油漆是如何获得其颜色的？

ABC收听。

ABC Listen.

你好。

Hello.

我叫尼吉。

My name is Nij.

今天在《想象一下》节目里，我们要画画。

And today on Imagine This, we're painting.

画画。

Painting.

我要画一只恐龙。

I'll be painting a dinosaur.

我喜欢这个。

I love that.

我要画一座红棕色的房子。

I'm painting a house with red and brown.

看起来真不错。

That looks great.

我在画我自己，而且用的是手指。

I'm painting myself, and I'm using my fingers.

哦，太棒了。

Oh, brilliant.

我在画一个贝壳，用了粉色、紫色和蓝色。

I'm painting a shell with pink, purple, and blue.

颜色真漂亮。

Awesome colors.

我要画一棵大树。

I'm gonna paint a big tree.

哎呀，糟糕。没有绿色来画叶子了。

Oh, no. There's no green for the leaves.

你可以把蓝色和黄色混在一起，就能调出绿色。

You can mix blue and yellow and that makes green.

哦，对。

Oh, yeah.

谢谢。

Thanks.

你还能调出什么颜色？

What other colors can you make?

黄色和红色混在一起就能调出橙色。

You can mix yellow and red to make orange.

白色和其他颜色混在一起，颜色就会变浅。

White and the colors together, and it turns lighter.

太好了。

Great.

现在想想，我们收到了很多关于颜料的问题。

Now I think about it, we've had lots of questions about paint.

嗨。

Hi.

我是本，我五岁了。

I am Ben, and I'm five years old.

我想知道颜料是怎么做出来的。

And I want to know how is paint made.

你好。

Hello.

我叫格蕾丝。

And my name is called Grace.

我也五岁了。

And I'm five years old.

我想知道颜料是用什么做的。

And I want to know what is paint made of?

你好，想象一下这个节目。

Hello, Imagine This.

我叫由纪。

My name's Yuki.

我还想知道：彩色颜料里的颜色是怎么来的？

And I want to know: How do the colors get into colored paints?

也许你可以把想要颜色的植物捣碎，然后加进去。

Maybe you smash up plants that are the color you want and then you put it in.

对，用水和食用色素。

Yes, by water and food coloring.

我知道我们应该去哪里了解颜料了。

I know where we should go to learn about paint.

艺术工作室。

An art studio.

颜料工厂。

Paint factory.

嗯，美术馆。

Um, an art gallery.

对，美术馆。

Yeah, the art gallery.

我们走吧。

Let's go there.

哇。

Whoa.

这里面真凉快。

It's cool in here.

这里有很多架子和挂在墙上的画。

It has lots of shelves and paintings on the wall.

颜色真丰富。

It's colorful.

对，确实很丰富。

Yeah, it really is.

我喜欢我脚步声发出的声音。

I like the sound my feet make.

你能听到回声吗？

Can you hear the echo?

这些画在睡觉吗？

Are the paintings sleeping?

没有。

No.

那我们为什么小声说话？

Then why are we whispering?

我不知道。

I don't know.

在美术馆里就是会这样。

It's just something you do in art galleries.

欢迎来到澳大利亚国家美术馆。

Welcome to the National Gallery of Australia.

哦，嗨，乔斯琳。

Oh, hi, Jocelyn.

嗨，乔斯琳。

Hi, Jocelyn.

嗨，乔斯琳。

Hi, Jocelyn.

你在这里工作吗？

Do you work here?

是的，我是画作修复师。

Yes, I'm a paintings conservator.

那是什么？

What's that?

有点像画作的医生。

It's a bit like a doctor for paintings.

我会检查裂缝、剥落的颜料，以及任何损坏的迹象。

I look for cracks, flaking paint, any signs of damage.

如果画作需要修复，我会帮忙修复它们。

If the paintings need restoring, I help fix them.

如果需要的话，我还会给它们做清洁。

And if they need it, I clean them.

你给画洗澡啊？

You give the paintings a bath?

不完全是。

Not exactly.

来，我带你去看看。

Come on, I'll show you.

呃，看这幅画。

Uh, see this painting here.

这是一幅暴风雨天空和草地田野的画。

It's a painting of a stormy sky and a grassy meadow.

看那些黑压压的暴风云。

Look at those dark, stormy clouds.

看起来确实很暗，对吧？

It does look dark, doesn't it?

这幅画这些年变得有点暗淡了。

This painting has become a little dull over the years.

但你看这个。

But watch this.

如果我小心地清洁它的一小部分……

If I carefully clean a tiny part of it...

哇。

Wow.

哇。

Wow.

变亮了。

It got brighter.

哇。

Whoa.

颜色变了。

Color changed.

通过清洁它——

By cleaning it-

……把灰色的天空变成了——

... it turned the gray sky-

那一片灰色的天空刚刚变成了——

That bit of gray sky just turned-

……变成了蓝色的。

... into a blue one

……蓝色的。

... blue.

天空不一样了。

The sky is different.

今天是个晴朗的好天气。

It's a nice and sunny day.

很多时候颜色其实还在。

Often the colors are still there.

它们只是被多年的灰尘盖住了。

They're just hiding underneath years and years of dirt.

清洁一幅画有点像帮它重新醒过来。

Cleaning a painting can feel a little bit like helping it wake up again.

哦。

Oh.

谁知道这幅画下面还藏着另一幅画呢？

Who knew there was a whole other painting underneath this one?

画作有故事，不只是画面呈现的故事，还有颜料本身的故事。

Paintings have stories, not just in the picture they're showing, but the story of the paint itself.

我们想了解颜料。

We wanna know about paint.

我就知道你会这么想。

I thought you might.

你听到了吗？

Can you hear that?

乔斯琳，那幅画是不是应该发光啊？

Jocelyn, is that painting supposed to be glowing?

颜料在动。

The paint's moving.

对，我也看到了。

Yeah, I can see it, too.

我们是不是已经开始产生幻觉了？

Are we imagining already?

来了来了。

Here we go.

啊。

Ah.

啊。

Ah.

大家都没事吧？

Is everybody okay?

我落在什么软软的东西上了。

I landed on something squishy.

我的鞋子全变蓝了。

My shoes are all blue.

我觉得那是因为你站在了河里的颜料上。

I think that's because you're standing in the river paint.

试试往这边走，走到草地上来。

Try coming this way, into the grass.

现在我的鞋子又变绿了。

Now my shoes are green.

等等。

Hang on.

我们是不是进到画里面了？

Are we inside the painting?

这里湿漉漉的，还有别的东西。

It is, like, wet and stuff.

有点黏，但感觉还不错。

It's sticky, but it's nice.

看那些树。

Look at those trees.

它们全是由细小的笔触组成的。

They're all made of tiny brush strokes.

还有那些云，看起来像是有人用巨大的画笔画的。

And the clouds look like somebody painted them with a giant paintbrush.

确实有人画了。

Someone did.

一切都是用颜料做的。

Everything's made of paint.

一层又一层。

Layers and layers of it.

要不我们穿过这些层次，了解一下历史上颜料是怎么制作出来的？

How about we move through the layers to learn about how paint was made throughout history?

我们把这片草皮掀开，就像打开一扇活板门一样。

Let's peel back this patch of grass, like a trapdoor.

哇。

Whoa.

这幅画的历史可真悠久。

This painting goes back a long way.

人们画画已经画了非常非常久的时间了。

People have been painting a really, really long time.

我们下去吧。

Let's climb down.

这里的回声感觉不一样。

This is a different kind of echo.

我们不在画廊里了，也不在画布上了。

We're not in a gallery anymore, or on a canvas.

这是石头。

This is stone.

我们在一个洞穴里。

We're in a cave.

洞穴壁画。

A cave painting.

这些画可真是古老古老古老古老了。

These are, like, old, old, old, old paintings.

我能看到一些人在跳舞。

I can see some people dancing.

一条蛇和火。

A snake and fire.

那种画是最原始的绘画。

Those types of paintings are original paintings.

我们回到了几万年前，看到了最原始的绘画形式。

We've gone back tens of thousands of years, to the earliest form of paint.

赭石？

Ochre?

是的。

Yes.

赭石是一种天然有颜色的岩石。

Ochre is a naturally colored type of rock.

其实它是一种黏土。

It's actually a type of clay.

有些赭石是黄色的，有些是红色的，有些是棕色的。

Some ochres are yellow, some are red, some are brown.

所以颜料是从地里来的？

So paint comes from the ground?

有时候是。

Sometimes.

如果土壤里含有合适的矿物质，就能产生漂亮的颜色。

If the earth contains the right minerals, it can make beautiful colors.

几千年来，在如今我们称为澳大利亚的地方，原住民各民族在艺术和文化活动中使用赭石，画在岩石上、树皮上、身体上，还有特殊的物品上。

For thousands of years, First Nations peoples across what we now call Australia have used ochres in art and cultural practices, painting on rock, bark, on their bodies, and special objects.

你可以把它涂在脸颊、肚子上什么的。

You can paint it on your cheeks and tummy and stuff.

看起来太棒了！你是怎么把石头变成颜料的？

It looks incredible How can you turn rocks into paint?

把它磨成非常细的粉末，就能产生颜色。

It's ground up into a very fine powder that creates the color.

我们称之为颜料，但颜料本身是粘不到这些洞穴墙壁上的。

We call it pigment, but pigment on its own won't stick to these cave walls.

你把它们捣碎，然后弄湿。

You mush them up and get them wet.

对，你需要加一些有粘性的东西。

Yeah, you need to add something sticky.

他们从一些植物上收集了树液，然后搅拌在一起。

They collected some sap from some plants and they stirred it all together.

没错。

That's right.

我们称之为粘合剂。

We call that the binder.

把颜料，也就是颜色，和粘合剂，也就是那种黏黏的东西，混在一起，就得到了油漆。

When you mix pigment, the color, with a binder, the sticky stuff, you get paint.

这种早期的赭石颜料用的粘合剂，比如黏黏的树液，或者三齿稃草里的树脂。

This early ochre paint used binders like sticky tree sap or resin from spinifex grass.

但其实选择有很多很多。

But there are so many different options.

这跟我们家里现在用的油漆看起来差别挺大的。

It looks pretty different to the paint we have at home these days.

嗯，赭石现在还有人用来画画，不过确实，现在油漆的种类多了很多。

Well, ochre is still being painted with today, but yes, there are many paints available now.

我们继续往前走吧。

Let's keep moving through.

看到从洞穴顶部透进来的那道光了吗？

See that light shining through the top of the cave?

看到了，就在上面。

Yeah, I see it, up there.

对，那是岩石上的一个洞。

Yeah, it's a hole in the rocks.

我们就是要去那里。

That's where we're headed.

小心点。

Careful.

一个一个来。

One at a time.

好，你过去吧。

Yeah, through you go.

哇，我们这是在哪儿？

Whoa, where are we?

哇，看起来好乱啊。

Wow, it looks so messy.

罐子里装了好多五颜六色的东西。

Lots of colorful things in jars.

我看到一桶油漆。

I see a bucket of paint.

看看这些工具和画布。

Look at all these tools and canvas.

我觉得我们是在某个工作室里。

I think we're in some kind of workshop.

我的群青颜料在哪儿？

Where's my ultramarine?

哎呀，那是谁？

Ugh, who's that?

我觉得我们是在一个艺术家的工作室里。

I think we're in an artist's workshop.

从这些情况来看，这是大约600年前的文艺复兴时期。

By the look of things, this is the Renaissance, about 600 years ago.

那时候没有超市，也没有管装颜料。

There were no supermarkets or paint tubes.

人们不买颜料，得自己动手做。

People didn't buy the paint, they had to make it themselves.

嗯，我觉得他们是从大自然里获取颜料的。

Um, I think they got paint from nature.

我的群青在哪里？

Where is my ultramarine?

我觉得他在跟你说话，尼吉。

I think he's talking to you, Nij.

我吗？

Me?

群青。

Ultramarine.

啊。

Ah.

哦，好的。

Oh, okay.

乔斯琳，那个人刚给了我这些蓝色的石头。

Jocelyn, the guy just handed me these blue rocks.

哇，那些蓝色的石头真漂亮。

Wow, those blue rocks are pretty.

我该怎么办？

What should I do?

你把它们磨碎。

You grind them.

在画家能画画之前，得有人先做出颜料。

Before artists could paint, someone had to make the paint.

通常，这个活儿是学徒干的。

Often, that job belonged to the apprentices.

我觉得今天轮到你了，尼吉。

I think that's you today, Nij.

磨吧。

Grind.

再细一点。

Finer.

我需要更细的。

I need it finer.

我在努力了。

I'm trying.

哇，这活儿真累。

Woo, this is hard work.

比挤颜料管难多了。

Way harder than squeezing a tube.

这蓝色的东西是什么？

What is this blue stuff?

它叫青金石。

It's called lapis lazuli.

这种石头磨成粉后，就成了世界上最著名的蓝色颜料之一——群青。

It's a rock that was ground into one of the world's most famous blue pigments, ultramarine.

哇。

Wow.

那要画一整片天空，得用多少石头啊。

It must have taken heaps of rocks to paint a whole sky.

是的，而且非常昂贵。

Yes, and it was incredibly expensive.

从石头里提取蓝色颜料要花很长时间。

It took a long time to extract all the blue from the rock.

所以你把它们放进湿的原料里，然后它们会溶解，然后就能得到颜色了。

So you put them in a wet ingredient, and then they would dissolve, and then you would get the color.

也许，比如，把它们放进水里，然后蓝色就会从它们上面脱落下来。

Maybe, like, they put them in water and somehow the blue comes off them.

也许你把它们捣碎。

Maybe you mush them up.

磨碎它们。

Grind them up.

他们不只是磨碎它，还把它和蜂蜡混合，揉成面团，然后浸泡好几个星期，把蓝色提取出来。

They didn't just grind it, they mixed it with beeswax, made it into a dough, and then soaked it for weeks to draw out the blue color.

等等，他刚才是不是往颜料里打了个鸡蛋？

Wait, did he just crack an egg into the paint?

我刚磨完那个。

I just finished grinding that.

在中世纪，蛋黄是最常用的粘合剂之一。

Egg yolk was one of the most popular binders back in medieval times.

记住，颜料需要两样东西，色素和……

Remember, paint needs two things, pigment and...

粘合剂。

Binder.

粘合剂。

Binder.

鸡蛋把那些微小的色素颗粒都粘在一起。

The egg holds all of those tiny grains of pigment together.

我能用炒鸡蛋来刷我的卧室吗？

Can I paint my bedroom with scrambled eggs?

千万别。

Please don't.

鸡蛋是中世纪最常用的粘合剂，但到了文艺复兴时期，亚麻籽油变得更流行了。

Egg was the most popular binder in medieval times, but then linseed oil became more popular during the Renaissance.

为什么？

How come?

油能很好地包裹住那些微小的颜料颗粒。

Oil coats all of those tiny pigment particles really well.

这让颜色看起来更丰富、更深沉。

It makes the colors look richer and deeper.

油画彻底改变了艺术家们能做的事情。

Oil paint completely changed what artists could do.

这个工作室里有些很酷的东西，有装着花和种子的罐子，还有贝壳。

There's some cool stuff in this workshop, jars of flowers and seeds, seashells.

哦，骨头。

Oh, bones.

这些是干什么用的？

What are these for?

有些黑色颜料是用烧过的动物骨头做的，艺术家们把那种颜料叫做骨黑。

Some black pigments were made from burnt animal bones, and artists called that paint bone black.

为什么罐子里有那么多虫子？

Why are there all those bugs in a jar?

因为一种非常有名的红色颜料叫胭脂红，是用一种叫胭脂虫的小虫子做的。

Because one very famous red color called carmine came from these tiny insects called cochineal.

用虫子做的颜料？

Paint made from bugs?

我觉得我可不想在那个时代当画家。

I don't think I'd want to be an artist at this time.

还有那边那些海螺的黏液腺能做出泰尔紫。

And the mucus glands of those sea snails over there make tyrian purple.

哦，别让我去磨蜗牛。

Oh, don't make me grind snails.

咦。

Ew.

它们看起来——

They look-

一头牛？

A cow?

我都不想知道了。

I don't even want to know.

也许是用牛奶做的颜料。

Maybe it's paint made with milk.

嗯，确实有一种用牛奶做的颜料，但我觉得这头牛不是用来干这个的。

Well, there is a paint made from milk, but I don't think that's what this cow is for.

曾经有一种颜色叫印度黄。

There was once a color called Indian yellow.

这种颜料是用喂了芒果叶的牛的尿液制成的。

It was made with the urine of cows that had been fed mango leaves.

牛尿？

Cow wee?

恶心。

Ew.

恶心。

Ew.

真恶心。

Yuck.

哎呀，够了。

Ugh, that's it.

学徒生涯到此结束。

Apprenticeship over.

所以颜料是从岩石和植物中提取的？

So paint came from rocks and plants?

还有虫子和骨头。

And bugs and bones.

还有牛尿？

And cow wee?

人们几千年来一直在尝试几乎所有能产生颜色的东西。

People experimented for thousands of years with almost anything that could make color.

甚至埃及木乃伊的碎片也被磨碎用来做颜料。

Even parts of Egyptian mummies were crushed up and used as paint.

不会吧。

No way.

那叫木乃伊棕。

It was called mummy brown.

所以颜料来自岩石和植物——

So paint came from rocks and plants-

那现在他们怎么制作颜料呢？

How do they like paint now?

……还有虫子、骨头和牛尿？

... and bugs and bones and cow wee?

如今，许多鲜艳的颜料都是在实验室里制造的，而不是从自然界采集的。

Today, many of the colorful pigments are made in laboratories instead of being collected from nature.

这意味着艺术家们可以拥有更鲜艳、更便宜、更安全的颜色。

That means artists can have colors that are brighter, cheaper, and much safer.

对，而且对虫子也更好。

Yeah, and better for the bugs.

所以人们不再砸石头和虫子了吗？

So people aren't smashing rocks and bugs anymore?

大多数日常用的颜料不是这样了。

Not for most everyday paints.

现在，颜料大多是在实验室里用化学品制成的。

These days, it's mostly made from chemicals in a lab.

想去看一看吗？

Want to go see?

快，趁师傅不注意，我们从这窗户爬进去。

Quick, let's crawl through this window while the master's not looking.

我们这是在油漆厂里。

We're in a paint factory.

大桶大桶的彩色粉末正被倒进……

Big buckets of colorful powder are being poured into...

那是个大搅拌机吗？

Is that a big blender?

看起来像个奶昔机。

It looks like a milkshake maker.

这是油漆搅拌机，但原理是一样的。

It's a paint mixer But it works in the same way.

颜料，就是那种彩色粉末，和粘合剂一起放进去。

The pigment, that colorful powder, goes in with a binder.

不过现在工厂里用的粘合剂，不是植物汁液或鸡蛋，而是来自塑料或合成油。

But instead of plant sap or egg, today's binders that get mixed in a factory come from plastics or synthetic oils.

所以即使配方变了，基本原理还是一样的。

So even though the recipe has changed, the basic idea is the same.

你需要有颜色的东西，那就是颜料，还需要有粘性的东西把它们粘在一起，那就是粘合剂。

You need something colorful, that's the pigment, and something sticky to hold it together, the binder.

没错。

That's right.

在工厂里，一旦所有东西混合好，颜色调得刚刚好，他们就会把它灌进罐子、桶或者管子里。

Here in the factory, once it's all mixed up and the color's just right, they squirt it into tins, pots, or tubes.

哇！

Whoa!

你也可以在家试着自己做颜料。

You could try making your own paints at home.

不一定非要用印度黄，但你可以试试把一些彩色颜料和PVA胶水混合，看看会得到什么。

Maybe not Indian yellow, but you could see what you get when you mix some colorful pigments with PVA glue.

我会用青苹果皮来做绿色。

I would do green out of green apple skin.

拿些浆果，比如红色的浆果来做红色，我们把红浆果捣碎。

Get berries, like red berries to make red, and we smoosh the red berries up.

哦，对，像红洋葱或者火龙果。

Oh, yeah, like red onion or dragon fruit.

对，或者用姜黄来做黄色。

Yeah, or maybe turmeric for yellow.

你可以调配出自己独特的颜色。

You could come up with your own special color.

来吧，我们回画廊去。

Come on, let's get back to the gallery.

我们回来了。

We're back.

这些画现在看起来都不一样了。

These paintings all look different now.

是吗？

Do they?

嗯，我觉得它们其实没什么不同。

Well, I guess they're not really different.

但现在我对它们里面的东西多了解了一点，感觉它们更特别了。

But now I know a little bit more about what's inside them, it makes it more special somehow.

Cowy。

Cowy.

什么？

What?

所以，Grace、Ben、Ingrid、Oliver和Yuki，颜料是由色料混合——

So Grace, Ben, Ingrid, Oliver, and Yuki, paint is made when you mix pigment-

就是颜色

That's the color

——和粘合剂制成的。

... with a binder.

就是那种把所有东西粘在一起的黏糊糊的东西。

Sticky stuff that holds it all together.

人们画画已经有几千年了，一直在尝试各种五颜六色的颜料。

People have been painting for thousands of years and experimenting with all kinds of colorful pigments.

赭石、植物、宝石、虫子。

Ocher, plants, gemstones, bugs.

还有不同的粘合剂。

And different binders, too.

鸡蛋、油和塑料。

Eggs and oil and plastic.

把它们混在一起，就能做出各种颜色的颜料。

And mixing them together to make paints with so many different colors.

蓝色、黄色、棕色。

Blue, yellow, brown.

彩虹的所有颜色。

All the colors of the rainbow.

如今，科学家可以在实验室里制造彩色颜料，在工厂里混合油漆。

Today, scientists can make the colorful pigments in labs and mix the paint in factories.

再也没有牛了。

No more cowie.

所以下次你欣赏一幅画或者自己画一幅时，你可能会看到的不只是一幅画。

So next time you look at a painting or make one, you might see more than a picture.

你可能会看到那些寻找颜料、研磨石头、调配颜料，并精心为今天世界上所有画作涂上每一层颜色的人们。

You might see the people who searched for colors, ground the rocks, mixed the paints, and carefully brushed every layer of all the paintings in the world today.

嗨，我是《新闻时间》的艾米丽。

Hi, I'm Emily from News Time.

《新闻时间》是一个播客，里面全是来自澳大利亚和世界各地的适合孩子听的新闻故事。

News Time is a podcast full of kid-friendly news stories from Australia and around the world.

每周一、周三和周五，和我一起倒数那些奇妙又古怪的事情，从精彩的体育到有趣的昆虫，从恐龙发现到火星任务，还有更多。

Join me every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday to count down the weird and wonderful, from sensational sports to interesting insects, dinosaur discoveries, Mars missions, and beyond.

让你的大人在ABC Listen应用的儿童专区里关注或点个心，这样就不会错过任何一集了。

Ask your grown-ups to follow or tap the heart in the kids tab on the ABC Listen app to never miss an episode.

别忘了说“请”哦。

Don't forget to say please.