蛇和蜘蛛如何制造毒液？

ABC 听一听。

ABC Listen.

你好。

Hello.

我是尼吉。

I'm Nij.

今天在《想象一下》节目中，我们要聊聊那些让人毛骨悚然的、爬行的、滑行的和扭动的生物。

And today on Imagine This, we're talking about the creepy, the crawly, the slithery, and the wriggly.

蛇，

Snakes,

蜘蛛吗？

a spider?

不只是普通的蛇和蜘蛛，我们收到了很多关于毒蛇和毒蜘蛛的问题。

And not just any snakes and spiders, we've been getting questions about the venomous kind.

你好。

Hi.

我叫乔莉，我的问题是，蜘蛛和蛇是怎么制造毒液的？

My name is Chloe, and my question is, how do spiders and snakes make their venom?

它们有两颗牙齿。

They have two teeth.

谢谢。

Thanks.

对。

Yeah.

然后毒液从那里流出来，把人蜇了。

And then the venom comes out there and sting him.

哦，别找我。

Oh, not me.

它们嘴里有个东西，和唾液混合之后就变成了毒液。

They have this thing in their mouths, and when it mixes with their saliva, it turns into venom.

也许是吧。

Maybe.

我们也收到过这个问题。

We got this question too.

你好。

Hi.

我叫阿蒂。

My name's Arti.

我七岁了，我想知道为什么蓝瓶水母会蜇人？

I am seven years old, and my question is why do blue bottles sting?

会不会是因为那蓝色的东西？

Maybe it's the blue stuff?

是的。

Yeah.

那是一种毒，不过跟一般的毒不太一样。

It's like poison, but a bit different.

蛇、蜘蛛、蓝瓶水母。

Snakes, spiders, blue bottles.

还有其他有毒的动物吗？

Are there any other venomous animals?

奶酪火锅和蝎子。

Fondue and scorpions.

它们毒性可强了。

They're so venomous.

眼镜蛇。

A cobra.

蜘蛛蜂会捕食蜘蛛。

Spider wasps eat spiders.

我们应该去问问蒂莫西·杰克逊医生。

We should talk to doctor Timothy Jackson.

他是研究进化毒素的专家。

He's an evolutionary toxinologist.

也就是说，他对各种毒液都非常了解。

That means he knows a lot about all kinds of venom.

我好像听到点动静。

I could hear something.

是的。

Yeah.

我也听到了。

I can hear that too.

咱们别分开，一起走。

Let's stick together.

咱们现在在丛林里。

We're in the jungle.

其实是热带雨林。

It's the rainforest, actually.

嗨，蒂姆。

Hi, Tim.

你好。

Hello.

你好。

Hello.

你好。

Hello.

我们这是在哪儿？

Where are we?

这是位于昆士兰州远北部的丹翠雨林。

This is the Daintree Rainforest in Far North Queensland.

这里会有毒动物吗？

Are they poisonous animals here?

毒液是通过动物牙齿注入体内的毒素。

Venom is poison that can be injected injected through the animal's teeth.

没错。

Correct.

我们一般把吃了会让人生病的东西叫做有毒的。

We tend to call anything that makes you sick if you eat it poisonous.

但那些通过蜇刺或咬伤注入毒液的动物，我们叫它们有毒的。

But animals that inject their poison with a sting or a bite are called venomous.

那这里有没有有毒的动物？

So are there venomous animals here?

多得很。

Loads.

蛇、蜘蛛、蚂蚁、蜜蜂都有。

Snakes, spiders, ants, bees.

就连鸭嘴兽也是有毒的动物。

Even the platypus is a venomous animal.

不过只有雄性的才有。

Only the male ones, though.

什么？

What?

咱们赶紧离开这儿吧。

Let's get out of here.

别担心。

Don't worry.

只要你不惹它们，它们不会主动攻击的。

They won't attack unless you annoy them.

那要是我本来就挺招人烦呢？

What if I'm just annoying?

我们安全的。

We're safe.

大多数动物都很怕人，只希望没人打扰。

Most animals are very afraid of humans and just want to be left alone.

我们也想了解一下蜘蛛、蛇和蓝瓶水母。

We wanna learn about spiders and snakes and blue bottles too.

你能帮帮我们吗？

Can you help us?

这些动物差别挺大的，但它们的毒液有不少相似之处。

Those are all very different animals, but their venom does have a lot of similarities.

我们只需要发挥想象力就能顺利应对了。

We'll just need to use our imaginations to help us get around.

我们能做到。

We can do

没问题。

that.

没问题。

No problem.

好的。

Alright.

第一站，小小毒素之旅：蜘蛛。

First stop on the tiny tour of toxins, spiders.

哦。

Oh,

我觉得我们变小了。

I think we've shrunk.

这黏糊糊的是什么？

And what's this sticky stuff?

我的脚动不了了。

Can't move my feet.

天哪。

Oh, no.

我的手现在也被粘住了。

My hands are stuck now too.

这是蜘蛛网。

It's a spider web.

没错。

Yeah.

我不是说了吗，这是毒素微缩之旅。

I said it was the Tiny Tour of Toxins.

这是近距离观察毒液发挥作用的好方法。

It's one way to get up close and see venom in action.

我不想离得这么近看这个。

I don't wanna see it this close.

别担心。

Don't worry.

我们只是在想象而已。

We're just imagining.

蜘蛛是现存最古老的毒液动物之一，也是最常见的之一。

Spiders are one of the oldest venomous animals that exist and one of the most common.

事实上，几乎所有的蜘蛛都有毒液，但只有少数几种能对人类造成伤害。

In fact, almost all spiders have enemas, but only a few species can hurt humans.

真的吗？

Really?

那这个呢？

What about that one?

那是一只蜘蛛。

It's a spider.

它有八条又细又长的腿，身体是灰灰色的。

It's got eight long, skinny legs and small grey body.

等等。

And hang on.

看起来像长腿蜘蛛。

Looks like a daddy long legs.

其实它看起来大，是因为我们太小了。

It seems bigger because we are so small.

这不过是常见的 cellar 蜘蛛，平时就躲在卫生纸后面，虽然有毒，但没什么危险。

But this is your average old cellar spider that hangs out behind the toilet paper, and it's a venomous spider.

快点。

Quick.

我们怎么才能脱身？

How do we get unstuck?

我可不想当蜘蛛的点心。

I don't wanna be a spider snack.

别担心。

Don't worry.

它们的毒液对人没什么大影响。

Their venom doesn't do much to people.

但对昆虫就不一样了。

Bugs, on the other hand.

哎，你看。

Oh, look.

一只苍蝇飞过来了。

Here comes a fly.

很多蜘蛛会用网来捕食。

Many spiders use webs to catch their meals.

昆虫撞进网里就被粘住了，然后蜘蛛就扑上去咬住它。

The insects fly into their web and get stuck, then they bite onto the bug.

蜘蛛会用丝把猎物整个裹起来。

The spider will wrap it around with, webs.

它们会把猎物裹得像木乃伊一样。

They wrap them up like a mummy.

然后就把虫子吃掉。

And then they eat the bug.

是的。

Yeah.

它们会咬住猎物——这次是一只苍蝇，用毒牙把毒液注入体内。

They'll bite their prey, in this case, a fly, and inject it with venom from their fangs.

对不起啊，苍蝇。

Sorry, fly.

蜘蛛的毒牙是中空的。

Spider's fangs are hollow.

毒牙尖端有细小的孔洞，毒液就是从那里喷出来的。

They have tiny holes in the ends of them where the venom comes out.

毒牙连着毒腺。

The fangs are connected to venom glands.

那就是它们产生毒液的部位。

That's the part of their body that makes the venom.

既然蜘蛛已经用网抓住了苍蝇，为什么还需要毒液呢？

Why do they need venom if they already caught the fly in their web?

毒液能确保苍蝇不会乱动，把网弄破。

Venom helps make sure the fly doesn't thrush around too much and break the web.

毒液还能当消化液用，帮助分解食物。

Venom is also a digestive juice to help break down their food.

蜘蛛没有像我们这样的牙齿来咀嚼。

Spiders don't have teeth like us for chewing.

所以它们不是在吃苍蝇。

So it's not eating the fly.

它们是在喝苍蝇的体液。

It's drinking it.

这太恶心了。

It's disgusting.

这就像一杯昆虫奶昔。

It's a bug milkshake.

味道还不错。

It tastes good.

蜘蛛进化出毒液，既是为了自卫，也是为了捕猎和消化食物。

Spiders have evolved venom to defend themselves against predators and also to help them catch and eat prey.

捕食者就是那些试图吃掉其他动物的生物，它们猎杀的对象就是食物。

A animal that is trying to eat another animal and prey it's food that it's trying to hunt.

对。

Yeah.

捕食者会猎杀猎物，比如狮子捕斑马，野狗捕兔子。

Predators hunt prey, like a lion hunts a zebra or a dingo hunts a rabbit.

没错。

That's right.

蜘蛛遍布全球，不同种类的蜘蛛捕食的猎物也不一样。

Spiders are found all over the world, and they all have different prey.

所以每种毒液的配方都是独一无二的。

So each venom recipe is unique.

为什么呢？

Why?

生活在沙漠里吃小蜥蜴的蜘蛛，需要的毒液和在你厨房里吃蚂蚁的蜘蛛完全不同。

A spider that eats little lizards in the desert will need totally different venom from the spider that eats ants in your kitchen.

那是不是说蜘蛛进化出毒液是为了伤害人类？

Does that mean spiders have evolved venom to hurt people?

更可能的是，这纯属意外，因为人类从来不在蜘蛛的菜单上，而且我们大概也从来不是它们的主要天敌。

It's more likely that it's an accident because humans have never been on the menu for spiders, and we've probably never been big predators of them either.

除非妈妈把吸尘器拿出来了。

Except when mom gets the vacuum out.

其实我喜欢家里留几只蜘蛛，它们能帮着控制蚊子的数量。

Oh, I actually like having a few spiders around because they help keep the mozzie numbers down.

它们会把苍蝇赶跑。

They get fly away from you.

是的

Yeah.

没错

That's true.

谢谢，小蜘蛛

Thanks, Spidey.

全世界近五万种蜘蛛中，只有极少数的毒液会对人造成伤害

Out of almost 50,000 types of spiders in the world, only a small number make venom that hurts people.

这么少的数量倒是让我安心了

That's hardly any that makes me calm down.

接下来，我们去看看毒素之旅的下一站——蛇

Next stop on our tiny tour of toxins, snakes.

我们

We're

在野外，而且还是小不点

in the bush, and we're still small.

世界各地的蛇都演化出了毒液。

Venom has evolved in snakes all over the world.

可能是在它们的屁股或者脑袋里生成了这种绿色、黏糊糊、让人恶心的毒液。

There might be a thing in their butt or in their head and makes all this green, icky, yucky venom.

其实不是。

Not

没错。

quite.

毒液是在它们体内合成的，用的成分很多动物甚至人类体内也有。

It's made inside their bodies from things that many animals have inside them too, even humans.

我们体内也有毒液？

We have venom in us?

嗯，算是吧。

Well, kinda.

这事儿说起来挺复杂的。

It's complicated.

我们身体里确实有制造毒液的一些基本成分。

We do have some of the basic ingredients to make venom.

真的吗？

Wow.

太棒了。

Cool.

这些成分在体内还有别的用途，比如帮助消化食物的酶，或者细胞在你感冒时用来对抗病毒的东西。

They're important for other jobs, like the enzymes in our tummies that digest food or things made by cells that help us fight a cold if we get sick.

对蛇来说，这些成分找到了一种方式，混合在一起变成了毒液。

In snakes, those things have found a way to mix together to make Venom.

没错。

Yep.

人类有唾液腺，能分泌大量唾液来帮助进食、清洁和保护牙齿，而蛇的毒腺就是类似的结构。

Where you have saliva glands that make lots of spit to help you eat food and keep your teeth clean and strong, snakes have venom glands.

蛇毒本质上就是一种特别强效的唾液。

Snake venom is basically an extra powerful kind of saliva.

蛇的唾液有毒？

Snakes have toxic spit?

是的。

Yep.

经过数百万年的进化，就像蜘蛛一样，蛇也演化出了不同的毒液配方来捕食猎物。

Over millions of years of evolution, just like in spiders, snakes have created different venom recipes catch their dinner.

毒液会从它们的牙齿喷出来，牙齿里就像有细小的管道，能把毒液直接射出去。

And it squirts out their teeth, and it's like little pipes going to the teeth, and then they can spit it out.

确实可以。

It can.

有些蛇的毒牙是中空的，像蜘蛛那样，毒液能被压进去；也有些蛇嘴里有小孔，毒液会慢慢流到牙尖上。

Some snakes have fangs that are hollow, like spiders, where venom is pushed through them, or they may have little openings in their mouths where the venom dribbles out onto their fangs.

哎。

Hey.

那是个洞穴吗？

Is that a cave?

我想进去看看。

I wanna go check it out.

我可不敢进去。

I wouldn't go in there.

里面黑漆漆的。

It's all dark.

有人吗？

Hello?

有人吗？

Hello?

人都去哪儿了？

Where is everyone?

我找到他了。

I found him.

蒂姆，你身上真够粗糙的。

Tim, you're very scaly.

你声音听起来不太一样。

You sound different.

你一直都有尾巴吗？

Have you always had a tail?

那是条蛇。

It's a snake.

蓝舌蜥蜴就是这样的。

That's what blue tongue is it.

它们没毒，对吧？

They're not venomous, are they?

没有。

No.

但这条蛇是

But that snake is

一条眼镜蛇。

A cobra.

不是。

No.

它不是。

It's not.

它是一条红黑蛇。

It's a red black snake.

红腹黑蛇？

A red bellied black snake?

幸好我们只是在想象。

I'm glad we're just imagining this.

是的。

Yes.

如果你在现实中看到蛇，应该慢慢走开，然后告诉大人。

If you ever see a snake in real life, you should move away slowly and tell a grown up.

什么？

What?

红肚子的蛇刚才想咬蓝舌头。

The red belly just tried to bite the blue tongue.

猜猜它们平时吃什么？

Take a guess at what they like to eat.

哦，天哪。

Oh, no.

可别是蓝舌蜥蜴啊。

Not blue tongue lizards.

对啊。

Mhmm.

快跑，莉齐。

Run away, Lizzy.

别急着小看莉齐。

Don't count little Lizzy out just yet.

还记得我之前说过的捕食者和猎物之间的关系吗？

Remember that relationship between predator and prey I was talking about?

是的

Yeah.

捕食者是如何进化得更擅长捕猎猎物的。

How predators evolved to get better at hunting their prey.

蛇一直都在不断优化它们的毒液配方，而像莉齐这样的猎物动物，也进化出了惊人的解毒能力。

Well, all that time that snakes have been making their best venom recipes, some prey animals, like Lizzie here, have been evolving amazing antidotes.

解毒剂是什么？

What's an antidote?

如果你把毒液比作一把剑，那解毒剂就像一面盾牌。

If you think a venom has a sword, an antidote is like a shield.

它们的血液里有一种特殊成分，能中和毒液，不让毒液伤害到它们。

They have this special thing in their blood so it doesn't hurt them when the venom comes on.

没错

Yep.

它们的血液里进化出了一种特别的物质，能有效减缓毒液的作用。

They've evolved something very special in their blood that slows the venom down.

它们甚至还有真正的盾牌——鳞片里的骨质结构叫骨板，能挡住蛇牙。

They even have actual shields, bones in their scales called osteoderms to stop fangs.

太厉害了。

Wow.

给蓝舌蜥蜴点赞。

Go blue tongues.

但我们还是应该给这条蛇留点空间。

But we should still give this snake her space.

红腹蛇不一定非得靠毒液捕食，它们其实吃各种小型动物。

A red belly doesn't always need its venom to catch a meal, and red bellies do eat all kinds of small animals.

现在，我们就是那些小型动物。

Right now, we're small animals.

我们怎么就觉得自己是小点心了？

How did we imagine ourselves bite sized?

毒素微世界之旅的最后一站。

Last stop on the Tiny Tour of Toxins.

我们在海里。

We're in the ocean.

让我们想象自己被困在一个大泡泡里，这样就能更清楚地看看海底那些奇妙的生物。

Let's imagine we're in a big bubble, so we can get a closer look at some of the amazing life under the sea.

到处都是鱼。

There are fish everywhere.

颜色真多啊。

So many colors.

海葵？

Anemones?

它住在水母的毒刺丛里。

That lives in the vorterella's poison nest.

是的。

Yeah.

它们会蜇人。

They can sting.

就像蛇和蜘蛛一样，海洋生物的毒液也是为了捕食和自卫而进化出来的。

Just like with snakes and spiders, venom has evolved in sea animals as a way to help them catch food and to keep them safe from predators.

小心点。

Look out.

前面有蓝瓶水母。

Blue bottles ahead.

是的。

Yeah.

蓝瓶水母。

Blue bottles.

它们也叫葡萄牙战舰水母。

They can also be called a Portuguese man o' war.

快点。

Quick.

咱们把气泡移开吧。

Let's move that bubble away.

别担心。

Don't worry.

我们在泡泡里很安全。

We're safe in our bubble.

而且，蓝瓶水母其实不会游泳。

Plus, blue bottles can't really swim.

它们是漂着的，但触手特别长。

They float, but they have such long tentacles.

确实很长，不过它们没法用触手来控制方向或游动。

They sure do, but they can't use their tentacles to steer or swim.

所以只要你看到一个，只要躲开就行，它们追不上你。

So if you see one, you can move away, and they can't chase you.

哦，这下放心了。

Oh, that's a relief.

它们长得还挺好看的。

They are pretty cool looking.

那一块是充气的，下面那根才是触手。

That bit's full of air, and that's the tentacle.

在末端有个小小的有毒部位。

And at the end, there's a little venomous part.

对。

Yes.

蓝瓶水母的触手上布满微小细胞，一碰到就会注入毒液。

Blue bottle tentacles are covered in tiny cells that inject venom when you touch them.

像蜘蛛的毒牙吗？

Like a spider's fangs?

差不多吧。

Sort of.

不过它们会从细胞里射出一根细小的刺，扎进皮肤里。

But they actually shoot a tiny hop out from the cell that gets stuck in the skin.

一旦刺打开，毒液就会释放出来。

When it opens, the venom releases out.

它们为什么用毒刺攻击我们？

Why do they shoot us with their stinging arrows?

蓝瓶水母没有手臂去抓鱼，也没有牙齿来咀嚼它们。

Blue bottles don't have arms to hang on to the fish they want to eat or teeth to chew them for that matter.

所以当鱼游进触手里，那些小刺就会全部射出来，把鱼粘住，毒液再让它们没法游走。

So when a fish swims into the tentacles and all the little arrows shoot out, the fish get stuck and then the venom stops them from swimming away.

我看到过，它还蜇了我妈妈。

I I saw it, and I and it stinged my mommy.

哦，是吗。

Oh, yeah.

我在湖里被蜇过一次。

I've been stung before on the lake.

疼得要命。

It really hurt.

她后来去了医院。

She went through the doctor.

他弄了镊子，还烧了热水。

He made tweezers, and he made hot water.

现在她好多了。

Now she's better.

是的。

Yeah.

真的挺疼的。

It can really hurt.

喂。

Hey.

但我们被蓝瓶水母蜇到都是意外。

But we only get accidentally stung by blue bottles.

它们并不是故意要蜇我们的。

So they don't mean to sting us.

它们自己也控制不了。

They just can't control it.

只要一碰到东西，就会触发。

It happens when they touch anything.

没错。

That's right.

我觉得这差不多把‘毒素小巡游’讲完了。

I think that about concludes the Tiny Tour of Toxins.

咱们让这个气泡浮上水面，恢复原状吧。

Let's take this bubble to the surface and get back to our full size.

真没想到。

Wow.

原来世界上有这么多毒液，我之前根本不知道。

There's a lot more venom out there than I realized.

连蚊子都有毒液。

Even mosquitoes are venomous.

只不过它们的毒液能让血液更容易被吸走，吸完之后还会让人发痒。

It's just that their venom makes our blood easier for them to drink, and afterwards, it makes us a bit itchy.

我都不知道它们还有毒液。

I didn't know that they had venom.

真幸运，它们老是咬我。

That's lucky because they bite me all the time.

要是真疼的话，我肯定受不了。

If it hurt, I would be really sad.

是的。

Yeah.

我经常被蚊子咬。

I get a lot of mosquito bites.

除了这些烦人的蚊子，水蛭、蜱虫这些有毒动物其实并不想伤害我们。

Apart from those pesky mozzies, leeches, ticks, venomous animals really don't want to hurt us.

给它们留点空间就行。

Just give them space.

是因为它们害怕吗？

Because they're scared?

或者你只是不小心撞上了它，就像一个飘来飘去的蓝色瓶子。

Or they just bumped into you like a bobbing blue bottle.

对。

Yep.

如果你被什么东西蜇了或咬了，一定要马上告诉大人。

If you ever get stung or bitten by something, it is very important to tell a grown up straight away.

这样他们才能帮你，给你拿药。

So they can help you and get medicine.

就是这样。

That's it.

非常感谢你，蒂姆。

Thanks so much, Tim.

不客气。

No worries.

谢谢大家。

Thanks, everyone.

我不禁想，有朝一日我们会不会进化出带毒的唾液。

I wonder if we could evolve venomous spit one day.

听起来挺有挑战性的。

Sounds challenging.

所以，克洛伊和阿尔蒂，毒液在动物界其实广泛存在。

So Chloe and Arty, venom is made right across the animal kingdom.

比如蛇、蜘蛛、鸭嘴兽，还有蚊子。

In snakes, spiders, platypuses, mosquitoes.

用来捕食和保护自己。

As a way to catch food and stay safe.

离我远点。

Give me some space.

毒液的成分其实也存在于一些无毒动物体内。

Venom is made from a mix of things found in nonvenomous animals too.

就像我们胃里的胃酸。

Like the acid in our tummies.

唾液。

The saliva.

在某些动物身上，经过数百万年的进化，这些原本无害的成分逐渐混合在一起，形成了

In some animals, over millions of years of evolution, these harmless ingredients have mixed together to make

巴努。

Banu.

猎物也在与捕食者共同进化。

Prey animals have also been evolving alongside their predators.

这日子没法过啊。

Like, we can't live this.

为了抵御毒液，发展出特殊的防御机制。

To have special defenses against the venom.

这能保护麦克风的防喷罩。

That protects the mic shield.

有些毒液会对人造成伤害，甚至让人病得很重。

Some venom can hurt people or make us pretty sick.

所以如果你被什么东西咬了或蜇了，一定要马上告诉大人。

So if you're ever bitten or stung by something, you should tell a grown up straight away.

去看过医生，或者拨打000。

Go to the doctor or call 000.

我们很幸运，能和这么多可爱的动物共享这个星球，它们只是想爬行、奔跑，或者慢悠悠地过日子。

We're lucky to share this planet with so many amazing animals who just wanna slither, scurry, or blob about their days.

除非我们自己进化出特殊的防御能力，

So unless we evolve our very own special defenses

有毒的唾液。

Toxic spit.

我们最好保持安全距离，给它们留点空间。

We can admire them from a safe distance and give them space.

多留点空间。

A lot of space.