#438 詹姆斯·加菲尔德的非凡崛起

年仅44岁，他就已经战胜了所有困难。

At just 44 years of age, he'd already defied all odds.

他出生在俄亥俄州农村的一间小木屋里，家境极度贫困，两岁前就失去了父亲。但他并没有靠强硬手段或野心，而是凭借对学习的炽热热爱，迅速在社会中攀升，这种热爱也定义了他的一生。

Born into extreme poverty in a log cabin in rural Ohio, and fatherless before his second birthday, he had risen quickly through the layers of society, not with aggression or even ambition, but with a passionate love of learning that would define his life.

加菲尔德曾是古代语言、文学和数学的教授，他靠做清洁工来支付大学第一年的学费。

Garfield was a former professor of ancient languages, literature, and mathematics, who had paid for his first year of college by working as a janitor.

加菲尔德的兴趣和能力既广泛又深入。

Garfield's interests and abilities were as deep as they were broad.

事实上，他对数学的兴趣非常细致，最近还写了一个原创证明，而《新英格兰教育杂志》就在一个月前发表了它。

In fact, so detailed was his interest in mathematics that he had recently written an original proof that the New England Journal of Education had published just a month before.

该杂志对一位国会议员能写出这样的证明感到非常惊讶。

The Journal was astonished that a member of Congress had written it.

在加菲尔德看来，教育就是救赎。

In Garfield's experience, education was salvation.

教育让他摆脱了极度贫困。

It had freed him from grinding poverty.

教育塑造了他的思想，为他开辟了道路，创造了原本不存在的机遇。

It had shaped his mind, forged paths, and created opportunities where once there had been none.

所以这就是我今天想跟你聊的那本书的节选，书名是《共和国的命运：疯狂、医学与总统谋杀案》，作者是坎迪斯·米勒德。

So that is an excerpt from the book that I want to talk to you about today, which is "Destiny of the Republic, A Tale of Madness, Medicine, and the Murder of a President," and it was written by Candice Millard.

坎迪斯·米勒德是我最喜欢的作家之一。

Candice Millard is one of my favorite authors.

她写了那本《暗河》，我在第175期节目里就讲过。

She wrote this book called "A River of Doubt" which I covered all the way back on episode 175.

那本书讲的是西奥多·罗斯福。

It's about Theodore Roosevelt.

那是西奥多·罗斯福的传记，后来她还写了温斯顿·丘吉尔传记，我记得是写了他人生前二十五六年的事情。

It's a biography of Theodore Roosevelt, and then she also wrote a biography of the first, I think, 25 or 26 years of Winston Churchill's life.

那本书叫《帝国英雄》，在第319期节目里讲过。

It's called "Hero of the Empire," and that is episode 319.

所以在翻开这本书之前——我之所以读这本书，是因为作者是坎迪斯——我对詹姆斯·加菲尔德了解并不多。

And so before picking up this book, and I picked it up because Candice wrote it, I did not know much about James Garfield.

他是美国第20任总统。

He was the 20th president of the United States.

他担任总统仅仅199天就被暗杀了。

He was only president for 199 days before he was assassinated.

所以这本书讲的是他的早年生活、暗杀事件，以及如果他当时能用到现代医学，他本来可以活下来的事实。

So the book is about his early life, the assassination, and then the fact that he would've survived if he had access to modern medicine.

书里还有另一个人，扮演了重要的角色。

So there's this other guy in the book that plays a prominent role.

这个人叫约瑟夫·李斯特。

He's a guy named Joseph Lister.

他走遍世界各地，努力教育医生们要洗手，因为你实际上是在传播感染，你用不干净、没消毒的器械去给病人做手术，是在引发感染。

He's the one that went across the world trying to educate doctors that you need to wash your hands, that you're actually infecting, that infection, you're putting your dirty, unsterilized, the equipment they use to maybe operate on your patients, you're inducing infection.

这才是真正导致人们死亡的原因。

That's what actually is killing the people.

而詹姆斯·加菲尔德遇到的就是这种情况。

So this is exactly what happened to James Garfield.

但更了不起的是，说实话，我在翻开这本书之前对他几乎不了解，所以我先简单介绍一下他的人生，再回到书的内容。

But what was more remarkable, again, I didn't know much about him before I picked up the book, so I'm just going to give you a brief overview of his life before I jump back into the book.

真是太不可思议了。

It is incredible.

书里写道：“他是美国总统历史上最了不起的白手起家的人物之一。”

So it says, "He was one of the most remarkable self-made figures in American presidential history.

他出生在俄亥俄州的一个小木屋里，家境贫寒。

He was born into poverty in a log cabin in Ohio.

他后来成为教师、大学校长、内战将军、国会议员，最终当上总统。”

He became a teacher, a college president, a Civil War general, a congressman, and eventually president."

而且等我们讲到后面，你会发现他当总统其实是被迫的。

And wait till we get to the part, he becomes president against his will.

他根本不想竞选总统。

He did not want to run for president.

他是被召唤去领导国家的。

He was called to lead.

他出生时家境极度贫困。

He was born into extreme poverty.

他靠自学摆脱了贫困。

He educated himself out of that poverty.

还有一个我认为故事中最吸引人的部分，那就是：“加菲尔德的崛起在他成为总统之前就非常非凡。”

There's also another, what I think is one of the most fascinating parts of the story, is that it says, "Garfield's rise was extraordinary even before he became president.

他从学校勤杂工做起，一路攀升到领导他曾就读的学校，后来又成为将军和国家政治领袖。

He went from working as a school janitor to leading the very institution where he had studied, then became a general and a national political leader.

他的死也引出了一个重要的历史问题。

His death also raises a remarkable historical question.

如果他的医生懂得现代感染控制，加菲尔德能否活下来？”

Would Garfield have survived if his doctors had understood modern infection control?"

当然，读完这本书，答案就很明显了。

Which, of course, by the end of the book, that becomes obvious.

但我想谈谈这个，因为这是最引人注目的部分。

But I wanted to talk about that because this is what jumps out.

很明显，你我经常聊这些传记里的人物和故事，教育就是救赎。

Obviously, you and I talk about a lot of these characters and these stories that are in these biographies, is the fact that education was salvation.

乔布斯在职业生涯早期说过，他觉得书籍救了他的命。

Steve Jobs said early in his career that he thought books saved his life.

这种话你会一听再听。

You would hear that over and over again.

但我想再给你读一遍这段。

But I want to read this part to you again.

“在加菲尔德的经验里，教育就是救赎。

"In Garfield's experience, education was salvation.

它让人摆脱了贫困的折磨。

It had freedom from grinding poverty.

它塑造了他的思想，开辟了道路，创造了原本不存在的机会。”

It had shaped his mind, forged paths, and created opportunities where once there had been none."

这本书最精彩的部分之一，就是引用了很多加菲尔德自己的文字，因为28年来，他每晚都会坐下来，把自己的日常和想法记在日记里。

So one of the most remarkable parts of the book is there's a bunch of direct quotes from Garfield's own writing because for 28 years, he sat down every night and essentially recounted his day and his thoughts in his diary.

因为他坚持写了28年的日记和日志，所以我们能看到他写下的那么多精彩语录。

And so as a result of the fact that he wrote in his diary and in his journal for 28 years, we get all these great quotes from things that he wrote.

在这段话里，他描述的是别人，但这正好说明了一个道理：一个人骨子里的东西是改不掉的。

And in this quote, he's describing somebody else, but this is a great example of you can't take the boy out of the man.

“我在街上遇到衣衫褴褛的男孩时，总会觉得应该向他致敬，因为我不知道他的外套下面藏着什么样的可能性。”

"I never meet a ragged boy in the street without feeling that I may owe him a salute, for I know not what possibilities may be buttoned up under his coat."

我听过Jay-Z说过一次话，我特别喜欢。他说他已经很成功了，那时候他在经营一家唱片公司，他说：‘外面有个人，现在正坐在餐桌前，吃着麦片，看着麦片盒的背面，在写歌词，他想要我的位置。’

And so I've heard Jay-Z say something one time that I really liked, and he was talking about he's already really successful, and at that point, he was running a record label, and he talked about the fact that he goes, "There's somebody out there, there's somebody at the table right now, sitting, eating cereal, looking at the back of the cereal box, and they're writing rhymes, and they want my spot."

然后Jay-Z说了一件特别有意思的事。

And then Jay-Z says something that's really interesting.

他说：‘我要找到他，然后签下他。’

He goes, "I'm going to find him, and I'm going to sign him.

‘我不想惹麻烦。’

I don't want any trouble."

他说的意思是：‘我知道会这样，因为十年前、十五年前、二十年前，我就是那个人。’

And so what he's talking about is he's like, "I know that's the case because I, 10, 15, 20 years, I was that person."

所以当我读到这的时候，我真的这么觉得。

And so when I read this, this is what I really think.

他就是那个在街头衣衫褴褛的男孩。

He's just like, he was a ragged boy in the street.

就像詹姆斯·加菲尔德说的，'我向他致敬，因为我不知道他的外套下可能藏着什么潜力，' 一直到他的未来。

And just like James Garfield says, "I owe him a salute because I know not what possibilities may be buttoned up under his coat," into his future.

加菲尔德年轻时，出生贫困，住在小木屋里，他根本不可能预料到自己的人生会是这样。

There's no way Garfield could've predicted when he was a young man being born in poverty into a log cabin, that his life would turn out the way it did.

所以让我们来看看他的早年生活。

And so let's go into his early life.

书上说，'詹姆斯·加菲尔德的父亲在他33岁生日后几个月就去世了。

It says, "James Garfield's father died just a few months after his 33rd birthday.

他死在了自己四年前建造的小木屋里。

He would die in a log cabin that he had built four years earlier.

那个木屋只有一个房间，三扇小窗户，还有粗糙的木地板。

It consisted of one room, three small windows, and a rough wooden plank floor.

木头的缝隙里填满了黏土，但根本挡不住俄亥俄那残酷的冬天。

The gaps between the logs were filled with clay in a futile attempt to shut out the brutal Ohio winters.

他父亲的去世，留下母亲伊丽莎一个人拉扯四个孩子。

His father's death left his mother, Eliza, with four children to feed.

最小的儿子詹姆斯那时候还不到两岁。

Their youngest son, James, was not yet two years old."

从这里就能看出，坎迪丝·米勒德的文笔有多棒。

And then we see an example of just how great a writer Candice Millard is.

詹姆斯·加菲尔德早年的故事，后来会被很多人津津乐道。

"There would come a time when the story of James Garfield's early life would be widely admired.

他从没有父亲、穷困潦倒，到后来飞黄腾达，简直成了美国梦的化身。

His extraordinary rise from fatherlessness and abject poverty would make him the embodiment of the American dream.

但加菲尔德自己并不愿意美化那段童年。

Garfield refused to romanticize his childhood.

他说过：‘我们永远不要歌颂贫穷。’

He said, 'Let us never praise poverty.'

加菲尔德是在非常艰难的境况下长大的。

Garfield was raised in desperate circumstances.

他父亲去世后，母亲欠了一屁股债，根本还不起，被迫卖掉了家里大部分的土地。

His mother, left with debts she could not hope to pay after her husband's death, was forced to sell much of their land.

剩下的地，她就自己种，靠大儿子——詹姆斯11岁的哥哥托马斯帮忙。

What was left, she farmed herself with the help of her oldest son, James' 11-year-old brother, Thomas."

詹姆斯一直到四岁才穿上第一双鞋。

James did not have a pair of shoes until he was four years old.

虽然加菲尔德很清楚自己家境贫寒，但他从母亲那里继承了一种天生的尊严。

Although Garfield understood clearly that he was poor, he had inherited from his mother an innate dignity.

听听他小时候是怎么跟妈妈说他想去上学的。

And listen to what he says to his mother as a young boy when he asks to go to school.

你看，他骨子里就明白，教育就是出路，“我必须靠学习摆脱这种困境。”

Again, so there was something that he just understood, that education, the, "I have to learn my way out of this."

“如果我能完成学业，我不指望有人会问我学习时穿的是什么外套。”

"If I ever get through a course of study, I don't expect anyone will ask me what kind of coat I wore when studying.

如果他们问起来，我也不会不好意思告诉他们，那就是一件破旧的外套。

And if they do, I shall not be ashamed to tell them it was a ragged one."

所以他认为自己上不了大学。

And so he doesn't think he can go to college.

他得自己养活自己。

He has to support himself.

他得去工作。

He has to work.

所以他在16岁那年离开了家，成了运河船工。

So he leaves home at 16 years old, and he becomes a canal man.

基本上就是在运河上开船，这描述的是他当时共事的人。

It's essentially you're driving boats on a canal, and this describes the people he was working with.

他在一群粗野暴力的男人中，地位是最低下的。

He had the lowliest position among a group of rough and violent men.

他们干活的地方是冰冷的水域，当时他还很年轻，还不到二十岁，有一次他掉进水里差点淹死，后来又染上疟疾，差点送了命。

And so they're on cold bodies of water, and when he's a very young man, he's still a teenager, he falls into the water and almost drowns, and then contracts malaria and almost dies.

所以他在差点溺水后回到家，整个人变了样，但也病得很重。

So he returns home after his near-drowning a changed man, but also a very sick one.

他在运河上感染了疟疾，等他回到家里的木屋时，几乎走不动路了。

He had contracted malaria on the canal, and by the time he reached his family's log cabin, he could barely walk.

他卧床两个月，没人知道他能不能挺过来。

For two months, he was bedridden, and no one would know if he would survive.

詹姆斯离开后，他妈妈和哥哥攒了17美元，希望他能用这笔钱去上学。

Since James had been gone, his mother and older brother had managed to save $17, and they hoped that he would use it to go to school.

加菲尔德写道：“我拿了这笔钱，也接受了这个建议。”

"I took the money," Garfield wrote, "as well as the advice."

在我们继续之前，我想告诉你这个播客的赞助商，Ramp。

Before we get back into this, I want to tell you about the presenting sponsor of this podcast, Ramp.

我最近读了很多关于SpaceX的文章。

I have been reading a lot about SpaceX lately.

SpaceX是世界上最有价值的企业之一，而SpaceX历史中的一个重要主题就是不断挑战和质疑你的成本。

SpaceX is one of the most valuable businesses in the world, and one of the main themes in the history of SpaceX is constantly attacking and questioning your cost.

Ramp帮助世界上许多最具创新精神的企业做到这一点，而且他们是通过第一性原理思维来实现的。

Ramp helps many of the most innovative businesses in the world do exactly that, and they do this by using first principles thinking.

使用Ramp的公司中位数能将开支削减5%。

The median company running on Ramp cuts their expenses by 5%.

SpaceX还证明了，对控制成本的宗教般执着有助于增加收入，因为你能把握住本无法把握的机会。

And one thing that SpaceX has demonstrated is that a religious dedication to controlling your cost helps increase revenue because you can pursue opportunities you couldn't otherwise.

我们在Ramp的数据中也看到了这一点。

And we see that in the Ramp data, too.

使用Ramp的公司中位数还能使收入增长16%。

The median company running on Ramp also grows their revenue by 16%.

所以，当你的竞争对手还没用Ramp，而你已经用Ramp经营业务时，你就有了一项巨大的竞争优势，而且这种优势会随着时间不断累积。

So when you're running your business on Ramp and your competitors are not, you have a massive competitive advantage that compounds over time.

Ramp是唯一一个旨在让你的财务团队更高效、更愉快的平台。

Ramp is the only platform designed to make your finance team faster and happier.

我认识的许多顶尖创始人和CEO都在用Ramp来经营业务。

Many of the top founders and CEOs that I know run their business on Ramp.

我自己就用Ramp来经营我的生意，你也应该试试。

I run my business on Ramp, and you should too.

今天就上ramp.com看看，了解他们怎么帮你节省时间、省钱，还能增加收入。

Go to ramp.com today to learn how they can help your business save time, save money, and grow revenue.

网址就是ramp.com。

That is ramp.com.

这是他人生中的转折点。

This is the changing point of his life.

这让我想起，你看过电影《心灵捕手》吗？

It reminds me, have you ever seen the movie "Good Will Hunting?"

他让我想到了威尔·亨廷。

It reminds me of Will Hunting.

加菲尔德从一个粗犷的运河工人，变成了一个充满热情和决心的学生。

Garfield had transformed from a rough canal man into a passionate and determined student.

因为付不起学费，他说服学校让他当清洁工来抵学费。

Unable to afford tuition, he convinced the school to allow him to work as a janitor in exchange for his education.

他扫地、搬木头、生火，而且从不刻意在学生面前掩饰自己的贫困。

He swept floors, hauled wood, and made fires, and he never tried to hide his poverty from his fellow students.

他写道，每天早上，为了去敲学校那口大钟，他提前离开第一节课，走向钟楼时，步伐坚定而从容。

As he walked to the tower every morning, having left the first lecture of the day early so he could ring the school's enormous bell, his tread was firm and free, he wrote.

加菲尔德很快意识到自己是个极具天赋的学生，学得越多，野心就越大。

Garfield quickly realized that he was an extraordinary talented student, and the more he learned, the more ambitious he became.

而且他还是个非常出色的作家。

And he's just a fantastic writer.

他又在日记里这么写了。

He's writing this again in his diary.

“冰已破。

"The ice is broken.

我决心要在这世界上留下印记。

I am resolved to make a mark in the world.

我的灵魂中沉睡着雷霆，终将爆发。”

There is some of the slumbering thunder in my soul, and it shall come out."

他的一天从早上五点开始，一直不间断地学习、上课、打工，再学习，直到快到午夜才结束。

His day began at 5:00 a.m., and it concluded unabated with studying, classes, work, and more studying until just before midnight.

没有人比他更努力，如果有人接近他的努力程度，加菲尔德就会把这当成对自己的挑战。

No one worked harder, and if they came close, Garfield took it as a personal challenge.

加菲尔德原话是：“如果我在掌握某个科目时开始松懈，一想到班上可能有其他同学会掌握它，我就会重新振作起来。”

Direct quote from Garfield, "If at any time I began to flag in my effort to master a subject, I was stimulated to further effort by the thought that some other fellow in the class will probably master it."

尽管加菲尔德决心要超越同学，但他最激烈的竞争其实是和自己。

As determined as Garfield was to outpace his fellow students, his fiercest competition was with himself.

他有着强烈的渴望和坚定的目标，要征服一切，掌握所有课程，证明自己能克服任何困难，超越所有对手，甚至超越自己。

He had a great desire and settled purpose to conquer, to master all lessons, to prove superior to every difficulty, to excel all competitors, and to conquer and surpass himself.

加菲尔德第一年学习非常刻苦，到了第二年，学校就把他从勤杂工提升为助理教授。

So vigorously did Garfield apply himself during the first year that by the second year, the school had promoted him from janitor to assistant professor.

现在你明白我的意思了吧？

Now do you see what I mean?

我有点不好意思。

I'm somewhat embarrassed.

我当初不知道。

I didn't know.

他是美国第20任总统。

He's the 20th president of the United States.

我完全不知道他的一生如此非凡，简直是最了不起的人生之一，而且这样的人生竟然被一个懦夫和疯子给毁了，这又是书里很重要的一部分，真的让人难过到不行。

I had no idea of this remarkable, one of the most remarkable lives ever lived, and the fact that it was cut short by this coward and psycho, which again, is a huge part of the book, it's just unbelievably sad.

一年之内就从勤杂工变成了助理教授。

Goes from janitor to assistant professor in a year.

除了他自己要上的课，学校还给他排了满满的教学任务，包括文学、数学和古代语言。

Along with the subjects he was taking as a student, he was given a full roster of classes to teach, including literature, mathematics, and ancient languages.

后来他在那所小学校干得太出色，就去了更好的学校。

And then eventually he does so well at this smaller school, he gets to go to a better school.

1854年，加菲尔德被威廉姆斯学院录取，那里的竞争比他以前遇到的都要激烈，这反而激起了他更强烈的野心。

So in 1854, Garfield was accepted to Williams College, where the competition was greater than he had ever experienced, and this stirred in him an even fiercer ambition.

加菲尔德有句原话是这样说的：“这里的学术标准很高，而且有很多非常优秀的学者。”

The direct quote from Garfield, "There is a high standard of scholarship here and very many excellent scholars.

那些比我条件好得多、训练也比我扎实得多的人。

Those that have had far better advantages and more thorough training than I have," he wrote to a friend.

我一直在琢磨他们的水平和实力，我下定决心，我们班42个人里，两个月内要有37个人排在我后面。

"I have been endeavoring to calculate their dimensions and power, and I have determined that out of 42 members of my class, 37 shall stand behind me within two months."

你准备好了吗？

You ready for this?

这太疯狂了。

This is crazy.

他26岁时就当上了那所学校的校长。

By the time he was 26, he was that school's president.

真是太厉害了。

That is incredible.

但后来有两件事终结了加菲尔德的学术生涯，那就是政治和战争。

But then two things ended Garfield's academic career, politics and war.

1859年，俄亥俄州有一位州参议员突然去世，加菲尔德被邀请参加接下来的选举，接替他的位置。

When an Ohio state senator died unexpectedly in 1859, Garfield was asked to take his place in an upcoming election.

两个月后，他以很大的优势赢得了选举，悄然开启了一段最终引领他走进白宫的职业生涯。

Two months later, he won the election by a wide margin, quietly beginning a career that in the end would lead him to the White House.

加菲尔德进入政坛一年后，这个国家陷入了内战。

A year after Garfield entered politics, the country was plunged into civil war.

加菲尔德迫不及待想上战场。

Garfield was anxious to join the battlefield.

他被任命为联邦军的中校。

He was made a lieutenant colonel in the Union Army.

不久之后，30岁的他就被晋升为上校。

Soon after, at 30 years of age, he was promoted to colonel.

这时候，亚伯拉罕·林肯还活着。

At this point, Abraham Lincoln is still alive.

亚伯拉罕·林肯有句名言：“我希望上帝站在我这边，但我必须得到肯塔基州。”

Abraham Lincoln famously said, "I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky."

所以加菲尔德其实是奉命去为联邦军争取肯塔基州的。

So Garfield is actually sent to win Kentucky for the Union Army.

尽管他毫无经验，兵力不足，装备也差，但加菲尔德还是接受了任务。

Although he was hopelessly inexperienced, outmanned, and outgunned, Garfield accepted the assignment.

接到命令后，他通宵达旦，埋头研究东肯塔基的地图。

After he received his orders, he worked through the night hunched over a map of Eastern Kentucky.

到天亮时，他已经准备好出发了。

By morning, he was ready to set out.

加菲尔德制定了一个军事策略，有人说它很聪明，也有人说它很大胆。

Garfield created a military strategy that some would call brilliant and others would call audacious.

他的想法是这样的。

His idea was to do this.

他把本就不多的部队分成了三支更小的队伍。

He divided his already small regiment into three even smaller groups.

计划是从三个方向同时进攻叛军，这样就能让对方以为他们的兵力远比他实际的多，装备也更好。

The plan was to attack the rebels from three different sides, thus giving the impression of a regiment that was much larger and better equipped than his.

不可思议的是，与他交战的马歇尔将军居然完全相信了加菲尔德想让他相信的一切，甚至信得更深。

Incredibly, Marshall, who's the general he's fighting, believed everything Garfield wanted him to and more.

当加菲尔德的第一个分队进攻南方军时，正如预料的那样，他们自信地冲上前去迎战。

When Garfield's first detachment attacked the Confederates, as expected, they confidently rushed to meet them.

然后第二支部队从另一个方向袭击了叛军，让他们陷入混乱和困惑。

Then a second force fell upon the rebels from a different direction, throwing them into disarray and confusion.

就在他们刚开始琢磨如何应对两线作战时，加菲尔德又从第三个方向发起了进攻。

Just as they were beginning to figure out how to fight on two fronts, Garfield attacked on a third.

马歇尔确信自己已被一支强大的军队包围，于是命令部下撤退，肯塔基州因此牢牢掌握在联邦手中。

Convinced that a mighty army had surrounded him, Marshall ordered his men to retreat, leaving Kentucky solidly in Union hands.

这场战斗让加菲尔德声名鹊起，并迅速晋升为准将。

This battle made Garfield famous and resulted in his swift promotion to brigadier general.

战斗结束，他的冒险取得成功后，加菲尔德才真正领悟到战争的真相。

When the fighting had ended and when his gamble had paid off, Garfield learned the truth about war.

他走进一片空地，起初以为看到的是正在睡觉的士兵。

Stepping into a clearing, he saw what at first he took to be soldiers sleeping.

他永远不会忘记他们当时的样子。

He would never forget how they looked.

他脑海中原本那种平和宁静的印象，被一个令人作呕的真相取代了——眼前这些年轻人不是在休息，而是已经死了。

The impression of peace and tranquility that had formed in his mind was replaced by the sickening realization that the young men before him were not resting, but dead.

加菲尔德后来告诉一位朋友，就在那一刻，他身上有些东西消失了，再也回不来了，那就是对生命神圣性的感知，以及生命不可被摧毁的信念。

It was in that moment, Garfield would later tell a friend, that something went out of him that never came back, the sense of the sacredness of life and the impossibility of destroying it.

尽管亲眼目睹年轻士兵的牺牲对加菲尔德来说非常痛苦，但他仍然坚定地支持战争，决意要让南方邦联战败。

As painful as it was for Garfield to witness the death of his young soldiers, he remained firmly committed to the war, determined that it would end in Confederate defeat.

他写道，引用：“必须用雷鸣般的齐射来迎击这场叛乱，而且只能靠这种方式。”

He wrote, quote, "By thundering volley must this rebellion be met, and by such means alone."

加菲尔德是一个坚定的废奴主义者。

Garfield was an ardent abolitionist.

这场战役十个月后，加菲尔德当选为美国国会议员。

10 months after this battle, Garfield was elected to the US Congress.

加菲尔德直到一年多后，在亚伯拉罕·林肯的请求下，才就任国会议员席位。

Garfield would not take his congressional seat until more than a year later when Abraham Lincoln asked him to.

在那之前，他一直拒绝离开战场。

Up until that point, he refused to leave the battlefield.

他写道：“我已经辞去了军职，并在国会就座了。”

He wrote, "I have resigned my place in the army and have taken my seat in Congress.

总统告诉我，他在众议院里不敢冒险失去任何一张票，他需要在国会里有实际了解军队需求的人。

The president told me he dared not risk a single vote in the House, and he needed men in Congress who were practically acquainted with the wants of the army.

“在这种情况下，我觉得自己无权只顾个人偏好。”

I did not feel a right to consult my own preference in such a case."

然后这本书详细讲述了加菲尔德会为之奋斗的各种事业，我想给你读一下这部分，因为我确实觉得，有些最优秀的领导者往往是那些不想领导的人。

And then the book goes into detail about all these different causes that Garfield would fight for, and I want to read you the section, though, because I do think there's an element to some of the best leaders are the ones who don't want to lead.

他们是被别人推着去领导的，加菲尔德绝对是这种情况。

They are compelled by others to lead, and that is definitely the case for Garfield.

让人觉得不可思议的是，似乎只有为了自己的政治前途，加菲尔德才不愿意去争取。

Inexplicably, it seemed that the only cause for which Garfield would not fight was his own political future.

他早年养成了一个怪癖，后来成了他生活的一条核心原则：他拒绝为自己谋求任何职位或晋升。

In an early adopted eccentricity that would become for him a central law of life, he refused to seek an appointment or promotion of any kind.

他承认：“我想我对任何提及自己成就的事都过于敏感了。”

"I suppose I am morbidly sensitive about any reference to my own achievements," he admitted.

接下来这就让我们预见到，他其实并不想当总统。

And then this is going to give us a preview into the fact that he did not want to become president.

再说一遍，他被迫当上总统，结果却在就职199天后丧命。

And again, him becoming president against his will causes him to lose his life 199 days after he was inaugurated.

说到总统职位，加菲尔德干脆视而不见。

When it came to the presidency, Garfield simply looked the other way.

他在国会待了17年，亲眼看到那些极度渴望入主白宫的人毁掉了自己的事业、名声和生命。

He had spent 17 years in Congress, and he saw men whose desperate desire for the White House ruined their careers, their character, and their lives.

他写道：“我长期以来，一次又一次看到总统热对我的同僚和朋友带来的坏影响，所以我下定决心，绝不让它抓住我。”

"I have so long and so often seen the evil effects of the presidential fever upon my associates and friends that I am determined it shall not seize me," he wrote.

“在几乎所有情况下，即使不毁掉受害者的价值，也会损害它。”

"In almost every case, it impairs, if it does not destroy, the usefulness of its victim."

每一章开头都是加菲尔德写的一段引言，这是我最喜欢的一段之一。

And so every chapter starts with a quote written by Garfield, and this is one of my favorite ones.

他说：“平静并不能保证长久和安全。”

It says, "Quiet is no certain pledge of permanence and safety.

树木可以在宁静的山坡上茂盛生长，花朵可以绽放，而雨滴在悄然滴落时，正慢慢填满岩石屏障后的深邃洞穴，终将在一瞬间，将其险恶的平静彻底摧毁。

Trees may flourish and flowers may bloom upon the quiet mountainside, while silently the trickling raindrops are filling the deep cavern behind its rocky barriers, which, by and by, in a single moment, shall hurl to wild ruin its treacherous peace."

这就是那章开头的引言，接下来他去了党代表大会，希望能为他的党派选出一位候选人，却发表了一场极具感染力的演讲，令在场的人一致认为他才是应该被提名的人。

And that is the quote that begins the chapter where he goes to the convention hoping to elect a nominee for his party and gives a speech so compelling that the crowd decides that he should be the nominee.

于是，在演讲结束时，发生了一件加菲尔德不希望发生的事。

And so at the end of the speech, something happens that Garfield does not want to happen.

加菲尔德问了简单一个问题：“那么，大会的先生们，我们需要的是什么？”

Garfield asked a simple question, "And now, gentlemen of the convention, what do we want?"

人群中传来一个出人意料、对加菲尔德而言并不受欢迎的答案：“我们要加菲尔德。”

From the midst of the crowd came an unexpected, and for Garfield, unwelcome answer, "We want Garfield."

起初只是一个人的声音，但随后逐渐蔓延开来，接着他的朋友走到他身边。

What starts out as just one person saying something starts to build on itself and then his friend comes to him.

一位关切的朋友私下对加菲尔德说。

A concerned friend spoke to Garfield in confidence.

“将军，他们正在讨论要提名你。”

"General, they are talking about nominating you."

加菲尔德回答说：“天哪，我知道。

Garfield replied, "My God, I know it.

我知道，他们会毁了我的。”

I know it, and they will ruin me."

他只是简单地说：“我打算投票给谢尔曼，而且我会忠于他。

He said simply, "I'm going to vote for Sherman, and I will be loyal to him.

不能提我的名字。”

My name must not be used."

他发表演讲想提名谢尔曼，但他讲得太好了，说话和领导的方式又那么有感染力，结果大会开始抛弃谢尔曼和其他所有候选人，违逆他的意愿，开始投票给加菲尔德。

He was giving a speech trying to nominate Sherman, and he was so good at it and had such a profound way of speaking and leading that the convention starts to ditch Sherman and every single other nominee, and against his will, start to vote for Garfield.

这一过程持续了好几页，你会看到类似的内容，也会听到加菲尔德这样的话语。

And this goes over several pages, and you see stuff like this, and you hear things like this from Garfield.

“公告里有投给我的票。

"The announcement contains votes for me.

任何人都无权在未经被提名人同意的情况下宣布那个人的名字并为他投票。”

No man has a right, without the consent of the person voted for, to announce that person's name and vote for him.

这个同意我并没有给。

Such consent I have not given."

几页之后，他已经无法阻止事态的发展了。

A few pages later, he could not stop what was happening.

最后一个州也宣布了，加菲尔德拿到了399票，比获胜所需的还多20票。

The last state was called, and Garfield was left with 399 votes, 20 more than was needed to win.

他不但从未同意成为候选人，反而一直在极力抵制，结果却突然成了提名人。

Having never agreed to become even a candidate, on the contrary, having vigorously resisted it, he was suddenly the nominee.

一个朋友走上前来对他说：“将军，我们祝贺您。”

A friend comes up to him and says, "General, we congratulate you."

加菲尔德回答说：“我很遗憾事情发展到了这一步。”

Garfield replied, "I am very sorry that this has become necessary."

然后他的日记里又有一句非常精彩的话：“历代神学家都曾仰慕地观察物质宇宙，证明上帝的力量、智慧和良善，但我们不知道有谁从人类历史中证明过这些同样的属性。”

And then just another banger line from his journal "Theologians in all ages have looked out admiringly upon the material universe and demonstrated the power, wisdom, and goodness of God, but we know of no one who has demonstrated the same attributes from the history of the human race."

接下来，书里就讲述了这场加菲尔德违背自己意愿参与的总统竞选的故事。

And so then the book goes into the story of this presidential contest that Garfield is now against his will, engaged in.

本章开头，他在日记里又写道：“这份荣誉并非我主动追求来的。”

Another line from his journal at the beginning of this chapter: "This honor comes to me unsought.

我从来没有想过当总统，哪怕一天都没有。”

I have never had the presidential fever, not even for a day."

所以他几乎有点拒绝出去竞选。

And so he almost somewhat refuses to go out and campaign.

有些记者去他家，那房子非常简陋，他们注意到——我特别欣赏他的一点是——他说过：“嘿，我出身很不好。

Some reporters go to his house, it's a very modest house, and they notice, again, something I admire most about him is the fact that he said, "Hey, I was born into a very bad position.

唯一的出路就是靠教育来拯救自己。”

There's only one way out, and that is through the salvation of education."

所以他是个如饥似渴的读者。

So he's a voracious reader.

加菲尔德的书塞满了每个房间。

Garfield's books filled every room.

在将军的家里，你走到哪儿都会撞见书。

You can go nowhere in the general's home without coming face to face with books.

不读书的时候，他喜欢种地。

And when he wasn't reading, he liked to cultivate his land.

加菲尔德乐于自己安排生活，把时间和精力都投入到了农场上。

Happily left to his own devices, Garfield poured his time and energy into his farm.

他在田间劳作，播种、除草、收割庄稼。

He worked in the fields, planting, hoeing, and harvesting crops.

他说：“我渴望有时间研究农业化学，做土壤和肥力的实验。”

He said, "I long for time to study agricultural chemistry and make experiments with soils and forces."

这又回到了那个观点：最伟大的领袖往往是被迫承担领导责任的。

This goes back to the idea that some of the greatest leaders are the ones that are compelled to lead.

他们不是为了自己才追求那些位置的。

They did not seek their positions for the sake of themselves.

加菲尔德无法摆脱这样的预感：总统职位只会给他带来孤独和悲伤。

Garfield could not shake the feeling that the presidency would bring him only loneliness and sorrow.

眼看着自己珍视的一切——陪伴孩子的时间、书籍和农场——突然消失不见。

As he watched everything he treasured, his time with his children, his books, and his farm abruptly disappear.

他明白，过去的生活已经一去不复返了。

He understood that the life he had known was gone.

在他看来，总统之位不是什么了不起的成就，而是一座“他不得不攀登的荒凉山峰”。

The presidency seemed to him not a great accomplishment, but, quote, "A bleak mountain that he was obliged to ascend."

在难得的独处时刻，他坐在书桌前，试图在给朋友的信中解释自己在选举后感受到的那种莫名的失落感。他写道：“这场胜利中透着一丝悲伤，我几乎无法解释。”

Sitting down at his desk in a rare moment to himself, he tried to explain in a letter to a friend the strange sense of loss he had felt since the election, and this is what he wrote: "There is a tone of sadness running through this triumph, which I can hardly explain."

然后又是一句精彩的话：那些处在边缘的人，往往最终会掌控中心。

And then another great line about those on the margins often come to control the center.

“对于一个内心充满无限人生可能性的年轻人来说，他不应该一直被人指挥。

"To a young man who has in himself the magnificent possibilities of life, it is not fitting that he should be permanently commanded.

他应该成为指挥者。”

He should be a commander."

所以，这就是他在就职典礼前一天写给自己的话。

And so this is what he writes to himself the day before he's going to be inaugurated.

他说：“今晚，我还是一个普通公民。”

He says, "Tonight, I am a private citizen.

明天，我将被召唤去承担新的责任，而到了后天，整个世界的怒火就会袭来。

Tomorrow, I shall be called to assume new responsibilities, and on the day after, the broad side of the world's wrath will strike.

它会猛烈地袭来。

It will strike hard.

我知道，你也会知道的。”

I know it and you will know it."

在我们继续之前，我想跟你谈谈AppLovin。

And before we get back into this, I want to tell you about AppLovin.

我一直以来最喜欢的一句话出自《从零到一》这本书。

One of my all-time favorite quotes is from the book "Zero to One."

在那本书里，彼得·蒂尔写道：“我注意到的最强大的一个模式是，成功的人会在意想不到的地方发现价值，他们这样做是通过从第一性原理来思考商业，而不是依赖公式。”

In that book, Peter Thiel writes, he says, "The single most powerful pattern I have noticed is that successful people find value in unexpected places, and they do this by thinking about business from first principles instead of formulas."

这正是AppLovin在他们的广告平台上所做的。

And that is exactly what AppLovin has done with their advertising platform.

AppLovin让你能够接触到移动游戏里超过十亿的潜在新客户。

AppLovin connects you with over a billion potential new customers in mobile games.

AppLovin能帮你抓住用户的全部注意力。

AppLovin allows you to capture undivided attention.

AppLovin的广告是全屏视频，平均观看时长35秒。

AppLovin ads are full-screen videos that are watched for an average of 35 seconds.

这种用户粘性远超其他广告平台。

That is retention that blows other ad platforms out of the water.

而且几分钟之内你就能在AppLovin上开始投放。

And you can launch on AppLovin in minutes.

你设定目标，AppLovin帮你实现。

You set the goal, and AppLovin achieves it.

无需复杂设置，不用专业技能，AppLovin能快速扩大规模。

No complex setup, no expertise needed, and AppLovin scales quickly.

他们能把你的广告展示给超过十亿的潜在客户。

They can put your ads in front of over a billion potential customers.

其他企业已经看到了立竿见影的效果，日投放额增长到数十万美元，收入增加了数百万。

Other businesses have seen immediate results, scaled to hundreds of thousands of dollars of spend per day, and increased their revenue by millions.

所以你得趁竞争对手还没都上AppLovin之前，赶紧行动起来。

So you want to get started quickly before all of your competitors are on AppLovin.

你只要访问AppLovin.com就能做到。

And you can do that by going to AppLovin.com.

就是AppLovin.com。

That's AppLovin.com.

接下来我想跟你聊聊Vanta。

And then I want to tell you about Vanta.

Vanta，Vanta，Vanta。

Vanta, Vanta, Vanta.

Vanta能帮你的公司证明你是安全的，这样更多客户就会愿意使用你的产品或服务。

Vanta helps your company prove you're secure so more customers will use your product or service.

Vanta就像一位AI驱动的安全专家，能随着你的需求一起扩展。

Vanta is an AI-powered security expert that scales with you.

你的业务增长得越快，安全需求就越复杂，这种复杂性很快就会变成一团乱麻。

The more your business grows, the more complex your security needs get, and that complexity turns into chaos.

Vanta 帮你把这些混乱整理得井井有条。

Vanta tames that chaos for you.

Vanta 自动完成合规审核，持续监控你的控制措施，并且给你一个关于合规和风险的统一信息源。

Vanta automates compliance, continuously monitors your controls, and gives you a single source of truth for compliance and risk.

所以不管你是快速成长的初创公司还是大型企业，Vanta 都能轻松融入你现有的工作流程。

So whether you're a fast-growing startup or an enterprise company, Vanta fits easily into your existing workflows.

很多公司没有认证就不跟你签合同，这让你白白损失了很多销售机会。

Many companies won't sign contracts unless you're certified, and this is causing you to lose out on sales.

所以 Vanta 客户平均报告说，成为 Vanta 客户后，投资回报率达到 526%。

That is why the average Vanta customer reports a 526% return on investment after becoming a Vanta customer.

用 Vanta 自动化你的合规、安全和信任管理。

Automate your compliance, security, and trust with Vanta.

Vanta 会帮你更快、更省力地赢得信任、促成交易并保持安全。

Vanta will help you win trust, close deals, and stay secure faster and with less effort.

去 vanta.com/founders 就能获得 1000 美元的折扣。

Go to vanta.com/founders and you'll get $1,000 off.

网址是vanta.com/founders。

That is vanta.com/founders.

书中在他被枪杀之前有很大一部分内容就是在讲，你有一个在我看来真正的好人，身处在那个腐蚀性极强、几乎是邪恶的环境里，而那环境不是他主动寻求，也不是他想要的。

And so a huge part of the book before he's shot is just, you have this, what I feel is like a truly good man in this unbelievably corrosive, almost evil environment, one that he did not seek, one that he did not want.

所以就是一连串关于他如何应对这个环境，以及作为美国总统所承担的新责任的描写，显而易见。

And so it's just a bunch of descriptions of him dealing with this environment and the new responsibilities that come with being the President of the United States, obviously.

而且我觉得有一些描写让我们俩能看出来他是什么样的人。

And I think there's just some descriptions that give you and I an indication of what kind of person he was.

书中写道：“他从不轻易被激怒，加菲尔德也不记仇，这种性格特点无论是康克林还是布莱恩都无法理解。”

So it says, "He never rose to the bait, nor was Garfield capable of carrying a grudge, a character trait that neither Conkling nor Blaine could begin to understand."

这些人就是和他发生冲突、基本上想跟他作对的人。

So these are some of the people that he's having these battles with and that were trying essentially to work against him.

加菲尔德耸耸肩说：“我不擅长记仇。”

Garfield said, "I'm a poor hater," he shrugged.

然而，康克林没有明白的是，虽然加菲尔德不善于记仇，但他很善于战斗。

What Conkling did not understand, however, was that while Garfield was a poor hater, he was a very good fighter.

他以前从来没有逃避过任何一场战斗，现在也不打算逃避。

He had never before walked away from a fight, and he was not about to do so now.

加菲尔德写道：“我当然厌恶战争，但如果战争找上门来，找上门的人会发现我在家里等着。”

And so Garfield writes, "Of course, I detest war, but if it is brought to my door, the bringer will find me at home."

他的日子现在被要求好处、谋求官职的人填满了。

His days are now filled with people asking for favors, seeking office.

他不得不玩政治那一套。

He's having to play politics.

他真正想做的是坐在国会图书馆里读书。

What he really wanted to do was actually sit in the Library of Congress and read.

记住，他在成为总统之前，在国会待了大概17年。国会图书馆的馆长对加菲尔德有一段很精彩的描述，这位馆长很了解他，说他会把他列为见过的研究最刻苦、最勤奋的人之一。

And so remember, he was in Congress, I think, for 17 years before he was president, and there's this great description of Garfield by the librarian of the Library of Congress, who knew Garfield well and said he would rank him among the most diligent researchers he had ever met.

还有很多加菲尔德写的文字，他非常担心当总统会伤害自己和家人。他写道：“无论命运如何对待我，我都决心，如果可能的话，保护我的孩子们不受我总统任期的影响。”

There's also a bunch of lines from Garfield Being excessively worried about the damage that him being president could do to himself and his family, he writes, "Whatever fate may await me, I am resolved, if possible, to save my children from being injured by my presidency."

对于加菲尔德这样珍视时间、不仅用来工作还要阅读思考的人来说，这种状况根本无法忍受。

For Garfield, who treasured time not just to work, but to read and think, the situation was untenable.

他写道：“我的天哪，跟那些要官的人周旋一整天之后，这地方到底有什么值得人想进来的？”

"My God," he wrote, after a day spent wrestling with office seekers, "what is there in this place that a man should ever want to get into it?"

那些在白宫走廊里转悠找活儿干的人，贪婪得就像“进食时的野兽”一样。

So voracious were the people who prowled the halls of the White House searching for a job, that they sounded like nothing more than, quote, "beasts at feeding time.

“这些人只要有可能，连我的脑子、肉和血都要拿走。”

These people would take my very brains, flesh, and blood if they could."

所以，这段历史里最特别的一点，跟我们现在生活的世界很不一样，就是你可以直接走进白宫说：“我要见总统。”

And so one of the most remarkable things about this time in history that's very different from the world that you and I live in is the fact that you could just walk into the White House and say, "I need an appointment with the president."

如果你等得够久，有时候得等一整天，他可能见不到你，但很多时候，他确实会跟你聊聊。

And if you waited long enough, sometimes you wait all day and he wouldn't get to you, but in many cases, he would just talk to you.

他说就是这些求职者。

And this is what he's talking about, these office seekers.

而且那时候还没有总统安保。

And then there's no presidential protection.

这是在林肯遇刺之后。

This is after Lincoln was assassinated.

即使加菲尔德总统遇刺之后，他们还是没有设立总统保护措施。

They don't even have presidential protection even after Garfield was assassinated, too.

所以他一直在华盛顿特区到处走，而那个想暗杀他的人，多次跟在他后面，出现在教堂里，或者在他和内阁成员散步的时候，基本上就是在城里跟着他。

And so he's walking around Washington, D.C. all the time, and his would-be assassin winds up following him for many, many times at church and on walks with other people in his cabinet, and essentially just would follow him around the city.

所以人们当然很害怕，因为已经有几位总统被枪杀过，加菲尔德写道：“暗杀这种事，就像被闪电劈死一样无法防范，所以最好也别太担心。”

And so people were obviously fearful of this because multiple presidents had been shot, and Garfield wrote this: "Assassination can be no more guarded against than death by lightning, and it is best not to worry about it either."

但在很多情况下，他其实还是很担心的。

But in many cases, he did worry about it.

所以他跟林肯有一个共同点，就是他们俩都有预感自己会早逝。

So there's something that he shares in common with Lincoln, who they both had premonitions of an early death.

实际上，加菲尔德的战争部长是亚伯拉罕·林肯的大儿子，也是唯一幸存的儿子。他告诉加菲尔德，他父亲在遇刺前不久做了一个预知未来的梦。

In fact, Garfield's Secretary of War was Abraham Lincoln's oldest and only surviving son, and he told this story to Garfield, that his father had a prophetic dream shortly before his assassination.

故事说，一天晚上林肯睡着后，他做了一个梦，梦中他说：“我周围一片死寂。”

And it says, after he'd fallen asleep one night, Abraham Lincoln had a dream in which, "There was a death-like stillness about me," he said.

但在那片寂静中，他却能听到低声的哭泣。

Within the stillness, however, he could hear subdued sobs.

他离开房间，在白宫里寻找哭声的来源，但每走进一个房间，都是空无一人。

Leaving his room, he searched the White House for the source of the weeping, but every room he entered was empty.

最后，他走进东厅，看到一口由士兵守卫的棺材。

Finally, stepping into the East Room, he saw a coffin that was guarded by soldiers.

“白宫里谁死了？”

"Who is dead in the White House?"

他问道。

he asked.

“怎么，你不知道吗？”

"Why, don't you know?"

其中一个士兵回答说。

one of the soldiers replied.

总统被暗杀了。

The president had been assassinated.

林肯非常相信梦境，认为那是他不敢忽视的预兆。

Lincoln had believed deeply in dreams, seeing in them omens that he dared not ignore.

而且我们看到加菲尔德对此也有预感。

And we see Garfield had premonitions about this as well.

加菲尔德经常想到自己的死亡。

His own death was often on Garfield's mind.

虽然他天生是个开朗乐观的人，但他一直觉得自己会早逝。

Although he was by nature a cheerful and optimistic man, he had long felt that he would die an early death.

当朋友们试图说服他放下这个沉重的念头时，他唯一的回答是，这个想法对他来说和你觉得的一样愚蠢。

When his friends tried to talk him out of this grim conviction, his only answer was that the thought seemed to him as foolish as it does to you.

尽管如此，他还是无法摆脱这个念头。

Nonetheless, he could not shake it.

他说：“我不知道为什么它一直缠着我。”

"I do not know why it haunts me," he said.

“我感觉太强烈了，这个景象像是一个警告，我不能轻视它。”

"I feel it so strong upon me that the vision is in the form of a warning that I cannot treat lightly."

所以，在我们讲到加菲尔德遇刺之前，我需要回到书里介绍一个叫约瑟夫·利斯特的人物。

And so then before you and I get to where Garfield is shot, I need to go back in the book and introduce a character named Joseph Lister.