which as a mom, you'd be like, where's my son?
是的
Yeah.
是的
Yeah.
我想我不会勇敢到去追他。
I though I wouldn't have been brave enough to go after him.
所以对着洞口大喊：阿尔文
So be shouting down the hole, Alvin
嗯。
Mhmm.
回家吃晚饭。
Come home for dinner.
只是听到回声传回来，阿尔文。
Just hearing the echo come back, Alvin.
阿尔文。
Alvin.
因为这就像他自己的个人冒险。
Well, it was like his own personal adventure because it was.
没有人比他更了解温德洞穴。
And nobody knew more about Wind Cave than he did.
你实际上可以在游客中心找到他的日记。
And you can actually find his journal is in the visitor center.
是的。
Yeah.
所以你可以阅读、观看，亲眼看到这件实物真是非常有趣。
And so you can read, see it, and it's it's just so neat to see the actual artifact itself.
但当游客到来时，他告诉他们自己是风洞的首席向导。
But when visitors came, he told them that he was the chief guide at Wind Cave.
很快，带领人们游览洞穴的收入就超过了采矿或定居土地的收益。
And pretty soon, there was more money in guiding people through the cave than there was in either mining or homesteading the land.
麦当劳家族实际上找了一些商业伙伴来帮助拓展与洞穴相关的业务，人们非常喜欢。
The McDonald's actually took on some business partners to help them grow the business related to the cave, and people loved it.
他们在洞穴里获得了最棒的体验，这主要归功于阿尔文。
And they had the best experiences at the cave, mostly because of Alvin.
嗯。
Mhmm.
因为当你和阿尔文一起游览时，你就成为了这场冒险的一部分。
Because when you were on a tour with Alvin, you were part of the adventure.
是的。
Yeah.
如果他看到一条不熟悉的通道，就会想去探索。
And if he saw an unfamiliar passageway, he would want to explore it.
和你一起。
With you.
他确保没人会迷路，但经常突破大多数人觉得能接受的界限。
He made sure that nobody ever got lost, but he often stretched the boundaries of what most people would probably feel comfortable with.
他会带很多绳子，以确保你能找到回来的路。
He would bring a lot of string to make sure you could find your way back out.
但如果你的绳子用完了，他认为只要还能听到拿着绳子的人的声音，你就没事——这让我觉得太可怕了。
But if you ran out of string, he believed that if you could still hear the people that had the string, then you were just fine, which is terrifying to me
是的。
Yeah.
就我个人而言。
Personally.
他还知道，你必须小心蜡烛，因为你不希望在洞里时蜡烛熄灭。
He also knew that you needed to be careful with your candles because you didn't want your candles to run out while you were still in the cave.
所以，阿什，如果你正在带领一群人穿越洞穴，发现了一条你非常想探索的通道，但你的蜡烛不够了，你会怎么办？
So so, Ash, what do you do if you're guiding a group of people through the cave and you find a passageway that you really need to explore, but you don't have enough candles to do it?
正如我之前提到的，我不太喜欢洞穴里的黑暗。
Well, as I mentioned before, I'm not a big fan of the darkness of Cave.
所以如果你问我个人的看法，我会彻底恐慌，尽快离开。
So if you're asking me personally, that I would I would be in a full blown panic and getting out as fast as possible.
嗯。
Mhmm.
阿尔文，你能稍后再自己来试试吗？
Alvin, can you come back later and do this yourself?
是的。
Yeah.
我能先走吗？
Like, can I please leave?
这个解决方案可能不会让你很高兴，阿什。
The solution probably wouldn't make you very happy, Ash.
因为他会让团队成员熄灭蜡烛，然后把整个团队留在黑暗中，自己去探索那条通道。
Because he would have the group put out their candles, and then he would leave the group in the dark, and he would go explore it himself.
我们不能浪费这些蜡烛，所以就待在原地别动。
And We can't waste these, so just stay where you're at.
没错。
Exactly.
别动。
Don't move.
这样你就不会迷路了。
You can't get lost that way.
没错。
Exactly.
我三小时后回来。
I'll be back in three hours.
团队中的一些成员可能跟着他一起去，主要是为了协助探索，因为你可以离开团队以节省蜡烛。
Some of the some members of the group probably came with him, mainly as assistance to the exploring because you can leave the group so you preserve the candles.
但如果你的绳子用完了，就需要有个人能对着他大喊，同时拉着绳子，而他继续探索。
But then if you run out of string, you need someone to be able to yell at while they hold on to the string and he continues to explore.
天哪。
Oh, boy.
我的天啊。
Oh my gosh.
不用说，他对洞穴的好奇心是出了名的。
Needless to say, his curiosity about the cave was legendary.
嗯。
Mhmm.
因为他经常在自己去快速探索某个地方时，把其他人单独留在洞穴里。
And because he frequently left individuals alone in the cave while he went to explore something real quick
我太喜欢这一点了。
I love that so much.
‘快速’到底有多快？
How real quick is real quick?
我不太确定。
I'm not really sure.
但有一个关于阿尔文的流行都市传说，我找不到确凿的证据，但它描绘了和他一起进洞时的惊人场景。
But there is a popular urban legend about Alvin that I couldn't find real proof of, but it's it paints a pretty amazing picture of what it was like to go into the cave with him.
根据传说，他曾和一群人一起进洞，花了数小时和他们一起探索。
And as the legend goes, he went in with a group of people and for hours explored the cave with them.
但后来他看到了一些非常想探索的东西，于是把他们留在黑暗中，自己跑去查看。
But then he saw something he really wanted to explore, so he left them in the dark while he went off to check it out.
但他太兴奋了，完全忘了自己把那些人丢在后面。
But he got so excited exploring that he forgot about the people he had left behind.
于是探索完后，他直接从洞里出来，回家睡觉了。
So after exploring around, he simply made his way out of the cave, went home, and went to bed.
哦，天哪。
Oh, no.
第二天早上，他猛地惊醒，想起自己把一群人留在了洞里。
And then the next morning, he jolted awake and remembered that he left the group down in the cave.
所以他赶紧收拾好东西，返回洞里，把那些可怜又悲伤的人救了出来。
So he quickly grabbed his stuff, went back in, and retrieved the poor the poor sad See?
这是我最害怕的事。
My greatest fear.
我最害怕洞穴的原因。
My greatest fear of caves.
天哪。
Oh my gosh.
我的意思是，幸运的是，他们当时还有蜡烛和绳子。
I mean, luckily, they still had candles and the string probably.
但就像我说的，据我所知，这只是一个都市传说。
But like like and like I said, as far as I can tell, it's an urban legend.
这太有趣了。
That's so funny.
我记得曾听一位公园管理员讲过这个都市传说，是的。
I remember hearing that urban legend from a park ranger Yeah.
在温德洞穴。
In Wind Cave.
但我的妈妈非常幽闭恐惧。
And but my my mom is pretty claustrophobic.
如果有人把她一个人留在黑暗的洞穴里半小时，我敢肯定她从洞穴游览出来后会觉得他们把她丢在那里过夜了。
And if somebody left her in the dark in the cave for half an hour, I'm pretty sure she would come back from that cave tour feeling like, they left me there overnight.
哦，我肯定。
Oh, I'm sure.
不需要多久就会开始恐慌。
It doesn't take much to start panicking.
天啊。
Oh my gosh.
妈妈，你在听吗？抱歉刚才模仿了你的声音。
Mom, you're listening, sorry about that voice that I did for you.
天啊。
Oh my gosh.
但阿尔文·麦克唐纳在风洞的体验本该是极其精彩的。
But the Alvin McDonald experience in Wind Cave would have just been spectacular.
是的。
Yeah.
他们对风洞的期待逐渐与阿尔文·麦克唐纳这个名字紧密联系在一起。
And they kind of became synonymous in their expectations for what Wind Cave would be like.
就像‘阿尔文·麦克唐纳’和‘风洞’总是被一起提及。
Like, Alvin McDonald and Wind Cave, they were said together in the same sentence.
所以你才去风洞的。
That's why you went to Wind Cave.
对。
Yeah.
为了由他亲自带领。
To be guided by him.
首席向导，是的。
The chief guide Yeah.
风洞。
Of Wind Cave.
自封的首席导游，我太喜欢这个说法了。
Self appointed chief I just love that.
没错。
Exactly.
而且他们取得了如此大的成功，以至于决定将洞穴向东部推广。
And and and they were having so much success that they decided to market the cave back east.
于是他们打包了一些洞穴景观，前往芝加哥，在1893年的哥伦布博览会向大家介绍风洞。
And so they packed up a bunch of cave formations, and they went to Chicago to tell everybody about Wind Cave at the Columbian Exposition in 1893.
不幸的是，在旅途中，阿尔文染上了伤寒，于1893年12月年仅20岁便去世了，葬在离洞穴天然入口不远的一座小山上。
Unfortunately, on the trip, Alvin caught typhoid fever, and he died at the age of 20 on December 1893 and was buried on a hill not far from the natural entrance of the cave.
如果你愿意，现在仍然可以去参观他的墓地。
And you can actually go and visit his grave if you want to.
我一直觉得他英年早逝真是太令人难过了。
I always thought it was so sad that he died so young.
嗯嗯。
Mhmm.
我认为这也是为什么我想在这期趣味知识节目中从人类历史开始讲起，因为这两个趣味事实都以一种令人沮丧的方式收尾。
And I think that's part of the reason why I wanted to start with the human history in this fun facts episode because both of these fun facts end in kind of a bummer.
是的。
Yeah.
但阿尔文了不起的地方在于，他测绘的风洞洞穴结构，基本上就是我们现在所了解的风洞洞穴。
But what's cool about Alvin is that what he mapped in Wind Cave is pretty much what we know Mhmm.
关于风洞。
About Wind Cave.
没错。
Right.
这就引出了第二个趣味事实。
Which is bringing us to fun fact number two.
完美的过渡，阿什。
That was the perfect segue, Ash.
第二个趣闻是关于阿尔文有多了不起，以及他取得了多么惊人的成就。
Fun fact number two is all about how amazing Alvin was and, like, how much he accomplished.
但我很确定，如果没有阿尔文亲自讲述他的生与死，温洞几乎不可能成为国家公园。
But I'm pretty sure that without Alvin talking specifically about his life and death, I think it's pretty unlikely that Wind Cave becomes a national park.
如果没有他的生命，我认为温洞不会引起足够的关注，无法进入国家的视野，成为一座令人惊叹的洞穴，因为正是他对洞穴的热爱，才最初吸引了这么多人前来参观。
Without his life, I don't think Wind Cave attracts enough attention to get on the nation's radar as, like, a really cool cave because it was his passion for the cave that caused so many people to come and visit it in the first place.
但如果没有他的去世，我认为温洞也不会成为国家公园，因为在他去世后，一切就都开始瓦解了。
But without his death, I don't think it becomes a national park because after his death, everything just kinda fell apart.
嗯。
Mhmm.
最初拥有采矿权、采矿权和矿产资源的矿业公司起诉了麦当劳家族，因为他们想要这个洞穴。
The mining company that had the original mining claim and the mining and the mineral rights sued the McDonald's because they wanted the cave.
随后，麦当劳家族及其商业伙伴之间也因企业所有权问题互相起诉，而麦当劳家族对这片土地的宅地权主张也受到了挑战。
And then McDonald's and their business partners were suing each other over ownership rights of the business, and the homesteading claim that the McDonald's had on the land was also being challenged.
因此，一切都在分崩离析，所有人都在互相起诉。
And so everything was falling apart, and everybody was suing each other.
由于这些来回不断的诉讼，洞穴获得了更多的关注，并随着案件不断上诉而最终引起了全国的关注。
Well, thanks to all the lawsuits going back and forth, the cave gained even more publicity and eventually national attention as the cases got sent higher and higher up.
1899年，华盛顿的土地局作出了裁决，令所有人感到意外。
And in 1899, the land office in Washington handed down its ruling, and it surprised everyone.
专员基本上表示，既然没有可开采的矿物，那么采矿公司就败诉了。
The commissioner basically said, well, there are no minerals to be mined, so the mining company loses.
而这片土地也不构成真正的宅地，因此麦当劳家族也败诉了。
And the homestead isn't really a homestead, so the McDonald's lose.
由于要进入这片土地必须拥有有效的采矿权或宅地权，而麦当劳家族及其商业伙伴之间的诉讼又依赖于对土地的使用权，所以他们双方都败诉了。
And since you need either a valid mining claim or a homesteading claim to access the land and the lawsuits between the McDonald's and their business partners depend on access to the land, they both lose.
所有人都输了。
Everybody loses.
然后因为。
Then the Because.
没错。
Part Exactly.
然后是所有人都没料到的部分。
And then the part that nobody saw coming.
由于他认定所有相关方都没有合法的所有权主张，他建议政府将这片土地划出，直至其被设立为他所称的永久保护区。
Since he determined that nobody involved had a valid ownership claim, he recommended that the land be set aside by the government until it could be made into what he termed a permanent reservation.
这就像是三个孩子在争抢一个玩具，而大人却直接把玩具拿走，自己玩了起来。
And it was like there were three kids fighting over a toy, and the grown up just decided to take the toy away and play with it himself.
我知道。
I know.
我觉得，这确实是一种处理方式。
I'm like, that's one way to do it.
我的意思是，我永远不会对土地被划为保护区感到难过。
I mean, I'll never be sad about, you know, land getting set aside.
这件事的来龙去脉还真是挺讽刺的。
It is funny how it came about.
有点像,
Kinda like,
我知道。
I know.
他就说，别吵了。
He's just like, stop squabbling.
我知道。
I know.
我们会保留它。
We're gonna keep it.
你们这些调皮的孩子。
You dang kids.
我要拿走了。
I'm taking it.
而且这招奏效了，因为在1903年，西奥多·罗斯福总统签署法案，将其定为风洞洞穴，成为美国第六个国家公园，也是首个以保护洞穴为目的的国家公园。
And it worked because in nineteen o three, when president Theodore Roosevelt signed it into law, he made it Wind Cave, the sixth national park and the first national park dedicated to preserving a cave.
但我真的不知道是否
But I honestly don't know if
我们不能回避这一点。
it We can't skirt over that.
这就是我喜欢的地方。
Like, that's what I love that.
大多数人并不知道。
Most people don't know.
风洞是第一个洞穴国家公园，是的。
Wind Cave was the first cave Yes.
国家公园。
National park.
不是猛犸洞。
It wasn't Mammoth Cave.
不是。
No.
是风洞。
It was Wind Cave.
是的。
Yes.
真是个大事件。
Such a huge deal.
对。
Yeah.
天哪。
Oh my gosh.
所以这就是为什么我说，如果没有他一生致力于证明这个洞穴的奇妙，没人会在意它。
And so that's why I'm saying, like, without his life of proving that the cave is amazing, nobody would have cared about it.
但说实话，如果没有他的去世，因为他在世时大家都很开心。
But honestly, without his death because everybody was happy while he was alive.
是的。
Yeah.
因为那时繁荣昌盛，人们纷纷前来，赚了不少钱。
Because it was prosperous and people were coming and they were making money.
是的。
Yep.
一切都很顺利。
Everything was fine.
当大家都在赚钱的时候，每个人都开心。
Everybody's happy when everybody's making money.
没错。
Right.
但一旦情况发生变化，比如他们不再有首席向导，争执就开始了。
But if things change and, you know, they no longer have their chief guide, that's when the squabbling starts.
这就是为什么我认为，如果没有他突如其来的去世，风洞永远不会成为国家公园，因为全国有无数私人拥有的洞穴例子。
And that's what and that's why I think without his untimely death, Wind Cave doesn't become a national park because there are tons of examples of privately owned caves throughout the country.
太多了。
So many.
是的。
Yeah.
而风洞很可能也会成为其中之一，这就是为什么我认为，在几乎所有方面，阿尔文·麦克唐纳都是风洞国家公园的倡导者。
And Wind Cave probably would have been one of them, which is why I think that in just about every way, Alvin McDonald was a champion for Wind Cave National Park.
从16岁到20岁，风洞是他生命中的挚爱。
It was the love of his life from age 16 to 20.
尽管他只有三到四年的时间探索它，而且这是第二个有趣事实：他用绳子、烛光和声音联络，发现了风洞最初的八到十英里通道。
And even though he only had three to four years to explore it, and this is fun fact number two, Using string, candlelight, and voice contact, he discovered and mapped the first eight to 10 miles of Wind Cave.
他的探索如此深入，以至于在他去世七十年后的1963年，人们才在风洞国家公园发现了新的通道。
And his exploration was so extensive that it wasn't until 1963, seventy years after his death, that they discovered any new passageways at Wind Cave National Park.
这太疯狂了。
It's nuts.
真的太不可思议了。
It's so so crazy.
天哪。
Oh, man.
七十年。
Seventy years.
而那时人们还带着头灯、对讲机、无线电和手电筒。
And that's with people with like headlamps and walkie talkies and radios and flashlights.
是的。
Yeah.
这个孩子还是个青少年的时候就靠
This kid did it as a teenager with
他早就去过那些地方了。
He'd already been to all those places.
这些地方都已经被他记在日记里了。
They're already all in his journal.
呃。
Ugh.
科学家们发现了新东西，结果却说：不对。
Scientists are finding things and it's like, nope.
阿尔文早就来过这里了。
Alvin's already been here.
我知道。
I know.
天哪。
Oh my gosh.
太酷了。
So cool.
他们看到墙上他留下的小标记，或者天花板上有一点蜡烛烧过的痕迹之类的。
They see his little markings on the walls or maybe a little bit of a candle burn on the ceiling or something.
是的。
Yep.
该死。
Dang it.
天啊，我本来肯定以为这个地方是他还没去过的。
Man, I thought for sure this would be a place where he hadn't been before.
没这回事。
Nope.
那就是他在那次参观中发现的通道。
That's the passage he found during that tour.
他把所有人都留在了那里过夜。
He left everybody overnight.
天啊。
Oh my gosh.
但他真是温德洞国家公园了不起的倡导者。
But what an amazing champion for Wind Cave National Park.
是的。
Yeah.
他是温德洞探索历史第二章中的英雄。
And he is kind of the hero of chapter two of Wind Cave's exploration history.
他真是太棒了。
He's so neat.
但为什么呢？
But why?
阿尔文为什么会爱上这个洞穴？
Why did Alvin fall in love with this cave?
为什么这么多人——科学家、地质学家、原住民，还有普通人——都爱上了这个洞穴？
Why have so many people, scientists, geologists, Native Americans, and Normies alike all fallen in love with this cave?
因为据我所知，这个洞穴有一些特性，是世界上其他任何地方都找不到的。
It's because, as far as I can tell, there are some things about this cave that you really can't find anywhere else in the world.
不只是在美国其他地方，而是在全世界任何其他地方都找不到。
Not just anywhere else in the country, anywhere else in the world.
所以现在我们将暂时放下人类历史的部分，转而探讨这个洞穴令人惊叹的科学奥秘。
And so now we're gonna kinda leave the human history aspect, and we're gonna get into the amazing scientific stuff about this cave.
我真是太兴奋了。
And I I'm just so excited.
好吧。
Okay.
我准备好了。
I'm ready for this.
现在我们似乎并不完全清楚为什么。
Now it it doesn't necessarily seem like we fully understand why.
这可能与洞穴的年龄有关。
It might have to do with the age of the cave.
这可能与当地的气候有关，但这种气候在数百万年间已经发生了变化。
It might have to do with the local climate, but that's changed over millions of years.
这可能与曾经覆盖陆地的浅海的进退有关，导致地面反复饱和和干燥，或者与不同类型的岩石有关——有些岩石能让水通过，而有些则不能。
It might have to do with the coming and going of shallow seas over the land, saturating and unsaturating the ground, or the different types of rocks and the way that some of the rocks let water through and others don't.
我们其实并不确切知道原因，但这个洞穴非常独特，拥有一些其他地方找不到的特征。
We don't really seem to know exactly why, but this cave is super unique and has some features that you can't find.
这可能是所有因素综合在一起的结果。
It's probably a mixture of, like, everything put together.
完美的配方。
The perfect recipe
是的。
Mhmm.
一个独特而稀有的洞穴。
For a unique and rare cave.
对。
Right.
如果你听过关于猛犸洞的趣味事实那一集，那一集讲的全是水的流动。
If you've listened to the Mammoth Cave fun facts episode, that episode is all about movement of water.
是的。
Yeah.
就像完整的河流穿过猛犸洞，开辟出通道。
Like full rivers going through Mammoth Cave and opening up passages.
这和这个洞穴完全不同。
It's totally different from this cave.
就像淋浴和泡澡的区别。
It's like the difference between like a shower and a bath.
淋浴时，水是加压的，流速快，能让你快速清洁干净，然后继续一天的行程。
In a shower, the water is somewhat pressurized and moves fast, which helps you clean up quickly and get on with your day.
泡澡时，你会放慢节奏。
In a bath, you take things slowly.
你坐着，让身体浸泡其中。
You sit and you soak.
你让所有的肥皂、泡泡、盐分，或者浴球之类的，都慢慢发挥作用，效果温和而缓慢。
You let all the soap and the bubbles and the salts and or the bath bombs or whatever, and you sit in it and it works nice and slow.
我不泡澡。
I don't take baths.
你能看出来吗？
Can you tell?
他就是那种，对所有浴球之类的东西都熟悉。
He's like, all the stuff, the bath bombs.
他之所以知道浴球是什么，是因为我告诉他我想要一个当圣诞礼物。
He learned what a bath bomb was because I told him I wanted one for Christmas.
我只知道泡澡会让人皮肤起皱，而淋浴则不会。
All I know is that you get wrinkly in a bath and you don't in the shower.
约翰不喜欢坐在自己的污垢里。
And John doesn't like sitting in his own filth.
这就是我不泡澡的原因。
That's that is why I don't take baths.
而且，我根本进不了任何浴缸。
Also, the fact that I don't fit in any tubs.
是的。
Yeah.
他身高六英尺三英寸。
He's six three.
所以。
So
但这两者都很有意思。
But both it's interesting.
泡澡和淋浴 supposedly 都有同样的效果。
Both a bath and a shower supposedly do the same thing.
它们能让你变干净。
They clean you.
据说如此。
Supposedly.
在所谓的‘X’里，你知道的，加个引号。
In x, you know, quotation marks.
没错。
Exactly.
但它们的成分也差不多。
But but they also kinda have the same ingredients.
它们都有水和肥皂。
They have water and they have soap.
它们应该能起到相同的作用。
They do they should do the same thing.
但如果你改变了使用方式，调整了一些流程，体验就会完全不同。
But if you change the delivery mechanism and you change some of the process up, it's a totally different experience.
我只想说，相同的成分加上不同的过程，会产生不同的结果。
All I'm saying is that similar ingredients with a different process equals different results.
嗯哼。
Mhmm.
是的。
Yeah.
更别提时间因素了。
Not to mention the time factor.
猛犸洞真的就像个淋浴间。
Mammoth Cave really is like a shower.
很快。
It's fast.
猛犸洞只有大约一千万到一千五百万年的历史，但风洞的一些部分已有约三亿二千万年的历史。
Mammoth Cave is only 10 to 15,000,000 years old, but there are portions of Wind Cave that are around 320,000,000 years old.
哇哦。
Whoo.
这可是一场漫长的沐浴。
That's a long bath.
这太多了。
That's a lot.
是的。
Yeah.
这可是长时间的浸泡。
That's a lot of soaking.
我们说的不只是构成洞穴通道的岩石。
And we're not talking about just the rocks that the cave passages are carved out of.
我们说的是3.2亿年前就被雕刻出来的洞穴通道和房间。
We're talking about cave passages and rooms that were carved out 320,000,000 years ago.
嗯。
Mhmm.
所以这是全世界最古老的房间。
So the oldest rooms in the whole world.
是的
Yeah.
盘子
Dish.
这太疯狂了，因为那更古老。
It's just crazy because that's older.
比如，温德洞穴中的一些房间和通道比恐龙还要古老。
Like, some of the rooms, some of the passageways in Wind Cave are older than dinosaurs.
它们比哺乳动物还要古老。
They're older than mammals.
它们甚至比飞行的出现还要古老。
They're older than even flight.
那时候生命甚至还没有演化出飞行能力，但已经存在一个你可以进入的房间，它那时就已经存在了。
Like, life hadn't even involved flight at that point yet, and there was a room that you can go in that was existing at that time.
请记住这些话，不同的过程，不同的结果。
And just keep in mind these these words, different process, different result.
不同过程的结果之一，正是使风洞闻名的原因，这也引出了第三个趣味知识点。
And one of the results of the different process is what makes Wind Cave famous, which brings me to the subject of fun fact number three.
其中最令人惊叹的景象，真的只有在风洞才能看到。
And one of the most amazing things you can really only find here at Wind Cave.
箱状构造。
Boxwork.
箱状构造。
Boxwork.
箱状构造。
Boxwork.
风洞最令人惊叹的特征之一。
One of the most amazing aspects of Wind Cave.
如果你不知道箱状构造是什么，我有个故事能很好地向大家介绍它。
And if you don't know what boxwork is, I have a story to tell you that will do a good job of introducing it to us.
但阿什，总的来说，箱状构造看起来是什么样子？
But Ash, just in general, what does boxwork look like?
它看起来像蜂窝。
It looks like honeycomb.
确实像。
It does.
有蜂蜜或者没蜂蜜的版本？
With or without the honey in it?
有蜂蜜的。
With.
好的。
Okay.
这是正确答案吗？
Is that the right answer?
我本来想说是没有蜂蜜的。
I was gonna say without.
但我认为
But I think
我正在脑海中想象它。
I'm that picturing it in my mind.
有时候看起来有点滴落。
Sometimes it looks a little drippy.
是的。
Yeah.
确实如此。
It's true.
好的。
Okay.
我的意思是，你所说的指的是中间没有任何东西吗？
I mean, it doesn't have anything in between the is what that you're talking about?
这正是我在说的。
That's what I'm talking about.
哦。
Oh.
就像细胞一样。
Like the cells.
像空洞一样。
Like cavities.
是的。
Yeah.
那些小细胞是空的。
The little cells are empty.
嗯。
Mhmm.
但我刚才在想，是的，看起来就像滴落的蜂蜜。
But I was thinking, yeah, could look like it's like dripping honey.
是的。
Yeah.
你知道的？
You know?
好的。
Okay.
我们俩都
We're We're both
都对。
both right.
看，这就是为什么我们的婚姻能成功。
See, this is why our marriage works.
是的。
Yeah.
当然。
Sure.
求同存异。
Agree to disagree.
好的。
Okay.
不。
No.
我们都对。
We're both right.
好吧。
Alright.
同意达成一致。
Agree to agree.
对。
Right.
好的。
Okay.
嗯，有一年我小时候，我的童子军团队去南犹他州进行了一次徒步旅行。
Well, one year when I was growing up, my scout troop went on a Southern Utah backpacking trip.
我们的童子军领队特别强调的一点是，背包的重量必须控制得当。
And one thing our scout leaders were very specific about was that you needed to be pretty careful about the weight in your backpack.
为什么啊，阿什？
Why, Ash?
你为什么在意背包的重量？
Why do you care about weight in your backpack?
因为背得太重会非常难受。
Because it's miserable if you're carrying too much.
没错。
Exactly.
话虽如此，徒步者通常会给自己安排一种特别的享受，比如一种可以沿途慢慢享用的奢侈品。
That being said, backpackers will often allow themselves a special treat, like a luxury treat that you can spread throughout the trip.
你有什么特别喜欢的吗？
Do you have a special one that you like?
没有。
No.
我会特意腾出空间，放一双不是徒步鞋的鞋子。
I make extra room for shoes that I can that are not my hiking shoes.
嗯。
Mhmm.
这就像我唯一特别在意的东西。
That's like my one thing.
所以这不是你吃的东西，而是一种你能享受的物品。
So it's not something you eat, but it's something you enjoy.
这是我学到的，如果我不能脱下登山鞋，换上拖鞋、人字拖或者凉鞋的话。
It's something that I've learned, if I cannot take off my hiking shoes and put on like some slide sandals, or Chocos, or or flip flops
嗯。
Mhmm.
那么当我结束漫长的一天到达营地时，我的脚会非常、非常、非常、非常、非常难过。
Then my feet are so, so, so, so, so sad when we get to camp at the end of the long day.
没错。
Exactly.
所以有些人会带一件可以穿的东西，或者你知道的，一些
And so some people bring an object that you can wear or, you know, some
人们会带他们特别的枕头，或者
people bring their special pillow or
对
exactly
他们的花生酱M&M巧克力豆。
their peanut butter M and M's.
没错。
Exactly.
这是另一个。
That's another one.
我的一个朋友带了一袋Jolly Rancher糖果作为他的奢侈享受，它很轻，每颗都单独包装，路上吃起来也很方便。
One of my buddies brought a bag of Jolly Ranchers as his luxury treat And it was pretty light, and each one was individually wrapped, and they were pretty easy to eat on the go.
这次背包旅行的一部分包括穿过一个窄缝峡谷，峡谷底部有水。
Well, part of this backpacking trip included going through a Slot Canyon, and there was water at the bottom of the Slot Canyon.
大多数时候水很浅，但有时也会比较深。
Most of the time, was pretty shallow, but sometimes it got pretty deep.
当水位高涨时，每个人都把背包脱下来，用手高举着背包蹚水而过。
And when the water was high, everybody would take their backpack off and wade through the water while holding the backpack over their head.
但我朋友没注意到的是，当天早些时候，背包上装着Jolly Ranchers糖果的口袋不小心进水了。
Now what my friend didn't notice was that early in the day, the backpack pocket, the pocket with the Jolly Ranchers accidentally got water in it.
由于他的背包大部分是防水的，这个口袋一整天都保留着这些水。
And because his backpack was mostly waterproof, the pocket held on to that water throughout the day.
Jolly Ranchers糖果汤。
Jolly Rancher soup.
在徒步了数英里之后，到了一天结束时，他期待着享受一份奢侈的零食。
Well, at the end of the day, after miles and miles of backpacking, he was looking forward to a nice luxury treat.
于是他把背包往地上一放，打开装糖果的口袋，拿出那袋Jolly Ranchers。
So he plopped his backpack down, opened up his backpack pocket, and pulled out the bag of Jolly Ranchers.
糖果有点湿漉漉、黏糊糊的，但他还是从袋子里拿出一颗，迅速拆开了包装。
It was a bit wet and sticky, but he grabbed one out of the bag, quickly unwrapped it.
但让他惊讶又困惑的是，包装里什么都没有。
But to his surprise and confusion, there was nothing inside.
他又抓了一个，拆开了包装。
He grabbed another one, unwrapped it.
里面什么都没有。
Nothing inside.
然后一次又一次，两次、三次、四次、五次。
And then again and again, two, three, four, five times.
一次又一次，反复发生。
Again and again and again, it happened.
空空的Jolly Rancher包装纸。
Empty jolly rancher wrappers.
突然，他灵光一现。
Then lightning struck.
一切都说得通了。
It made sense.
他终于明白了发生了什么。
He realized what happened.
一整天里，渗入他背包口袋的水慢慢溶解了包装袋里所有的太妃糖。
Throughout the day, the water that had gotten into his backpack pocket had slowly dissolved every single one of the Jolly Ranchers inside of their wrappers.
但包装纸看起来还是像里面有一颗太妃糖？
But the wrapper still looked like there was a Jolly Rancher in it?
没错。
Exactly.
所以当他徒步结束时，他剩下的只有一袋完好无损的太妃糖包装纸。
And so at the end of his hike, all he had left was a bag of perfectly preserved Jolly Rancher wrappers.
他叫萨默。
He was Summer.
他气坏了。
He was so mad.
这就像格林奇真的偷走了圣诞节，而他在圣诞早晨打开的全是空盒子。
It was like the Grinch really had stolen Christmas, and all he had to open were empty boxes on Christmas morning.
那些太妃糖包装纸就是箱形结构。
Those Jolly Rancher wrappers are boxwork.
这就是箱状结构的工作原理。
That's how boxwork works.
这是一种极其精细的结构，原本包裹着其他物质，而那些物质后来溶解消失了。
It's this super delicate formation that was surrounding something else that dissolved and disappeared.
现在我们剩下的只有外壳了。
And now all we have left is the wrapper.
所以你才说蜂窝是空的。
Which is why you're saying that the honeycomb is empty.
没错。
Exactly.
因为箱状结构的要点就在于中间什么都没有。
Because that's the whole point of boxwork is that there's nothing in between.
没错。
Exactly.
风洞里到处都是这种箱状结构。
And Wind Cave is full of this boxwork.
到处都是这种结构。
It's all over the place.
它不像吉百利糖果纸那样清晰，但就像你刚才提到的，有点像蜂巢的形状。
It's not clear like a Jolly Rancher wrapper, but like you talked about a minute ago, it's kind of resembles those that honeycomb shape.
从某种角度看，它看起来像一个非常薄的纸板箱。
It looks like a really thin cardboard box in a way.
是的。
Yeah.
我的意思是，所有东西都被框定成方格状。
I mean, it's like everything is squared in.
嗯。
Mhmm.
但箱状结构的外层，嗯。
But the outsides like the actual structure Mhmm.
箱状结构的外壁非常薄。
Of the boxwork is so thin.
是的。
Yeah.
它非常薄且脆弱，但却遍布整个天花板。
It's just so thin and delicate but it's like all over the ceilings.
嗯。
Mhmm.
你知道吗？
You know?
当你看到它，抬头一看，就会发现到处都是由这些极其薄而脆弱的岩石围成的空心细胞结构。
And you'll see it and you'll look up and it's just like there's just cells of empty space surrounded by these really thin delicate rocks.
是的。
Yes.
没错。
Exactly.
而且因为它非常脆弱，所以极其罕见。
And because it's so delicate, it's also super rare.
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