发动机如何使汽车移动？

ABC，听着。

ABC listen.

你好。

Hello.

我叫Nidge。

My name is Nidge.

今天在《想象一下》这个节目里，我骑车去海边。

And today on Imagine This, I'm riding my bike to the beach.

就剩几个坡了。

Just a few more hills to go.

你这速度比车还快呢。

That is faster than can go.

Ledge，快点，不然我得买个冰淇淋才能撑到山顶。

Ledge, hurry up or I'll need an ice cream to get the rest of the way up.

车都比你快多了，Ledge。

The car's going way faster than you, Ledge.

哦，我知道。

Oh, I know.

这不公平。

It's not fair.

他们怎么就快这么多？

Why are they so much faster?

他们那边四个人开一辆车，咱们这边两个人骑自行车。

There are four of them a car and only two on a bike.

汽车有引擎，自行车可没有。

Cars have engines and bike stones.

人家动力足啊。

They have more power.

好多人都在问关于汽车的事。

A lot of you have been wondering about cars.

我是弗兰基，我想知道汽车是怎么工作的。

I'm Frankie, and I would like to know how the cars work.

我叫蒂莫西，今天来给大家讲讲汽车是怎么工作的。

My name's Timothy, and I'll take tonight how cars work.

嗨，内德。

Hi, Ned.

我叫列维，今年五岁，我想知道不同类型的车是怎么获得动力的。

My name is Levi, and I'm five years old, and I want to know how do different types of cars get their power.

我叫阿丽娅，我想知道发动机是怎么让车动起来的。

My name is Arija, and I want to know how do engines make cars move.

嗨。

Hi.

我叫康纳，六岁了。

My name's Connor, and I'm six years old.

我叫罗里，才三岁。

My name is Rory, and I'm three years old.

我想知道混合动力车是怎么工作的。

I wanna know how a hybrid car works.

我叫萨姆。

My name's Sam.

这是我的问题。

This is my question.

车子是怎么跑起来的？

How do vehicles go?

我觉得咱们得找专家问问。

I think we're gonna have to talk to an expert.

肖恩。

Shawn.

正想找你呢。

Just the man I wanted to talk to.

嘿，你是需要搭车还是叫救护车？

Hey, need do you need a lift or maybe an ambulance?

我没事。

I'm okay.

就得咬牙坚持，你懂的。

Just gotta feel the burn, you know.

好嘞。

Okay.

我在山顶等你。

I'll meet you at the top of the hill.

你差不多快到了，再加把劲。

Gonna need you almost there.

哇哦！

Woo hoo.

咱们能行的！

We can do this.

哦，走起！

Oh, let's go.

呼——

Phew.

终于到了。

Made it.

谢谢大家的支持。

Thanks for the support.

各位，这位是肖恩·库克教授。

Everyone, this is Professor Shawn Kook.

他在新南威尔士大学负责发动机研究实验室，对汽车特别了解。

He leads the Engine Research Lab at UNSW, and he knows a lot about cars.

没错。

That's right.

肖恩，我们想知道发动机是怎么让车跑起来的。

Shawn, we want to know how engines makes cars work.

还有为啥车比我的自行车快那么多。

And why they're so much faster than my bike.

这个我可太能帮上忙了。

I can definitely help you with that.

首先，我们来看看使用汽油或柴油的发动机。

First, let's take a look at engines that use petrol or diesel.

我感觉要开始脑补了。

I feel some imagining coming on.

打开引擎盖。

Pop the bonnet.

那我们现在在哪？

So where are we?

我们其实是在一个金属筒里。

It's we're inside a metal can.

差不多是吧。

We sort of are.

这叫气缸。

We call it a cylinder.

当然，这都是我们想象出来的。

We're just imagining here, of course.

现实中咱们可没法钻进汽车的气缸里。

In real life, we'd never fit inside a car cylinder.

气缸也就跟一罐番茄差不多大。

They are just the size of a tin of tomatoes.

里面是空的。

It's empty.

对。

Yeah.

这感觉大概就跟罐头里的芸豆一样吧。

This is what a baked bean must feel like.

我们站着的这个平台叫活塞。

And this platform we are standing on is called a piston.

这可是汽车发动机的心脏。

This is the beating heart of a car's engine.

活塞是干嘛用的？

What does a piston do?

活塞移动得特别快。

Pistons move very fast.

咱们放慢速度看看它是怎么工作的。

Let's take a look how things work in slow motion.

哇哦。

Woah.

东西开始动起来了。

Things are starting to move.

整个都在震动。

Everything is vibrating.

在气缸顶部有两个排气口。

At the top of the cylinder, there are two vents.

你看到上面那两个孔了吗？

Can you see the two openings up there?

是的。

Yeah.

两个小排气口。

Two small air vents.

其中一个口是让东西进来的。

One of the vents is for things to come in.

什么东西啊？

What kind of thing?

活塞正在往下走。

The piston's moving down.

活塞往下动，气缸里就腾出更多空间了。

By moving down, the piston makes more room inside the cylinder.

这就把空气和燃油吸进来了。

This sucks air and fuel inside.

是汽油吗？

Is that petrol?

别着急，听我说。

Hold your mind.

这味儿也太冲了吧。

That stinks.

对啊。

Yes.

好在咱们只是在想象。

Thankfully, we're just imagining.

你绝对不能靠汽油、柴油或者任何燃料这么近。

You should never get this close to petrol diesel or any kind of fuel.

太危险了，一碰就着。

It's dangerous and can catch on fire.

搞不好就‘砰’一下。

It could go kaboo.

这事儿马上就要发生了。

Which is exactly what's about to happen.

啥？

What?

现在？

Now?

当气缸里充满了空气和燃料后，顶部的排气口就会关闭，把所有东西都密封起来，然后活塞再往上移动。

Once the cylinder is full of air and fuel, the vents at the top close off, sealing everything in, and then the piston moves back up.

什么？

What?

没空间了啊。

There's no room.

对极了。

Exactly.

我们得把这点空间压得更紧，让压力不断累积。

We need to make this tight space even tighter so the pressure builds and builds.

那是什么引发爆炸的？

What makes it do the explosion?

该不会里面藏了TNT吧。

Maybe there's some TNT in there.

在柴油发动机里，单靠这个压力就足以引发一次小爆炸。

Inside the diesel engine, this pressure alone is enough to cause a small explosion.

但汽油的话，就得靠火花点火。

But with the petrol, you need a spark.

所有燃料周围都要有火花？

A spark around all

对啊。

this fuel?

是的。

Yep.

哇哦。

Woah.

爆炸的力量会把活塞狠狠地推回气缸底部。

But the explosion slams the piston back down to the bottom of the cylinder.

那

That

那声响可真够猛的。

was quite a bang.

这儿全是烟。

It's all smoky in here.

第二个排气口现在打开，把爆炸后的废气排出去。

The second vent opens now to let out the gases from the explosion.

燃料已经烧光了。

The fuel got used up.

现在只剩下了……

Now all that's left

一股子臭烘烘的尾气。

is stinky exhaust beams.

软件是从车后面冒出来的吗？

Is the software coming out of the back of the car?

等等。

Hang on.

活塞正在往上走。

The piston's coming back up.

没错。

That's right.

然后整个过程又来一遍。

And then the whole thing happens again.

活塞往下走，把燃油和空气吸进去

Piston moves down, pulling fuel and air inside

气缸里。

the cylinder.

接着活塞往上走，把东西压得紧紧的。

Then the piston moves up, squeezes everything together really tight.

然后砰的一声。

Then boom.

爆炸了。

The explosion.

活塞又猛地往下冲。

And the piston shoots back down again.

然后再升上来，把废气排出去。

Before coming back up to release the used gases out of the cylinder.

就这么一遍遍重复，驱动着车子前进。

This happens over and over again, powering the car.

多久一次？

How many times?

每分钟好几千次。

Thousands of times every minute.

天哪。

Woah.

这次数也太多了吧。

That's a lot of times.

想让引擎更强，可以多加几个气缸。

You can add more cylinders to increase the power of the engine.

很多车都有四个气缸排成一排。

A lot of cars have four cylinders lined up in a row.

有些车用的是V6发动机，就是六个气缸排成V字形。

Some cars have a V six engine, which means it has six cylinders in a V shape.

一些赛车甚至有八个或十二个气缸。

And some race cars have eight or even 12 cylinders.

车跑得快，是不是气缸就越多？

Do faster cars have more cylinders?

是的。

Yes.

但也不一定。

But not always.

F1赛车特别快，用的却是V6发动机，也就是说

Formula one cars are super fast, and they use v six engines, which means

六个气缸。

Six cylinders.

对。

Yes.

它上下运动。

It goes up and down.

一遍又一遍飞快地上下动，把废气顶出去。

Up and down again and again and again really fast, and it pushes the smoke out.

可是活塞上下动、气缸里燃油爆炸，怎么就能让车跑起来呢？

But how do the pistons going up and down and the fuel exploding in the cylinders make the car drive?

咱们出去看看吧。

Let's climb out of here and take a look.

活塞的底部连着一根连杆。

The flat base of the piston has a pole attached to it.

这叫连杆。

It is called a connecting rod.

它底下连着的那根长杆是什么？

What's that long bar it's connected to at the bottom?

这叫曲轴。

It's called a crankshaft.

咱们滑下去吧。

Let's slide down.

跳到曲轴上。

Jump onto the crankshaft.

别失去平衡。

Keep your balance.

我们现在是在转圈了？

We're going round in circles now?

对。

Yes.

这个

The

活塞上下运动，通过曲轴转化成了连续的旋转运动。

up and down movement of the piston gets turned into round and round movement in the crankshaft.

这就是让轮子转圈的原因。

This is what makes the wheel spin in circles.

哦，这首歌我知道。

Oh, I know that song.

八缸发动机的轮子转啊转。

The wheels on the eight cylinder piston engine go round and round.

就像摩天轮一样，上上下下的。

It's like a Ferris wheel because that goes up and down.

对啊。

Yeah.

然后围着圈儿转。

And riding a circle.

抓稳了。

Hang on.

我有点晕了。

I'm getting dizzy.

别晕车啊，米奇。

Don't get car sick, Mitch.

你是说 crankshaft 晕吗？

You mean crankshaft sick?

跟我来，去变速箱那儿。

Follow me to the transmission.

跳过飞轮。

Hop over the flywheel.

从传动轴上平衡过去，咱们到了。

Balance across the drive shaft and here we are.

这下好多了。

That's better.

咱们在这儿歇口气。

We can catch our breath in here.

咱们在哪儿啊？

Where are we?

这叫变速箱。

This is called the transmission box.

它把爆炸产生的动力平稳可控地传到车轮上。

It takes all the power from the explosions and sends it to the wheels in a smooth and controlled way.

你这话什么意思？

How do you mean?

那些爆炸其实是一下一下的能量冲击，但咱可不希望车子在路上蹦蹦跳跳地跑。

Those explosions are like short burst of energy, but we don't want our cars to bounce down the road in a thousand little hops.

对吧？

Do we?

对。

No.

车子砰砰砰砰地响。

The car go boom boom boom boom.

这是咋回事？

What's happening?

档位在换呢。

The gears are changing.

车在减速。

The car is slowing down.

这意味着变速箱传给车轮的动力变少了。

That means the transmission is moving less power to the wheels.

它通过换低档让车轮转得慢点，或者换高档让车跑得更快。

It does that by choosing a lower gear so the wheels of the car spin slower or a higher gear to go faster.

所以是齿轮带动车轮转，车就这么动起来的？

That turns the wheels and that's how the car goes?

我自行车上也有档位。

I have gears on my bike too.

作用是一样的。

And they do the same thing.

档位就是控制车轮转速的，不过汽车轮子能转得比你自行车快多了，毕竟发动机比你两条腿有力多了。

Gears control how fast the wheels spin, but car wheels can spin much faster than your bike because the engine is more powerful than your legs.

哦，没事的。

Oh, that's okay.

我还是特别喜欢我的自行车。

I still love my bike.

大概就是这样了。

And that's basically it.

发动机是怎么让车动起来的。

How engines make cars move.

它把那些爆炸产生的上下往复的能量，转化成旋转运动，让车轮转起来。

They turn the vertical up and down energy of those explosions into circular motion making the wheels turn.

哇。

Wow.

太棒了。

Cool.

真厉害。

That's amazing.

好了。

Alright.

该捏住鼻子了。

Time to hold your nose.

为什么啊？

How come?

啥原因？

Why?

我们是从车尾的排气管里出来的。

We are going out of the tailpipe at the back of the car.

哇，好恶心。

Ew, gross.

这玩意儿是什么？

What is this stuff?

车用完油之后，排气管就会排出一股臭烘烘的气体。

After a car uses up its fuel, a mix of stinky gases come out of the exhaust.

这可能只会对人和动物造成影响。

That can probably just affect people and animals.

太脏了，可能会让植物死掉，因为它们不能沾油。

It's very dirty, so it might make the plant die because they can't have oil.

对。

Yeah.

空气里太多这种东西，就会造成我们说的温室效应。

Too much in the air creates what we call the greenhouse effect.

让地球变暖，加剧气候变化。

It makes the planet warmer and contributes to climate change.

这可不好。

That's not good.

没错。

Yes.

这是个大问题。

It's a big problem.

所以我们正在研发新一代发动机，用的燃料比汽油或柴油干净多了。

That's why we are working on future engines that use fuels that are much cleaner than petrol or diesel.

那草莓呢？

What about strawberries?

那挺酷的。

That'd be cool.

蒂姆比特的刘海。

Timbite bangs.

那可就炸了。

That'd be explosive.

烟花。

Fireworks.

哦，那爆炸声得更大了。

Oh, that'd cause a bigger bang.

你说话都像科学家了。

You sound like scientists already.

真会有那么一天，出现真正干净的燃料吗？

Are there really gonna be clean fuels one day?

绿色氢气就是一个可能的清洁能源例子。

Green hydrogen is one example of a possible clean fuel.

我们甚至还能用垃圾做成的燃料。

We can even use fuels made from waste as well.

我们还有电动马达。

We also have electric motors.

等等。

Hang on.

我好像听到一辆电动车过来了。

I think I hear an electric car coming now.

我们现在是在一辆电动车里吗？

Are we inside an electric car now?

对。

Yes.

发动机那些东西都去哪儿了？

Where's all the engine stuff?

这儿简直空空如也。

It's basically empty in here.

烧油的汽车发动机底下有成千上万个零件在协同工作。

Car engine that uses fuel have thousands of parts all working together under the hood.

成千上万？

Thousands?

电动车就只有大概25个零件。

Electric cars only have about 25 parts.

哇哦。

Woah.

电动车不需要油泵。

Electric motors don't have the pump.

你只需要一个电池就够了。

You just need like a battery.

电能直接输入到车里。

It would have electric going in it.

这里没有爆炸，没有活塞，没有气缸，

In here, there's no explosions, explosions, no pistons, no cylinders,

也没有臭气进进出出。

and no stinky gases going in or coming out.

设计简单多了。

It's a much simpler design.

对环境更友好。

They're better for the environment.

因为没尾气。

Because they don't have fumes.

我们得给车充电。

We have to put electricity in the car.

那它是怎么工作的？

So how does it work?

电机是一个大磁铁，连着电池，能转起来。

The motor is made of a large spinning magnet connected to a battery.

所以是磁铁让车轮转的？

And magnets make the wheels spin?

对。

Yes.

车开得越快，电池就给磁铁输送越多电，电机就转得越快。

As the car speeds up, the battery sends more electricity to the magnet, making the motor spin faster.

那变速箱在哪？

Where are the gears?

就一个齿轮，全靠它干活。

There's only one gear doing all the work.

瞧，它在倒车。

Look, it's going backwards.

这是怎么回事？

What's happening?

聪明啊，车根本不是在倒车。

Clever, The car isn't going backwards.

车在减速，系统就把电流方向反过来，把车轮减速时剩下的电能送回电池。

The car is slowing down, so the system reverses the flow of electricity, sending the leftover power from the wheel back to the battery as it slows down.

哇塞。

Wow.

这真够巧妙的。

That's pretty clever.

到了晚上，你只要插上电充电就行，跟爸妈的手机一样。

And at night, you just plug them in to charge the battery, just like mom and dad's phone.

肖恩，混合动力车是什么？

Shawn, what are hybrid cars?

混合动力车既有汽油发动机，也有电动机，俩一起干活。

Hybrid cars have both a petrol engine and an electric motor working together.

低速时可以用电跑，一提速，汽油机就上来帮忙。

It can run on electricity at low speed, and when we go faster, the petrol engine kicks in to help out the motor.

就像团队合作一样。

Like teamwork.

比起只用汽油，这对地球好太多了。

That's much better for the planet than using a petrol alone.

你听到了吗？

Can you hear that?

我觉得我们到了

I think we're at

海边。

the beach.

谢谢你载我，Shawn。

Thanks for the ride, Shawn.

不客气。

No worries.

咱们去吃个冰淇淋吧。

Let's go get an ice cream.

我要来个岩石路冰淇淋。

Oh, I'm gonna get rocky road.

对。

Yes.

所以，蒂莫西、弗兰基、列维、阿丽娅、康纳和罗里，汽车发动机里，空气和燃油的混合气会被吸入一个小小的气缸。

So, Timothy, Frankie, Levi, Arija, Connor and Rory, inside a car engine, a mix of air and fuel are pulled into a small cylinder.

有四个、六个，甚至十二个气缸。

There are four, six, 12 cylinders.

然后活塞把混合气越压越紧，直到——

Then a piston squeezes the mixture tighter and tighter until

火花。

A spark.

爆炸了——

The explosion

把活塞往下推，接着再往上回位，重复这个循环。

pushes the piston back down before coming back up to start the cycle again.

每分钟好几千次。

Thousands of times every minute.

活塞上下运动通过曲轴转化成旋转运动，让车轮转起来，车子就动了。

This up and down movement of the piston is turned into round and round movement through the crankshafts, making the wheels spin and the car move.

发动机里这些爆炸会产生废气，从排气管排出去。

All these explosions in the engine create gases that come out the exhaust.

捏住鼻子。

Hold your nose.

这些废气会造成污染。

These gases can cause pollution.

对环境不好。

It's bad for the environment.

真难闻。

That stinks.

电动车是靠电池供电，让一个大磁铁转起来，从而带动车轮。

In electric cars, a battery sends electricity to a large spinning magnet and this makes the wheel spin.

电机就是一个磁铁。

The motor is a magnet.

混合动力车两种都用。

Hybrid cars use both.

就像团队合作一样。

Like teamwork.

科学家们正在努力研发新型燃料和发动机，让汽车更环保。

Scientists are working hard to make cars cleaner for the environment with different fuels and different engines.

变化可真快啊。

Things are changing fast.

未来我们会开什么样的车，谁说得准呢。

Who knows what or how we'll be driving in the future.

会飞的外星飞船。

Alien spaceships that can fly.

像新式的后空翻一样。

Like a new backflips.

这个

This

这是ABC儿童播客。

is an ABC Kids Podcast.

想听更多精彩故事？去ABC Listen应用的儿童专区，搜你最爱的播客，或者发现点新玩意儿吧。

For more awesome stories, search for your favorite podcast or find something new in the kids tab of the ABC listen app.