宾夕法尼亚大学PILOT项目的论证

今晚最新动态：费城又有两所公立学校面临石棉危害问题。

Developing story tonight as two more Philadelphia public schools are dealing with asbestos dangers.

亨廷顿公园的麦克卢尔小学将于明天和周一关闭，以便学区修复因石棉管道保温层破损造成的紧急安全隐患。

McClure Elementary School in Hunting Park will be closed tomorrow and Monday so the school district can repair an imminent hazard from damaged asbestos pipe insulation.

我们独家调查了这种致命物质——石棉，它已成为全美众多学区的普遍问题。

We got exclusive look at the deadly substance at the problem in too many school districts across the country, asbestos.

费城一名教师正在与癌症抗争，她首次公开讲述自己的经历。

One teacher from Philadelphia is now speaking out as she battles cancer.

TJ·霍姆斯有机会对她进行了专访。

TJ Holmes had a chance to speak with her.

TJ，请带来详细报道。

You have that story, TJ.

是的。

Yeah.

费城学校正深陷石棉问题的困扰。

Stray, Philadelphia schools are overwhelmed with asbestos.

这位教师在费城学校任教已有三十年。

This teacher taught in Philly schools for thirty years.

她如今罹患的癌症与石棉直接相关。

She now has a cancer directly linked to asbestos.

但今晚行动新闻的重头戏是费城教师工会将学区告上法庭。

But the big story in action news tonight is the Philadelphia Teachers Union taking the school district to court.

争议焦点就是石棉问题。

The issue, asbestos.

用

And in the words

PFT的话说，学区肆意漠视安全防范，导致学生和教育工作者面临风险。

of the PFT, the district's willingness to throw caution to the wind and as a result put children and educators at risk.

教学活动仍处于停滞状态。

Education is still on hold.

由于Spring Garden校区建筑的石棉清理工作仍在进行，数百名高中生正面临重新安置。

Hundreds of high school students are now looking to be relocated as the asbestos cleanup in their building in the Spring Garden section is still underway.

过去几年间，《费城问询报》多次揭露费城公立学校的环境危害问题，引发全国性报道，公众对费城学生学习场所的建筑状况表示强烈愤慨。

Over the last few years, the Philadelphia Inquirer has broken several stories about the environmental hazards in Philly's public schools, leading to national coverage and widespread uproar about the state of the buildings where Philly students are supposed to learn.

费城学校令人不安的影像资料广泛流传：石棉包裹的绝缘材料、剥落的含铅油漆、坍塌腐朽的管道墙壁、渗漏凹陷的天花板，以及其他环境危害随处可见。

Disturbing images from Philadelphia schools circulated widely, showing asbestos covered insulation, chipping lead paint, crumbling and decaying pipes and walls, and caved in and leaking ceilings, among other environmental hazards.

尽管学生、教师和社区成员长期积极呼吁关注费城学校摇摇欲坠的基础设施，但这些危险条件的媒体报道引发了公众重新审视：我们的公立学校何以沦落至此。

While students, teachers, and community members have long been active and raising concerns about the crumbling infrastructure of Philadelphia's schools, the media coverage of these dangerous conditions has led to renewed public scrutiny about how the state of our public schools has gotten this bad.

当然，这其中涉及诸多复杂因素，除校舍条件外，学校还面临着更多深层次问题。

Of course, there are many, many contributing factors and there are far more problems facing schools in addition to the conditions of the school buildings.

但本期《性别约翰》将聚焦于一项能对改善费城学校条件产生结构性实质影响的重要资金来源：税收替代支付计划（PILOTs）。

But this episode of Gender John is going to focus on one important source of funding that can make a structural and material impact on improving the conditions of Philadelphia's schools: pilots or payments in lieu of taxes.

欢迎收听《性别约翰》，在这里性别是你的行动，而约翰则是由宾夕法尼亚大学艾丽斯·保罗性别、性与女性研究中心赞助的其他一切

Welcome to Gender John, where gender is what you do and John is everything else sponsored by the Alice Paul Center for Research

关于性别、性取向和女性的研究

on Gender, Sexuality and Women at the University of Pennsylvania.

研究

Research

我是主持人玛丽亚·墨菲，爱丽丝·保罗中心性研究临时副主任，在本期节目中，我将阐述宾夕法尼亚大学应通过PILOTs计划解决费城学校长期资金不足的问题。

I'm your host Maria Murphy, interim associate director sexuality at the Alice Paul Center and on this app I'm going to be making the case for PEN to make pilots to address the chronic underfunding of Philadelphia schools.

今年爱丽丝·保罗中心和宾大GSWS项目一直聚焦环境女性主义主题。

This year at the Alice Paul Center and GSWS at Penn, we've been focusing on the theme of environmental feminisms.

而费城面临的最紧迫环境问题之一，就是公立学校系统的现状。

And one of the most pressing environmental issues facing our city is the state of Philadelphia's school system.

从年久失修的校舍到教师、辅导员、行政人员、护士、保洁人员等岗位的长期缺编，这座以兄弟情、姐妹情、酷儿情和性别包容之爱著称的城市，正笼罩在公共资源普遍匮乏与系统性资金短缺的阴霾中。

From the buildings in disrepair to the understaffing of teachers, counselors, administrators, nurses, custodial staff and others, there is a general environment of scarcity and systematic underfunding of public goods in our city of brotherly, sisterly, queerly and gender expansively love and affection.

本期节目将通过采访'宾大PILOTs行动组'三位成员，重点探讨宾大应向费城市政府支付税收替代款的核心论点。

In this app, I'm going to cover some of the important arguments that have been made for Penn to make payments in lieu of taxes to the city of Philadelphia with interviews from three members of the faculty and staff group Penn for Pilots.

本集聚焦宾大参与费城PILOTs计划的倡议行动。

This episode focuses on the campaign for Penn to participate in a pilot program with the city of Philadelphia.

节目素材主要来自'宾大PILOTs行动组'——这个新兴组织继承了十余年来学生团体及'正义工作'、'我们的城市我们的学校'等社区组织的运动传统，延续了校园倡导、社会动员与政策游说的抗争脉络。

Much of the material I draw from for this pod comes from Penn for Pilots, a more recent organizing effort at Penn that has built on over a decade of campaigning, agitation, advocacy, and activism by students and community organizations like Jobs with Justice, Our City, Our Schools, among other community organizers.

正如校园政治组织的常态，在教职员工开始围绕PILOTs开展行动之前，学生团体始终是这场运动的先锋力量。

As is often the case with political organizing on campus, student groups led the way before faculty and staff began organizing around pilots.

我是艾米·奥夫纳，宾夕法尼亚大学历史系副教授。

My name is Amy Offner, and I'm an associate professor of history at Penn.

宾大PILOTs组织如今已汇聚了超过1000名教职工成员，涵盖宾大各院系及宾大医学院系统，我们于2020年夏天联合呼吁大学以税收替代形式向费城公立学校提供资金支持。

And Penn for Pilots is a group of now over 1,000 faculty and staff members at the University of Pennsylvania across all the schools and the Penn Medicine system that came together last summer, in the 2020, to call on the university to make payments in lieu of taxes to the Philadelphia public schools.

2020年春季，费城'工作与正义'组织发起全市运动，要求所有大型非营利医院和大学最终向公立学校支付PILOTs款项。

Last spring, in the 2020, Jobs and Justice in the city of Philadelphia decided to launch a citywide campaign to get all of the large nonprofit hospitals and universities finally to pay pilots to the public schools.

作为这场全市运动的一部分，我们教职工决定动员起来共同发声。

And so as part of that launch of the citywide campaign, we decided, as faculty and staff, to mobilize and add our voices.

当然，随着乔治·弗洛伊德遇害事件及全美反种族主义浪潮的爆发，这场运动获得了更强大的推动力。

And over the summer, of course, the murder of George Floyd and the uprisings against racism in The United States added a lot of fuel to that fire.

我认为PILOTs已成为全市民众提出的解决方案之一，旨在纠正城市中的种族与经济不平等现象。

And pilots became part of the set of solutions, I think, that people across the city were putting forward as ways to rectify racial and economic inequality in the city.

这场运动不仅在教职工群体中，更在整个城市范围内，通过全民动员和对现实危机的共同认知获得了巨大力量。

So the campaign, not just among faculty and staff, but all over the city, I think gained a lot of strength through the sort of generalized mobilization and the sense of real crisis that we were all living through.

越来越多的利益相关方意识到，当前危机状态意味着PILOTs计划刻不容缓，历史上反对该计划的论点已不适用，也无法真实反映像宾大这样富裕机构应承担的责任。

A growing chorus of stakeholders is recognizing that this state of crisis means that pilots cannot wait and that the arguments historically made against pilot programs do not apply or don't truly reflect the position that wealthy institutions like Penn are in to make these contributions.

我们城市的公共教育状况应当成为每个人的当务之急，特别是像宾大、德雷塞尔大学、杰斐逊大学这样的富裕非营利机构。

The state of public education in our city should be an immediate priority for everyone, including, or especially, for wealthy nonprofits such as Penn, Drexel, Jefferson.

这是一个种族与经济公平问题。

This is a racial and economic equity issue.

正如艾米提到的，教师、员工、学生和社区组织长期记录着费城学校存在的环境风险，这些风险导致哮喘、认知障碍和铅中毒。

As Amy mentioned, teachers, staff, and students, and community organizations have been on record for a long time about the environmental risks in Philly schools, causing asthma, cognitive impairments, and lead poisoning.

尽管最近的城市运动确实解决了费城学校铅污染问题，但许多其他环境风险依然存在。

And while a recent campaign in the city did lead to addressing the presence of lead in Philly schools, many other environmental risks remain.

当公共教育工作者担忧学生未来会出现更严重的健康问题时，学校的危险环境已经导致许多员工出现了健康问题。

And while public education staff fear that students will develop more severe health issues later in life, the hazardous conditions of schools have already manifested in health issues for many staff members.

最广为人知的案例或许是《早安美国》开场新闻片段中提到的莉亚·德鲁索。

Perhaps most well known is the case of Lea DeRusso, mentioned in the opening news montage clip from Good Morning America.

莉亚·德鲁索被诊断出间皮瘤，这是一种罕见且侵袭性的癌症，主要攻击肺部和腹部，由长期接触石棉引起。

Lea DeRusso was diagnosed with mesothelioma, a rare and aggressive form of cancer that targets the lungs and abdomen, and it is caused by long term exposure to asbestos.

最近，费城另一位公立学校教师安吉拉·陈在本月的公开听证会上作证说，她不确定自己教学事业中期患上的哮喘是否由工作环境状况引发。

More recently, Angela Chan, another public school teacher here in Philly, testified in a public hearing this month that she is not sure if the asthma she developed mid teaching career was brought on by the state of her work environment.

不过，也许是因为她也提到，自从改为线上教学后，她的哮喘症状完全没有加重。

Perhaps though, since she also said that while she's been teaching virtually, her asthma has not been aggravated at all.

但伤害费城公立学校师生健康的，远不止危险的建筑状况。

But it's not just or not only the hazardous building conditions that are hurting students and staff in Philly's public schools.

这是一种全面性的资源匮乏与紧缩环境——学校连维持基本运转的充足资源都得不到保障，却要求课业繁重的学生、超负荷工作的教职工以及不堪重负的社区连卫生纸、洗手液、教学用品这些最基本物资都要自行筹措。

It's an entire environment of scarcity, of austerity that neglects the basic adequate resources for schools to function, where students, over tasked staff, and overstretched communities are expected to contribute and provide even the most basic necessities to run the school, toilet paper, hand soap, classroom supplies.

我曾就'宾大为何需要支付PILOTs款项'这一问题，向宾大教职工Akira Drake Rodriguez请教她的研究见解。

I asked Penn for Pilots and faculty member Akira Drake Rodriguez about how her research informs her understanding of the need for Penn to pay pilots.

我是Akira Drake Rodriguez，宾夕法尼亚大学设计学院城市与区域规划系的教员。

My name is Akira Drake Rodriguez and I'm a faculty member at the School of Design at the University of Pennsylvania in the Department of City and Regional Planning.

我的研究聚焦人们如何运用规划流程、工具和策略来解决系统性问题和边缘化现象，并争取政治权力——通常是在城市层面。

My work looks at how people use planning processes and tools and strategies as a way to address systemic issues and marginalizations and political power, typically at the city level.

因此我常关注以黑人女性为主导的低收入社区。

So I usually look at low income communities, typically led by black women.

这让我得以参与亚特兰大公租房租户协会的对话，同时也在费城公立学校开展相关研究。

So that has brought me into conversations with tenant associations and public housing in Atlanta, and also doing some of this work here in Philadelphia public schools.

我询问了Akira对费城学区当前资金危机的看法。

I asked Akira about her perspective on the current funding crisis of the Philadelphia School District.

在她的观察中，她谈到了学校本身的状况，但也谈到了它们是如何被管理的，以及在这种资源匮乏和紧缩的环境下，公众、城市、学区、学生、教职员工和社区之间的关系是如何被破坏的。

And in her observations, she talked about the conditions of the schools themselves, but also how they've been managed and how relationships have been damaged between the public, the city, the district, students, staff, and communities in this environment of scarcity and austerity.

我有点震惊地发现，尽管公立学校和我记忆中的一样——我在肯塔基州路易斯维尔长大，上的是公立学校——但当我走进费城的公立学校时，感觉是一样的。

I was a little shocked to find that although the public schools were just as I had remembered them, I grew up in Louisville, Kentucky, I went to public schools, and when I would go inside public schools in Philadelphia, it felt the same.

墙上有壁画，有储物柜，孩子们在吃午餐，但建筑非常老旧，不是那种古雅的历史保护风格，而是‘我们无法使用整个楼层，否则四月中旬后就会热得无法忍受’的那种老旧。

The murals were on the walls, the lockers were there, the children were eating lunch, but the buildings were really old, and not in a quaint, historically preserved way, but in a, we can't use this entire floor or it gets unbearably hot after mid April way.

所以我对这种情况并不熟悉。

And so I was not familiar with that.

除了运营上的不足，比如教师不足、教室过度拥挤，还有连纸张都不够用的情况。

In addition to the operational shortcomings, so not having enough teachers, having overcrowded classrooms, but also just not having paper, for example.

总的来说，在我的研究中，我注意到的是缺乏尊重，以及这如何影响了不同利益相关者之间的信任与合作。

Generally in my research, what I'm noticing is sort of like the lack of respect and how that impacts trust and cooperation between these different stakeholders.

因此，从历史上对高贫困地区公立学校资金不足的‘红线歧视’，到最近包括州政府接管费城地方学校董事会长达十多年的教育改革浪潮，这些问题导致了诸多后果。

And so as a result of numerous issues from, you know, the historic redlining that has always sort of underfunded public schools in high poverty areas to the, sort of current wave of school reforms that includes the recent state takeover of the local Philadelphia school board that lasted for over a decade.

这一决定已被撤销，现在董事会已归地方管辖，但家长之间、教育工作者之间、学区官员与市政府之间的诸多紧张关系依然存在。

That has been rescinded and now the board is under local control, but a lot of those tensions still exist between parents, between educators, between school district officials and the city.

因此，存在着许多不同利益和利益相关方，却缺乏任何形式的协作支持。

And so there are lots of different interests and stakeholders that don't have any sort of support to work together.

学校之间正在为有限的学区资金相互争夺。

So schools are fighting with each other for limited district funding.

学区与家长之间为资金使用方式和流向争执不休。

The district and parents are fighting with each other, over how money is spent and where it goes.

整体氛围非常紧张。

It's just a very sort of tense situation.

作为一名规划师，我认为这正是一个契机——通过动员民众、普及教育、开展协作来解决我们规划领域所称的'棘手问题'，对吧？

One that, as a planner, I feel like this is an opportunity to engage people, educate people, work collaboratively to solve what we as planners call these wicked problems, right?

核心矛盾在于资源有限，我们必须找到合理分配的方式。

This idea that we have limited resources, have to figure out how to kind of share them.

而面对公立学校时，这种分配显得尤为困难——特别是当存在特许学校、私立学校乃至直接搬离城市等其他选择时。

And that it feels very difficult with public schools, with options like charter schools, private schools, and just leaving the city altogether.

这些问题不仅存在于费城，其他城市也同样面临。

A lot of these issues are issues that are not just in Philadelphia, but other cities as well.

情况正变得相当困难。

It is it is becoming quite difficult.

在市政财政危机威胁持续笼罩下，公立学校员工不断被要求临时凑合所需的教学材料和资源，以提供体面的教育。

With the threat of municipal financial crisis constantly looming, public school staff are consistently being asked to improvise the materials and resources needed to provide a decent education.

那么钱从哪里来？为什么学区得不到这些资金？

So where does the money come from, and why isn't the school district getting it?

宾夕法尼亚大学作为全美第七富裕的大学，而费城却是美国最贫困的大都市，却不为支持费城学校缴纳房产税。

Penn, the seventh wealthiest university in the country and the most impoverished large city in The United States, does not pay property taxes to support the Philadelphia schools.

尽管它是该市最大的私有地产所有者，并受益于城市的公共服务、西费城的士绅化历史，以及为其教职工和学生提供这座伟大城市的所有便利设施。

Even though it is the largest private land property owner in the city, and has benefited from the city's public services, histories of gentrification in West Philadelphia, and giving its faculty, staff, and students access to all attractions of this great city.

这是宾夕法尼亚大学教育研究生院'读写文化与国际教育系'主任杰拉尔德·坎帕诺教授在三月份最近一次'宾大飞行员计划'更新会上的发言，他解释道：即便作为全美第七富裕的大学，宾大也不缴纳房产税。

That's Gerald Campano, professor and chair of the Literacy, Culture and International Education Division at the Penn Graduate School of Education, speaking at a recent Penn for Pilots update session in March, explaining that even as the seventh wealthiest university in the country, Penn does not pay property taxes.

作为非营利机构，宾大在法律上无需缴纳房产税，但必须考虑这一因素如何影响公共教育的资金筹措。

As a nonprofit, Penn is not legally required to pay property taxes, and it is important to consider how this factors into the funding of public education.

本市学校财政收入的主要部分直接来源于房地产税，即更常被称为财产税的税种。

A substantial portion of this city's revenue for schools comes directly from real estate tax, which is more commonly referred to as property tax.

根据费城市政府官网信息，费城市与费城学区均对市内所有房地产征税。

According to the City of Philadelphia website, the City of Philadelphia and the School District of Philadelphia both impose a tax on all real estate in the city.

2021纳税年度，税率设定为0.6317%部分归入城市通用资金，0.7681%直接划拨给学校，合计税率略低于1.4%。

For the 2021 tax year, the rates are 0.6317% that goes to the city more generally and 0.7681% that goes directly to the school So in total that amounts to just under 1.4% tax total.

因此作为房产所有者，您应缴纳的房地产税额由房产评估办公室核定的房产价值决定。

So the amount of real estate tax you owe as a property owner is determined by the value of your property as assessed by the office of property assessment.

简言之，这1.4%的税率是基于房产评估价值计算，其中部分资金流向学区，另一部分则纳入城市通用预算。

So basically that 1.4% tax is of the assessed property value with a portion of those funds going to the school district and a portion going more generally to the city's budget.

当然——这就涉及到宾大的问题——存在多项房地产税豁免条款，例如低收入房主豁免、享受税收减免的业主（指特定年限内免税的房产），这里要快速说明：房产税减免本身就是另一个大问题，其设立初衷据称是为了'帮助社区振兴、留住居民、吸引企业主来费城，并降低商业与住宅项目的开发成本'。

There are of course and this is where Penn comes in, a number of exemptions to paying this real estate tax such as exemptions for low income homeowners, property owners with tax abatements, which referred to properties that are exempt from taxes for a set number of years and a really quick side note here, property tax abatements are a whole other problem which were ostensibly created to quote help revitalize communities and retain residents, attract business owners to Philly and reduce development costs for commercial and residential projects unquote.

但这些减免政策已成为另一项税收豁免来源，严重侵蚀了费城公共项目亟需的资源。

But they have been another source of tax exemption that has gutted desperately needed resources to public programs in the city of Philadelphia.

因此税收减免豁免也是亟待解决的重大问题。

So the tax abatement exemption is also a huge problem that requires fixing.

但在本期节目中，我将重点讨论宾夕法尼亚大学所涉及的那类免税政策——非营利性房地产税豁免。

But for this episode, I'm going to just focus on the type of tax exemption that concerns us at the University of Pennsylvania, nonprofit real estate tax exemptions.

那么一个拥有149亿美元捐赠基金的大学是如何获得房产税豁免的？根据《每日宾州人》报道，该捐赠基金在新冠疫情期间还增加了2亿美元。

So how does a university with a $14,900,000,000 endowment get an exemption from paying property taxes, an endowment according to the Daily Pennsylvanian, increased by 200,000,000 during the COVID nineteen pandemic.

尽管大学报告称过去一年的回报率确实有所下降（即他们预期的回报百分比最终低于预期），但在这全球疫情期间，大学仍通过投资持续获利。

While the university reports that the rate of return did diminish this past year, as in the percentage of the return they expected to make ended up being less, the university continued to make money on their investments during this global pandemic.

在此背景下的PILOT计划为大型非营利机构建立了持续承诺，要求它们向当地政府缴纳部分本应支付的房产税，同时不危及它们的非营利免税地位。

Pilot programs in this context create an ongoing commitment for MEGA nonprofits to contribute a portion of what they would owe in property taxes to their local municipality, without putting their non profit tax exemption status in jeopardy.

虽然宾大确实缴纳工资税，但这并非费城学校的重要资金来源，更何况工资税是由员工而非机构支付的。

And while Penn does contribute a wage tax, that is not a significant source of funding for Philadelphia schools, not to mention the fact that wage taxes are paid by employees, not the institution.

以下是历史学副教授兼'宾大支持PILOT计划'成员安妮·法恩斯沃思·阿尔维亚对宾大不缴纳房产税所造成影响的解释。

Here's Anne Farnsworth Alvear, associate professor of history and Penn for Pilots member, explaining what the impact is for Penn to not pay property taxes.

我强烈支持PILOT计划。

I strongly support Pilots.

对我来说原因很简单：费城的学校依赖房产税。

For me, the reason is simple: Philadelphia schools depend on property taxes.

如果城市中拥有房产的富裕机构不承担其公平份额，那么其他房产所有者——其中许多是穷人——实际上就是在补贴这些机构的未缴税款。

If rich institutions that own property in the city do not shoulder their fair share, then other property owners, many of whom are poor, are subsidizing those institutions' nonpayment.

费城的孩子们需要所有拥有昂贵房产的人为学校预算出资。

Children in Philadelphia need all who own expensive property to pay in to school budgets.

个人和营利性企业当然也应继续缴纳房产税。

Individuals and for profit corporations should, of course, also continue to pay property taxes.

安妮在三月份儿童与青年委员会公开听证会上的证词，为这一论点提供了重要视角。

Anne's testimony from the Committee on Children and Youth public hearing in March puts a lot of this argument into perspective.

其他房产所有者——通常是低收入和贫困群体——实际上正在补贴宾夕法尼亚大学。

Other property owners, often low income and poor, are effectively subsidizing Penn.

宾大和其他巨型非营利机构只是名义上的非营利组织。

Penn and other mega nonprofits are nonprofits in name only.

考虑到宾大在技术上是非营利机构，它应该缴纳多少金额才算合适？

So what would be an appropriate amount for Penn to contribute, given that Penn is technically a nonprofit institution?

费城正义工作组织提议，宾大和其他大型非营利机构应缴纳其房产税应缴金额的40%（如果这些房产受财产评估办公室管辖的话）。

Philadelphia Jobs with Justice has proposed that Penn and other large nonprofits pay 40% of what they would owe in property taxes, if those properties were subject to the Office of Property Assessment.

这笔款项每年大约为4000万美元。

That works out to be about $40,000,000 per year.

为帮助理解这一数字，根据Penn for Pilots的数据，4000万仅略超过去财年宾大无限制年收入的1%的三分之一，即0.35%。

To put that figure in perspective, according to Penn for Pilots, 40,000,000 is just over one third of 1%, that's 0.35% of Penn's unrestricted annual revenues this past fiscal year.

这仅略超其捐赠基金价值的1%的四分之一，即0.26%，完全在宾大的支付能力范围内。

It is just over a quarter of 1%, that's 0.26% of the value of Penn's endowment, a figure that is well within Penn's capacity to cover.

许多所谓的同类机构在其他城市已实施类似试点项目，这类计划是有先例可循的。

Many pilot programs exist in other cities among our so called peer institutions, so there is a precedent for this type of program.

这些信息需要与费城试点项目的历史背景结合起来考量。

And this information is important to consider alongside the history of pilots in Philly.

九十年代，宾大确实在前任市长伦德尔的斡旋下参与了试点项目——伦德尔当时以可能撤销其非营利地位为由，敦促宾大等机构加入这项公共计划。

In the nineties, Penn did make pilots in a deal brokered by then mayor Rendell, who ostensibly used the possibility of losing, their nonprofit status to urge Penn and other institutions to participate in the public program.

但当伦德尔离任后施压行动减弱，该计划于九十年代末终止。

But when Rendell left office and the pressure campaign slowed down, this program stopped at the end of the decade.

该项目从未被纳入市政预算的永久组成部分。

It had not been made a permanent part of the municipal budget going forward.

艾米再次发言，具体阐述了宾大飞行员项目运动的具体诉求，以及为何这项提案优于国内其他飞行员项目。

Here's Amy again, talking about what the campaign for pilots at Penn is asking for specifically and why this proposal is better than other pilot programs in the country.

我们一直提议宾大支付一种比美国通常飞行员项目更广泛、更进步的飞行员费用形式。

We've been proposing that Penn pay a form of pilot that would be far more expansive and far more progressive than what pilots have generally been around The United States.

从个人经历来说，很久以前，在一个遥远的星系，我曾是哈佛大学的本科生。

I mean, can say biographically, long ago, in a galaxy far away, I was an undergraduate at Harvard.

那时我们就知道哈佛有飞行员项目。

And at that time, we knew that Harvard made pilots.

我们认为这种安排是可耻的，因为金额微不足道。

And we thought it was a disgraceful arrangement because it was a pittance.

这比大学实际应缴税款少得多。

It was so much less than the university would pay if it actually were paying its taxes.

它就像一片遮羞布，掩盖了大学剥削周边社区的种种行为。

And it operated as a fig leaf to cover for the many ways in which the university exploited the surrounding community.

所以我在大学时就明白，飞行员项目本质上是一种维持不平等的虚构手段。

So I knew of pilots when I was a college student as a really kind of a fiction that sustained inequality.

多年后我成为宾大的教员时，发现竟然有一所常春藤大学连这点义务都不愿履行。

And then I became faculty at Penn many years later and found out that there's one Ivy League university that didn't even feel that it had to do that much.

这让我非常震惊。

I was really shocked.

因此全国范围内兴起了各种运动，要求使试点支付更加公平，成为真正解决不平等问题的方案，而不仅仅是遮羞布。

So one of the things that's happened all across the country is that there have been mobilizations to make pilot payments more equitable and really better solutions to the problem of inequality and make them something more than basically fig leaves.

在宾大——其实不仅限于宾大，整个费城的全市性运动首先就要求试点支付的金额要远高于其他机构的历史水平。

So at Penn, that meant that well, not just at Penn, but in Philadelphia, the citywide campaign has, first of all, called for pilots to be much larger payments than they've historically been at other institutions.

我们呼吁宾大及其他类似资金雄厚的富豪学府支付相当于其应缴房产税40%的金额给公立学校。

So we've called on Penn and other similarly very wealthy, highly endowed institutions to pay 40% of what they would owe in property taxes to the public schools.

这对宾大来说仍是非常可承受的数字，但对公立学校却是能带来实质性改变的巨款。

That's still a very affordable figure for Penn, but it's a significant amount of money that would make a difference to the public schools.

我们倡导的这种试点方案更具进步性的另一点在于：它是专门针对公共教育的。

The other thing that makes this pilot arrangement that we're calling for more progressive is that it's targeted to public education.

在某些城市，试点支付本质上是可以任意支配的 slush fund（小金库）。

In some cities, pilot payments are essentially a slush fund that can be used for anything.

正如我们现在所知，关于我们重视哪些公共服务类型正展开一场大辩论。

And as we know right now, there's a big debate happening over what kinds of public services we value.

我认为教育既符合大学的使命，在费城也已有支持公共教育的动员行动——从我搬到这里的第一天起就给我留下了深刻印象。

And I think education is both consistent with the mission of a university and is something that in Philadelphia, there's been mobilization to support public education that's just impressed me from the day I moved here.

因此这是一项具有广泛民意合法性的诉求。

And so it's a demand with a lot of popular legitimacy.

关于试点计划最后要补充的是，其潜在的进步性特征之一是要求机构将资金交由公共基金支配。

The last thing that I'll say about pilots is that one of their potentially progressive features is that they require institutions to put money in the hands of a public fund.

这不同于社区服务等体系——在那些体系中本质上是由大学自行设计对城市的干预方案。

They're different from systems of, say, community service and so on, where essentially universities design their own interventions in cities.

那更多是单向传输由富裕机构控制的理念和资源，缺乏民主程序来决定资金使用方式或资源流向。

And it's more or less a one way transmission of ideas and resources really controlled by a wealthy institution without a democratic process to determine how that money will be spent or how those resources where they'll go, how they'll be used.

我们认为试点计划有希望的一点在于：通过将资金给予公立学校系统这个公共机构，意味着宾大不能像庄园领主那样对城市需求发号施令。

And one of the things that we think is promising about pilots is that by giving money to the public school system, a public institution, it means that Penn can't be just the lord of the manner dictating to the city what it thinks the city needs.

显然试点计划可能对费城产生巨大的积极影响。

So it seems clear that pilots could make a huge positive impact in the city of Philadelphia.

那么反对试点项目的论点有哪些？

So what are the arguments against pilots?

宾大过去给出的一个理由是，学校不应支付试点款项，因为它在城市中做出了其他经济贡献，以及宾大开展的各种外展服务和实践学习项目，这些项目经常让学生在城市的不同项目中担任志愿者，包括在学校中的项目。

One reason that Penn has given in the past about why the institution shouldn't pay pilots is the other economic contributions it makes by being in the city and different outreach and service learning programs at Penn that often involve students volunteering for different programs in the city, including in schools.

我曾与宾大试点项目的长期倡导者玛丽·萨默斯交谈，她帮助我理解了这个论点自宾大上次参与试点项目以来的形成与演变过程。

I had a conversation with Mary Summers, a longtime advocate for pilots at Penn, who helped me understand how this argument has taken shape and shifted since Penn last participated in a pilot program.

我是玛丽·萨默斯。

So I'm Mary Summers.

我是福克斯领导项目的高级研究员，也是政治学讲师。

I'm a senior fellow in the Fox leadership program and a lecturer in political science.

实际上我来宾大是因为我对学校提供基于学术的社区服务课程机会非常感兴趣。

And I actually came to Penn because because I was so interested in Penn offering the opportunity to teach academically based community service courses.

我晚年才进入政治学研究生院学习，而我对政治的兴趣源于我在政治领域的工作经历。

I went to graduate school in political science late in life, and my interest in politics had grown out of working in politics.

对我来说，这比传统学术课程更能让学生真正参与到政治中。

And to me, that was a much more interesting way to get students engaged with politics than just the traditional academic curriculum.

玛丽教授两门主要的服务学习课程已有近二十年。

Mary has taught two main service learning courses for almost twenty years.

一门是关于食品与农业政治，另一门名为‘健康学校’，学生将学校视为一个可能解决或加剧不平等的场所进行研究。

One on the politics of food and agriculture and the other a course called healthy schools, where students examine schools as a site where inequalities can either be addressed or reproduced.

在与玛丽的交谈中，我了解到学生在某些服务学习课程中能获得宝贵经历并从事有意义的工作，但这些课程并不能替代宾大应做出的实际经济贡献。在某些情况下，学生在社区内开展服务的课程反而可能加剧费城学校本已困难的混乱局面——尽管初衷是好的。

In my conversation with Mary, I learned about some of the great experiences and worthwhile work students can have and do in some service learning classes, but that these classes are not appropriate substitutes for actual financial contributions from Penn and that in some cases, these service learning courses where students are working within the community create the conditions for student volunteers to actually add to the chaos of some of these difficult situations in Philly schools rather than helping even with the best of intentions.

她特别指出，学生志愿者无法替代急需的专业人员。

Importantly, she noted, student volunteers cannot replace much needed staff.

虽然我对教授服务学习课程的机会感到非常兴奋——作为一名政治科学家，我属于所谓的‘历史制度主义者’。

While I was very excited about the opportunity to teach service learning courses and as a political scientist, I'm what's called a historical institutionalist.

我致力于引导学生思考那些塑造所有社会制度的冲突利益、目标和价值观，从而让他们将自己视为所在机构的公民参与者。

I'm interested in getting students to think about what are the conflicting interests, goals and values that shape essentially all our institutions so that they think of themselves as citizens working within whatever institutions they're in.

比如，哪些目标和价值观是他们认同的？

You know, what are the goals and values they agree with?

他们该如何发挥作用？

How do they work?

他们如何与这些目标保持一致并加强它们？

How do they align with them and strengthen them?

他们又如何应对那些不认同的部分？

And how do they take on what they disagree with?

显然，我们对此并非都持相同看法，但目的是增强他们的实效性。

Obviously, we don't all think the same about that, but to strengthen their effectiveness.

而我所了解的是政治层面。

And what I knew about was the politics.

我的学术背景其实是农业历史与政治，由于我还具备医疗背景——曾担任医师助理，这让我能够相对顺利地将研究扩展到食品与饥饿政治领域。

You know, my academic background was really on the history and politics of agriculture, which I was able, because I also have a background in healthcare as a physician assistant, I was able to expand that fairly readily into the politics of food and hunger.

但我当时尚未准备好接手宾大社区合作中心（Netter Center）的工作——该中心赞助服务学习课程，他们重点强调在宾大周边的公立学校开展服务学习，而非与其他类型的非营利组织或其他议题合作。

But I was not ready to take on what the Netter Center for Community Partnership, which sponsors service learning at Penn, their big emphasis was on doing service learning within the public schools around Penn, as opposed to working with other types of nonprofits and other types of issues.

这让我非常焦虑，因为我觉得自己没能力充分指导学生如何在课堂上发挥作用。

And that made me very anxious because I felt like I wasn't well prepared to support my students to be effective in classrooms.

所以我最初开展的项目是与反饥饿联盟合作的食品券注册活动，当时我很清楚学生能扮演什么角色才真正有帮助——这个认知随着时间推移不断深化，我们也都学到了很多。

So the projects I started with was like a food stamp enrollment campaign with the Coalition Against Hunger, where it was clear to me what roles I mean, I thought it was clear what role students could play to be helpful, and that evolved over time and we all learned a lot.

对我来说，那是一个真正积极的实践学习范例。

And for me, that was a really positive example of service learning.

我确实想与其他从事实践学习的同事合作，所以我尝试在学校内安排实习，并与个别教师建立了对我非常重要的伙伴关系，但这些都非常孤立。

I did want to work with other colleagues who were doing service learning, so I did try to do placements within schools and developed partnerships that were very important to me with individual teachers, but it was all very isolated.

在那个环境中，我并不觉得自己在提供帮助，也不认为我们在以任何方式应对那些塑造课堂状况的重大学校挑战。

It was not a context where I felt like I was helping, where we were in any way taking on the big challenges of the schools that were shaping what was going on in the classrooms.

我的意思是，我们确实学到了很多，但那是一个困难的处境。

I mean, again, we learned a lot, but it was a difficult situation.

我为那些老师和我的学生感到难过，因为我们中没有人能有效应对这个问题，比如在大学城高中，最初我的很多实习安排都在那里。

I felt bad for the teachers and for my students, and that none of us were grappling very effectively with the problem, say at University City High School, a lot of my placements were at first.

所以我确实非常努力地想办法如何能与学校建立更有效的合作关系。

So I did work really hard to figure out how I could partner with schools more effectively.

通过与教育学院的几位合作伙伴合作，我们了解到由教师、校长、管理员、社会工作者、食堂人员等组成的学校健康委员会——学校环境中所有不同成员都在思考如何让学校更健康。

Working with some partners at the Ed School, we learned about school health committees formed by teachers, principals, custodians, social workers, the cafeteria people, every sort of all the different members of the school environment thinking about how to make schools healthier.

而且相关研究已经开展过了。

And studies had been done.

这大致上是美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)发起的一项整体性倡议。

This was sort of an overall effort sponsored by the CDC.

已有研究表明，由外部人员协助主持这些会议比让校长或权威人物主持更有效。

And studies have been done saying that having an outsider helped to run those meetings made them more effective as opposed to having the principal or an authority figure do it.

于是我携手教育研究院的一名研究生，共同协助支持李学校的健康委员会，探索如何与宾大学生建立有效合作模式。

So I worked with a graduate student from the Graduate School of Education for us to help support a school health council at Lee to figure out how they would like to partner with Penn students in a way that could be effective.

在我看来，这种合作比单纯派遣学生去做些校方都不明确是否真正需要的事情更具互利性。

That seemed to me a more mutual partnership than just me sending my students in to do something that wasn't clear they really needed.

再次强调，学生和我本人都获益良多。

And again, the students and I learned a tremendous amount.

显然CDC制定了完整的规程，明确学校健康委员会应如何确定工作重点。

It was clear the CDC has this whole protocol for what the school health committee should look like to determine its priorities.

但实际上，李学校有几位教职员工从一开始就强烈表示，他们真正需要的是课间活动方面的帮助——这个问题后来被证明相当棘手。

But really, several people at Lee were pushing from day one that what they really wanted was help with recess, which turned out to be quite overwhelming.

课间活动管理确实非常非常困难。

Recess is really, really difficult.

要开展有效的课间活动项目，确实需要一位熟悉学生和教职工的校内专职人员，且该项目必须融入学校体系。

You really need a staff person associated with the school that knows the kids and knows the staff in order to have an effective recess program, and it has to be integrated into the school.

再次强调，单纯派遣本科生去支援——实际上当时学校已裁减了大量人员，唯一试图监管课间活动的就是那些同时负责食堂管理的午间助理。

So again, just sending undergraduates in to support, basically, at that point, the schools had laid off so many personnel that the only people trying to supervise recess were the noontime aides who also supervised the cafeteria.

十到二十年前，教职工会接受培训来运营课间活动项目。

Ten, fifteen, twenty years ago, staff members would get training and running a recess program.

他们所需的各类支持几乎都不复存在。

All the sort of supports for them were not there.

那完全是一个混乱且艰难的环境。

There was just It was a really chaotic and difficult environment.

因此只有最具魅力和最高效的宾大学生能在那种情境下有所作为，但大多数人（包括我）都感到力不从心。

So only the most charismatic and most effective Penn students can make a difference in that situation, but most of them, and I, kind of overwhelmed.

这类经历让我高度警惕：我们能够且应该采取哪些措施来应对全局性问题，而非仅仅局限于眼前。

So those kinds of experiences just had me very much on the alert for what could and should we be doing to address the bigger picture as opposed to just both both.

这让我对将学生派往本就混乱的处境感到更加焦虑。

It made me more anxious about the whole sending students into situations that were already chaotic.

玛丽告诉我，她在2013年左右了解到试点项目，当时学区正面临严重的财政危机，州政府在科贝特州长领导下撤资，城市学校关闭、员工裁员，财政状况极其严峻。

Mary told me she learned about pilots around 2013 when the school district was facing a huge financial crisis, state funding had been pulled under Governor Corbett and the city was losing schools and laying off staff in severe financial crisis.

就在此时，玛丽在她的健康学校课程中整合了一个基于研究的服务实习项目，让学生研究并学习试点项目。

At this time, Mary integrated a service placement that was research based in her Healthy Schools course, for students to research and learn about pilots.

她甚至邀请了儿童与青少年公共公民组织的执行董事唐娜·库珀来课堂上讲解试点项目的益处，此外宾夕法尼亚大学政府与社区事务副校长杰弗里·库珀也提出了反对意见。

She even had Donna Cooper, executive director of Public Citizens for Children and Youth, come to class and talk about the benefits of pilots, in addition to Jeffrey Cooper, Penn's vice president in government and community affairs, who offered counterarguments.

玛丽持续将这个实习项目作为服务学习课程的一部分，并与包括现任'正义工作'执行董事德文·斯皮尔在内的许多学生合作，共同理解宾大反对试点项目的论点。

Mary continued offering this placement as part of the service learning course and worked with many students, including Devin Speer, who is now the ED of Jobs with Justice, to understand Penn's arguments against pilots.

玛丽向我解释，过去（虽然最近较少）宾大常将服务学习作为其应免除试点项目义务的理由之一，声称该机构实际上为城市带来了数百万美元的收益，其贡献远超试点项目可能带来的收入。

Mary explained to me that in the past, although much less so recently, Penn has cited, service learning as one of the reasons that Penn should be required to make pilots and that the institution actually brings in millions of dollars that benefits the city and brings in so much more than pilots could.

宾大资助了由eConsult Solutions非营利组织发布的一份报告，该报告研究了所谓的'大学城关系费城模式'，并最终得出宾大不应缴纳试点项目的结论。

Penn played a role in funding a report issued from a nonprofit called eConsult Solutions, which studied what they referred to as the Philadelphia model of university city relationships to determine that Penn should not make pilots.

这份冗长的报告声称费城与其他依赖房产税的城市不同，因为费城还有工资税作为资金来源。

It was a long report, claiming that Philly wasn't like other cities that needed pilot programs because they were fully dependent on property taxes, but Philadelphia also has a wage tax as a source of funding in Philly.

报告还论证称宾大及其他非营利组织通过其他方式做出经济贡献，试点项目可能危及这种互利关系模式，将实质性的合作关系转变为交易性质的关系。

The report also made the case that Penn and other nonprofits make economic contributions in other ways and that a mutually beneficial model of this relationship could actually be jeopardized by pilots and that it would change a meaningful relationship into a transactional one.

那几年，关于锚定机构作为城市未来的讨论非常热烈，认为大型高校（教育与医疗机构）通过其支出和城市角色将成为城市未来，而奈特社区合作中心为此增添了额外维度，声称大学可以成为推动民主、消除贫困和种族主义的强大力量，通过这种基于学术的服务学习模式，并与学校合作解决社区问题。

Those were years when there was a huge amount of discussion of anchor institutions as the future of cities, that that big universities, Eds and Meds, through their spending and their role in cities would be the future of cities, with the Netter Center for Community Partnerships adding an extra layer to that, with a claim that universities could be the big push for take for promoting democracy and taking on poverty and taking on racism through this model of academically based service learning and using working together with schools to sort of address problems in the community.

这是一种非常理想主义的杜威式（约翰·杜威）愿景，关于大学在社会中能够且应该扮演的角色，听起来非常吸引人。

It's a very idealistic sort of Dewey, John Dewey vision of the role universities can and should play in society, which sounds very appealing.

但根据我的经验，这在多方面显得完全不切实际。

But to me, from based on my experience, seemed completely unrealistic in a variety of ways.

首先，大学是典型的非民主机构——它们实际上是社会中少数真正保留封建残余的地方，连民主的伪装都没有。

A, universities are the quintessential non democratic institution, I mean, much less than, you know, they're really one of the few real feudal remnants in this society where there's no pretense at democracy.

其次，认为大学致力于民主价值观的观点。

And B, the idea that universities are committed to democratic values.

现实中，虽然大学对我很重要，学习、辩论和讨论对我很重要，但尤其在宾大，我们深知精英机构如何被当前的知识潮流所驱动。

I mean, in reality, some people are I mean, universities are very important to me, learning's very important to me, debate and discussion is very important to me, But we at Penn especially know how much elite institutions are driven by whatever the current intellectual trends are.

过去几十年来，当核心潮流围绕新自由主义——推崇市场、个人选择和行为改变作为解决重大社会经济问题的关键方案时，在我看来，大学扮演的角色更多是危险且具有破坏性的，而非建设性的。

And over the last several decades, when the key trends have been around neoliberalism, promoting markets and personal choice and changes in personal behavior as the key solutions to every big social and economic problem we face, universities have certainly played dangerous and damaging a role as a restorative role from my point of view.

因此，认为它们能莫名其妙成为民主复兴的基础构建模块，这对我而言完全说不通。

And so the idea that somehow they could become the fundamental building blocks for a renewal of democracy just doesn't make sense to me.

与此同时，你知道，把向急需资金的学区提供实质性财政支持这一事实称为交易行为，仿佛这些基于派遣本科生进入学校建立的所谓互惠关系，在我看来完全是不对的。

And meanwhile, you know, and calling the fact calling paying some kind of substantial financial support to a school district that so desperately needs it, calling that transactional as if these supposedly mutual relationships based on sending undergraduates into schools just seemed completely wrong to me.

这些并非真正意义上的互惠关系。我能想象一个理想场景：大学领导真正与城市部门负责人会面，商讨如何更广泛地利用我们的资源（包括本科生）来满足城市的重大需求，同时让城市和学校能表达他们的诉求。

These were not mutual relationships in the sense of, you know, I can imagine an ideal where the heads of the university are really meeting with the heads, you know, with city departments and saying, how can we use our resources more broadly, including undergraduates, but to meet the big needs of the city and where the city's getting to say and the schools are getting to say what they want.

但我们多年来建立的这些关系，完全是由宾大教师的研究兴趣或学生关于志愿服务的兴趣驱动的。

But these relationships that we have had all these years have been totally driven by Penn faculty research interests or student interests about volunteering.

我的意思是，当我刚开始做这件事时，有非常多宾大学生对食物和饮食表现出极大兴趣，他们充满热情，很多活动确实很美好，比如园艺之类的。

I mean, when I first started doing this, lots and lots of Penn students are tremendously interested in food and diet and, you know, and with a lot of enthusiasm, a lot of it's lovely, you know, gardening, etcetera.

但派遣这些基本上是精英白人宾大学生到大学附属高中推广纯素饮食的想法——这更像是一部小说情节而非现实。虽然某种程度上具有魅力，城市花园也很棒，但认为这是解决公立学校面临问题的严肃方式，基本上相当荒谬。

But the idea of sending these, basically elite white pin students into university high school to promote vegan diets, it was sort of a It was like it would be a better novel than it would it was sort of charming in its way, and the urban gardens were wonderful, but the idea that this was a serious way of approaching the problems faced by the public schools was you know, it was basically pretty outrageous.

当我询问他们如何得出数千万美元这个估算时，为eConsult撰写报告的人参加了宾大关于锚定机构的大型会议。会上杰夫·库珀公开宣布这有多棒，称赞宾大雇佣伦德尔市长时期所有实施过试点项目的人员是多么明智——这些人现在都为宾大工作。

And when I asked where and how they came up with this estimate of millions and millions of dollars, the guy that wrote the report for eConsult came to a big conference at Penn on anchor institutions where both Jeff Cooper announced in public how great it was and how smart Penn had been to hire all the people from the Rendell administration, when Rendell was mayor of the city, that had implemented pilots back then, that they now all work for Penn.

因此，这使得我们几乎不可能再获得试点机会，因为宾大实在太'聪明'了。

So, that made it really unlikely that we would ever get pilots because Penn was so smart.

这些都是在一次大型公开会议上发生的。

So, that was in a big public meeting.

后来我参加了一个研讨会，撰写eConsult报告的那个人在会上展示了报告结果，我问道：你们是如何得出大学为城市贡献数百万美元这个估算数字的？

And then I went to a workshop where this guy who had written the eConsult report presented the findings of the report, and I asked, how did you come up with this millions of dollars estimate for what the universities contribute to the city?

他回答说：哦，用的是评估非营利组织时常用的那套方法论。

And he said, Oh, it's the same methodology that's always used for evaluating nonprofits.

所有志愿者的劳动都按每小时25美元计算。

All volunteers' labor is counted at $25 an hour.

所以在一所大学里——实际上很多这类工作是由工读生完成的，我很高兴工读生有机会在费城学校或市政部门从事有意义的工作——但我们知道他们的实际工资，我记得当时大概是每小时10或11美元，可这些劳动力却被按每小时25美元计算。

So, again, in a university that's paying So a lot of this work is actually done by work study students, and I'm thrilled for work study students to have opportunities to do meaningful work in the Philadelphia schools or in the city, but we know they get paid, I forget what it was back then, dollars 10 an hour, dollars 11 an hour, but that labor is getting counted as $25 an hour.

还有所有这些志愿者的劳动——有些志愿项目确实很棒。

And the labor of all these volunteers who, you know, some of the volunteer projects are amazing.

比如'城市舞步'项目，宾大学生以非常有序且认真的态度在中学开展舞蹈课程，建立关系并举办演出，这很棒。

City Step is a program where Penn students have very organized and very serious about running dance programs in middle schools, and develop the relationships to do that, put on a concert, and it's great.

但其他很多项目则分散无序，在我看来占用了教师和员工大量时间，在原本就混乱的课外活动中，我认为这些算不上什么贡献。

But there's a lot of other efforts that are much more diffuse and disorganized and take up, as far as I'm concerned, a lot of teacher and staff time in after school programs that are already pretty chaotic that I don't think they're much of a contribution.

不过说这些主要是想表达：四五年前对试点项目有过激烈反对，而最近一年几乎看不到宾大任何关于试点的官方表态了。

But also, this is all leading up to saying there was this fierce offense against pilots four or five years ago that now, within the last year, it's really very difficult to find Penn making any official statements about pilots.

尽管宾夕法尼亚大学已减少了对试点项目的公开强硬反对，但该校加大了其他资金支持力度，以解决费城及其他地区的种族和经济不公问题，比如新推出的'进步计划'——这项新倡议将为宾大学生、教职员工团队提出的促进公平包容、直接造福费城的提案提供奖金支持。

So while Penn has scaled back the blunt public arguments against a pilot program, the institution has ramped up other efforts with financial backing to address racial and economic injustices in Philly and beyond, like the new Projects for Progress, described as a new initiative that will award prizes to support proposals by teams of Penn students, faculty and staff, designed to promote equity and inclusion and make a direct impact in Philadelphia.

但这种方式即便在人们为宾大愿意重新分配资源而振奋的同时，也招致了大量批评。

But this approach has received a lot of criticism, even as folks are excited that Penn is interested in redistributing its resources.

宾大往往倾向于支持师生创建项目来解决问题，而非为城市或特定社区提供必要的资金支持由其自主分配。

Penn often opts for supporting faculty and students to create projects to address problems, rather than providing the necessary financial support for the city or particular communities to distribute as necessary.

根据'进步计划'倡议，项目提案必须明确直接地实现以下至少一个目标：消除或减少系统性种族主义、实现教育公平、或基于种族/性别/性取向/社会健康决定因素减少健康差异。

According to the Projects for Progress initiative, project proposals must clearly and directly address one or more of three objectives: eradicating or reducing systemic racism, achieving educational equity, or reducing health disparities based on race, gender, sexual orientation, and or social determinants of health.

虽然引导师生在工作中关注这些目标很重要，但我们不禁思考：如果将这些资金直接交给社区管理——比如设立教育公平基金，或由费城当地正处理这些问题的组织者直接管理——是否会更加合适？

And while directing students and faculty to focus on these types of objectives in their work and learning is important, we wonder if it might be much better suited if these funds were handed over directly to communities, an education equity fund or in some capacity directly managed by the very people organizing around these exact issues directly in Philadelphia communities.

玛丽·萨默斯再次谈到这种以机构为中心的社会正义工作的特殊理念。

Here's Mary Summers again on this particular ethos of institutional focused social justice work.

宾大对公民参与的承诺，常常被表述为鼓励师生自视为世界上最聪明的人，认为他们的个人想法和项目能解决世界问题。

Penn's commitment to civic engagement is so often being framed in terms of encouraging its students and faculty to think of themselves as the smartest people in the world and their individual ideas and projects will solve the problems of the world.

在我看来，这完全违背了大学应教授给学生的理念，也背离了高校及其教职员工在更广阔世界中应建立的合作伙伴关系本质。

And to me, this is the opposite of what I think students should be learning at universities and the kind of partnerships that the faculty and the university itself should be engaged in in the wider world.

聪明的个人无法仅凭自己或他们的伟大想法改变社会。

Smart individuals don't change society by themselves or with their individual great ideas.

他们必须付诸行动。

They have to be working.

他们必须决定与谁合作，以及如何利用当前社会中的现有机构来实现目标。

They have to decide who they're working with and how they're doing it in terms of the institutions that exist in society now.

这意味着，确实需要选择立场。

And that means, it does really mean taking a side.

就宾大而言，我认为这意味着要直面精英机构在日益不平等的社会中扮演的角色——我们培养的学生中，至少有70%来自经济收入前10%的家庭（过去比例更高），他们毕业后也往往进入相应阶层。

And as far as Penn's concerned, I think it means wrestling with the role that elite institutions are increasingly playing in an increasingly unequal society, where we've been graduating students who, even when they came to Penn, 70% at least, it used to be even more, were in the top 10% of the economy, and they graduated from Penn into those roles.

他们通过免税捐赠资助宾大，实质上是在巩固一个优先服务他们子女而非大众的机构。

They've given their money to Penn in order to reinforce, given tax deductible money to Penn, to create an institution that serves their children far better than it serves anyone else.

若要改变这种状况，就必须明确：解决影响99%人群的问题，不能依赖前1%或前10%的精英。

So if we want to change that, we have to change it by making it very clear that it's not the top 1%, the top 10% that are going to address the problems that most impact the 99%.

如果我们想解决影响99%人群的问题，就必须承担公民责任——支持所有公民都应维护的公共机构。

And that that and if we want to address the problems that impact the 99%, we need to do that by taking on the commitments of citizens that involve supporting public institutions that all other citizens are expected to take on.

2020年，宾大回应了持续数月乃至数年的压力，宣布将向公立学校捐赠1亿美元（分十年支付，即每年1000万美元）。

In the 2020, Penn responded to the pressure that had been building for months and years by announcing that it was going to make what it called a gift of $100,000,000 paid over ten years, so $10,000,000 a year, to the public schools.

这笔资金将专项用于解决公立学校中长期存在的石棉和铅污染危机。

And this money would be earmarked for the abatement of asbestos and lead in the public schools, which has been a long term crisis.

这笔巨额资金虽不能彻底解决问题，但将在很大程度上缓解公立学校面临的这一特殊健康危机。

This would be a significant amount of money that really will go, not all the way, but a significant way towards dealing with that particular health crisis in the public schools.

坦率说，这确实超出了我对大学能如此迅速采取行动的预期。

This was certainly, I think, more than I expected the university to do so quickly.

这表明市内的动员行动确实产生了效果。

And it showed that mobilization in the city really was having an effect.

但与此同时，这笔金额仍远低于我们呼吁的标准。

It, at the same time, is much less than what we had called for.

每年1000万美元还不到宾大应缴房产税额的40%。

So $10,000,000 a year is not 40% of what Penn would owe in property taxes.

实际上，这仅约为我们估算金额的四分之一——如果宾大按应缴房产税额的40%支付的话。

It's only about a quarter, actually, of what we estimate Penn would actually pay if it were paying 40% of what it would owe in property taxes.

而且这是一个为期十年的承诺，并非永久性承诺。

And it's also a ten year commitment, not a permanent commitment.

因此从这些方面来看，这代表着向正确方向迈出的一步。

And so in those ways, this represents a step in the right direction.

这无疑是对压力做出的让步。

It certainly represents a concession to pressure.

但我们认为还有更长的路要走。

But we think there's a longer way to go.

我们认为可以实现的是，通过长期运动促使宾大逐年增加这些款项并使其永久化。

What we think can happen is our long term campaign to get Penn to increase those payments every year and to make them permanent.

为此我们正再次与'正义工作'组织、市议会盟友以及其他大学的盟友合作，制定长期战略，争取每年都能动员力量让宾大支付更多款项，并在每年春季的预算谈判中将更大数额写入城市预算。

And so we are working, again, with Jobs of Justice, with allies on the city council, with allies at other universities, to plan a long term strategy where every year we can mobilize to get Penn to pay more and have larger payments written into the city budget during the budget negotiations every spring.

我们希望在十年期满时，宾大能达到社区设定的标准，并使这些支付成为永久性措施。

And we hope that by the end of ten years, Penn will meet the standard that has been set by the community and will make those payments permanent.

艾米关于这笔捐赠的解释表明这些运动正在奏效，宾大正在朝正确方向迈进。

Amy's explanation about the gift shows that these campaigns are working and that Penn is making a step in the right direction.

但礼物不同于永久支付结构和永久承诺。

But a gift is not the same as a permanent payment structure and a permanent commitment.

礼物无法弥补宾夕法尼亚大学所助长或在某些情况下制造的结构性不平等，尤其是在西费城地区。

A gift does not make up for structural inequities that Penn has contributed to or in some cases created, especially in West Philly.

我们需要的是团结互助，而非慈善施舍。

We need solidarity, not charity.

这是Akira再次发声，对这些有时限和资源限制的现金流入可能产生的影响做出重要评论。

Here's Akira again, also making important commentary about what these time limited and resource limited influxes of cash can also do.

我认为我所做的研究以及我们与宾大就试点项目开展的工作表明，宾大在这场讨论中有着重大利益关系。

I think the research that I've been doing and the work that we've been doing with Penn for Pilots has shown that Penn has a huge stake in this discussion.

显然，如果试点项目要继续推进，宾大将成为这些款项的主要支付方之一。

Obviously, if pilots were something that were to move forward, Penn would become one of the primary payers of these payments.

但与此同时，宾大也有机会承担更积极的角色——你们确实能感受到他们已通过每年1000万美元的捐赠迈出了第一步。

But at the same time, there is an opportunity for Penn to take on this more proactive role, which you do feel like they've started with this $10,000,000 gift a year.

这虽非他们的义务或我们的诉求，但确实开启了对话契机，特别是当他们开始考虑那些我认为至关重要的、涉及信任与治理的系统性问题时。

That is not what was required or requested of them, but it is something to sort of get the conversation started, particularly if they think about some of these systemic issues around trust and governance that I think are very critical.

因此宾大可以迈出这第一步——他们确实已经这样做了，宣布提供这1000万美元专项资金用于石棉和铅污染治理。

So Penn could take this first step and they have in saying that they're giving this $10,000,000 and made it specific to asbestos and lead remediation.

这笔资金明确指向设施改善，但更积极主动地表明这应如何解决种族平等问题，如何让其他拥有较大捐赠基金的大型非营利组织也能参与其中，引入社区、设计师、规划师等有经验的利益相关方，以及能提供专业建议的环境科学家，共同协作在需求最迫切的社区建造更健康的校舍。

So very clearly directed at facilities, but being even more proactive in saying how this should be addressing a racial and equity issue, how this should be something that other not for profits that are large and have larger endowments can also give towards to bring in other stakeholders like communities and designers and planners who have this experience but also environmental scientists who can also give some really helpful advice and thinking collaboratively about creating healthier school buildings, in the neighborhoods that need them most.

并将这些思考纳入更完整连贯的学校发展模型中。

And thinking about that along a more cohesive and comprehensive model of the school.

真正践行宾大和德雷塞尔大学在萨迪·亚历山大和鲍威尔学校小规模实施的社区学校模式。

So really leaning into the community schools model that Penn and Drexel are doing at a smaller scale with, Sadie Alexander and Powell.

同时思考如何通过这类试点协议和安排——不是法律强制手段，而是可持续的协作伙伴关系——来强化学校的支持体系。

But thinking about how these sort of supports, to strengthen schools could be done through these sort of pilot agreements and arrangements that are not kind of like legal coercions, but are collaborative partnerships that can be sustainable.

宾大需要真正以身作则。

Penn needs to really lead by example.

在我看来，这意味着要明白他们并非总是最合适的领导者，对吧？

And to me, that means understanding that they are not always best suited to lead, right?

这些资金和决策权很大程度上属于那些长期被剥夺权益的社区，不是吗？

A lot of this money and control belongs to these communities that have essentially been robbed of them for some time, right?

我们特别思考宾夕法尼亚大学与西费城在城市更新中的角色，以及与警务相关的持续紧张关系，这些更广泛的公共邻里问题在我们的校园和整个城市中显现。

We think about the role in particular of Penn and West Philadelphia with urban renewal, the ongoing tensions with policing, these sort of broader public neighbor issues that emerge with our campuses and with our city at large.

我认为作为试点精神的一部分，这应该是对城市的一种支付，对吧？

And I do think that as part of the spirit of pilots, it should be a payment to the city, right?

某种程度上是替代这些税款。

Kind of in lieu of these taxes.

作为这种税收性质费用的结果，应该要有一定的公共问责、透明度和自主权。

And as a result of that taxation kind of charge, there should be some public accountability and some transparency and some autonomy.

因此，市政府已在尝试参与式预算——区区100万美元，仅占其总预算的极小部分。但这再次提供了一个示范引领的机会，通过创建一个聚焦种族平等、环境公平及流程公平的机制，让民众更深入参与决策，提升公民意识，同时培养围绕这些议题动员的能力，确保问责制，并对这些宏观问题保持监督。

And so the city is already experimenting with participatory budgeting, a mere 1,000,000, which is a fraction of a fraction of their total budget, but this is an opportunity again, or can to lead by example, by creating a process that would focus on racial equity, would focus on environmental equity and would focus on this sort of process equity where we're getting people more involved, in this decision making, more informed as citizens, but also building that capacity to mobilize around these issues and keep people accountable and keep oversight over some of these very sort of, large scale issues.

最后我想强调，任何巨额捐赠都需具备预见性和清醒认知——要明白大量资金注入对社区可能产生的影响。

I think one thing in closing that's really important that comes with any sort of large gift is just having the foresight and awareness to know what large infusions of cash can do to neighborhoods, right?

因此我们不仅要明智地确保资金投向设施时兼顾公平，关注城市中的种族与环境不公，还需意识到优质的公共产品、服务和配套设施会带来更多需求、投资与发展——适度固然有益，

And so we have to be really smart, not just about being equitable and conscious of racial and environmental injustices in the city when targeting money towards facilities, but also thinking with improved public goods and services and amenities also comes more demand, more investment, more development, which always good in moderation.

但我们必须警惕由此引发的流离失所等问题，特别是在那些我们已目睹高校对当地学校进行高强度投资的社区。

But we have to make sure to be mindful of displacement and other things that have, played neighborhoods, where we've seen this high form of investment from universities in particular, into the local school.

因此必须意识到，不能只是打开消防水龙头，还需要谨慎设置一些防护措施。

So just being mindful that you can't just turn those fire hoses on, you also have to be really mindful about putting on some guardrails.

重要的是要认识到，费城多年来通过税收豁免的方式一直补贴着宾夕法尼亚大学。

It's important to realize that the city of Philadelphia has subsidized the University of Pennsylvania for many, many years through the act of tax exemption.

而宾大支付其本应缴纳的部分房产税，并非善意的举动。

And for Penn to pay a portion of what it would owe in property taxes isn't an act of goodwill.

这无关慈善，而是关乎正义的根本问题。

It isn't a matter of charity, but it really is a matter of justice.

这是美国最富有的大学之一，却坐落于美国最贫穷的大城市之中。

This is one of the richest universities in The United States, in the middle of the poorest big city in The United States.

这种对比并非偶然。

And that contrast isn't an accident.

遗憾的是，这实际上反映了这座城市和这个州缺乏有效的公共财政体系，无法将集中的财富转化为公共产品。

It's actually, unfortunately, a reflection of the fact that this city and this state do not have systems of public finance that can effectively channel concentrated wealth into public goods.

相反，现有的公共财政体系往往以牺牲这座非常贫穷城市中许多人的利益为代价，进一步集中私人财富。

And instead, the existing system of public finance has tended to actually concentrate private wealth at the expense of many people in a very poor city.

因此我们认为，这是大学必须承担的核心责任——纠正其助长的不平等现象，并共同建设一个对我们所有人而言更宜居的城市。

So we think that this is a core responsibility that the university has to rectify inequalities that it has contributed to and to create a city that will be a better place for all of us to live.

正如秋子、玛丽和艾米明确指出的，宾夕法尼亚大学必须向费城缴纳款项税款，以支持公立学校亟需的资源。

-As Akira, Mary, and Amy have made clear, Penn needs to contribute payments taxes to the city of Philadelphia for desperately needed resources for public schools.

这不是慈善问题，而是正义问题。

This is not a question of charity, it's a question of justice.

总而言之，宾大过去曾进行过试点支付，现在应当再次履行。

To sum up, Penn has made pilots in the past and should again.

宾夕法尼亚大学拥有巨额资源，完全负担得起。

Penn has enormous resources and can afford it.

公立学校依赖房产税收入维持运营，而作为超级非营利机构的宾大却分文未缴。

Public schools depend on funding from property taxes, which Penn does not pay as a mega nonprofit.

服务式学习项目根本无法弥补这些亟需的资金缺口。

Service learning does not make up for these much needed funds.

事实上，正是宾大的师生们从服务式学习中获益——包括那些为满足毕业要求而在费城中小学实习的学生。

In fact, it is Penn students and faculty who benefit from service learning, including students who do placements at Philly schools to meet their graduation requirements.

校园内其他团体如'宾大社区正义组织'和'无警宾大'也在开展活动，旨在解决宾大在费城的角色问题，并提出大学重新分配资金和资源的试点方案——包括从警务领域调拨资源，这是实现城市经济与种族正义的必要步骤。

Other groups around campus such as Penn Community for Justice and Police Free Penn are also working on campaigns to address Penn's role in the city and to propose ways for the university to redistribute funds and resources toward a pilot program, including away from policing, a necessary step in committing to economic and racial justice in the city.

再次强调，慈善不等于团结。

Again, charity is not the same as solidarity.

馈赠不等于结构性变革。

Gifts aren't the same as structural change.

我们要的是繁荣而非紧缩，而且我们现在就要试点计划。

We want flourishing, not austerity, and we want a pilot's program now.

若您想了解更多关于试点计划或参与'宾大试点行动'，请访问penforpilots.org网站。

If you are interested in learning more about pilots or getting involved with the Pen for Pilots campaign, please visit penforpilots.org.

在结束本期节目前，我想分享上个月由市议员Helen Gim主持的儿童与青年委员会听证会上一个特别动人的证词。

To close this episode, I wanna share a particularly moving testimony from last month's hearing by the Committee on Children and Youth, which was chaired by City Council member Helen Gim.

这是一位名叫林林学生的证词，她精辟地阐述了为什么像宾大这样的富裕非营利机构现在就需要支付替代税款。

This is a testimony from a student named Lin Lin who brilliantly captured why wealthy nonprofits like Penn need to make payments in lieu of taxes now.

感谢您的参与。

Thanks for joining.

下午好。

Good afternoon.

我叫林恩。

My name is Lynn.

我是中央高中的一名高三学生，也是亚裔美国人联合会的青年组织者。

I am a junior at Central High School and a youth organizer with Asian Americans United.

作为一名整个学生时代都在最不受重视的公立学校就读的学生，我支持今天正在讨论的这项决议。

As a student who went to the least public schools my entire life, I supported the I support the resolution that is being discussed today.

我意识到自己对学校社区投资不足已经变得多么麻木。

I realized how desensitized I became to the disinvestment in my school communities.

当小学校长在集会上告诉我们资金将被削减时，我甚至没有退缩。

I did not flinch when we had assemblies in elementary school when our principal told us that we are losing funding.

九岁的孩子要负责提供整个班级的纸巾、复印纸和洗手液，因为学校没钱购买——这竟然成了常态。

It was normal that nine year olds supported the whole economy of tissues, copy paper, and hand sanitizers because the school did not have the money to afford it.

洗手池无法使用是常态，如果能找到一卷完整的卫生纸就算幸运了。

It was normal to not find the bathroom sinks working or if we are lucky, a full roll of toilet paper.

我没有上过足够的科学、音乐和语言课程，因为我的学校根本负担不起这些。

I did not take adequate science, music, language classes because my school simply couldn't afford it.

为不得不离开的敬爱老师制作告别卡片是常态，因为学校管理层不得不削减教职员工。

It was normal to make goodbye cards for beloved teachers when they had to leave because the administration had to cut faculty members.

在挤满35个孩子的教室里，温度计显示90华氏度（约32摄氏度）是家常便饭。

It was normal to be in an overcrowded room full of 35 kids with thermometers beating 90 degrees.

顺便说一句，我们没有空调，所以整天学习时只能用笔记本给自己扇风。

We did not have air conditioning, by the way, so we spent the entire day learning while fanning ourselves with our own notebooks.

我们打开所有能开的窗户，只为能喘口气，避免中暑。

We opened every possible working window to even cast or breathe so we don't suffer a heat stroke.

如果你认为这是正常的学习环境，请来我们学校当面告诉我们。

If you think this is a normal learning environment, please come to our schools and tell it to our face.

这就是从七岁起，学校对我来说的全部意义。

These were the conditions of what school meant to me ever since I was seven.

我现在已经17岁了。

I am 17 now.

十年过去了。

A decade has passed.

几乎没有改变。

Not much has changed.

作为费城公立教育系统中的有色人种学生，这个系统未能认识到我和同学们作为人的基本需求。

As a student of color in Philly's public education system, it has failed to recognize the humanity of myself and my peers.

如果没有来自城市和学区的适当资金支持，这些极端问题将无法解决。

These extreme problems won't go away without proper funding from the city and the school district.

费城每年仅从主要非营利组织就损失了2.85亿美元的财产税收入。

Philly loses two eighty five million dollars every year in property taxes just from the major nonprofits.

让我们做个简单计算。

Let's do the simple math here.

这笔钱本可以完全覆盖3800万美元的预计学校预算赤字。

This would have more than covered the 38,000,000 projected school budget deficit.

当解决方案就在眼前时，别再找借口了。。

Stop using excuses when solutions are right there.