食物是如何变成粪便的？

ABC收听。

ABC listen.

你好。

Hello.

我是Nij，我建议你等一分钟再进去。

Nij here, and I'd give it a minute before you go in there.

呼，真臭。

Phew, that stinks.

嘿，别这样，别拿厕所开玩笑。

Hey, come on, don't toilet shame me.

我午餐吃多了。

I had a big lunch.

现在感觉好多了。

Now I'm feeling way better.

你的午餐怎么变成屁了？

How did your lunch become farts?

这确实是很多人都在好奇的问题。

That's actually what a lot of you have been wondering.

嗨，我叫布丽迪。

Hi, my name is Bridie.

我五岁了，我想知道食物是怎么变成便便的。

I'm five years old, and I want to learn about how food turns into poo.

我叫山姆，今年五岁。

My name's Sam, and I'm five years old.

我想知道便便是怎么形成的。

I want to know how is poo made.

嗨，我是内森，今年八岁。

Hi, I'm Nathan, and I'm eight years old.

嗨，我是拉克兰，今年五岁。

Hi, I'm Lachlan, and I'm five years old.

我们想知道我们为什么会拉便便。

And we would like to know why we poo.

这里还有一条来自奥利的提问。

There was also this one from Ollie.

你好，想象一下节目。

Hello, Imagine This.

我是奥利，我五岁半了，我想知道为什么肚子会咕咕叫？

I'm Ollie, and I'm five and a half, and I want to know why do tummies grumble?

嗯，这个问题问得好。

Hmm, that's a good one.

我们的肚子会制造便便吗？

Do our tummies make poo?

我觉得我们整个身体都在制造便便。

Our whole body, I think, makes poo.

它进入我们的肠道和血液，然后我们就可以把它拉出来。

It goes into our intestines and into our blood streams, and then we can poop it out.

我们应该和乔治娜·威廉姆斯医生聊聊。

We should chat to Dr Georgina Williams.

她是一位研究营养师。

She's a research dietician.

她对食物科学以及食物如何帮助我们保持健康了如指掌。

She knows all about the science of food and how it can help us be healthy.

我们去问问她吧。

Let's go ask her.

我们现在在自助餐厅。

We're at an all-you-can-eat buffet.

哦，真好吃。

Oh, yum.

我要拿寿司碗。

I'm gonna get the sushi bowl.

我要拿鸡排。

I'm gonna get the chicken schnitzel.

我要拿披萨和一些蛋糕。

I'm getting pizza and some cake.

我要吃冰淇淋。

I'm gonna have ice cream.

那也是我的最爱。

That's my favorite, too.

啊，威廉姆斯医生，我们正想找你呢。

Ah, Dr Williams, just the person we wanted to talk to.

你好，乔治娜医生。

Hi, Dr Georgina.

你好，乔治娜医生。

Hi, Dr Georgina.

你好。

Hello.

我们想了解关于便便的事。

We want to know about poo.

是吗？

You do?

这些食物都会变成便便吗？

Is all this food gonna turn into poo?

嘿，别这样。

Hey, come on.

我们还在餐厅里呢，记得吗？

We are in a restaurant, remember.

咱们小声点说那个词。

Let's keep it down on the oo-pay ock-day.

哪个词？

What's oo-pay?

我可喜欢聊便便了。

I love talking about poo.

食物变成便便的过程，我们叫它消化。

When food turns into poo, we call it digestion.

在变成便便之前，还有很多步骤要走呢。

A lot has to happen before all this will turn into poo.

要不我们跟着食物走一趟，用想象力来体验一下？

How about we follow the journey with our imaginations?

这次别想象自己变小了，我们反过来，想象自己变大怎么样？

Instead of imagining ourselves really small, how about this time we go big?

然后被一个巨人吞下去？

And get swallowed by a giant?

我倒不是这么想的。

That's not exactly what I was thinking.

啊，不！

Ah, no!

我听到他来了！

I can hear him coming!

你们的想象力真丰富。

You have really good imaginations.

嘿，嘿，嘿，自助餐关门了。

Fee-fi-fo-fum, the buffet is closed.

现在进我肚子里来吧。

Now get in my tum.

啊。

Ah.

啊。

Ah.

啊，他好大啊！

Ah, he's massive!

我们现在在巨人的胃里吗？

Are we in the giant's stomach?

还没呢。

Not yet.

消化之旅的第一步是嘴巴。

The first step on the digestion journey is the mouth.

这里好黑啊。

It's all dark.

哎呀，这里好滑啊。

Ugh, it's all slippery.

感觉软软的。

It feels squishy.

好多口水啊。

There's lots of saliva.

哎呀，黏糊糊的。

Blech, slobbery.

你觉得巨人会刷牙吗？

Do you reckon giants brush their teeth?

这里有旧食物卡住了。

There's old food stuck in here.

嗯，闻起来好恶心，但感觉还挺舒服的。

Um, it smells gross, but it feels kind of lovely.

感觉软软的。

It feels squishy.

舌头好软啊。

The tongue's so squishy.

感觉像泡泡糖做的。

It feels like it's made of bubblegum.

我太喜欢了。

I love it.

抓紧了。

Hang on tight.

巨人正在嚼食物。

The giant is chewing up the food.

啊，小心臼齿！

Ah, watch the molars!

咀嚼非常重要。

Chewing is very important.

它帮我们把食物嚼成小块。

It helps us break our food into tiny bits.

这样我们才能尝到食物所有美味的风味，而且食物会被唾液包裹，变得湿滑，容易吞咽。

It helps us taste all the food's yummy flavors, and it gets coated in saliva to make it wet and slimy and easy to swallow.

哦不，巨人正在嚼食物。

Oh no, the giant's chewing up the food.

别吃我们。

Don't eat us.

接下来会发生这种事吗？

That's what's gonna happen next?

对，很可能，通过他的喉咙管。

Yeah, probably, by his throat tube.

是的。

Yep.

嘴巴通过一根叫做食道的长管连接到胃。

The mouth is connected to the stomach by a long tube called the esophagus.

啊，不要。

Ah, no.

就当它是水滑梯吧。

Pretend it's a water slide.

食道水滑梯。

Esophagus water slide.

抓紧了！

Hang on!

我们要滑到他的肚子里去了。

We're going down to his belly.

我们下去吧。

Down we go.

啊！

Ah!

哟吼！

Yoo-hoo!

哇！

Whoa!

我们到胃里了。

We're in the tummy.

这些水汪汪的东西是什么？

What's all this watery stuff?

这是胃酸。

It's stomach acid.

胃酸？

Acid?

它帮助消化食物。

It helps digest the food.

让食物变得更软。

It makes it softer.

没错。

That's right.

牙齿把食物嚼成小块，方便吞咽，功劳很大。

Teeth do a great job of breaking up food into small bits that are easy to swallow.

现在我们需要胃酸来把食物变得更小。

Now we need acid to make it even smaller.

啊！

Ah!

胃酸在腐蚀我的鞋子。

The acid's eating my shoes.

快，我们想象一下穿上雨靴。

Quick, let's imagine some gumboots.

啊，这样好多了。

Ah, that's better.

胃酸是很厉害的东西。

Stomach acid is strong stuff.

它必须得这么厉害。

It needs to be.

胃酸还能帮助杀死可能随着食物偷偷进入体内、让你生病的细菌。

The acid helps kill germs that might have snuck in with your food that could make you sick.

哇！

Whoa!

哇！

Whoa!

唉，现在这不太像水滑梯了，更像造浪池。

Ugh, it's less of a water slide now, more like a wave pool.

或者像洗衣机。

Or a washing machine.

对。

Yes.

你的胃通过挤压肌肉、搅拌食物，把食物变成液体。

Your stomach helps turn the food into a liquid by squeezing the muscles and mixing it all up.

这就是肚子咕咕叫。

It's the tummy grumbles.

那叫肠鸣音。

That's borborygmi.

波比是谁？

Bobby who?

那是谁？

Who's that?

那是肚子咕咕叫的科学名称。

That's the scientific name of a tummy rumble.

我觉得是我的肚子真的很饿了。

I think it's my tummy really hungry.

那是你的胃部肌肉在蠕动的声音。

It's the sound of your stomach muscles moving.

这个词听起来就像肚子咕咕叫，borborygmi。

The word sounds like a tummy rumble, borborygmi.

Borygmi。

Borygmi.

哇，前面有冰山！

Whoa, iceberg ahead!

我是说，那种生菜。

I mean, the lettuce kind.

嘿，但这儿有吃的。

Hey, but there's food in here.

我以为你的肚子只有饿的时候才会咕咕叫。

I thought your stomach only rumbles when it's hungry.

你饿的时候更容易听到，因为胃是空的，声音会回荡得更响一些。但其实你的肚子大部分时间都在发出声音。

You can just hear it more when you're hungry because your stomach is empty, so the sounds echo a little louder But your tummy is making noise most of the time.

消化的下一个阶段发生在小肠。

The next stage of digestion happens in the small intestine.

小肠。

The intestine.

它是一根弯弯曲曲的管子。

It's a squiggly tube.

小肠其实并不小。

The small intestine isn't so small.

对。

That's right.

虽然它叫小肠，但其实它特别长。

Even though it's called the small intestine, it's actually really long.

在成年人身上，大约有七米长。

In grownups, about seven meters long.

小肠是做什么的？

What does a small intestine do?

它让你的食物滑下去，然后你就能拉出来。

It makes your food slide down it so you can poo it out.

我们来看看吧。

Let's find out.

当食物变得足够稀的时候，胃底部的一个小活门就会打开。

Once the food is liquidy enough, a little trapdoor opens at the bottom of the stomach.

我们要下去了。

We're going down.

哇，就像被吸进下水道一样。

Whoa, it's like getting sucked down a drain.

胃的工作是把食物变成一大杯果昔，而小肠的工作则是从果昔中提取所有的维生素、蛋白质和好东西，把它们送进血液里。

The stomach's job is to turn your food into a big smoothie, and now the small intestine's job is to take all the vitamins and proteins and good stuff from that smoothie and put it into the blood.

然后血液就把它们送到全身各处吗？

And then your blood flows them around through all your body?

那是什么？

What's that?

酶。

Enzymes.

我把胃蛋白酶放进你的食物里。

I put the pepsin in your stepsin.

我们在这里负责分解。

We are here to break it down.

那个酶是在跳霹雳舞吗？

Is that enzyme break dancing?

别理他。

Ignore him.

他就是看到蛋白质就兴奋。

He just gets excited when there's protein to work on.

我能说什么呢？

What can I say?

我没有恶意。

I mean no harm.

当你的牙齿和胃酸把食物分解成小块时，酶在微观层面上把食物分开。

While your teeth and stomach acid break your food into smaller chunks, enzymes separate food on a microscopic level.

你可以把它们想象成微观剪刀，把东西剪成足够小的碎片，让身体吸收。

You can imagine them like microscopic scissors, cutting things up into pieces small enough for the body to absorb.

我们把蛋白质从碳水化合物中剪出来，把糖从脂肪中剪出来，然后推过肠壁。

We snip the proteins from the carbohydrates, the sugars from the fat, and now push them through the walls of the intestine.

它们接下来去哪里？

Where do they go next?

它们进入血液，然后一个叫肝脏的器官会分类处理所有这些维生素、蛋白质和糖分，再把它们送到身体需要的地方去。

They go into the blood, and then a body part called the liver sorts through it all, the vitamins, the proteins, the sugars, and sends them around the body to where they need to go.

这些都是健康的东西，所以我们才能活着。

It's healthy stuff, so we can live and stay alive.

你可以从蔬菜里获取营养。

You can get nutrients from vegetables.

还有很多不同的东西，比如苹果和香蕉。

So many different things like apple and banana.

草莓。

Strawberries.

奶制品呢？

Dairy?

对。

Yep.

不错。

Cool.

酶把食物分解成非常小的颗粒，它们正穿过肠壁。

The enzymes have cut down the food to such tiny pieces they're passing through the skin of the intestine.

我们要跟着它们吗？

Should we follow them?

不，如果你想了解大便怎么形成的，那可不是正确的方向。

Nah, that's not the way to go if you want to learn how poo gets made.

我们需要跟着那些没有被身体吸收的东西。

We need to follow what doesn't get absorbed by the body.

剩下的是什么？

What's left over?

我们去看看吧。

Let's go see.

我们应该继续沿着肠道往下走。

We should keep going down the intestine.

嘿，乔治娜？

Hey, Georgina?

是的，尼吉？

Yes, Nij?

这些食物不再那么液态了，而且开始有点怪味。

This food isn't so liquid anymore, and it's starting to smell a bit funny.

当营养物质被推入血液时，大部分水分也跟着一起去了。

When the nutrients got pushed into the blood, most of the water went with it.

用来制造尿液吗？

To make wee?

我们身体里的大部分水分留在血液中，多余的就变成尿液。

Most of our water stays in our blood, and any extra is turned into wee.

那么剩下的这些黏糊糊的东西，就是粪便吗？

So what's left over here, this sticky stuff, is this poo?

看起来还不像。

It doesn't look like it.

还不是。

Not yet.

看起来更像南瓜汤。

Looks more like pumpkin soup.

因为那样的话，大便出来的时候会有点黏黏滑滑的，更容易排出来。

Because then it can be a bit sticky and slimy for your poo to come out, and it's easier.

咦。

Ew.

这个好恶心。

This is yuck.

才不是呢。

Not at all.

这个巨人吃了各种各样的食物，做得很好。

This giant's done a great job at eating a variety of foods.

吃很多不同的水果、蔬菜、谷物和豆类很重要，这样能帮助你的整个身体保持健康。

It's important to eat lots of different fruits, veggies, grains, and legumes to help keep your whole body healthy.

现在，我们进入消化的最后阶段。

Now, we go to the final stage of digestion.

就在这扇门后面。

It's just behind this door.

门后面是什么？

What's on the other side?

大肠。

The large intestine.

你可能也听说过它叫肠道或结肠。

You might also know it as the gut or the colon.

它和小肠那条又长又弯的隧道很不一样，而且没有回头路。

It's very different to this long-winding tunnel of the small intestine, and there's no going back.

准备好了吗？

Are you ready?

准备好了。

Ready.

准备好了。

Ready.

准备好了。

Ready.

现在不妨想象一下戴上防毒面具的样子。

This might be a good time to imagine some gas masks.

因为会很臭吗？

'Cause it's gonna smell?

而且，肠道里几乎没有氧气。

Plus, there's barely any oxygen in the gut.

大家把防毒面具戴上。

Gas masks on, everyone.

小虫子。

Little bugs.

哇，到处都是虫子！

Wah, there are bugs everywhere!

成千上万只。

Millions of them.

更像是数万亿。

More like trillions.

幸好它们不是大虫子。

Thankfully, they're not big bugs.

是细菌吗？

Is it, is it germs?

对。

Yep.

来认识一下微观的微生物组，也就是生活在肠道里、吃掉你所有未消化食物的热闹细菌群落。

Meet the microscopic microbiome, the bustling community of germs that live in your gut and eat all of your undigested food.

它们为什么要偷我们的食物？

Why are they stealing our food?

哦，不，就像野餐时的蚂蚁一样。

Oh, no, like ants at a picnic.

完全不是。

Not at all.

这些小虫子对消化至关重要。

These little bugs are vital for digestion.

它们帮助我们保持健康。

They help keep us all healthy.

怎么做到的？

How?

人体无法消化纤维。

The human body can't digest fiber.

那是什么？

What is that?

有点像我们吃的食物里那些硬硬的、丝状的东西。

It's a bit like hard stringy bits in the food we eat.

纤维存在于水果、蔬菜和豆类中。

Fiber is in fruits, vegetables, and beans.

如果你有一台非常强大的显微镜，纤维看起来就像一团乱麻的绳子。

If you had a very powerful microscope, fiber would look like a big tangled mess of rope.

那之前说的那些小帮手，酶呢？

What about those little helpers from before, the enzymes?

它们就像食物剪刀。

They're like scissors for the food.

酶虽然厉害，但还剪不断纤维，所以我们需要这些细菌来帮忙。

Enzymes are tough, but not tough enough to snip through fiber, so we need these germs to help.

细菌真的把它喝掉了。

The germs literally drink it.

细菌喝下去，然后拉出来。

The germs drink it and then they poop it out.

不好意思。

Excuse you.

它们在放屁吗？

Are they farting?

它们在发酵。

They're fermenting.

这些细菌把纤维吃掉，过程中会产生很多气体。

The germs eat up the fiber and create a lot of gas in the process.

为什么这么臭？

Why is it so smelly?

哎呀，好臭啊。

Ew, it's stinky.

哎呀。

Ew.

哦，那味道真难闻。

Oh, that smells bad.

是的。

Yes.

就是它们产生的臭气，让大便和屁变得那么臭。

They are responsible for the stinky gases that make poo and farts smelly.

你说它们对我们有好处？

And you're saying they're good for us?

大肠里有数万亿的细菌、病毒和真菌。

There are trillions of bacteria and viruses and fungi inside the large intestine.

实际上有超过一千种不同的细菌，而且每个人的肠道里都有自己独特的细菌组合。

There's actually more than 1,000 species of different germs, and every person has their own unique mix of bugs in their gut.

哇，就像指纹一样。

Wow, like a fingerprint.

那如果没有细菌，就不会有便便了吗？

So if you don't have any germs, you have no poo?

这个想法挺有意思的。

That's an interesting idea.

或者我觉得会有一些看起来不像便便的东西。

Or I guess you'd have something that doesn't look like poo.

那会是未消化的食物。

It'd be undigested food.

没错。

That's right

细菌制造了我们的便便。

Bugs make our poo.

它们制造了我们的便便，但也制造了其他营养物质来增强我们的免疫系统，让我们保持健康。

They make our poo, but they also make other nutrients to keep our immune system strong so we can be healthy.

没有它们，我们活不下去。

We couldn't live without them.

南瓜汤变得更稠了，而且开始变成棕色。

Pumpkin soup is getting more solid, and it's turning brown.

恶心。

Ew.

为什么便便是棕色的？

Why is poo brown?

这样它在马桶上就不会隐形了？

So it's not invisible on the toilet?

你肯定不想要隐形的便便。

You wouldn't want invisible poo.

巨人是不是吃了什么棕色的东西？

Did the giant eat something brown, maybe?

大便不只是由剩余的食物组成的。

Poo isn't just made of leftover food.

它也是你身体排出不再需要的东西的方式。

It's also your body's way of getting rid of things it doesn't need anymore.

你大便的一半以上是水和旧细胞。

More than half your poo is water and old cells.

每天我们的身体都会制造新细胞来替换旧细胞。

Every day our body makes new cells to replace the old ones.

那旧细胞就被拉出去了？

And the old ones get poo'd out?

对。

Yep.

有些是的。

Some do.

大便的棕色就来自那些旧细胞。

The brown color of poo comes from those old cells.

从目前的情况来看，这个肠道很健康。

By the looks of things, this is one healthy gut.

如果你的大便颜色奇怪，或者感觉太硬或太稀，你应该告诉一个你信任的大人。

If your poo is ever a strange color or it feels too hard or too runny, you should tell a trusted grownup.

肠道制造大便。

The gut makes poo.

肠道制造大便。

The gut makes poo.

肠道制造便便便。

The gut makes poo poo poo.

哎呀。

Uh-oh.

我想我知道那声音是什么意思了。

I think I know what that sound means.

巨人要拉屎了。

The giant's gonna do a poo.

哦，不。

Oh, no.

哦，不。

Oh, no.

我觉得我们没必要待在这儿看那部分。

I don't think we need to be here for that part.

呃，不会吧。

Uh, no way.

我们快走吧。

Let's get out of here.

哦，太好了，自助餐还开着呢。

Oh, yes, the buffet is still open.

那个也能吃？

You can eat off that?

得让那些肠道细菌吃得好好的。

Got to keep those gut bugs well-fed.

没错。

That's right.

它们为我们做了很多，但如果它们跑出肠道，就不那么友好了。

They do a lot for us, but they're not so friendly if they get out of the gut.

什么意思？

What do you mean?

如果这些细菌进入我们身体的其他部位，它们会让我们生病。

If those germs get into other areas of our body, they can make us sick.

它们只应该待在肠道里，或者被冲进马桶。

They're only meant to live in our gut or get flushed down the toilet.

因为如果你上了厕所，手上可能会有细菌，因为厕所里也有细菌，因为很多人用过。

'Cause then you might have germs on your hands if you went to the bathroom 'cause they have germs as well because lots of people have been on it.

然后它们会让你生病，然后你就会呕吐。

And then they will get you sick, and then you'll vomit.

所以上完厕所后一定要洗手，尤其是吃饭前，这非常重要。

That's why it's so important to always wash your hands after you use the bathroom, and especially before you eat.

把盘子放下，Nij。

Put down the plate, Nij.

我早就知道了。

I knew that.

我们都去洗手吧。

Let's all go wash our hands.

要用肥皂。

With soap.

知道啦，知道啦。

I know, I know.

我又不是野人。

I'm not an animal.

所以Bridie、Sam、Nathan、Lachlan、Ollie和Grace，我们吃饭的时候……

So Bridie, Sam, Nathan, Lachlan, Ollie, and Grace, when we eat our food...

咔嚓咔嚓咔嚓咔嚓

Chomp, chomp, chomp, chomp

……我们的牙齿把它嚼成小块，唾液让它容易咽下去。

... our teeth mash it into tiny pieces, and our saliva makes it easy to swallow.

咕咚。

Gulp.

然后胃用强酸混合食物。

Then our stomach mixes it with strong acid.

做成食物奶昔。

To make it a food smoothie.

在小肠里，叫做酶的小帮手把食物剪成非常小的碎片，这样它们就能进入血液。

In the small intestine, tiny helpers called enzymes snip the food into pieces so small that they can move into our bloodstream.

这样我们就能获得营养，让身体强壮。

So we get nutrients to make our bodies strong.

但不是所有东西都会被消化。

But not everything gets digested.

剩下的食物会进入大肠，在那里，数万亿的肠道细菌会发酵我们身体无法自行消化的纤维，产生臭臭的气体——

The leftovers move into the large intestine, where trillions of gut germs ferment the fiber our bodies can't digest on their own, making stinky gases-

不好意思

Excuse you

……并把我们未消化的食物纤维、旧细胞和肠道细菌变成健康漂亮的便便。

... and turning our undigested food fiber, old cells, and gut bacteria into nice, healthy poo.

嗨，我是来自《新闻时间》的艾米丽。

Hi, I'm Emily from News Time.

《新闻时间》是一个播客，里面全是来自澳大利亚和世界各地的适合孩子听的新闻故事。

News Time is a podcast full of kid-friendly news stories from Australia and around the world.

每周一、周三和周五，和我一起倒数那些奇妙又古怪的事情，从精彩的体育到有趣的昆虫、恐龙发现、火星任务等等。

Join me every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday to count down the weird and wonderful, from sensational sports to interesting insects, dinosaur discoveries, Mars missions, and beyond.

让你的大人在ABC Listen应用的儿童专区关注或点个心，这样就不会错过任何一集了。

Ask your grown-ups to follow or tap the heart in the kids tab on the ABC Listen app to never miss an episode.

别忘了说“请”哦。

Don't forget to say please.