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欢迎回到硬核文学，您最爱的读书会。
Welcome back to Hardcore Literature, your favorite book club.
深入探讨有史以来最伟大的书籍、富有争议的诗歌、动人心弦的史诗，以及改变人生的文学分析。
Deep dives into the greatest books ever written, provocative poems, evocative epics, and life changing literary analyses.
我们不只是阅读伟大的书籍，我们更是在生活中体验它们。
We don't just read the great books, we live them.
我们将与莎士比亚、荷马、托尔斯泰等众多大师的作品深度共鸣，汲取其中的精华。
Together we'll suck the marrow out of Shakespeare, Homer, Tolstoy and many more.
我们将品味每一个时代中最动人的、写在纸上和搬上舞台的艺术杰作。
We'll relish the most moving art ever committed to the page and stage from every age.
加入我们和您的主持人本杰明·麦克埃沃伊，开启一场终生难忘的阅读之旅——硬核文学。
Join us and me your host Benjamin McEvoy on the reading adventure of a lifetime with Hardcore Literature.
你好，欢迎回来。
Hello and welcome back.
你今天过得怎么样？
How are you doing today?
我希望你一切安好，也希望你的阅读进展顺利。
I hope you're keeping well and I hope your reading is going well.
事实上，如果你一直和我们 Hardcore Literature 读书会一起阅读，那我知道你的阅读一定非常顺利，因为录制时，我们刚刚一起完成了今年的第一次大型阅读。
And indeed, if you've been reading with us at the Hardcore Literature Book Club, then I know your reading has been going incredibly well because at time of recording, we have just worked through our first big read of the year together.
我们一起走过了拉里·麦克默特里《孤独的群山》这部宏大的史诗。
We rode through the sweeping saga that is Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Da Vans.
不仅如此，我们最近还深入欣赏了古希腊悲剧的精选作品。
Not only that, but we've also recently been enjoying a curated appreciation of ancient Greek tragedy.
在 patreon.com/hardcoreliterature 上，我们让三位伟大的悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯展开对决。
Pitting the three great tragedians Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides against one another at patreon.com/hardcoreliterature.
在录制时，我们阅读旅程的下一段将是一次极为深刻的探索，它将为我们带来独特的挑战与独特的回报，因为我们即将攀登真正的高峰。
And at time of recording, the next leg of our reading journey, our great adventure is going to be a really profound one and it's going to offer us some unique challenges and some unique rewards because we're just about to scale some serious mountains.
我们即将迎来陀思妥耶夫斯基的《白痴》。
We've got Dostoevsky's The Idiot on the horizon.
这个周末，我们将通过入门视频开启这部巨著的阅读，下周则将在 Patreon 上独家深入探讨孙子的《孙子兵法》。
We'll be kicking that big read off this coming weekend with our introductory how to read video and then the week after that we've got a deep dive into Sun Tzu's The Art of War exclusively at patreon.
同样在三月，我们还将开启对威廉·布莱克诗歌的品读。
And in the same month, the month of March, we're also kicking off an appreciation of the poetry of William Blake.
所以我觉得，我们不妨稍作停顿，放松一下，回归根本，聊聊阅读的艺术。
So I thought it would be a good idea for us to catch our breath and have a little decompress and go back to the basics and talk about the art of reading.
深入阅读伟大文学作品的方法与意义。
The how and the why of deep reading great literature.
你如何能在多年间持续从阅读中获得丰厚的回报？
How do you consistently reap great rewards from your reading over the years?
我今天这场谈话将以五方对话的形式展开：你、我，以及三位最近刚被我推荐给读书会成员阅读的作家——他们写过关于阅读艺术的短文。
And I'm structuring today's talk as a five way dialogue with you, me and three great writers whose short essays on the art of reading I assigned book club readers very recently.
我们将深入剖析伊塔洛·卡尔维诺的一篇散文、弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫的一篇散文，以及亨利·戴维·梭罗关于阅读的一段短小沉思。
We're going to be pulling apart an essay from Italo Calvino and an essay from Virginia Woolf and a short meditation on reading from Henry David Thoreau.
如果你还没读过这些文章，别担心。
Now don't worry if you've not read these essays.
今天我会和你一起逐字逐句地拆解它们。
I'm going to be pulling them apart with you in real time today.
我们将讨论阅读目标，我个人的长期阅读目标。
And we're going to be talking about reading goals, my personal long term reading goals.
我们将探讨在阅读具有挑战性的文学作品时如何保持动力。
We're gonna talk about how to stay motivated when you're reading challenging literature.
我们将讨论改变人生的习惯。
We're gonna talk about life changing habits.
我们将反思一些有史以来最深刻的作品。
We're gonna reflect on some of the most profound books ever penned.
今天，我还想特别关注如何教孩子阅读。
And today, I also want to have a special focus on how to teach your children to read.
我这样做的原因有两个。
And I want to do that for two reasons.
第一，适用于教孩子的所有方法，同样完全适用于我们自己的学习和阅读。
One, everything that applies to teaching children applies equally and fully to our own learning and reading.
这些心态是相同的，第二，目前我非常关注儿童教育，因为正如你可能知道的，我最近第一次当了父亲，我的女儿现在已经四个多月大了，天啊。
The mindsets are the same and two, this is on my mind a lot at the moment, children's education because as you may know, I very recently became a father for the first time and my daughter is now more than four months old and wow.
这真是一段变革性的旅程。
What a transformative journey it has been.
伟大的著作一直陪伴着我，并在我这个新的人生阶段中赋予我力量。
The great books have kept me company and they have armed me on this new life stage.
所以我知道，无论你正经历生活中的什么——好的或坏的，高峰或低谷，我们每个人都在经历的变革之旅，伟大的书籍都能帮助你。
So I know whatever you're going through in life, the good and the bad, the ups and the downs, the transformative journeys we're all on, the great books can help you.
这就是为什么我如此倡导深度阅读和持续阅读经典文学。
This is why I'm such an advocate for deep reading and sustained reading of classic literature.
因此，我不断深入且频繁地思考，当我的女儿长大时，我该如何教她阅读。
And so I've been finding myself thinking deeply and frequently about how I would like to teach my daughter to read as she grows up.
于是我综合了自己多年阅读和教授伟大著作所学到的最宝贵经验，希望这次讨论能为你带来一些鼓舞人心的阅读理念，无论你是经典文学的新手，还是阅尽群书的老读者，无论你是年初就势头强劲想保持下去，还是第一次开始阅读。
So I've compounded some of the best lessons I've learned from my many years of reading and also teaching the great books and I hope this discussion gives you some life affirming ideas for your reading whether you are a newcomer to classic literature or a battle scarred veteran of the great books, whether you've started the year strong and want to keep it going or whether you're jumping into reading for the very first time.
今天我们就直接开始，先简单回顾一下：究竟什么才是经典著作？我们为什么应该阅读它们？
Let's launch right in today and let's begin with a little refresher on what exactly a classic book is and why we should even read them.
帮助我们的，是伟大的意大利作家伊塔洛·卡尔维诺。
Helping us is the great Italian writer, Italo Calvino.
我非常喜爱他的作品，他写了一篇名为《为什么要读经典？》的精彩文章。
I adore his works so much who has an excellent essay called Why Read the Classics?
这篇论文收录在企鹅出版社出版的同名文集中，该文集汇集了他对众多经典著作的诸多品评与文学批评。
This essay can be found at the very beginning of the Penguin edition that has the same title which collates many of his appreciations and literary criticisms on the great books together.
它是开篇之作，虽然仅有七页，却充满了真知灼见。
It is the opening essay and although it is only seven pages long, it is absolutely stuffed with gems.
文中充满了深刻的洞见，他提出了14个观点，探讨什么是经典文学以及我们为何应当阅读它们。
It's filled to bursting with insights and he has 14 points in his examination on what classic literature is and why we should even read it.
我欣赏的是，伊塔洛·卡尔维诺在文章开篇就展现出浓厚的亚里士多德风格。
What I love is Italo Calvino begins his essay by getting really Aristotelian.
他首先明确定义了概念。
He defines his terms.
让我们先提出一些定义。
Let us begin by putting forward some definitions.
他说，他对经典文学的第一个定义如下。
He says his first definition of classic literature goes like this.
经典作品是那种你常听到人们说‘我正在重读’，而不是‘我正在读’的书。
The classics are those books about which you usually hear people saying I'm rereading, never I'm reading.
至少对于那些被认为博学多识的人来说，情况确实如此。
At least this is the case with those people whom one presumes are well read.
这不适用于年轻人，因为他们正处于与世界及其中经典作品建立联系的关键年龄，而这种联系之所以重要，正是因为这是他们初次接触。
It does not apply to the young since they are at an age when their contact with the world and with the classics which are part of that world is important precisely because it is their first such contact.
伊塔洛·卡尔维诺进一步谈到，无论你阅读多么广泛，总会有更多你尚未读过的书，远多于你已经读过的。
Italo Calvino goes on to talk about how no matter how well read you are, there are of course always going to be many more books that you have not read than those you have read.
我们常常在学校里接触到这些伟大著作。
And we come into contact with these great books often in school.
但当我们说正在重读学生时代读过的书时，成年后我们会发现，这本书实际上已经大不相同。
But when we say we're rereading something which we read at school, what we'll find in adulthood is that the book is actually quite different.
卡尔维诺还强调，对于经典作品而言，即使你年轻时未曾阅读，成年后首次接触也会带来一种特殊的愉悦，一种非凡的享受。
Calvino goes on to stress that when it comes to the classic books, even if you have not read them already in youth, coming to them for the very first time as an adult gives you a very special kind of pleasure, an extraordinary pleasure.
他讲了一个关于一位老师的轶事，这位老师因学生不断向他询问埃米尔·左拉——这位伟大的现实主义或自然主义法国小说家——而感到疲惫不堪。
And he takes an anecdote of a teacher who became so tired of students asking him about Emile Zola, great realist or naturalist French novelist.
他被学生不断询问关于左拉的问题搞得不胜其烦，而他自己从未读过左拉的作品，于是下定决心要读完《鲁贡-马卡尔家族》整套小说。
He became so tired of his students asking him about Zola whom he had never read that he made up his mind to read the whole cycle of Rugon Makar novel.
左拉的创作量极为庞大。
So Zola was incredibly prolific.
他在福楼拜和波德莱尔的影响下磨炼自己的写作技艺，写出了一个非常长且相互关联的小说系列。
He developed his craft in the wake of Flaubert and Bozac and he wrote a very long connected series of novels.
这些作品具有两个层次。
They work on two levels.
你可以把每部小说当作独立作品来读，但它们都发生在同一个世界里。
You can read the novels individually as stand alones but they're all taking place in the same world.
这位老师在读完左拉的所有小说后发现，这些作品与他原先想象的完全不同。
And this teacher then discovered after reading all of Zola's novels that his works were entirely different from how he had imagined then.
原来这是一部宏伟的神话谱系与宇宙创生史。
It turned out to be a fabulous mythological genealogy and cosmogony.
每当读者第一次接触文学界的伟大巨匠时，我多次见过这种情况。
Now I've seen this time and again when it comes to the great titans of literature and readers coming to them for the very first time.
即使读者从未亲自读过，也无法不受到影响。
Readers cannot help even if they've never read them firsthand.
读者们无法不带着极高的期待和预先形成的观念去接触荷马、莎士比亚和托尔斯泰这样的作家，但当你真正与他们的作品亲密接触时，往往发现与想象截然不同。
Readers cannot help but come to writers like Homer, Shakespeare and Tolstoy with great expectations, great preloaded notions of what these writers are but then your actual personal intimate contact with them is so frequently very different.
卡尔维诺继续阐述了青年时期阅读与成熟时期阅读之间的区别。
Calvino continues and he delineates the difference between reading in youth and reading in maturity.
青春赋予每一次阅读——如同赋予每一次经历——独特的韵味与意义；而到了成熟之年，人们应当更能欣赏其中更多的细节、层次与含义。
Youth endows every reading as it does every experience with a unique flavor and significance Whereas at a mature age, one appreciates or should appreciate many more details, levels and meanings.
我确实发现这一点是真实的。
I've certainly found this to be true.
年轻时，我爱上许多书，正是因为它们给了我所缺乏的经历；而到了成熟时期重新阅读这些经典，我们带着阅历归来。
When I was young, many of the books that I fell in love with were important precisely because they were giving me the experience that I lacked but returning to the great books in maturity, you return hopefully with experience.
乔叟《坎特伯雷故事集》中的巴斯妇人，会以一句对经验而非教条或权威的崇高颂扬，精彩而标志性地开启她的序言。
Chaucer's wife of Bath would begin her prologue in the Canterbury Tales fabulously and iconically with a great cry of reverence for experience over octorite or authority.
不要接受二手的智慧。
Don't take wisdom secondhand.
智慧源于痛苦和痛苦的经历，所有文学都在告诉我们这一点。
Wisdom arises from pain and painful experience and all of literature tells us this.
希腊悲剧作家们深知这一点。
The Greek tragedians knew this.
伟大的哲学家尼采也明白这一点：我们从痛苦的经历中学习，因此重返伟大著作、重读伟大作品，本身就是一种深刻的体验。
The great philosopher Nietzsche knew this that we learn from painful experience and so returning to the great books and rereading the great books is quite an experience.
你年纪越大，就越能体会到其中蕴含的多重层次。
And the older you get, the more you're able to access the many levels that they contain.
让我们以但丁为例。
Let's take the example of Dante.
如果只从表面阅读但丁的《神曲》，就会错过《神曲》绝大部分内容，至少90%甚至全部都未能被理解。
To read Dante's Divine Comedy on the surface level alone is to let the bulk of the Divina Comedia go at least 90% if not fully unapprehended.
阅读但丁时，你必须深入其寓言和象征意义，因为其中一件事代表另一件事。
You read Dante and you have to read into the allegorical and the symbolic where one thing stands in for another.
意义需要通过解读来揭示。
Meaning is teased out via interpretation.
我们最好效仿圣经注释者的方法。
We would do well to imitate the methods of the biblical exegetes.
那些通过交谈、重读、比较和阐释来破解经文含义的人。
Those who try to decipher the meaning of scripture by talking and rereading and comparing and explicating.
但你读但丁时，当然会发现他的作品是史诗，充满了拟人化的抽象概念。
But you read Dante and of course his work is epic, is filled with abstractions personified.
我们有一部史诗，但也包含了中世纪的宇宙观。
We have an epic, but we also have medieval cosmology.
我们有神学。
We have theology.
我们有哲学。
We have philosophy.
它也是一部中世纪的科学著作。
It's also a medieval work of science.
其中还包含了历史记录。
We have historical record in there.
《神曲》也是但丁灵魂的一部极为私密的自传。
The Divina Commedia is also a very intimate personal autobiography of Dante's soul.
全书贯穿了宫廷爱情诗歌的元素，不仅如此，《地狱篇》《炼狱篇》和《天堂篇》更是一部引人入胜的三部曲，融合了敬拜与圣经智慧文学。
There are elements of courtly love poetry riven throughout and not only that, but the Inferno, Purgatorio and Paradiso is a riveting tripartite work of worship and scriptural wisdom literature.
伟大的翻译家罗伯特·霍兰德曾说，我们每个人都在读属于自己的《神曲》，这在大多数时候完全说得通。
The great translator Robert Hollander would say each of us reads his own comedia which makes perfect sense most of the time.
只有当我们试图向他人解释我们的这首诗时，麻烦才开始出现。
It's only when we try to explain our poem to someone else that the trouble starts.
这为你提供了一个绝佳的终身阅读练习。
There's a good lifelong reading exercise there for you.
每隔几年重读一次但丁，当你这样做的时候，试着向别人解释你从阅读中获得了什么。
Reread Dante every few years and when you do try to explain what you got from the experience to another.
你必须亲身经历生活，才能理解但丁。
You need to live in order to apprehend Dante.
为什么？
Why?
因为但丁，这位朝圣者， descending 地狱，这当然是上升之前的序章。
Because Dante, the pilgrims, descent into hell which is of course merely preface to ascent.
他必须先下沉，才能上升。
He needs to go down in order to rise up.
地狱，但丁的地狱，是一份道德清单。
The inferno, Dante's inferno is a moral inventory.
这是对他一生的回顾。
It's a backwards looking over the course of his life.
这是他在反思自己是如何生活的。
It's him considering how he's lived.
这是对过往过失的净化。
It's a purging of past transgressions.
当你经历了一些人生后，但丁的作品才会向你敞开，因为这首诗真正源于一场存在主义的中年危机。
Dante opens up when you've lived a little bit because that poem is really born out of an existential midlife crisis.
当你活到但丁朝圣者在诗中所处的年龄时，自然就会开始思考：我这一生究竟为何而活？接下来我又该何去何从？
You get to the age that Dante the pilgrim was in the poem and of course you're going to start to think what has my life been about thus far and where do I go from here?
中年危机如果我们能正视它，便为我们提供了重生的机会。
Midlife crises offer us an opportunity to be reborn if we take them.
但丁当时三十多岁，而《地狱篇》正是从我们人生旅程的中途开始。
So Dante was in his mid thirties and the inferno begins midway on our life's journey.
我发现自己置身于一片黑暗的森林，因为正途已然迷失。
I found myself in a dark wood for the straight path had been lost.
当你读这首诗时，如果只是把它当作一个人独自醒来在树林里的直白叙事，那你几乎错过了全部意义。
You come to this poem and if you read it as a straightforward narrative of someone just waking up alone in the woods then you've lost almost all of it.
它在最深层的意义上是隐喻性的、象征性的。
It is metaphorical, it's figurative on the deepest level.
但这一点同样适用于许多伟大的著作。
But the same is true for so many of the great books.
当我想到荷马的《奥德赛》时，就会这样想。
I consider this when it comes to Homer's Odyssey.
我一生中反复重读荷马，以至于现在我都不太好意思跟别人说我在重读荷马。
Now I've reread Homer over and over again across the course of my life to the point where I don't really tell people I'm rereading Homer.
我只是说我在读荷马，因为你永远读不完他。
I just say I'm reading Homer because you can never get to the end of him.
重读这个前缀理应被视为理所当然。
The rereading the prefix should be taken for granted.
但我最近在硬核文学读书会上再次阅读了荷马的《奥德赛》。
But I read Homer's Odyssey again very recently at the Hardcore Literature Book Club.
当然，去年夏天我们几乎连续读完了他的两部史诗，讲座录像仍然可以观看，那是一次极其深刻的体验。
Of course, we went through both of his epics almost back to back over the course of summer last year and lectures are still available and it was a really profound experience.
我知道许多读者说那是他们去年最喜爱的阅读项目，但我当时正是在女儿出生前的那段时期专门阅读《奥德赛》。
I know many readers said that was their favorite reading project from last year, But I was reading Homer's Odyssey specifically right in the lead up to the birth of my daughter.
就在我们刚读完《奥德赛》、准备开始下一部作品时，我的小宝贝来到了这个世界。
Just as we finished the Odyssey and went on to our next read, my little one came into the world.
天啊，正因为我之前多次阅读荷马，我才真正体会到，当你经历了一些人生之后，伟大的著作会迸发出多么丰富的内涵。
And my goodness because of all the previous readings I'd had of Homer, it really showed me just how much explodes out of the great books when you've lived a little bit.
如果可能的话，每年都要像读莎士比亚一样读一次荷马。
Read Homer just like Shakespeare every year if you can.
当你重读时，你不必从头到尾依次阅读，尽管你可能喜欢这样做。
Now when you're rereading you don't have to go from a to b although you might like to.
你或许想直接跳到你最喜欢的情节，稍作停留，但每隔几年重读一次荷马的作品，我建议每次换一个新译本，这样你就能解锁更多细微之处和多层次的含义。
You might wish to drop in to your favorite scenes and just hang out a little bit but you can reread Homer every few years and I would say every time you do pick a new translation because then you will unlock a little more of that nuance, the multiple levels of meaning.
我认为，对于伟大的著作而言，如果它真正伟大，那当然值得重读；而如果值得重读，你就别等超过三年。
I think when it comes to the great books, if something's truly great it is of course worthy of a rereading and if it's worthy of a rereading you don't want to wait more than three years.
三年一个周期非常好，因为短短三年内，变化实在太大了。
Three year blocks are very very good because my goodness so much changes over the course of three years.
也许如果你只以一年为单位，变化不会太大。
It can be that if you take just the unit of a single year maybe not too much will change.
但以三年为跨度，事情一定会发生变化。
Take three years and things should change.
每次重读荷马，你的旅程都会有所不同。
Your journey is going to be different every time you reread Homer.
因此，对我来说，与奥德修斯相伴的时光，让我深深联想到自己的人生旅程。
And so for me, spending time with Odysseus really put me in mind of my own journey.
读者们非常优美地指出，我的伊萨卡、我回家的时刻，就是我女儿出生的时候。
Readers pointed out really beautifully that my Ithaca or my returning home was when my daughter was born.
那就是我一直在追求的目标。
That's what I was striving towards.
然后，当然，她来到这个世界，她的旅程也开始了。
Then of course she comes into the world and her journey began too.
我们所有人的生命旅程都会交汇，而我们都热爱回家的故事。
All of our journeys, of our lives intersect and we love stories of homecoming.
回家是普世的故事。
Homecoming is the universal story.
希腊人将奥德修斯的归来称为他的‘nostos’。
The Greeks would refer to the return of Odysseus as his nostos.
我们今天所说的‘怀旧’一词就来源于此。
This is where we get the term nostalgia from.
这就像神经痛，但针对的是‘nostos’，即‘nostos algia’。
It's like neuralgia but for nostos, nostos algia.
这是一种对过去的痛苦渴望，而我们的生活则是一场宏大的叙事，我们正努力回归。
It's like a painful longing for the past but our lives are a grand narrative in which we are trying to return.
因此，当你阅读荷马的《奥德赛》这样的史诗时，你会看到英雄既是普通人，又同时是无名之人。
And so you read an epic like Homer's Odyssey and you see that the hero is both an everyman figure and a no man at the same time.
这是一个普遍的故事。
This is a universal story.
我们阅读荷马，也阅读奥维德的《变形记》。
We read Homer and we read also Ovid's Metamorphoses.
这是一部值得年复一年重读的作品，尤其是亚瑟·戈尔丁那神圣的英文译本，它启发了莎士比亚。
That's a good one to return to year after year particularly in Arthur Golding's divine English translation that inspired Shakespeare.
如果你无法接触原始的拉丁文，奥维德告诉我们，生命的一切都是转变。
If you cannot access the original Latin, Ovid teaches us that all of life is transformation.
这是一种流动，一种变化。
It's flux, it's change.
世界是一幅宏伟的挂毯。
The world is a grand tapestry.
尽管我们是自己生活中的英雄，但我们的故事只是更大神话中的一根丝线。
And although we are the hero of our lives, our story is but a thread in a larger myth.
卡尔维诺进一步给出了经典的另一种定义：经典是那些曾经阅读并热爱它们的人所珍视的体验，但对那些将阅读机会留到最适合享受它们的时候的人而言，它们同样是一场丰富的体验。
Calvino goes on and gives another definition of the classic saying that the classics are those books which constitute a treasured experience for those who have read and loved them but they remain just as rich an experience for those who reserve the chance to read them for when they are in the best condition to enjoy them.
事实上，他说，我们年轻时的阅读往往价值有限，因为我们缺乏耐心、无法集中注意力、缺乏阅读技巧，或缺乏生活经验；然而，这种青年时期的阅读同时又可能是最具塑造性的，甚至可以说是字面意义上的，因为它为我们未来的经历赋予了形式，为我们提供了应对生活的模式、比较的参照和分类生活经验的框架。
The fact of the matter is he says the reading we do when young can often be of little value because we're impatient, we cannot concentrate, we lack expertise in how to read or because we lack experience of life and yet this youthful reading at the same time can be the most formative and literally so because it gives a formal shape to our future experiences and provides us with models, ways of dealing with life, terms of comparisons, schemes for categorizing life's experiences.
这些书籍赋予我们价值的尺度和美的范式。
These books give us scales of value and paradigms of beauty.
所有这些都在我们内心持续发挥作用，即使我们几乎记不起年轻时读过的那本书的任何内容。
All things which continue to operate in us even when we remember little or nothing about the book we read when young.
当我们成年后重读这样一部伟大的著作时，我们会重新发现这些恒常之物，而它们如今已成为我们内在机制的一部分。
When we reread such a great book in our maturity, we then rediscover these constants which by now form part of our inner mechanisms.
尽管我们已经忘记了它们的来源。
Though we have forgotten where they came from.
这些书籍在我们心中留下了一颗种子，我们虽已遗忘，但当我们重返时，会说：哦，这就是我如今长成的那棵树。
These books leave a seed behind in us and we forget about it but when we return to it we say, oh, that's the tree that I have become.
哦，看那个。
Oh, look at that.
那是我一生中长出的枝条。
That's the limb that has sprung up over the course of my life.
年轻时阅读非常重要。
Reading in youth is so so important.
年轻时经验不足有关系吗？
Does it matter that we have little experience in youth?
不，完全没关系。
No, absolutely not.
如果可能的话，年轻时就要多读书。
You need to read when you're young if you can.
年轻时最重要的是阅读量。
When you're young it's all about volume.
大量阅读吧，要贪婪地读书，因为流体智力会一直发展到二十多岁。
Inhale your books, be voracious because fluid intelligence develops right until your mid twenties.
而随着年龄增长，重点就转向了整合。
And then after that as you get older, it's all about consolidation.
现在我们面对的是晶体智力，当你年岁渐长，年轻时读过的书突然变得清晰起来，你也意识到自己当初因未充分生活而错过了多少。
Now we're dealing with crystallized intelligence and as you get older, the things you read in youth suddenly make sense and you also realize how much you missed originally due to the life unlived.
因此，阅读伟大的著作也需要完整地生活。
So reading the great books necessitates living fully too.
这就是为什么我说，要活出伟大著作的精髓。
That's why I say live the great books.
所以卡尔维诺说得完全正确。
And so Calvino is absolutely right.
这些书籍在我们不知不觉中塑造了我们的生活。
These books form our lives even without us realizing.
这里还有伊塔洛·卡尔维诺对经典的另一个定义。
Here's another definition from Italo Calvino on what a classic is.
经典是那些在我们想象力中留下不可磨灭印记的书，也是那些隐藏在记忆深处，伪装成个人或集体无意识的书。
The classics are books which exercise a particular influence both when they imprint themselves on our imagination as unforgettable and when they hide in the layers of memory disguised as the individuals or the collective unconscious.
因此，一个人的成年生活中应当有一段专门用于重新发现青年时代最重要阅读的时光。
For this reason there ought to be a time in one's adult life which is dedicated to rediscovering the most important readings of our youth.
当我们重新回到这些书时，会发现因为 ourselves 已经发生了巨大变化，这次与伟大著作的重逢如今变得完全崭新。
And when we come back to them we find that because we have changed so significantly that this re encounter with the great book is now completely new.
所以我喜欢‘影响’这个词。
So I love that word influence.
当我听到读者谈论影响时，我不由自主地以布卢姆的方式理解这个词。
When I hear readers talk of influence, I cannot help but hear that word in a bloomian key.
这是哈罗德·布卢姆，他曾谈论过‘影响的焦虑’。
That's Harold Bloom who spoke about the anxiety of influence.
应该有一个时候，你系统性地回到学校里曾学过的那些书。
There should be a time where you systematically return to the books that you were taught in school.
问题是，学校无法教授伟大的著作。
The thing is schools can't teach great books.
生活才能教会它们。
Life teaches them.
但学校通过将伟大的著作交到年轻学生手中，正在做着重要的工作，因为你需要这个最初的接触点，这种接触迟早都要发生。
But the schools are doing important work by putting great books in the hands of young students because you need that initial introduction, you need that touch point, that's gotta come at some point.
在我青少年时期，最重大的一次初次体验是接触莎士比亚及其悲剧《李尔王》，它深深震撼了我。
Now in my teenage years, one of the most significant first experiences was with Shakespeare and with the tragedy of King Lear which overwhelmed me.
这确实改变了我的人生，我在课堂上与几位我有幸遇到的优秀英语老师之一进行了讨论，那段经历对我影响深远。
That really did change my life and I had a really formative experience in the classroom discussing with one of the several great English teachers that I was blessed to have had.
我很幸运，在年轻时遇到多位英语老师，他们真正塑造了我。
I was very lucky to have had multiple English teachers who really helped form me when I was younger.
我们当时讨论了《李尔王》，这位优秀的老师试图引导出我试图表达、却还需要多年沉淀才能浮现的观点。
Now we had a discussion on King Lear and this great teacher, he was trying to tease out points that I was trying to make but would need many many many more years in order to come to the surface.
我当时有一个想法，就在舌尖上，或在意识的边缘。
I had a point that was just on the tip of my tongue or the tip of my consciousness.
我记得非常清楚，我当时试图表达一个关于道德二元对立的观点。
And so I was trying to make a point, I remember this quite starkly, about binaries when it comes to morality.
没有坏，就没有好；没有邪恶，就没有善良。
And you can't have good without bad or good without evil.
如果你读过《李尔王》，就会明白为什么这一点让我如此着迷，因为你可以清晰地区分这部悲剧中的各个角色。
And if you've read King Lear you'll know why this was a point of fascination because you can delineate the characters in that tragedy.
他们要么全然善良，要么全然邪恶。
They're either wholly good or wholly bad.
我当时拼命想表达这个观点，已经非常接近了，我记得自己用尽了全部的脑力和心智，感觉像撞上了一堵墙，怎么也突破不了。
And I was trying so desperately to make this point and I was getting very close and I remember using all of my mental energy, all of my faculties and feeling like there was a block like I came up against a wall and I just couldn't get past it.
当然，我需要多经历一些人生，才能真正跨越这道障碍。
Of course, I was gonna need to live a little bit before I could get past it.
这位优秀的老师推荐我阅读伟大的批评家、文学鉴赏家G·威尔逊·奈特的著作《火之轮》。
Now that great teacher sent me to the great critic or literary appreciator, the great Bardoliter, g Wilson Knight and a volume called The Wheel of Fire.
我读了又读，整本书都写满了批注。
And I read it and reread it and covered it in notes.
之后，我放学后去找这位老师，问他最喜欢的作品是什么。
And then after that, I went to this teacher after school and I asked him what his favorite work was.
我不只想读课程大纲上的内容。
I didn't just wanna read what was on the syllabus.
给我多布置点作业。
Give me extra homework.
你应该这么做。
This is what you should do.
通过向你尊敬的人询问他们最爱的书籍来给自己布置作业。
Give yourself homework by asking those you respect for their favorite books.
拿起书来读，过程中你就会了解他们的一些东西。
Pick up the book and read it and you'll learn something about them in the process.
他告诉我，他最喜欢的作品是约瑟夫·康拉德的《黑暗之心》，那天晚上我就一口气读完了。
And he told me that his favorite work was Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad and I spent that very night reading it all the way through.
读完这本书花了好几个小时，后来上大学时，我第二年的论文最终选择了研究约瑟夫·康拉德的全部作品。
It took hours to read it through and later when I went to university, I ended up doing my second year dissertation on the complete works of Joseph Conrad.
我读了康拉德写过的所有作品。
I read everything Conrad produced.
年轻时，多亏了同一位好老师，我爱上了查尔斯·狄更斯和《远大前程》，因为我们曾在课堂上表演过这部作品。
In my younger years, thanks to the same great teacher, I fell in love with Charles Dickens and Great Expectations because we performed it in class.
我们真正体会到了这本书中荒诞的幽默感，以及对家乡的思念之情。
We really accessed the grotesque humor and also the feeling of longing for home in that book.
但问题是，即使这本书曾经深深打动了我，当我长大后再回过头来读它，和年少时初次阅读时的感受却截然不同。
But the thing is even that book which moved me so much coming back to it when I had grown up versus reading it for the first time when I was in the process of growing up was a completely different experience.
现在，这种情况可能有两种走向。
Now, this can go in two ways.
你可以在还不明白自己为何喜爱一本书、喜欢它的什么之前，就爱上了它；但你也可能讨厌一本书。
You can fall in love with a book even before you understand what you love about it or why, but you can also detest a book.
你可能因为老师的原因，也因为你缺乏那些能带来完全不同体验的生活经历，而憎恨和厌恶一本书。
You can despise and hate a book because of the teacher and also because you don't have access to the life experiences that might facilitate a very different experience.
对我来说，一个例子就是简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》。
One example for me was Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.
遗憾的是，我当时的简·奥斯汀老师并不出色。
Sadly, I didn't have a very good teacher for Jane Austen.
事实上，她让阅读简·奥斯汀变得非常排他。
In fact, she made reading Jane very exclusionary.
她以一种排他性的视角解读《傲慢与偏见》。
She read Pride and Prejudice through an exclusionary lens.
班上全是女生，我是唯一一个男生，她对我说：你是男人，所以你对简·奥斯汀没有发言权。
The class was all girls and I was the only male in the class and she said to me, you are a man so you cannot have an opinion on Jane Austen.
我因此恨了简·奥斯汀很多年。
And I hated Jane Austen for years.
要消除这位老师造成的伤害花了我多年时间，这真是太遗憾了。
It took years to undo the damage that this teacher did which is such a shame.
天哪，这种情况实在太常见了。
My goodness, what a disservice so frequently.
学校让我们厌恶伟大作家，这其实是常态，而不是例外。
It is the rule not the exception that school makes us detest the great writers.
在俄罗斯，人们会讨厌托尔斯泰。
In Russia, it will be Tolstoy.
在法国，人们可能会讨厌雨果。
In France, it may be Hugo.
在英国，是莎士比亚，或者像我这种情况，是简·奥斯汀。
In England, it's Shakespeare or in my case Jane Austen.
真遗憾，因为简后来成了我神圣四人组中的一员。
What a shame because Jane went on to be in my divine tetrad.
四位对我最重要的作家。
Four writers who mean the most to me.
在英国作家中，有简·奥斯汀、莎士比亚、托马斯·哈代和查尔斯·狄更斯。
It's Jane Austen, it's Shakespeare, it's Thomas Hardy and it's Charles Dickens among the English writers.
现在我会一遍又一遍地重读《傲慢与偏见》。
Now I reread Pride and Prejudice endlessly.
我会连续不断地反复阅读。
I'll read it back to back over and over and over again.
我读完了她的全部作品，并且无休止地观看各种改编剧集。
I read through her entire oeuvre and I watch adaptations endlessly without any break.
我意识到，那位老师是错的。
I discovered that that teacher was wrong.
简·奥斯汀不是一位女性作家。
Jane Austen is not a women's writer.
她弥合了男女之间的隔阂。
She heals the rift between men and women.
她治愈了两性之间的裂痕。
She heals the rift between the sexes.
我年轻时还读过哪些当时并不理解的作品呢？
What else did I read in my youth that I didn't understand immediately?
当我年轻时，因为严重的失眠，我会整夜不睡，疯狂阅读陀思妥耶夫斯基、尼采、海明威和布莱克的作品。
Well, when I was young, I would stay up all night because I had terrible insomnia and I would devour Dostoevsky and Nietzsche and Hemingway and Blake.
这就是一份局外人的阅读清单。
This is the outsider reading list.
但在我那么年轻的时候，我又真正了解他们中的谁呢？
But what did I know of any of them at such a young age?
我年轻时从当地图书馆借来了莎士比亚的全集，那是一本厚重而布满灰尘的书，因为我的祖母谈起《皆大欢喜》中的罗莎琳德时，就像在谈论一位老朋友，我读了这些剧本，虽然不理解，却感受到了某种东西。
When I was young, I picked up the complete works of Shakespeare from the local library, a big dusty volume because my grandmother would talk of characters like Rosalind from As You Like It as though she were an old and dear friend and I read the plays and I did not understand them but I felt something.
我感受到其中的意义和力量。
I felt meaning there and I felt the power of it.
年轻时，我如饥似渴地阅读，因为我的生命确实依赖于此。
And in my youth, I read like my life depended on it because indeed it did.
我曾抑郁，感到被困在小镇里，内心有无法言说的情感。
I was depressed, I felt trapped in a small town and I had emotions I could not articulate.
我的阅读是一根救命绳索。
My reading was a lifeline.
伟大的作家们陪伴着我。
The great writers kept me company.
普鲁斯特陪伴着我。
Proust kept me company.
经历了许多塑造我的经历。
Through many formative experiences.
我在伦敦实习时随身带着他的作品集，我意识到随身带一本书是一种邀请人际连接的方式，因为人们会主动和我搭话。
I would carry my copy of his works around with me when I did my work experience in London and I realized that carrying a book around is an invitation for human connection because people would talk to me.
他们看到我在读什么，就会想和我讨论，普鲁斯特在我经历亲人离世和家庭疾病等艰难时刻时，一直陪伴着我。
They would see what I was reading and want to talk to me about it and Proust helped me through many difficult times through the deaths of family members and illnesses in the family.
但我重读得越多，经历得越多，他作为恒常的伴侣，我就越发现，从书页中浮现的，其实是来自我内心的回响。
But the more I reread and the more I lived and the more he stayed a steady companion, the more I found came out of the pages from my own mind.
当你通过经验释放了内心的力量，你也就解锁了书籍的力量。
You unlock the power of a book when you unlock the power of your mind through experience.
我想起了华莱士·史蒂文斯的诗歌。
I think of the poetry of Wallace Stevens.
有一首诗特别写道：屋子安静，世界宁静。
One poem in particular goes, the house was quiet and the world was calm.
读者变成了书。
The reader became the book.
这就是我对你们的期许：成为那本书。
That is my imperative to you, become the book.
在史蒂文斯的另一首伟大诗作中，他曾写道：从我的内心，金色的药膏主宰一切，我的双耳聆听着所听到的颂歌。
In another great poem by Stevens he would say out of my mind the golden ointment reigned and my ears made the blowing hymns they heard.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯在《尤利西斯》中教会了我们一些非常深刻的东西。
And James Joyce, he would teach us something very profound in Ulysses.
他会告诉我们，每个人的一生都由许多日子组成。
He would tell us that every life is in many days.
日复一日，我们穿越自己，遇见强盗、幽灵、巨人、老人、年轻人、妻子、寡妇、相爱的兄弟，但始终遇见的是自己。
Day after day, we walk through ourselves meeting robbers, ghosts, giants, old men, young men, wives, widows, brothers in love, but always meeting ourselves.
这在人生中是真实的，在文学中也是如此。
This is true in life and it's true in literature.
读普鲁斯特，去喜悦；读莎士比亚、狄更斯、奥斯汀，去每个角色中遇见你自己。
Read Proust, rejoice, read Shakespeare, Dickens, Austen and meet yourself in every single character.
那么，自我是什么？
And what is the self?
你的自我将在时间中逐渐显现。
Well, your self will be revealed across time.
如果我们从亚里士多德的角度来看，或许可以说，性格就是贯穿时间的一致行为，因此你需要时间才能更完整地成为你自己。
If we're being Aristotelian here, we might consider that character is actions that are consistent across time And so you need time to become more fully yourself.
文学给了我们时间去发展、成长，成为真正的自己。
Literature gives us that time to develop, to grow, to become who we are.
说到成长，成长是痛苦的，这一点在儿童教育中值得深思。
And speaking of growth, growth is painful and this is something to consider when it comes to children's education.
让我们谈谈我未来如何引导我的孩子阅读。
Let's talk about how I plan to get my children to read in the future.
这里有一个值得遵循和理解的模式，适用于儿童教育，也适用于你对一切事物的学习。
Here is a paradigm to live by and understand when it comes to children's education and also your education on everything.
请考虑最近发展区。
Consider the zone of proximal development.
这意味著什么？
What does that mean?
这意味着阅读略高于你当前水平的内容。
It means read just over your head.
维克多·弗兰克尔会说，如果你把人当作他现在的样子，贬低他，他会变得更糟；但如果你把他当作他本可以成为的样子，你就会提升他，让他变得更好。你有你的舒适区，而舒适区之外还有一个美妙的区域。
Viktor Frankl would say that if you take man as he is, degrade him, you make him worse, but if you take him as he could truly be, you promote him, you make him better, you've got your zone of comfort and then you've got that wonderful zone just outside the comfort zone.
这就是最近发展区。
That's the zone of proximal development.
当然，你还会有一个超越这个的区域。
And then of course you've got a zone beyond that.
这就像我们玩的游戏里那片模糊的地图区域。
That's like the shadowy part of the map in the game we're playing.
我们还不能立刻到达那里，但只要给我们足够成长的空间，足够长的时间后，我们终将抵达。
We can't get there just yet but we will get there on a long enough time frame if we just give ourselves just enough to grow.
这就像举重一样。
It's like with weight lifting.
你需要恰到好处的负荷来促使肌肉纤维微损，然后休息、补充营养，让身体成长；只要坚持足够长的时间，你就会在一年内发生蜕变，三年内更是天翻地覆。
You want just the right dose to break those muscle fibers down and then you wanna rest and feed yourself and grow and you do that on a long enough time frame and you'll be transformed from one year to the next and then definitely on a three year period.
但最近发展区这个概念源自教育心理学家列夫·维果茨基，它本质上就是‘恰到好处’的区域。
But the zone of proximal development is a concept from the psychology of education developed by Lev Vygotsky and it's basically the Goldilocks zone.
简而言之，你应该做那些你目前能做到的事情。
Essentially you want to do what you can do.
你需要在一点提示、耐心引导、时间和信心的帮助下，去做那些你勉强能做到的事。
You want to do what you could do with a little prompting, with a patient guide, with some time and belief.
然后就是你目前还做不到的事。
And then you've got what you can't do just yet.
作为父母，你总希望让孩子去做他们有能力完成的事情。
As a parent you always want to let your child do what they are capable of doing.
不要替他们做那些他们自己能做的事，我们可以用阅读来思考这个问题。
Don't do things for them that they can do and we might consider this with reading.
你有那些非常简单、非常舒适的书，也有那些密集到令人难以理解的书，而中间则有一个美妙的平衡点——你需要集中注意力，可能需要一点安静，可能需要一支笔，甚至可能需要在阅读时轻轻动嘴唇。
You've got those books that are really really easy and really really comfortable and you've got those books that are dense to the point of incomprehension and then you've got this beautiful sweet spot where you have to concentrate, where you might need a little bit of silence, where you might need a pen, where you might need to move your lips as you read.
人们对阅读时动嘴唇的人有一种非常不公平的偏见。
There's a very unfair stigma about people moving their lips when they are reading.
人们认为只有读不懂书的人才会这样。
People think that's only people who can't read.
我会反驳说，当我们刚开始阅读时，确实会动嘴唇，这表明我们还不够熟练；然后我们开始默读；而当我们成为高水平的读者时，又会重新动起嘴唇。
I would contest that when we begin reading, yes, we move our lips and that's a sign that we're not super well read and then we start to read silently and then when we're advanced as a reader, we move our lips again.
从历史角度看，我们成为独自在心中阅读的读者，这其实只是最近才发生的事。一百年前、一百五十年前，人们都是出声朗读的。
It's only relatively recently historically speaking that we became solitary readers reading in our minds even when we were alone a hundred years ago, a hundred and fifty years ago people would read aloud.
长期以来，文学都是口述和朗读的形式，出声朗读能激发文本的深层含义。
Literature for the longest time has been oral oral storytelling and reading aloud unlocks the meaning.
对于我的孩子，我会尽我所能，以极大的意图和觉知来对待屏幕使用。
What I'm gonna do with my children is to the best of my ability try to live with great intentionality and awareness when it comes to the screen.
在消费这类媒体时，我会非常谨慎和精心筛选。
Being very careful and curated when it comes to consuming media that way.
我指的是电视和互联网，不依赖它们。
I'm talking about the television and the internet and not relying on it.
我希望能尽可能营造出仅仅几十年前我们还享受的那种氛围。
As much as possible I would like to try to get the sort of atmosphere that we enjoyed even just a couple of decades ago.
我不希望无休止的滚动、无限制的接触或过度刺激。
I do not want endless scrolling or endless access or over stimulation.
我们随身携带的、不断发光的小屏幕所带来的过度刺激，会严重影响我们的成长和注意力持久度。
Over stimulation via the little lit up screen that we carry around with us everywhere can really impact our development and our attention span.
我发现自己越来越沉迷于刷屏，沉迷于观看无意义的内容。
I found this myself, I found myself getting very addicted to scrolling, very addicted to watching nonsense.
这是我必须努力改善的地方。
It's something that I've had to work on.
作为父母，我想充分了解我的孩子正在看什么、接触什么。
As a parent, I want to have full awareness of what my children are seeing and accessing.
我当然喜欢电视，喜欢电影，喜欢这一切。
Now I love television, I love films, I love all that.
当然我们会看一些电视节目，并且把它当作一种小小的奖励，因为有些节目非常优秀，既有教育意义又充满趣味，研究表明，一起观看这类节目是有其价值的。
So we will of course have some television and we'll have it as a little reward and there are some very good shows that are educational and whimsical and studies show that there is a place for watching these kinds of things together.
但我们会安排很多无屏幕的时间。
But we'll have a lot screen free times.
我们会设定专门的时间。
We'll have dedicated times.
我们不能让屏幕、互联网和无尽的娱乐内容随时无限供应。
We can't just have full on endless all you can eat access to the screen and internet and endless entertainment.
但跨媒介融合能带来很多乐趣。
But there's a lot of joy in cross pollinating your media.
所以，如果你正在读一本好书，可以把它的电影改编版当作奖励来看，并思考导演和演员们对原著的诠释如何。
So if you're reading a great book, watch a film adaptation as a reward and think about what kind of job the director and actors have done with it.
不妨去剧院看场演出，甚至可以把它打造成一场提前准备的特别活动——比如一起阅读剧本，提前讨论剧情。
Indeed take trips to the theater that maybe you can make into a real event that you prepare for in advance so maybe read the play together and talk about it before you go.
我真正想做的一件事，事实上已经在做了，就是拥有自己的媒体内容。
Another thing that I really want to do and in fact am already doing is I want to own my own media.
这意味着拥有你的书籍、电影，拥有实体副本——DVD、蓝光碟或任何其他形式，拥有你的游戏、音乐、磁带和黑胶唱片。
That means own your books, own your films, have the physical copy, the DVD or the Blu ray or whatever, own your games, own your music, cassette tapes and vinyls.
模拟复兴正在到来。
The analog revolution is upon us.
尽管这听起来可能很物质主义，但模拟媒介中蕴含着极大的自由。
Although this might sound materialistic, there's so much freedom in the analog.
我们以为自己是自由的，但实际上，在娱乐选择上，我们只是被给予了无限选择的假象，而无限选择其实等于没有选择。
We think we're free but really with our entertainment choices, we are given the illusion of endless choice but endless choice is no choice at all.
培养与精选具有巨大的力量。
There's great power in cultivation and curation.
注意力持续时间达到了历史最低点，人们不再完整地观看电影了。
Attention spans are an all time low and people don't watch films fully anymore.
尽管你随时可以接触到任何你想看的电影，但因为它们不再特别，你最终只会半看不看，或者根本没看，只是在做其他事情时重看旧内容。
Even though you've got all the films you could possibly want at your fingertips because it's not special anymore, you end up kinda half watching them or not really or just rewatching old stuff whilst doing something else.
我采取了一种真正的混合方式，因为互联网是一件美妙的事。
I've got a real hybrid approach because the internet is a wonderful thing.
它让你能够接触到纪录片、讲座和各种非常酷的内容、有声读物，而随身携带一个由自己精心挑选的媒体库，这种感觉非常令人满足。
It gives you access to documentaries and lectures and all sorts of really cool stuff, audiobooks, and there is something deeply satisfying about being able to carry around a personal intentionally cultivated library of handpicked media with you wherever you go.
我非常喜欢。
I love it.
但我正在将模拟媒介深度融入我的娱乐和信息消费中。
But I'm really blending the analog into my own entertainment and information diet.
我最近收集了一堆磁带，还找回了我以前在iPod时代之前用过的随身听，也买了一个既能放CD又能放磁带的播放器。
I recently got a haul of audio tapes cassettes and I also got the Walkman that I used to have before the age of the iPod and I got a CD player that also takes cassettes.
在背景中播放这些内容很舒服，你知道你可以一边做其他事情一边播放，还不用被那些烦人的广告打断。
It's nice to have that on in the background and know that you can just play it whilst doing other things and not be interrupted by adverts, really annoying adverts.
如果你回归模拟媒介，你还可以掌控自己和孩子所消费的内容。
You can also control what you consume and what your children consume if you go back to the analog.
即使在为人父母的初期阶段，我也在努力为阅读建立真正的仪式感，你该如何培养新的仪式和习惯呢？
Another thing that I'm trying really hard even at this early stage in parenthood is to make a real ritual around reading and how do you adopt new rituals and habits?
你可以把它们附着在已有的日常习惯上。
You hook them onto pre existing daily habits.
现在，我们会在女儿洗澡后讲一个小故事。
Right now, we have a little story after my daughter's bath time.
真正建立起睡前、洗澡后讲故事的惯例，这是一个意义重大且改变游戏规则的决定。
And this was such a monumental and game changing decision to actually have a bedtime, bath time story routine.
这真的帮助她更好地入睡了。
It really helped her sleeping.
在这么小的年纪，孩子对日常流程的熟悉速度真是惊人。
And it's amazing at such a young age just how quickly they know the routines coming.
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即使在这么小的年龄，他们也会期待这个时刻。
They look forward to it even at that young age.
所以当她长大一点时，我打算在日常惯例中增加一些期待感。
So one thing I'm gonna do as she gets older is build some excitement into the routine.
是的。
Yeah.
你已经有了一个稳定、熟悉且可依赖的惯例，但你同时也希望在这个框架内加入一些惊喜。
So you've got the routine, the reliable, something that is familiar that you're looking forward to that you can rely on but you also want some excitement within those parameters.
如果你要养调皮的男孩，这一点值得考虑。
Something to consider if you're gonna raise reckless boys.
男孩总是会惹麻烦。
Boys are always gonna get into trouble.
你是希望他们和你一起惹麻烦，还是不和你在一起时惹麻烦？
Do you want them getting into trouble with you or without you?
作为父母，制造一些有控制的混乱可能是个好主意。
Might be a good idea as a parent to have controlled chaos.
但随着我孩子逐渐长大，作为每日阅读routine的一部分，我们会把去书架前选书变成一项仪式。
But as part of the daily reading routine as my little one gets older, we're gonna make a thing about going to the shelf.
会有一面漂亮的书架，摆满精心挑选的书籍，不多不少，然后我们会选一本书，讨论它，坐下来，舒舒服服地准备好，这将成为一个稳定可靠的日常routine。
There's gonna be a beautiful bookshelf filled with books, not too many but a curation and then we're gonna choose a book, we're gonna talk about it, we're gonna it down, we're gonna get settled in and all comfortable and it's gonna be a real reliable routine.
那我们现在读的是什么书呢？
Now what are we reading at the moment?
我女儿还非常小，但这并不意味着你不该给她读好书。
My daughter is at a very very young age but that does not mean you shouldn't read great books.
她在子宫里时我就开始给她读书，她出生后我们一回家的第一天，我就开始给她读书。
I read to her when she was in the womb and I read to her the very first day we came home after she was born.
在这么小的年龄，阅读的重点在于你的声音、你的陪伴，以及建立routine，因为当然，当孩子还很小的时候，他们根本不懂故事里讲了什么。
At this young age, reading is all about your voice, your presence and establishing the routine because of course when they're really young, they don't understand what's happening in the narrative.
所以这意味着你应该选择你自己想读的书，这样你才会期待阅读，并保持持续性。
So this means you should pick books that you want to read because then you will look forward to it and you will stay consistent.
如果你从小就开始坚持阅读，并且享受这个过程、期待这个时刻，你的孩子长大后将从未经历过没有故事时间的日子。
And if you stay consistent from a young age and you enjoy it and you look forward to it, your children will grow up never knowing a time when they didn't have story time.
等孩子大了再培养新习惯就很难了，相比之下，一直坚持的习惯则更容易维持。
Very hard to introduce a new habit when they're older, much easier to keep one going that's always been.
对我来说，这意味着我的孩子从小就听过我读《柳林风声》，虽然这是一本儿童读物，但现阶段我读它更多是为了自己，而不是她。
For me this means that my little one has heard me read The Wind in the Willows which yes is a children's book but that's definitely more for me than her at this age.
天啊，过去的儿童文学真是如此黑暗，不难理解那时的人们是在为孩子迎接一个艰难而残酷的世界做准备。今年夏天，我们将会一起讨论《柳林风声》。
My goodness children's literature used to be so dark and it's not hard to see why they were preparing them for very difficult and confronting world and later this year in the summer season, we're gonna be talking about The Wind in the Willows together.
再次提到《柳林风声》，我想起了C.S.刘易斯的一句话：总有一天，你会足够成熟，可以重新阅读童话。
Coming to The Wind in the Willows again, I think of that CS Lewis idea, he said, one day you'll be old enough to read fairy tales again.
这对神话、传说，以及我们年轻时喜爱的所有书籍都适用。
This is true for myths and legends and all the books we may have enjoyed in youth.
到了年长时，它们会呈现出新的意义。
They take on a new meaning in older age.
但我同时也一直在为我的孩子读《魔戒》。
But I've also been reading The Lord of the Rings to my little one.
我最近又重新读了一遍《芬尼根的守灵夜》。
I've been reading Finnegan's Wake again.
我们今年晚些时候会讨论这个。
We're gonna be talking about that later this year.
人们开玩笑说，你真的在读《芬尼根的守灵夜》吗？
People joked, are you reading Finnegan's Wake?
我想了想，为什么不呢？
And I thought, why not?
你读它，大声朗读，就能解锁其中的意义，但它也是一堆有趣而鲜活的声音的混合体。
You read it, you read it aloud and you can unlock meaning but it also is a real mishmash of interesting and vibrant sounds.
听起来像荒诞文学，但荒诞文学背后当然蕴藏着智慧与意义，她很喜欢《芬尼根的守灵夜》。
Sounds like nonsense literature but of course nonsense literature has a weight of wisdom and meaning beneath it and she enjoys Finnegan's wake.
我们还读了柯勒律治的诗歌，《古舟子咏》。
We've also been reading the poetry of Coleridge, the rhyme of the ancient mariner.
民谣非常适合睡前阅读，因为它们朗朗上口。
Ballads are great for bedtime because they're sing song.
当然，我们也有一些更实际的选择。
Now of course we've got some other more pragmatic choices too.
我们一直在读《晚安，月亮》，这本书非常非常有助于哄她入睡。
We've been reading Goodnight Moon which is very very good for lulling her to sleep.
但现在，我读给小家伙听，也是我练习叙述技巧的时间。
But right now my reading to my little one is my time to use it as some practice for narration.
将来我打算为我最爱的一些书做配音朗读，我真的很想这么做。
In the future I'm gonna be narrating some of my favorite books, I really really wanna do that.
其他父母建议我也编一些自己的故事，我已经开始这么做了。
Other parents have suggested that I make up my own stories too which I have started to do.
我开始即兴唱一些突然想到的歌，这很有趣。
I've started to sing songs that just come to me in the moment, that's fun.
但请记住，当你读给孩子、伴侣或任何人听时，阅读到底是什么？
But keep in mind when you're reading to children or to your partner or to anybody, what is reading?
那就是讲故事。
It's storytelling.
你是在讲述一个故事。
You tell the story.
阅读不仅仅是用眼睛逐字扫过页面。
Reading isn't just about physically scanning the page with your eyes.
是的，你确实需要掌握识别字母等基本技能，当孩子长大一些时，你会在这方面教他们，但请记住，从荷马时代到中世纪民谣的时代，阅读长期以来都是一种社群性、表演性和互动性的活动。
Yes you've got the pragmatics of recognizing letters and that's something that you will get into with children when they're old enough but remember that reading has long been communal and performative and interactive from the days of Homer through to the days of the medieval ballads.
把阅读当作建立人际联系的借口。
Use your reading as a pretense for human connection.
阅读本身就是与他人共度时光，因为你不仅在与作者和角色共度时光，也在与和你一起读书的人共度时光。
Reading itself is spending time with others because you're spending time with the author and the characters but you're also spending time with people that you're reading the book with.
阅读为我们提供了一种绝佳的 bonding 体验。
Reading offers us a real great bonding experience.
在我们的硬核文学读书会里，有一种特别美好的感觉，那就是知道许多其他人也在大致相同的时间阅读同一本书，我们期待着看到不同人的观点，互相交流，你会觉得自己并不孤单，而很多事情往往只是某种更深层事物的借口。
We have this at the Hardcore Literature Book Club, there's something really beautiful about knowing that many other people are reading the same book on roughly the same time frame as we are and we get to look forward to seeing different people's opinions, checking in, you feel like you're not so alone and things are often a pretense for something else.
在读书会上，我们可能会八卦最新一章引人入胜的情节，但当我们这么做时，我们真正做的是学习如何生活，以及彼此沟通。
At the book club we might be gossiping about the latest installment in the riveting narrative that's on the schedule but whilst we're doing that, what we're really doing is learning how to live and we're communicating.
说到儿童文学，你不可避免地会想挑选那些能让孩子变得更好的书，因此你或许会开始想：我也应该挑选那些能让我变得更好的书。
And when it comes to children's literature, you're inevitably going to want to choose books that make your child better and so you might start to think well I should choose books that make me better too.
读糟糕的书对你的灵魂毫无益处。
Reading bad books does nothing for your soul.
在柏拉图的《理想国》中，苏格拉底因为许多原因将荷马驱逐出他理想的社会，这非常有趣。
And it's really interesting in Plato's Republic, Socrates banished Homer from his ideal society for many reasons.
其中一个原因是因为那些英雄并不真正令人钦佩。
One of the reasons was because the heroes weren't exactly admirable.
我当然不会将荷马从我理想的社会中驱逐，但这是一个有趣的观点。
Now I would definitely not banish Homer from my ideal society but it's an interesting point.
故事为我们提供了间接的经验、通过代理的学习或榜样作用。
Stories offer us vicarious experience and learning by proxy or role modeling.
我们不应低估人物形象的力量，尤其是在一个人的成长阶段，但任何时候都如此。
We shouldn't underestimate the power of character especially during one's formative years but at any point.
我们在学习时也在模仿榜样。
We role model when we learn.
所以，如果你想让孩子读书，他们应该看到你在读书。
So if you want your child to read, they should see you reading.
不应该说一套做一套。
It shouldn't be do as I say not as I do.
我认为让人去做某件事最好的方式，就是让他们看到你自己在做。
The best way I think to get someone doing something is to have them see you doing it yourself.
班杜拉会谈到社会学习理论，他的研究告诉我们，我们通过观察他人来学习。
Bandura would talk of social learning theory and his studies would tell us that we learn by watching others.
我们对此有着如此直观的认识，以至于它深深植根于我们的神话和宗教中。前几天我重读了塞内卡这位伟大的斯多葛派写的一封信，第十二封信。
We know this so intuitively that it's really deeply embedded in our mythologies and our religions and I recently reread a letter from Seneca, the great stoic the other day, letter 12.
他谈到了拥有一个效仿榜样的重要性。
And he spoke about the importance of having a model to emulate.
找一个你非常尊敬的人，将他们留在你的脑海中，想象他们在注视着你，审视你生活中的每一个举动。
Take someone, a figure that you really respect and hold them in your mind's eye and act as though they are watching and surveying you as you go through your life.
如果他们正在看着你，你还会做你现在做的事吗？
Would you do what you're doing if they were watching?
对于基督徒来说，这个形象就是基督。
And for Christians, this figure is Christ.
如果你去东方，很多人会把佛陀放在心中。
If you go to the East, many keep Buddha in their minds.
如果你是世俗的，可能会选择像塞内加本人这样的榜样，或者选择马可·奥勒留。
If you are secular, might pick a figure like Seneca himself or you might pick Marcus Aurelius.
想象一下，这位伟大的皇帝正注视着你的一举一动。
Imagine that the great emperor is watching you as you do what you do.
如果真是这样，你的一天会是什么样子？
What would your day look like if that were true?
但无论如何，我们希望在读给孩子的文学作品中有一些好的榜样。
But anyway, we want to have some good role models in the literature we read to our children.
我认为在基调、主题和情节上保持平衡也非常重要。
I think it's really important as well to balance things out in tone and motif in thematics.
还要平衡一下阴郁的情绪。
Also balance out the gloom.
很多伟大的书籍都相当阴郁、悲观、压抑且充满哲思。
A lot of great books can be quite gloomy and doomy and depressing and deeply philosophical.
用一些喜剧来平衡这一点非常好。
It's very good to balance that out with some comedy.
请记住，我们是谁，取决于我们与谁为伍。
Bear in mind that we are who we associate with.
所以当我们沉浸在一本好书中时，实际上是在与那些角色共度时光。
So when we're spending time in a great book, we're actually spending time with those characters.
你真的应该发挥想象力，把自己想象成置身于故事之中。
And you really should flex your powers of imagination and visualize yourself as though you are there in the narrative.
这对你的人生也同样适用，不只是在文学中，但文学为你提供了一种练习和训练场。
And this is true for your life too, not just in literature, but literature gives you an exercise, a training ground.
你应该在生活之前，先想象你想要的生活。
You should visualize the life you want before you live it.
在我孩子出生前，你知道我每天做什么吗？
In the lead up to the birth of my child, do you know what I did every day?
每天我都会花十分钟，专门安排一个时间，做一些呼吸冥想，并在脑海中想象一切。
It was ten minutes every day, I had a dedicated time each day, I'll do some breathing meditation and I would visualize in my mind's eye everything.
我会想象在分娩时前往医院的情景，想象第一次抱起她，想象带她回家并照顾她，想象所有那些让我害怕的为人父母的事情。结果，包括医生和护士在内的很多人都不敢相信这是我的第一个孩子。
I'd visualize going to the hospital when the time was due, I'd visualize holding her for the first time, I'd visualise taking her home and looking after her, visualise doing all the parental things that terrified me and what happened is many people including the doctors and nurses they couldn't believe that this was my first child.
这是因为我在脑海中反复排练了将近一年。
It's because I had rehearsed it for close to a year in my mind's eye over and over and over again.
我认为，很多生活中的变化之所以让人震惊和迷失方向，是因为人们在事前没有深入思考过，而我本人在面对重大事件时也容易这样。
I think a lot of life changes can be shocking and disorienting to people because they haven't considered it deeply enough in the lead up and I'm prone to doing this too with big events.
我会把它们压在心底，等它们发生时再处理，但我发现，如果提前在心理上排练，就能减轻实际经历时的痛苦，因为那种感觉就像你已经经历过一次了。
I'll push them to the back of my mind and deal with them when they come up but I have found that if I mentally rehearse, it takes away some of the pain of the actual experience because it kind of feels like you've been there before.
但归根结底，你如何阅读也同样非常重要，你做任何事情的方式都极其重要。
Ultimately, however, how you read is also really really important and how you do anything is really really important.
请记住，只要你带着真爱和坚定的信念去做事，事情就不会太糟，因为你知道一切都会好起来的。
Consider that you cannot mess things up too badly if you do what you do with true love and deep faith that it'll be alright.
但我们需要思考自己读的是什么样的书、遇到的是什么样的人物，并且要让我们的孩子接触多样化的声音。
But we want to consider the kinds of books we're reading, the kinds of characters we encounter and we want to expose our children to a wide variety of voices.
请想想，如果你有儿子，他们也应该读给女孩看的书。
Consider that if you have boys, they should read books for girls.
他们应该读《绿山墙的安妮》这类传统上被认为是女孩读的书，反之亦然。
They should read Anne of Green Gables or books that are classically considered for girls and vice versa.
女孩应该读那些传统上被认为是男孩读的书，比如亚瑟王的故事。
Girls should read books that have stereotypically been for boys like the stories of King Arthur.
你应该阅读你传统中的民间传说。
You should read folklore from your tradition.
你的家人来自哪里？
Where do your family come from?
对我来说，是爱尔兰。
For me, it's Ireland.
所以我们将会了解爱尔兰。
So we're gonna learn about Ireland.
因此，我们的阅读不仅是一次与自身根源连接的机会，也能让我们接触世界各地的不同传统，让孩子们在书中环游世界。
So our reading will be a chance to get in touch with where we came from but also read from various traditions around the world and allow your children to travel the world in their books.
现在，随着我的小家伙渐渐长大，我们还将开始练习记忆和回忆。
Now as my little one gets older, we're also gonna be working on memorization and recall.
有一种现象被称为首因效应和近因效应。
There is a phenomenon known as the primacy and recency effect.
我们会记住学习开始和结束时的内容，而阅读时，我会问她：上一次我们读到哪里了？
We remember things that are stacked at the beginning of a learning session and at the end and when we read, what will do is I will ask her where did we leave off last time?
我们会做一个简短的回顾，就像经典电视剧那样。
We'll have a little recap just like with classic TV shows.
我们会复盘上一次的内容，这能训练我们的记忆；之后，我们会通过自然的对话，将书中的观点和情节融入交谈中来检验知识掌握情况。
We'll go over what happened last time and that will train our recall and then later on we'll test the knowledge by subtly engaging in conversation and bringing ideas from the books and events from the books into conversation.
这就是间隔重复。
This is spaced repetition.
我还想和女儿做些什么呢？如果我以后还有更多孩子，也想对他们这么做？
What else do I wanna do with my daughter and hopefully if I have more children with them too?
我想激励他们阅读，所以我们会一起设定目标。
Well, I want to incentivize their reading so we'll set goals together.
这个月我们要读哪些书？或者这一周要读多少章？如果我们不想用页数作为衡量标准，可以说，比如我们希望每周有五天能抽出时间继续阅读当前的书，这就算是成功了。
What books are we going to read this month or how many chapters will we enjoy this week or if we don't want to use page quantity as the measure we could say for example that we're going to try to spend some time with our current book on the go five days out of the week and that would be a win.
我还希望我们俩能互相分享简短的读书报告，就像我们的月度书评一样。当你对阅读这件事格外重视时，就会激励孩子阅读，而你确实应该重视，因为现在读书的人太少了，而阅读是非常好的习惯。
And I'd also love to have us both giving little book reports to each other like our monthly book review and you incentivize reading when you make a big deal out of it and you should make a big deal out of it because not enough people read and it's a very good thing to do.
当你的孩子读完一本书时，让他们知道他们完成了一件了不起的事。
When your children have finished a book let them know that they've accomplished something great.
用一些有趣的东西奖励他们。
Reward them with something fun.
给予他们与你希望强化的行为——也就是阅读——相匹配的认可。
Give some recognition of their efforts that's tied to the behavior you want to reinforce, in this case reading.
而且，如果你觉得合适，甚至可以设计一个积分系统。
And hey, you could even devise some sort of points system if that works for you.
你可以用贴纸，或者累积积分来换取游戏、玩具，或者其他他们想要的小奖励，只要读够一定数量的书就能获得。
You could use stickers or something, you could build points towards a game or a toy or something that's a bit of a treat that they want and they can get that by clocking some books.
在阅读计划中建立一种可感知的进步感。
Build a tangible sense of progress into that reading program.
我们都需要一点责任感，我甚至会为家人买书，他们知道下次见到我时，我会问他们关于那本书的内容，所以他们会持续不断地读完，以便能愉快地与我讨论。
We all need a little bit of accountability and I even get books for my family members and they know that when I see them next, I'm going to ask them about that book so they steadily chip their way through so that they can enjoy talking about it.
现在有些人可能会批评这个想法，说你希望鼓励人们为了阅读本身的乐趣而去阅读，而不是为了其他目的。
Now people might criticize this idea and say well you wanna encourage the the love of reading for an enjoyment in and of itself rather than leading to anything else.
过程本身就是回报，这没错，但永远不要低估正面强化的力量。
The journey is the reward and that's true but never underestimate the power of positive reinforcement.
我读过的影响最深远的一本书，是我刚得到我的德国牧羊犬萨莎的时候。
One of the most impactful books I ever read was when I first got my German Shepherd, Sacha.
那是一本关于如何训练狗的书，但它本质上讲的是如何训练任何人、任何事物，任何生物，甚至包括人类。
It was a book on how to train dogs but it was a book on how to essentially train absolutely anybody and anything, any creature, even humans.
这本书讲的是正面强化。
It was about positive reinforcement.
你不应该惩罚你不希望出现的行为。
You do not punish behavior you don't want.
作为学习工具，惩罚是无效的。
It doesn't work as a learning tool.
他们只是会找到办法避开惩罚继续做那些事。
They just find a way to do it and get around the punishment.
你想要做的是强化你喜欢的行为。
What you want to do is reinforce behavior that you like.
如果你有一只狗，它做了让你高兴的事，而你希望它多做这类行为，你就奖励它。
So if you've got a dog and they do something that you're happy about and you want them to do more of it, you reward them.
很多人，比如很多养狗的人，当狗表现出他们期望的良好行为时，却什么也不做。
A lot of people, a lot of dog owners for example, they'll do nothing when the dog presents the good behavior they will want.
他们只是想，哦，对，它做得很好，做了我想让它做的事。
They'll just assume, oh yes they did great, they did the thing that I wanted.
但他们没有强化这种行为，然后又奇怪为什么狗的行为没有改善。
But they don't reinforce the behavior and then they wonder why their dog isn't better behaved.
你必须通过奖励来教导它。
You have to teach them by rewarding them.
将强烈有益的积极行为与奖励联系起来。
Link strong beneficial positive actions to rewards.
你还应该做什么？
What else should you do?
无论你是教孩子识字，还是仅仅想让自己对持续阅读产生兴趣，我都鼓励你在阅读的过程中去探索一些支线任务。
Whether you're teaching your children to read or just getting yourself excited to keep reading, I would encourage you to go on side quests during the journey.
我经常在自己的个人阅读中这样做。
I do this with myself and my personal reading all of the time.
我会给自己设定挑战、任务、作业和需要完成的项目。
I give myself challenges and missions and homework and tasks to complete.
最近，我和读书会的许多成员一起完成了一项历时多年的任务，通读了莎士比亚的全部作品。
Very recently, myself and many members of the book club completed a multi year quest through the complete works of Shakespeare.
我知道许多读者此刻正踏上这段旅程，而对我来说，这段旅程的高潮是为莎士比亚的所有作品做一次全面的排名。
I know many readers are embarking on that quest as we speak and the culmination of that journey for me was in a grand ranking of all of Shakespeare.
这真的非常有成就感。
It was so rewarding.
我目前正在进行的一项任务是阅读一千篇短篇小说。
One quest that I'm working on at the moment is I'm reading a thousand short stories.
最初我以为一年内就能完成，但我觉得这需要花比那长得多的时间。
Originally, I thought I might be able to do that in a year but I think it's gonna take a lot longer than that.
但最终的目标是与你们分享我读过的前50篇最佳作品。
But the ultimate aim is then sharing with you the top 50 that I've ever read.
所以我们会有一些非常精彩的短篇故事。
So we're gonna have some great short stories.
一位读者非常慷慨地送了我一本来自世界各地的精美短篇故事集，我一直在陆续阅读。
I was gifted very kindly, a beautiful collection of short stories from the entire world from a reader and I've been working my way through them.
我尽量每天读一篇短篇故事。
And I try to read a short story per day.
当生活忙碌时，我不会责备自己，也不会强迫自己严格执行，但我特别喜欢读布拉德伯里三部曲。
Now when life gets busy, don't chastise myself, I don't hold myself to it but I love doing the Bradbury trio.
每隔几年，我都会重新阅读布拉德伯里三部曲。
Every few years I return to the Bradbury trio.
什么是布拉德伯里三部曲？
What's the Bradbury trio?
雷·布拉德伯里曾建议初学者作家：每晚睡前读一首诗、一篇散文和一篇短篇小说，因为这样你的头脑会充满灵感。
Well Ray Bradbury advised budding writers but this is brilliant as an exercise for anybody to read every night before they go to bed one poem, one essay and one short story because your head will be stuffed with ideas.
我最近完成的另一个挑战是，从19世纪到20世纪，为每个十年评选出最佳小说，这简直是你阅读品味的直接体现，你也能一眼看出哪些年份是黄金年代——1860年代和1920年代就是两个黄金年代。
Another challenge that I worked on recently was ranking the best novel from every decade from the nineteenth century through to the twentieth century and my goodness that's a marker of your reading right there and you can also see at a glance what years are the vintage years, the eighteen sixties and the nineteen twenties are two vintage years.
这真是一个非常有趣的练习，我很快就会为此制作一个视频。
That's a really fun exercise to do and I'll make a video on this in the near future.
我一直在做的另一个练习是，收集我从伟大文学作品中摘录的最爱段落，并将它们保存在一本随笔集里。
Another exercise that I'm always doing is I collect my favorite passages from great literature and I keep them in a commonplace book.
当你这样做时，开始留意其中的共性，你就会更了解自己。
And when you do this, start to notice commonalities and you learn about yourself.
我注意到，我最喜欢的许多段落都与星星和夜空有关。
I noticed that a lot of my favorite passages were to do with stars and the night sky.
我在阅读哈代或惠特曼时发现了这一点。
I noticed this when I read Hardy or Whitman.
星星的旅程，或者我们穿越星空的旅程，深深吸引了我。
There's something about the journey of the stars or our journey through the stars that really captures me.
我注意到，纵观历史，文学中我最钟爱的主题之一是友谊。
I've noticed across time that one of my favorite themes in literature is friendship.
这正是我最喜爱的书籍的共同点。
That's a commonality with the books that I adore the most.
你还会注意到，随着时间推移，你对不同文风的偏好可能会发生变化。
You also notice that your taste for different tones might change over the course of the years.
我年轻时，生活中总需要一些悲剧元素。
When I was younger, I used to need the tragic in my life.
现在我年纪大了，我热爱喜剧。
Now that I'm older, I love comedy.
我的生活中需要喜剧。
I need comedy in my in my life.
给自己安排一些值得期待的小写作习惯。
Give yourself little writing routines to look forward to.
我每两周有一个周日写作习惯。
I have a Sunday writing routine every two weeks.
我不会每周都做，因为没时间，但我每两周都会做一次。
I don't do this weekly because I don't have the time but I do this fortnightly.
我会围绕一个话题、一句引言或一个主题进行写作，然后自由发挥。
I write around a topic or a quote or a theme and I'll just free write.
举个例子，你可以花几个月时间读完《孤独鸽》，然后在阅读结束时问自己：什么是友谊？
So for example, you could read Lonesome Dove over the course of several months and then at the end of your reading ask yourself what is friendship?
把'友谊'这个词写在页面顶端。
Put that at the top of the page, friendship.
然后凭直觉写下去，看看你学到了什么，因为写作本身就是思考。
Then write from your gut and see what you've learned because writing is thinking.
或者，你可以和我们一起在春天阅读陀思妥耶夫斯基的《白痴》，读到最后时写下：美能拯救世界吗？
Or you might read Dostoevsky's The Idiot with us over the course of spring and then when you get to the end you write, can beauty save the world?
你向自己提出这个问题，然后努力去回答它。
You ask yourself that question and then you endeavor to answer it.
设定十五分钟的计时，排除一切干扰。
Set fifteen minutes on the clock, eliminate distractions.
这可以是周日的早晨，喝上一大杯美味的咖啡，然后像你的生命依赖于此般奋笔疾书；或者，你也可以阅读布莱克的诗歌，然后问自己：是否真的所有的神性都寓于人的胸膛之中。
This could be Sunday morning, nice big cup of coffee and then write like your life depends on it or you might read the poetry of Blake and then ask yourself if it is true that all deities reside in the human breast.
我们在牛津时就是这样做的，考试题目就是这么设计的。
We used to do this at Oxford, that was what the exam papers were structured.
你会拿到一句引文。
You would get a quote.
这些引文通常非常非常深奥，简直荒谬地难懂，然后只写着‘请讨论’。
Often these quotes were really really dense like ridiculously dense and then it would just say discuss.
深奥的引文，讨论，讨论，讨论，然后你得在倒计时下进行讨论。
Dense quote, discuss, discuss, discuss and then you had to discuss against the clock.
我们总是在倒计时下进行讨论。
We're always discussing against the clock.
另一个让你保持热情的方法是开展一个长期的阅读计划，我有一些想法。
Another thing to do to keep yourself excited is to have a dedicated long term reading project and I've got some ideas for this.
这个长期阅读计划会不同于你当前的阅读。
Now this long term reading project will be different from your current reading.
你会有一本书正在实时阅读中。
So you would have a book that you're reading in real time.
例如，我们在读书会里从一月到二月读完了《孤独鸽》。
For example, we read Lonesome Dove across the course of January and February at the book club.
但你的长期阅读项目会慢得多。
But your long term reading project will be much slower.
它会像一种经典诵读一样。
It'll be a sort of scriptural reading.
你会把重读融入其中，可能会出声朗读，也可能与他人分享，会交叉启发，追踪相关的旁支话题，你甚至可能一边听有声书一边阅读，但长期阅读项目的核心在于它的缓慢节奏。
You'll have your rereading baked in, might read aloud, you might share it with others, you'll cross pollinate, you'll follow-up related side avenues, you might listen to an audiobook and read simultaneously but the point of a long term reading project is the slow pace.
一个优秀的长期阅读项目提醒我们，读书不是为了仅仅宣称自己读过多少本书。
A great long term reading project is a reminder that we're not clocking books just to say we've read them.
我们拥抱这个过程。
We embrace the process.
我认为你应该每年选择一个长期阅读项目，与你更密集的专项阅读并行进行。
I think you should pick a long term reading project each and every year to run alongside your more intense dedicated reading.
这里有一些想法。
Here are some ideas.
选一年读托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》。
Have a year of war and peace by Tolstoy.
哦，这听起来真让人望而生畏。
Oh, how that sounds really daunting.
其实并没有那么难。
It's not.
你可以每天读一章，每章都很短，而全书的章节数几乎和一年的天数一样多。
You can read a chapter a day and the chapters are very short and there are almost the same amount of chapters as there are days in the year.
每天读一章托尔斯泰，胜过看医生；或者你也可以选一年读《源氏物语》。
A chapter a day of Tolstoy keeps the doctor away or you might have a year of Genji, Genji Monogatari.
你可以每天读三页，或者每天读一页《白鲸》。
You could read three pages per day or you could read Moby Dick a page per day.
那是一部宏伟的散文诗。
That's a grand prose poem.
囫囵吞枣地读《白鲸》，会让自己错失许多收获。
To inhale Moby Dick is to cheat yourself of a lot of the rewards.
就读一页，只读一页。
Just read a page, one page.
每个人都能读一页。
Everybody can read a page.
读一页《白鲸》，把它当作一首诗来品味。
One page of Moby Dick treat it like a poem.
这里还有一个长期阅读计划，能让你保持兴奋。
Here's another long term reading project to keep you excited.
读完莎士比亚的全部作品。
Read the complete works of Shakespeare.
我喜欢那些听起来荒谬的计划。
I love projects that sound ridiculous.
哦，你打算读完莎士比亚的全部作品。
Oh, you're gonna read the complete works of Shakespeare.
好的。
Okay.
你可以把它分解，让它变得非常可行。
You can break it down and you can make it very achievable.
你可以每个周末或每两个周末读一出戏。
You could read one play every weekend or every other weekend.
这并不令人望而生畏。
That's not too daunting.
你可以采用编年史的方式，就像我们在读书会做的那样。
You And might follow a chronological approach as we did at the Book Club.
我们在patreon.com/hardcoreliterature的后台提供了每一部莎士比亚戏剧的讲座，你也可以像我现在这样，采用第一对开本的方式，按体裁阅读。
We have lectures for every single Shakespeare play in the back catalog at patreon.com/hardcoreliterature or do what I'm doing right now which is the first folio approach and you read by genre.
我正在读《一报还一报》，因为目前我正在读喜剧部分。
I'm reading measure for measure because I'm on the comedies at the moment.
还有什么其他的长期阅读计划？
What's another long term reading project?
你可以用一年时间读完《圣经》，循序渐进地完成。
You could read the Bible in a year, work your way through.
在每次活动中，你会读完两章旧约、一章新约和一首诗篇。
In each session you'd work your way through two chapters from the Old Testament, a chapter from the new testament and a psalm.
你可以每天给自己安排五到十页普鲁斯特的作品，或者每天读十页中国古典名著《石头记》或《红楼梦》，也可以开启一场史诗般的荷马之旅。
You could have a few years of You could give yourself five to 10 pages of Proust per day or you could read 10 pages per day of the Chinese classic The Story of the Stone or Dream of the Red Chamber or you could go on an epic Homeric quest.
每周读一卷《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，一年内你就能读完这两部史诗。
Read one book of The Iliad and The Odyssey per week and you'll get through both of those epics in a year.
你可以长期稳定地阅读巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》或左拉《卢贡-马卡尔家族》系列的杰作，这里还有一个我最近刚完成的项目。
You might read steadily over the long term the great works from Balzac's Human Comedy or Zola's Rugon Macar cycle or here's another one that I've done recently.
在一年内按真实时间阅读塞缪尔·理查森的《克拉丽莎》。
Read Samuel Richardson's Clarissa in real time over the course of the year.
这是一部书信体小说，意味着你可以按信件实际发生的日期来阅读这些信件。
It's an epistolary narrative which means letters and you can actually read the letters on the day that they take place.
人们也用类似方式读过布拉姆·斯托克的《德古拉》。
People have done this with Dracula by Bram Stoker too.
关键在于理解，天堂是不完美的。
Essentially what is important is to understand that paradise is imperfect.
你希望未来有一年左右充满刺激，但同时也想留出一些空间给偶然的惊喜。
You want to have an exciting year or so in front of you but you also want to have some space for serendipity.
所以你希望对明年即将阅读的内容有一个大致的规划。
So you wanna have a general idea of what your reading's going to look like in the next year ahead.
你可能还想设定一些长期目标，比如三年目标。
You might want some longer term goals, three year goals for example.
你可能希望在前方安排一些令人兴奋的巨著，让你心想：你知道吗？
You might want some exciting big books on the horizon where you think, do you know what?
在接下来的十年里——虽然规划十年听起来很荒谬——你可能会想，十年后我希望读完X、Y和Z。
In the next ten years, which is a ludicrous time frame to plan anything, you might think in ten years I would like to have read x y and zed.
但归根结底，你希望享受其中，把这种传统当作一场盛大的盛宴。
But ultimately you wanna have fun and treat the tradition like a grand banquet.
埃斯库罗斯曾将他的故事和悲剧称为来自荷马盛宴的片断。
Aeschylus spoke of his stories, tragedies as being slices from the banquet of Homer.
把整个文学都当作一场盛宴，尽情享用吧。
Treat all of literature like a banquet and tuck in.
别担心你搞错了、没做到完美、漏读了一天，或者没完成当天的阅读目标。
Don't worry if you get it wrong or don't get it perfect or you miss a day or you don't hit your quota for the day.
只要继续下去就行。
Just keep going.
别小看每天一点点积累，在长期来看能带来的巨大成效。
And don't underestimate what you can do in bite sized chunks on the daily over the course of the long term.
细水长流、缓慢而稳定的做法，三年后会显得非常惊人。
Small and steady, slow and consistent will look really impressive over the course of three years.
三年内你能完成的事，远超三个月内能做到的。
You can do so much in three years that you couldn't do in three months.
我另一个让自己保持热情的做法是，每年都会投资一些珍本图书。
Another thing that I love to do to keep myself excited is each year I will invest in some rare books.
我喜欢收藏书籍，欣赏它们，这其中有双重价值：它们会升值，而我也从中获得享受和价值。
So book collecting and I'll appreciate them and there's a double value there because they appreciate in value but I appreciate them and I get value from them.
我购买珍本图书。
I buy rare books.
我最近买了一套十九世纪初沃尔特·斯科特爵士的全集。
I recently bought the complete works of Sir Walter Scott from the early nineteenth century.
我喜欢收藏狄更斯的初版书。
I like to collect first editions of Dickens.
我会读它们。
I read them.
别人可能会吓坏。
People might be horrified.
哦，你不该读它们，只该摆出来展示。
Oh, you shouldn't read them, just put them on display.
不，我会读它们，而且从中获益良多。
No, I read them and I get so much out of them.
最好的投资方式就是购买你喜爱的东西。
The best form of investment is buying the things that you enjoy.
因为那样的话，它们总会带来回报——你总能从中得到收获。
They will always pay off then because you're always gonna get something out of them.
但在孩子的教育方面，我非常推崇教育家夏洛特·梅森的教育理念，这套理念不仅适用于我们的孩子，也适用于我们自己。
But when it comes to children's education, I really like the philosophy of Charlotte Mason, the educator Charlotte Mason and it applies to us as well as our children too.
夏洛特·梅森的教学大纲简直令人惊叹，她把孩子视为完整的人，告诉我们必须培养整个人，而不仅仅是智力。
Charlotte Mason whose syllabuses are absolutely incredible, she would see the child as a person and would tell us that we must educate the whole being not just the mind.
正如她所说，教育是一种氛围、一种纪律、一种生活。
Education is an atmosphere as she said, a discipline, a life.
她非常推崇全人教育，主张让孩子亲近伟大的著作。
She was really big into holistic education so live the great books.
教育是一场持续的对话，你应该与周围的世界积极互动。
Education is an ongoing conversation and you should engage with the world around you.
她特别强调培养健康的习惯，并营造一个激发好奇心的家庭环境。
She put a real big emphasis on healthy habits and cultivating a home conducive to curiosity.
你该如何做到这一点呢？
How do you do that?
让你身边充满艺术。
Have art around you.
晚上播放优美的音乐。
Play good music in the evening.
放点爵士乐或古典音乐，或者你喜欢的任何音乐，也可以去花园里。
Put some jazz on or some classical music or whatever you like or go into the garden.
摘一些花，或者种一些花。
Pick some flowers or plant some flowers.
做饭的时候，一边做一边和孩子聊聊你在做什么、在煮什么、在种什么。
Be cooking things and talk to your children about what you're doing, what you're cooking, what you're planting as you do it.
让他们培养好奇心。
Let them grow their curiosity.
对我们自己来说也是如此。
And the same is true for us too.
让你的爱好相互交融。
Cross pollinate your loves.
艺术、音乐、电影。
Art, music, film.
让你的兴趣和热情多样化。
Let your interests and passions be manifold.
对每件事都培养出热情。
Develop a passion for everything.
你可以通过我当前热门的书架看出我最近的兴趣。
You can tell my recent passions by my current hot bookshelf.
我有一个总是被借走小册子的热门书架。
I have a hot bookshelf that is always getting its little volumes checked out.
我有关于第二次世界大战的历史书籍，这是一套在战争结束后不久编纂的精彩百科全书式收藏。
I have history books on the second world war, really great encyclopedic collection that was put together not too long after the war.
我对历史的热情无法被满足。
I've developed a passion for history that cannot be sated.
事实上，我也收藏了英国国王和女王的传记，因为传记就是历史，这是了解你国家法律的绝佳途径。
Indeed I've got biographies of the kings and queens of England too because biography is history and that's a really fascinating avenue into the law of your land.
我未来的一个视频项目将是把所有君主从最差到最好进行排名。
A future ranking video project of mine will be to reverse rank all of the monarchs from the worst to the best.
或者你看看我的书架，会发现我有圣经注释。
Or you might look to my shelf and you'll see that I have bible commentary.
所以我非常期待再次研读圣经。
So I'm really excited about working through the bible again.
我有鸟类的百科全书。
I have encyclopedias on birds.
我最近得到了一本关于英伦三岛鸟类的精美插图百科全书，我每天学习一种新鸟，然后把它们融入日常对话中。
I recently got this really great illustrated encyclopedias of birds from the British Isles and I try to learn about one new bird each day and then slip that into conversation.
我们家里到处都是黑胶唱片。
We have vinyl records lying about.
我们有瓦格纳的《尼伯龙根的指环》。
We've got the ring cycle from Wagner.
我们有歌剧方面的书籍，还有 Criterion 收藏版的 DVD，我每周看一部，并在日记中记录我的观后感。
We've got books on opera, we've got DVDs from the Criterion Collection, I try to watch one each week and I'll take some notes on my impressions in a journal.
当你在教导孩子时，要留意他们正在发展的兴趣，并加以培养。
And when you're teaching, be attentive to your child's developing interests and you are there to foster it.
老师是引导内在已存在之物的人。
The teacher is a guide for what's already inside.
柏拉图笔下的苏格拉底会说，伟大的老师就像一位助产士。
Plato's, Socrates would say that the great teacher is like a midwife.
在《神曲》中，维吉尔是但丁的向导，引领他完成那段唯有但丁自己才能走完、并最终成就自我的旅程。
Virgil in the Divina Comedia, he was the guide to Dante for the journey that only Dante himself could take and bring himself to.
选择正确的老师、正确的教练、正确的智囊，其中蕴含着许多智慧。
And there's a lot of wisdom in picking the right teacher, the right coach, the right consigliere.
你的维吉尔是谁？
Who is your Virgil?
我非常推崇主动学习。
And I'm big into active learning.
这并不是单向灌输，而是鼓励与启发。
It's not about dictating to another, it's about encouraging and inspiring.
我想起斯蒂芬·弗莱在《少走的路》开篇对一位他最敬爱的老师的致敬。
And I think of Stephen Fry's dedication to one of his favorite teachers at the opening of the Ode Less Travelled.
他说，平庸的老师只是讲述，好的老师加以解释，优秀的老师亲身示范，而伟大的老师则能激发人心。
He would say the mediocre teacher tells, the good teacher explains, the superior teacher demonstrates and the great teacher inspires.
归根结底，要教人，你必须不断学习。
And ultimately to teach you must always learn.
滚石乐队，是我最喜爱的乐队之一。
The Rolling Stones, one of my favorite bands.
他们首先是音乐爱好者，然后才是伟大的音乐家。
They're fans of music first before they're great musicians.
伟大的作家先阅读，先成为他人故事的粉丝，然后才写下自己的作品。
Great writers read and they're fans of the stories of others before they write their own.
伟大的电影人首先都是影迷。
Great filmmakers are film fans first.
所以，要教导他人，你必须学习，必须进行大量自我修炼，并始终保持开放的心态，愿意持续学习。
So to teach another, you must learn and you must do a lot of self work and be receptive to always learning.
夏洛特·梅森会提醒我们，我们在童年早期从父母那里继承了伴随一生的问题。
Charlotte Mason would warn us that we inherit the problems that we deal with our entire lives from our parents in early childhood.
所以，在孩子非常年幼的时候，你要特别小心如何养育他们。
So be really careful about how you raise your children when they're very very young.
你的所作所为很重要，因为你正在塑造整个人生，而马森会问我们：是什么理念在主宰你的生活？
What you do matters because you're shaping an entire life and Mason would ask us, what ideas rule your life?
因为这些理念会反映在你的孩子身上，他们就像镜子一样。
Because they'll manifest in your children, they're like mirrors.
但让我们回到伊塔洛·卡尔维诺，再谈谈什么是经典：他会说，一部经典著作，每次重读都像第一次阅读一样带来全新的发现感。
But returning to Italo Calvino and talking again about what a classic is, He would say that a classic is a book which with each rereading offers as much of a sense of discovery as the first reading.
这确实非常正确，我认为一部伟大著作的后续阅读甚至比第一次阅读更深刻。
Now this is so true and I actually think the subsequent readings of a great book are even more profound than the first reading.
第一次阅读只是最初的接触点。
The first reading is just the initial touch point.
重读如此重要的原因，不仅在于人生阅历，还因为你读过的其他所有书籍。
The reason why rereadings are so important it's not just because of lived experience but it's because of all the other books that you've been reading too.
这是一种相互作用。
There's an interplay.
这确实是一场伟大的对话，正如莫蒂默·阿德勒所说。
It really is a great conversation as Mortimer Adler would say.
试着在持续阅读西方传统奠基作品——《圣经》、莎士比亚和弥尔顿——之后重读《白鲸》。
Try rereading Moby Dick having also continuously read the foundational works of the western tradition, the bible, Shakespeare and Milton.
如果你几年前读过《白鲸》，而在这之后你读了《创世记》、《出埃及记》、《约伯记》、《传道书》和《约拿书》。
If you've read Moby Dick several years ago and between now and then, you've read Genesis, Exodus, the book of Job, Ecclesiastes and Jonah.
而且如果你还一直阅读莎士比亚的悲剧作品，比如《麦克白》和《李尔王》。
And if you've also been reading steadily the works of the tragic procession from Shakespeare, we're talking works like Macbeth and King Lear.
如果你还读过《失乐园》，那么当你再次回到《白鲸》时，你会发现它变成了一本全新的书，你会惊叹不已，意识到它与其他书籍之间存在着对话。
If you've also read Paradise Lost, then returning to Moby Dick you find a whole new book and you think, wow, and you see that it's a conversation with other books.
这是另一种你可以在多年间体验的有益的起伏变化。
Here's another rewarding ebb and flow that you can take over the years.
你先读荷马的《奥德赛》，然后读詹姆斯·乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》。
You read Homer's Odyssey, then you read James Joyce's Ulysses.
接着再读一遍荷马的《奥德赛》，然后再读一遍乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》，如此反复来回。
Then you read Homer's Odyssey, then you read Joyce's Ulysses again back and forth and back and forth.
当你第一次读塞万提斯的《堂吉诃德》时，你最初的欣赏层面可能是滑稽的层面。
When you first read Don Quixote by Cervantes, your first layer of appreciation might be on the farcical level.
我的幽默感真的很孩子气。
I have a real child sense of humor.
我觉得《堂吉诃德》里所有那些粪便笑话都特别好笑。
I find all the scatological stuff in Don Quixote hilarious.
我超爱滑稽剧。
I love farce.
在你第一次阅读时，你可能会欣赏这一点，也可能不会。
And your first reading, you might appreciate that, you might not.
但如果你在几年后重新读塞万提斯，而在第一次和第二次阅读之间，你已经读了不少皮卡雷斯克小说——正是塞万提斯所讽刺的那些小说。
But your second reading, just say you read Cervantes again several years later but between your first and second reading, you've now gone on and read a bunch of picaresque romances, the very romances that Cervantes was parodying.
你读了《阿梅迪斯·德·高拉》，读了《拉撒路·德·托尔梅斯》，然后突然又看到了一本全新的书。
You read Amedis de Gaulle, you read Lazarilla de Tormes, then you suddenly see a new book again.
假设你再次重读《堂吉诃德》，而在第二次和第三次阅读之间，你还读了很多塞万提斯之后涌现的大量仿作。
And let's say you read Don Quixote again, but between your second and third reading, you've also read many rioters who came in the wake of Cervantes.
比如你读过查尔斯·狄更斯的《匹克威克外传》或亚历山大·仲马的作品，然后再回头读塞万提斯。
You've read for example Charles Dickens' The Pickwick Papers or the works of Alexander Dumas and then you come back to Cervantes.
现在这变成了一场对话。
Well now it's a conversation.
现在才真正开动起来，人物鲜活起来，开始说话。
Now we're cooking and the characters come alive and speak.
堂吉诃德会与维克多·雨果的冉·阿让对话，冉·阿让又与匹克威克先生对话，而匹克威克先生则与陀思妥耶夫斯基《白痴》中的米什金公爵对话。
Don Quixote will speak with Victor Hugo's Jean Valjean, who speaks with mister Pickwick, who speaks with prince Myshkin from Dostoevsky's The Idiot.
这是伊塔洛·卡尔维诺对经典的另一种定义。
It is another definition of a classic from Italo Calvino.
他说，当你读一部经典作品时，即使这是你第一次读，也会有种似曾相识的感觉。
He says, when you read a classic work, you have the sense of having read it before even if it's your first time.
我们所有人都读过莎士比亚，即使我们其实没读过。
We've all read Shakespeare even if we haven't.
有个笑话和轶事是说，有个人第一次去看《哈姆雷特》，演出结束后，他的观剧同伴问他：你觉得怎么样？
There's that joke, that anecdote of someone going to see Hamlet for the first time and his companion to the theater asked him after the show, what did you make of it?
他说还不错，但充满了陈词滥调。
And he said it was okay but it was filled with cliches.
是的。
Yeah.
这些陈词滥调就是从这儿来的。
That's where the cliches came from.
爱默生会告诉我们，当我们接触伟大的文学时，会在他人作品中看到自己曾抛弃的思想，并不得不从他人那里重新接纳它们。
Emerson would tell us that when we come to great literature, we see our own rejected thoughts in another and we must take them from another.
它们以一种令人敬畏的陌生感重新回到我们身边。
They come back to us with a certain alienating majesty.
这就是关键，我们确实感觉好像以前读过托尔斯泰、契诃夫、奥斯汀和狄更斯，因为他们的作品反映了生活。
This is the thing, we do feel like we've read Tolstoy and Chekhov and Austen and Dickens before because they reflect life.
他们笔下的人物就像我们认识的人，情境就像我们经历过的，对话就像我们曾参与过的。
Their characters feel like people we know or circumstances we've been in or conversations we've had.
经典的另一个定义是：一部永远无法穷尽其对读者言说内容的作品。
Another definition of a classic is a work that never exhausts all it has to say to its readers.
A.C. 布拉德利在谈论莎士比亚的悲剧时，会提到他笔下人物的无穷魅力。
AC Bradley talking about the tragedies of Shakespeare would speak of his inexhaustible characters.
我们可以想到克莉奥佩特拉，她被描述为具有无限的多样性。
We might think of Cleopatra who is described as having infinite variety.
伟大文学的两个重要标志是它们显得必然如此。
Two great markers of great literature are that they feel inevitable.
当你读一首诗时，你会觉得它不可能用其他方式表达，而且它们是无穷无尽的。
So you read the poem and you cannot see it having been phrased any other way and they're inexhaustible.
这意味着你永远无法穷尽它们的内涵。
That means you can never come to the end of them.
莫蒂默·阿德勒会告诉我们，大多数书你读一遍就够了，再也不需要重读。
Mortimer Adler would tell us that most books you just read once and you will never need to read them again.
还有更多书籍，甚至根本不需要读上一遍。
Many more books than that you don't even need to read them once.
而如果你足够幸运，或许只有大约一百本左右的书，你永远无法读完它们。
And then there are a special 100 or so if you're lucky, maybe not even a 100 that you can never get to the end of.
所以，像法里亚神父的图书馆那样，建立属于你自己的藏书馆，正是这个图书馆塑造了爱德蒙·唐泰斯。
So forge your own library like the library of Abbe Faria, the library that formed Edmont Dantes.
我的个人藏书架上堆满了读书俱乐部的读物，特别是硬核文学读书俱乐部的书。
My personal library, my little shelf is stuffed with the Book Club reads, the Hardcore Literature Book Club reads.
这些书，天哪，书脊都裂开了，书页被折角，快散架了，上面布满笔记，页边的批注是我某个时刻灵魂的印记。
And these books, oh my goodness, their spines are cracked, the pages are dog eared, they're falling apart and they're covered with notes and the marginalia is an imprint of my soul at a certain moment in time.
因此，重读它们就像与过去的自己对话，你能看到自己的成长。
So returning to them is like dialoguing with my old self and you can see the growth.
现在，根据伊塔洛·卡尔维诺的说法，经典的另一个定义是：它承载着以往各种解读的光环。
Now another definition of a classic as Italo Calvino tells us is that it bears the aura of previous interpretations.
你无法忘记奥德赛的冒险所承载的种种意义。
You cannot forget all the things that the adventures of Odysseus have come to mean.
这确实如此。
This is so true.
你在阅读荷马的《奥德赛》时，所背负的不仅是荷马本人，还有埃斯库罗斯、维吉尔、但丁和弥尔顿的遗产。
You come to Homer's Odyssey in the wake not only of Homer but Aeschylus and Virgil and Dante and Milton.
确实，但丁将奥德修斯或尤利西斯打入了地狱，随后阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生勋爵写了一首关于但丁笔下尤利西斯的诗，而不是荷马笔下的奥德修斯——但这一切都支离破碎，且无论我们是否意识到，它们都存在于我们的脑海中。
Indeed Dante put Odysseus or Ulysses down in hell and then Alfred Lord Tennyson would write a poem about Dante's Ulysses, not Homer's Odysseus but all of this is fragmentary and all of it is in our minds whether we know it or not.
雪莱曾深刻地指出：魔鬼的一切都源于弥尔顿笔下的撒旦。
Percy by Shelley would say really profoundly, the devil owes everything to Milton's Satan.
这到底意味着什么？
What does that mean?
这意味着，当你第一次认真阅读《圣经》时，你期待看到的是弥尔顿笔下的撒旦，但你根本找不到那样的形象。
It means when you go to the bible, maybe you go for the first significant time, you're expecting to see a devil that is Milton's Satan but you don't find it.
你翻开《创世记》，看到的只是一个没有被称作撒旦的蛇，而这个魔鬼与《约伯记》中那位控告约伯的哈萨坦并不相同。
You go to Genesis and you see a devil that's not even qualified as Satan, it's just the serpent and that devil is different from the Hassatan, the accuser of Job in that book.
撒旦其实是上帝的右臂，而当你读到在旷野中试探基督的那个魔鬼时，你又会遇到一个完全不同的形象。
Satan is God's right hand man and then you get a different devil again when you come to the one who tempts Christ in the wilderness.
它们都被视为邪恶的化身，但每一个都与弥尔顿笔下的撒旦截然不同。
Now they're all meant to be an embodiment of evil but they're all different from Milton's Satan.
我们早已习惯了弥尔顿的撒旦，而他在《失乐园》中塑造的撒旦，实际上是莎士比亚笔下伊阿古的前浪漫主义重塑。
We've come to expect his Satan and his Satan from Paradise Lost is actually a pre Byronic repackaging of Shakespeare's Iago.
伊塔洛·卡尔维诺在谈到卡夫卡时有一个非常精彩的例子。
Italo Calvino has a really great example when it comes to Kafka.
我们在读书会中读过几篇卡夫卡的短篇小说，这些讲座的录音可以在往期回放中找到。
We have read several of the short stories of Kafka at the book club and those lectures are available in the back catalog.
卡尔维诺说，当他阅读卡夫卡时，他会不断判断‘卡夫卡式’这个形容词是否成立。
Calvino says that when he reads Kafka, he finds himself approving of or rejecting the legitimacy of the adjective Kafkaesque.
这确实如此。
That's so true.
我们试图弄清楚，这些故事是否真的具有‘卡夫卡式’的特征？
We're trying to see, are these stories really Kafkaesque?
反过来阅读，去发现卡夫卡前辈作品中的‘卡夫卡式’元素，这非常有趣。
And it's really interesting to read backwards and discover the Kafkaesque in his precursors.
我们看到卡夫卡的风格是从陀思妥耶夫斯基和狄更斯那里发展而来的。
We see Kafka developed out of Dostoevsky and Dickens.
正如卡尔维诺所说，这些人物都得到了重生。
As Calvino would say, all of these characters are reincarnated.
人物并没有那么多。
There aren't that many characters.
有很多类型，而故事就是人物。
There are a whole bunch of types and story is character.
乔叟告诉我们，我们是谁，最清晰地体现在我们为打发时光而讲述的故事中。
Chaucer tells us this, who we are speaks most loudly in the tales we tell to pass the time.
但当我们深入来看，究竟有多少种故事呢？
But how many stories are there really when we get down to it?
库尔特·冯内古特会说，只有两种故事：一个人掉进坑里然后爬出来，或者男孩遇见女孩。
Kurt Vonnegut would say there are two stories, man gets in a hole then gets out of it or boy meets girl.
斯坦贝克会说，只有一个故事：善与恶的对抗。
Steinbeck would say there's one story, good versus evil.
詹姆斯·乔伊斯会说，只有一个故事：堕落的故事。
James Joyce would say there's one story, the story of the fall.
卡尔维诺还告诉我们，亲自阅读文本至关重要，这是不可或缺的。
Calvino also tells us that it's very very important that we have a firsthand reading of the text that is indispensable.
任何讨论其他作品的书，都无法超越原作本身。
No book discussing another can say more than the original.
我的讲座非常非常长，但并不全面。
My lectures are very very long but they are not exhaustive.
它们之所以长，是因为我停不下来，但即使我滔滔不绝，也无法穷尽所有关于它们的论述。
They're long because I can't stop talking about them and yet even though I can't shut up, I cannot say everything there is to be said about them.
这是不可能的。
It's not possible.
但最终，最好的指南是你对作品本身细致入微的感受与反应。
But ultimately, the best guide is your attentive feeling response to the work itself.
艾兹拉·庞德在《阅读ABC》中说，如果你想了解艺术，就必须去美术馆，亲自观看那些画作。
Ezra Pound in the ABC of Reading would say that if you want to learn about art, you have to go to the art gallery and actually look at the paintings.
他会谈到阅读古典音乐的评论，并说那些他未曾聆听过的作品的评论对他而言毫无意义。
He would talk about reading reviews of music, classical music and he would say that the reviews of the works that he had not listened to meant absolutely nothing.
他只从那些自己亲身体验过的作品中获得真正的收获。
He only got something from the ones where he'd had a firsthand experience of the work.
卡尔维诺告诉我们，经典并不一定教给我们之前不知道的东西，而是让我们在其中发现自己的思想。
Calvino tells us that a classic does not necessarily teach us something that we did not know already but we find our own thoughts there.
你有多少次曾以为某个想法是自己独有的，结果却发现早在你出生前几百年甚至几千年，就已经有人说过同样的话了。
How many times have you had a thought that you believed to be original to yourself only to discover that many others had said it before you hundreds or thousands of years before you were even born.
我一度以为自己发现了笛卡尔的‘我思故我在’。
I feel like I came to the discovery of I think therefore I am by Rene Descartes.
我没有。
I did not.
我晚了一步。
I was beaten to it.
我以为自己发现了帕斯卡的赌注，后来读了他的《思想录》，才恍然：咦，这不就是我想过的吗？
I thought I came to the discovery of Pascal's Wager and then I read his Ponce and thought, hey, I thought that.
卡尔维诺还对经典说了什么？
What else does Calvino say about the classics?
他说，我们通过道听途说对这些作品了解得越多，真正阅读时反而会越感到惊讶。
He says that the more we think we know about these works through hearsay, the greater surprise we have when we actually read them.
他会说，是的，学校出于责任让我们接触经典，但只有通过热爱，我们才能认出属于自己的书。
And he would say, yes, school introduces us to classics out of duty, but it's through love that we come to recognize our own books.
他和许多伟大的作家一样，也敦促我们建立自己的个人经典书单。
And he like many great writers and myself would implore forming your own personal canon.
你读得越多，就越会发现，在艺术领域确实存在某种客观性。
The more you read, the more you discover that yes, there is something of the objective when it comes to art.
很多人不喜欢这一点。
A lot of people don't like that.
他们认为艺术完全是主观的。
They think it's purely subjective.
不，确实存在客观性。
No, there is objectivity.
但我们也并不喜欢那些标榜客观性的表格。
But no, we also don't like tables that mark out the objectivity.
想想《死亡诗社》开头的情景，他们撕掉了那篇声称‘你可以用这张图表衡量诗歌的感染力’的前言。
Think about the beginning of dead poet society where they tear out that preface that says you can chart a poem's poignancy on this graph.
是的，不是的。
Yeah, no.
读诗不应该是那样的。
Reading poetry shouldn't be like that.
但确实存在客观性，主观性也同样重要。
But there is objectivity but subjectivity is important too.
有些书你会认定为真正伟大的，而有些书则是属于你的书，我们希望这两者能有所交汇和重叠。
So there are those books that you will recognize as truly great and then there are those books that are your books And we hope that there's some confluence and some overlap.
但作为读者与其他读者在一起时，最令人兴奋的是，我们的评判标准都各不相同。
But the really exciting thing about being a reader among other readers is that our benchmarks are all different.
维多利亚时代伟大的诗人马修·阿诺德写过一篇著名的文章，谈到了他衡量伟大的标准。
Matthew Arnold, the great Victorian poet, he had a great essay in which he spoke about his touchstones for greatness.
建立你自己的标准。
Put together your own touchstones.
对我来说，是莎士比亚。
For me, it's Shakespeare.
对哈罗德·布鲁姆来说，是莎士比亚。
And for Harold Bloom, it's Shakespeare.
在《阅读的ABC》中，庞德说，你所能找到的一切都在荷马的作品里。
In the ABC of reading, Pound said everything that you could possibly find is in Homer.
印度读者会说，一切可以包含的内容都在《摩诃婆罗多》中，而伊塔洛·卡尔维诺则告诉我们，应该留意一部能让我们完全认同的作品。
Indian readers will say that everything that can be contained is in the Mahabharata and Italo Calvino would tell us that we should be on the lookout for a work that we come to a total identification with.
但这可能并不是最伟大的杰作。
And this might not be the greatest of great works.
他提到他的朋友和同事，对他而言，那本书就是《匹克威克外传》。
He would speak about his friend and colleague for whom his book was the Pickwick Papers.
我非常喜欢《匹克威克外传》。
I love the Pickwick Papers.
这是狄更斯最好的小说吗？
Is it the best Dickens novel?
不是。
No.
客观上不是。
Objectively not.
但它是我最喜欢的之一吗？
Is it one of my favorites though?
绝对是。
Absolutely.
绝对在争夺榜首位置。
Definitely vying for top spot.
你得留意，哪本书是你的书？
You So wanna be on the lookout for what book is your book?
注意你的思想和言谈多久会回到某部特定作品上。
Note how often your thoughts and speech return to specific works.
对我来说，一定是《哈姆雷特》，尽管很难选择。
For me it must be Hamlet, although it's very hard to choose.
我也多次回到《堂吉诃德》。
I've returned to Don Quixote a lot too.
伊塔洛·卡尔维诺也曾说过，你可能会有一位作者，你无法不与之争论。
Italo Calvino would also say that you can have an author as your author for whom you cannot help arguing with.
你爱他们，但又想和他们争论。
You love them but you wanna argue with them.
你知道我特别喜欢谁吗？
You know who I love dearly?
托尔斯泰。
Tolstoy.
你知道我在他的非虚构作品边角处和谁争论吗？
Do you know who I argue with in the margins of his non fiction?
托尔斯泰。
Tolstoy.
你要把这些书当作对话来使用。
You want to use these books as dialogues.
陀思妥耶夫斯基的小说。
Dostoevsky's novels.
它们是哲学对话。
They are philosophical dialogues.
与自己对话，同时也与我们对话。
Dialogues with himself but also with us.
它们看起来像一连串的独白，但他邀请我们与他展开讨论。
They look like a string of monologues but he's inviting us to discourse with him.
拥抱你的爱，也拥抱你的恨。
And embrace your loves and embrace your hates.
两者同样具有启发性。
Both alike will be instructive.
卡尔维诺最终敦促我们花时间阅读经典，因为经典将当下的喧嚣 relegated 到背景之中；文学拥有强大的力量，能帮助我们获得更广阔的视角，但他也敦促我们构建属于自己的理想经典书单。
Calvino ultimately implores us to spend time with the classics because the classics relegate the noise of the present to a background Literature has a great power to help us perspectivize, but he also implores us to put together our own ideal library of classics.
随着你阅读，你的书单也在扩展，而完美的图书馆、完美的个人书单，是由一半对你有意义的书籍组成的。
As you read your library expands and the perfect library, the perfect personal library consists of books half of which mean something to us.
想象一下你的大书架，上面一半的书你已经读过，甚至翻烂了，无比喜爱；另一半的书则尚未阅读，但这些书可能对你意义重大。
So imagine your big bookshelf, half of the books on there you've already read and you've read them to bits and you adore them and then another half of the books on the shelf are unread but these are books that could mean something to us.
那里有一些偶然的发现，而且一个博学之人藏书的特点确实是未读过的书比已读过的还要多。
There are some chance discoveries there and it's absolutely a truism that a well read man or woman's library has more books that they haven't read than those they have.
你可能对不同的作家及其作品略知一二，并把它们放在书架上，期待着未来去阅读。
You might know a little bit about different authors and their works and have them on the shelves to look forward to waiting.
当你拥有一个藏书库时，总有一些东西值得期待。
There's always something to look forward to when you have a library of books.
但最终，你寻找的是那些对你影响最深的书。
But ultimately you're looking for the ones that affect you the most.
现在我们来谈谈弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫，她也写过一篇关于阅读的精彩文章，名为《如何阅读一本书》。
Now let's talk about Virginia Woolf because she had a great essay on reading too called How Should One Read a Book.
伍尔夫是二十世纪最伟大的散文家和小说家之一。
Woolf was one of the great essayists and novelists of the twentieth century.
她赞美普通读者。
She celebrates the common reader.
但令人悲伤的是，我们看到她的阅读确实维系着她的生命，但这种维系终究无法持久。
Now very sadly, we see that her reading really was keeping her alive but could only do so for so long.
她一生都饱受严重抑郁的折磨，或许你知道，她最终不幸结束了自己的生命。
She suffered from intense depression throughout her life and you may know that she very sadly took her life.
在第二次世界大战期间，她的房子被炸毁，这一切实在难以承受，但她留下了大量源于内心深重痛苦的杰出文学作品。
During the time of the second world war, her house was blown apart and it was all too much to bear and she left us with some incredibly profound works of literature that came out of the depths of her pain.
伟大的文学往往源于痛苦的升华。
Great literature is so often great pain sublimated.
如果没有莎士比亚失去儿子所带来的痛苦，我们或许就不会有《哈姆雷特》。
We would not have Hamlet if it were not for the loss of Shakespeare's son and the pain that caused.
我最近在睡前开始阅读或重读欧内斯特·海明威的《永别了，武器》，他的作者前言深深震撼了我。
I recently before bed started reading or rereading A Farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway and his author preface really punched me in the gut.
他开篇写道，这本书是在法国巴黎、佛罗里达州基韦斯特、阿肯色州皮戈特、密苏里州堪萨斯城、怀俄明州谢里登写成的，初稿则在怀俄明州大角附近完成。
He opens and he says this book was written in Paris, France, Key West, Florida, Pigott, Arkansas, Kansas City, Missouri, Sheridan, Wyoming and the first draft of it was finished near Big Horn in Wyoming.
这本书始于1928年冬季的最初几个月，并于九月完成。
It was begun in the first winter months of 1928 and it was finished in September.
在我撰写初稿期间，我的第二个儿子帕特里克在堪萨斯城通过剖腹产出生，而在我修改稿件时，我的父亲在伊利诺伊州奥克帕克自杀了。
During the time I was writing the first draft, my second son Patrick was delivered in Kansas City by cesarean section and while I was rewriting my father killed himself in Oak Park, Illinois.
我完成这本书时还不到三十岁，而书出版的那天，股市崩盘了。
I was not quite 30 years old when I finished the book and the day it was published was the day the stock market crashed.
我总以为父亲可能会等到这一事件发生，但也许他那时也已经等不及了。
I always thought my father might have waited for this event but perhaps he was hurried then too.
我不太愿意做出评判，因为我非常爱我的父亲。
I do not like to make judgments since I loved my father very much.
我记得那一年发生的所有事情、我们住过的地方、度过的美好时光和艰难时刻，但更清晰地印在我脑海里的是，我活在书里，每天都在构思书中的情节。
I remember all of these things happening and the places we lived in and the fine times and the bad times we had in that year but much more vividly I remember living in the book and making up what happened in it every day.
创造这个国家、人物和发生的事情时，我比以往任何时候都更快乐。
Making the country and the people and the things that happened, I was happier than I had ever been.
每天我都从头开始读这本书，直到我继续写作的地方，每天我都在状态正好的时候停下，并且清楚接下来会发生什么。
Each day I read the book through from the beginning to the point where I went on writing and each day I stopped when I was still going good and when I knew what would happen next.
这本书是悲剧性的这一事实并没有让我感到悲伤，因为我相信人生就是一场悲剧，也知道它只有一种结局。
The fact the book was a tragic one does not make me unhappy since I believed that life was a tragedy and knew it could have only one end.
但当你发现能够创造出足够真实的东西，让你每天阅读和写作都感到快乐时，这种快乐是我前所未有的。
But finding you were able to make something up to create truly enough so that it made you happy to read it and to do this every day you worked was something that gave me a greater pleasure than I had ever known.
除此之外，其他一切都无足轻重。
Beside it, nothing else mattered.
现在听到他谈论失去父亲的事，我感到心如刀割。
Now this punches me in the gut hearing him talk of the loss of his father.
当然，你可能知道海明威是自杀身亡的。
Of course, you may know that Hemingway took his own life.
显然，他的写作帮助他度过了某些极其艰难的时刻。
Clearly his writing helped him through some really difficult times.
那些时刻在外界客观上正激烈上演。
Times that were objectively raging on in the world around him.
在他个人生活中，他的儿子经历了一场战争。
It was a world at war in his personal life, his son.
那是一次极其艰难的分娩，同时他还失去了父亲，但在这个虚构的世界里写作，却能指向真相——因为小说是一种说真话的谎言，这给了他一些陪伴。
It was a very very difficult delivery but also he lost his father and yet writing in this fabricated world that could point to truth because fiction is a lie that speaks to truth gave him some company.
正如居伊·德·莫泊桑所说，当我们独自一人时，我们用幽灵来填补孤独。
As Guido Mopassant would say, when we are alone in solitude, we people avoid with phantoms.
海明威从写作中获得的同样愉悦与喜悦，也正是我从阅读中获得的。
This same pleasure and joy that Hemingway gets out of writing is what I get from reading.
我发现阅读能滋养我们。
I find it sustains us.
现在，弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫会在她那篇伟大散文的开篇说，开始这篇散文最重要的建议是：别听任何建议。
Now Virginia Woolf would tell us at the beginning of her great essay the most important bit of advice to begin this essay is take no advice.
追随你自己的直觉与理性，得出你自己的结论。
Follow your own instincts and reason and come to your own conclusions.
既然已经说清楚了这一点，我们就可以切入主题了，她会鼓励读者自由地接纳那些对你有用的意见，但不必被那些不适用的建议所束缚。
Now that we've got that out of the way we can broach the topic and she would encourage her readers to be at liberty to essentially embrace the advice that works but not feel fettered by what doesn't.
养成阅读习惯，就像养成锻炼习惯一样。
Having a reading practice is like having a physical practice.
你可以学习营养学和训练方法，但最终在过程中，你是在了解自己的身体和目标，因此你会逐步将其调整为适合自己的方式。
You can learn about nutrition and training but ultimately along the way you're learning about your body and your aims and so you're gonna make it tailored to you along the way.
伍尔夫会告诉我们，自立是读者所能培养的最重要的品质。
Wolf would tell us that having a sense of self reliance was the most important trait a reader can cultivate.
我们正是在这样做，因为阅读小说就是拥抱主观性而非事实。
That's what we're doing because reading fiction is an embracing of subjectivity over facts.
她说，滑铁卢战役的确是在某一天发生的，但《哈姆雷特》比《李尔王》更优秀吗？
And she would say the battle of Waterloo was certainly fought on a certain day but is Hamlet a better play than Lear?
没人能说得清。
Nobody can say.
每个人必须自己回答这个问题。
Each must decide that question for himself.
这里有个小任务给你。
Here's a side quest for you.
观看或阅读这两部戏剧，年复一年，每年都要判断哪一部更优秀。
Watch both of those plays or read them year after year, and each and every year decide which is better.
对我来说，很长一段时间里我都认为是《李尔王》。
For me, it was Lear for the longest time.
那是最伟大的戏剧。
That was the greatest play.
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