玻璃是如何制造的？

ABC，听好了。

ABC, listen.

8910。

8910.

哦，你好。

Oh, hi.

我是Nidj。

Nidj here.

今天在《想象一下》节目中，我将打破自己的个人纪录。

And today on Imagine This, I am setting a new personal best.

十四，十五。

Fourteen, fifteen.

你在做什么？

What are you doing?

我在试着不让这个足球落地。

I'm trying to keep this soccer ball up.

我的纪录是二十五次踢球。

My record is 25 kicks.

再快点。

Go faster.

十八次。

18.

继续往下踢，米奇。

Keep going down, Mitch.

十九次。

19.

就差一点了。

Almost there.

我让萨姆过来看。

I told Sam to see.

你就是我的支撑。

You're my stick.

加油，米奇。

Go, Mitch.

天哪。

Oh, no.

哎呀。

Uh-oh.

我得去看看窗户。

I need to look the window.

抱歉，是我搞错了。

Oh, my bad.

你这次麻烦大了。

Oh, you're in trouble.

快退后。

Oh, stand back.

碎玻璃可尖着呢。

Broken glass is really sharp.

这东西尖尖的，要是踩上去，可疼了。

It's so spiky and also if you step on it, it'll really, really hurt.

你觉得我能修好吗？

Do you think I can fix it?

就是强力胶也修不好。

Not even a super glue.

然后你还得好好清理干净。

And then you have to properly clean it up.

是的。

Yeah.

很多人问起玻璃的事。

A lot of you have been asking about glass.

你好。

Hi.

我叫阿蒂，今年七岁。

My name's Arty, and I'm seven years old.

我叫伊娜拉。

I'm Inara.

我七岁。

I'm seven years old.

我是杰克，也是七岁。

I'm Jack, and I'm seven years old.

我叫塞奇，六岁。

My name's Sage, and I'm six.

我是奥迪，五岁。

And I'm Odie, and I'm five years old.

我们想知道，玻璃是怎么做出来的？

And we would like to know How was glass made?

有什么想法吗？

Any ideas?

也许他们是用一种特殊的缝纫机做的。

So maybe they use a special sewing machine.

也许他们去大型工厂制作。

Maybe they go to big factory.

他们把塑料压碎，加上一些化学物质，就做出来了。

They smooshed up all the plastic and add, like, the chemicals and made it.

你觉得玻璃是用什么做的？

What do you think it's made of?

原油。

Crude oil.

沙子。

Sand.

太空和碳储存。

Space and carbon sink.

那他们怎么让玻璃变得透明呢？

And how do they make it see through?

用机器。

A machine.

它会清洗玻璃，把有色的部分去掉。

And it washes the glass and takes out the colored parts.

有可能。

Could be.

我们应该去问问托马斯·德里克博士。

We should ask doctor Thomas Derek.

他是个考古学家。

He's an archaeologist.

我觉得他们会挖出很多东西，来了解过去是什么样子。

I think they dig up lots of stuff to figure out what was the past like.

没错。

Exactly.

咱们去找他吧。

Let's go find him.

你等我一下，我去拿把扫帚。

Just give me a sec while I get a broom.

您好，德里克医生。

Hi, doctor Derek.

你好。

Hello.

嗨。

Hi.

哦，你好。

Oh, hello.

您好。

Hello.

最近怎么样？

How's it going?

这些玻璃瓶都是做什么的？

What are all those glass bottles?

这是我收藏的古罗马时期的香水瓶。

It's my collection of glass perfume bottles from ancient Rome.

我对古罗马的感官世界很好奇。

I'm curious about the sensory world of Rome.

也就是说，过去所有的味道、气味和感官体验。

That means all the tastes, signs, and smells of the past.

我能闻一闻吗？

Can I have a smell?

瓶子里的香水早就没了，但我们可以用电脑做专门的检测，来分析原来装的是什么。

There's no perfume left in the bottles, but we can do special tests on them with computers to find out what used to be stored in them.

真酷。

Cool.

那古罗马闻起来是什么味道？

So what does ancient Rome smell like?

当时的香水通常混合了各种花、植物和香料，比如玫瑰花瓣、薰衣草和藏红花。

Well, the perfumes would have been scented with a mix of flowers, plants and spices, rose petals and lavender and saffron.

听起来挺不错的。

That sounds nice.

真香。

Yum.

它们还掩盖了当时那些不太好的气味。

They helped hide all of the not so nice smells that were around then too.

粪便还是异味？

Poo or weak?

对。

Yeah.

事实上，他们用尿液来洗衣服。

In fact, they used pee to clean clothes.

好恶心。

Ew.

真脏。

Ew.

太恶心了。

That's disgusting.

真的假的？

Seriously?

天哪。

Christ.

如果他们以前用那个洗衣服，衣服根本洗不干净。

Their clothes will never be clean if they used to be.

幸亏你研究的是古代香水，汤姆，而不是古代

I'm glad you study ancient perfume, Tom, and not ancient

洗衣。

laundry.

听起来可能有点傻，但能做出这种小玻璃瓶，彻底改变了世界。

It might sound silly, but being able to make these little glass bottles changed the world forever.

为什么？

How?

咱们想象一下回到过去，看看当时的情况。

Well, let's imagine ourselves back in time and take a look.

回到古罗马。

To ancient Rome.

其实是古埃及。

Actually, Egypt.

让我们回到公元一世纪。

Let's head back to the first century c e.

那是大约两千年前。

That's about 2,000 ago.

真厉害。

Wow.

这就是古埃及吗？

This is ancient Egypt?

金字塔在哪儿？

Where are the pyramids?

往那边走一天就能到。

About a day's walk that way.

我们现在位于开罗郊外的一个叫瓦迪·埃尔·纳特伦的地方。

We're at a place called the Wadi El Natrun, just outside Cairo.

这里以这些特殊的盐湖而闻名。

It's known for these very special salt lakes.

这看起来可不像什么湖。

It doesn't look like much of a lake.

水真的很少。

It's not much water.

那个白色的东西是什么？

What's the white star?

这是一种叫天然碱的盐。

It's a kind of salt called natron.

这片区域正是人类最早制造玻璃的地方。

This is the region where glass was first made.

玻璃是用这种东西做的？

Glass is made from this stuff?

什么？

What?

怎么用洗澡水做玻璃？

How is it made of bath?

这东西不透明。

It's not see through.

做玻璃的主要原料是大量的沙子、一点苏打，再加一点石灰。

The ingredients to make glass are a lot of sand, a dash of soda, and a little bit of lime.

听起来像杯饮料。

Sounds like a drink.

那也得是杯特别干的饮料。

It'd be a very dry drink.

沙子、苏打和石灰，其实是三种粉碎后的岩石和矿物的俗称。

Sand, soda, and lime are the nicknames for three types of crushed up rock and minerals.

哦，原来如此。

Oh, yeah.

我们之前学过，沙子其实是特别细小的岩石颗粒。

We learned before that sand can be really tiny bits of rock.

对。

Yep.

石灰是石灰岩的简称，这种岩石含有大量的钙。

Lime is short for limestone, a type of rock that has lots of calcium in it.

真厉害。

Wow.

钙在很多地方都能找到。

You can find calcium in lots of places.

你的骨头和牙齿里都有钙。

Find it in your bones, on your teeth.

酸奶和牛奶里也含有钙。

It's in yogurt and milk.

那苏打部分是什么？

What's the soda part?

苏打是苏打灰，也就是天然碱的简称。

Soda is short for soda ash, natron.

明白了。

Okay.

所以你们从沙漠里获取沙子和石灰石，再从咸水湖纳特龙湖取得苏打灰。

So you get sand and limestone rock from the desert and soda ash from the salty Natron Lake.

但怎么才能把这三种干燥的岩石粉末变成玻璃呢？

But how do you make these three dry rocky powders turn into glass?

得让它们变得很热。

You need things to get hot.

这是什么地方？

What's this place?

这叫熔炉。

It's called a tank oven.

太好了。

Great.

在忙什么呢？

What's cooking?

有披萨吗？

Any pizza?

这不是那种烤炉。

It's not that kind of oven ish.

不是。

No.

罐式炉是个大型熔炉。

A tank oven is a big furnace.

它看起来像个小房子或者小棚子。

It looks like a little house or shed.

一次能生产多少玻璃？

How much glass can it make?

最大的那种一次能生产二十吨玻璃。

The biggest of them can make 20 tons of glass in one go.

怎么做到的？

How?

我们之前说的那些干料会被倒进大而扁平的托盘里，加热到熔化为止。

Those dry ingredients we talked about are poured into big, flat trays and cooked until they're so hot they melt.

沙子怎么能熔化呢？

How can you melt sand?

只要温度够高，什么东西都能熔化。

You can melt anything if it's hot enough.

真的吗？

Really?

制作玻璃需要所有原料在超过1000摄氏度的高温下加热。

To make glass, you need all of your dry ingredients to cook at over 1,000 degrees Celsius.

过去，要维持这样的火候得连续烧上好几天。

In the past, it would have taken days of stoking these fires.

1000度到底有多热？

How hot is 1,000 degrees?

我家的烤箱最高才到250度。

My oven at home only goes to 250.

那已经非常热了。

That's super hot.

跟熔岩一样热。

As hot as lava.

天哪。

Woah.

看起来还真像熔岩。

It even looks like lava.

盐和石灰石会和沙子混合在一起。

The salt and the limestone gets mixed together with sand.

它在发红发光。

It's glowing.

颜色变成深橙色，像火焰一样。

It makes it dark orange like fire.

单靠沙子本身，得用高得多的温度才能熔化。

To melt sand just on its own, you'd need much higher temperatures.

苏打灰能降低沙子的熔点。

The soda ash lowers the melting point of sand.

这样一来，沙子不用熔到两千度，一半的温度就够了，但那还是热得吓人。

That means instead of melting at 2,000 degrees, it melts at half that temperature, which is still incredibly hot.

石灰石起什么作用？

What does the limestone do?

它能让沙子和苏打灰更好地混合在一起。

It helps the sand and the soda ash mix together nicely.

不然的话，沙子和苏打灰会像油和水一样分离开。

Otherwise, the sand and the soda try to separate like oil and water.

玻璃冷却的时候，会慢慢变得透明又坚硬。

As the glass cools down, it starts to turn clear and hard.

古罗马人就是用这种方法制造大块玻璃的。

The Romans made big slabs of glass this way.

为了做窗户。

To make windows.

是的。

Yeah.

你觉得我能拿一块回去，换掉我打碎的那块吗？

Do you reckon I can take one back to fix the one that I broke?

哇哦。

Woah.

哇哦。

Woah.

他们刚做完这块玻璃。

They just finished making that.

他们为什么要把它砸碎？

Why are they smashing it up?

现在这块玻璃可以被打碎，运到世界各地，重新熔化，再加工成各种玻璃制品。

Now the glass can be broken up and shipped around the world to be melted again and shaped into all kinds of glass objects.

玻璃是可以无限循环利用的。

Glass is endlessly reusable.

真棒。

Cool.

他们是怎么把它做成不同形状的？

How do they make it into different shapes?

肯定烫得没法碰。

Must be way too hot to touch.

食物太烫的时候，你会怎么做？

What do you do when your food's too hot?

吹一吹？

Blow on it?

没错。

Exactly.

吹制玻璃的技术最早是在如今的耶路撒冷地区发明的。

Glass blowing was invented in what we now call Jerusalem.

就像埃及一样，耶路撒冷当时也是罗马帝国的一部分，那个帝国横跨整个欧洲。

Just like Egypt, Jerusalem was part of the Roman Empire too which stretched right across Europe.

他们把碎玻璃放进火里。

They're putting a broken glass in the fire.

玻璃化出来了。

It's coming out.

这哪是玻璃啊。

That's not glass.

熔化的玻璃就像流动的液体。

Melted glass is a runny liquid.

等它慢慢冷却，就会变得越来越稠。

As it cools down, it gets thicker and thicker.

看起来像特别浓的蜂蜜。

It looks like really thick honey.

看着真好吃。

Looks delicious.

太烫了。

It's too hot.

是的。

Yeah.

就像黏稠发亮的融化的棉花糖。

It's like goopy glowing melted marshmallow.

如果冷却得太快，它就会变回固体，再也无法塑形了。

If it cools down too much, it turns back into a solid and you can't bend it into shape anymore.

所以玻璃工匠得动作迅速。

So glass workers have to move quickly.

哇哦。

Woah.

真厉害。

Wow.

看他们干得多利落。

Look at them go.

他们用金属工具把玻璃拉开。

They're pulling it apart with metal tongues.

真有弹性，又容易塑形。

So stretchy and bendable.

用这些特制的镊子和工具，想做成什么形状都行。

You can make any shape using these special tweezers and tongues.

但真正改变这一切的是这个。

But the real game changer was this.

天哪。

Woah.

他们对着金属管吹气，玻璃就像气球一样鼓起来了。

They're blowing into a metal straw, and the glass is blowing up like a balloon.

他们通过吹气来拉伸玻璃。

They're blowing to stretch out the glass.

太神奇了。

It's so cool.

看起来像个大泡泡，他靠吹气把玻璃吹成了一个大碗。

It looks like a big bubble, and he was using his breath to make that big glass bowl.

没错。

That's it.

做玻璃可不容易。

Making glass is tricky.

通过金属管吹气，能很快做出圆形的器物。

By blowing air through a metal tube, you can make round objects very quickly.

碗、水壶、花瓶。

Bowls, jugs, vases.

香水瓶？

Perfume bottles?

是的。

Yeah.

现在我们可能觉得这没什么稀奇，但有了带盖的玻璃罐，普通百姓也能储存食物和药品了。

It might be something we take for granted now, but having containers with lids like glass jars meant that everyday people could store food and medicine.

是的

Yeah.

这真是个重大突破。

That is a game changer.

我们还能在家中安装窗户，让居住环境更安全、更明亮。

And we could put windows in homes creating safer and brighter living environments.

这对冬天特别寒冷的地区尤其重要。

This is especially useful in places with very cold winters.

是的

Yeah.

你可以做出各种各样的东西。

You could make all kinds of things.

灯、镜子、眼镜。

Lamps, mirrors, glasses.

是的

Yeah.

我有时候会戴眼镜。

I wear glasses sometimes.

这太神奇了，因为我们每天都能看到玻璃。

It's amazing because we see glass every day.

我们简直能直接看穿它。

We literally see right through it.

是的。

Yeah.

很容易就忘了它就在那儿。

It's easy to forget it's even there.

但玻璃是一种奇妙的材料。

But glass is a miraculous material.

它给了我们很多东西，甚至让我们看到了星星。

It's given us a lot, even the stars.

什么？

What?

望远镜、显微镜，还有你所能想到的几乎所有重大科学发现，都离不开玻璃。

Glass is in telescopes and microscopes and basically any major scientific discovery you can think of.

真的吗。

Wow.

他们可能需要放大镜来看清细节，或者得靠玻璃才能透过它观察物体，看得更清楚、更近。

They might need a magnifying glass to look at stuff or they can like they need glass to look through things and to see stuff closer or better.

我眼前这块没有屏幕的区域，其实也是玻璃做的。

And my open view without the screen is actually glass.

我们怎么就能透过它看到东西呢？

How do we see through it?

这更像是个物理问题。

That's more of a physics question.

西shi是物理学家。

Nishi's a physicist.

玻璃之所以透明，是因为光能穿过它。

Ah, well, glass is see through because light can move through it.

光不会像在木头或石头里那样被吸收掉。

The light isn't being absorbed into it, like with wood or rock.

也不会像在闪亮的金属或镜子上那样被反射走。

It's also not being reflected away, like with shiny metals or mirrors.

它是透明的。

It's clear.

对。

Yeah.

这真是个了不起的发明。

It's a really incredible invention.

古罗马人还擅长另一样东西。

There's another thing that ancient Romans were great at.

我们知道不是洗衣。

We know it's not laundry.

回收利用。

Recycling.

真的吗？

Really?

怎么做到的？

How?

他们用了一个巨大的吸尘器，把所有能做成玻璃的东西都吸进去，然后把颜色全抽走，变成了玻璃。

They got a giant vacuum cleaner and put everything they could turn into glass under it, and then they sucked all the color out it and turned it into glass.

是的。

Yeah.

这真是个

That's a

不错的点子。

cool idea.

没那么回事。

Not quite.

他们把垃圾仔细分类，把玻璃挑出来。

They sorted through their rubbish and separated out the glass.

然后把它们打碎成小块，再重新熔化。

Then they smashed it up into little pieces and melted it again.

准备好被做成新的东西。

Ready to be turned into something new.

就跟我们现在做的一样。

Just like we do it today.

这太棒了。

That's great.

我们会不会有天用光玻璃？

Are we gonna ever run out

玻璃？

of glass?

虽然地球上沙子、石灰石和纯碱很多，但如今每年我们都要生产数亿吨新玻璃。

Even though the world has a lot of sand and limestone and soda ash, these days we make hundreds of millions of tons of new glass every year.

这数量可真不小。

That's a lot.

是啊，没错。

Yeah, man.

确实很多。

That is a lot.

但厉害的是，玻璃可以无限次回收再利用，没有上限。

But the great thing is that there's no limit to how much you can recycle and reuse glass.

它不会变质。

It won't break down.

你可以一直用，反复回收，永不停止。

You can use it forever and recycle it infinitely.

哦。

Oh.

我

I

我之前不知道玻璃在技术上可以永久使用和保存。

did not know that glass could be used and saved technically forever.

太惊人了。

That's amazing.

如果我们更好地回收，玻璃就永远不会用完。

So we'll never run out of glass if we do a better job at recycling.

它不会分解，这对地球真的很有好处。

It's really good for the planet that it doesn't break down.

既然不会分解，那些碎片就不会渗入土壤里。

So if it doesn't break down, all the pieces won't get into the earth.

而且，回收利用所消耗的能量远少于制造新玻璃。

Plus, recycling uses way less energy than making new glass.

这意味着我们其实已经生产出了未来所需的所有玻璃。

That means we've already made all the glass we'll ever need.

我们只需要好好回收就行了。

We've just got to recycle it.

我们应该多回收，别直接扔进垃圾桶。

We should recycle way more, not throw it in the bin.

非常感谢您向我们展示了玻璃是如何制造和回收的。

Thank you so much for showing us how glass is made and remade.

汤姆，讲解得特别清楚。

Tom, it's been really clear.

不客气。

Thank you.

这是我的荣幸。

My pleasure.

所以，阿尔蒂、赛奇、杰克、伊娜拉和奥迪，玻璃是通过加热沙子和岩石中的干燥矿物质制成的。

So, Arty, Sage, Jack, Inara, and Odie, glass is made by heating up the dry minerals found in sand and rocks

沙子。

Sand.

石灰石、纯碱。

Limestone, soda ash.

当它开始冷却时，玻璃会变得粘稠而有弹性，可以塑造成任何形状。

Until they As it starts to cool, glass turns thick and flexible and can be molded into any shape.

或者像气球一样吹起来。

Or blown up like a balloon.

等它完全冷却后，玻璃就变成固体了。

Once it cools down completely, glass becomes a solid.

而且会变得透明。

And it goes see through.

这是因为我们能看到的光不会被玻璃内部的微小颗粒吸收或反射。

That's because the light that we can see isn't absorbed or reflected by the tiny particles inside it.

不像木材或金属那样。

Like wood or metal.

自从发明以来，玻璃已经被反复使用了无数次。

Since its invention, glass has been used and reused many times over.

它可以无限次地回收利用。

You can recycle it forever.

我们每天都会用玻璃来盛装液体，让家变得更温暖、更明亮。

We all use glass every day to carry liquids, to make our homes warmer and brighter

通过窗户。

With windows.

还能让我们与亲友保持联系。

And to keep us connected to our friends and family.

用手机和电脑。

With phones and computers.

玻璃

Glass

能帮我们看见东西，不只是靠我们自己的眼睛。

can help us see and not just with our own eyes.

我戴眼镜。

I wear glasses.

我也是。

Me too.

它还带我们探索了遥远的星系。

It's also taken us to distant galaxies

用望远镜。

With telescopes.

还放大了微观世界。

And magnified the microscopic.

这样你就能看到特别小的东西了。

So you can see really small things.

玻璃接下来还会带我们去哪里，只能靠想象了。

Where glass will take us next, we can only imagine.