金属是如何制造的？

ABC 收听。

ABC listen.

你好，我叫 Nij。

Hello, my name is Nij.

今天在《想象一下》节目里，我是一名骑士。

And today on Imagine This, I'm a knight.

我们正在一个中世纪集市上。

We're at a medieval fair.

看，那里有马上长矛比武。

Look, there's jousting.

他们骑着马去保卫城堡。

They ride on horses to protect castles.

有马、盾牌、剑，他们假装在打斗。

Horses, and shields, and swords, and they pretend to fight.

好酷的剑。

Cool sword.

是吧？

I know, right?

它是由最坚硬、最强韧的金属制成的。

It's made of the toughest, strongest metal.

我觉得它能切开任何东西。

I reckon it can cut through anything.

不是任何东西。

Not anything.

看看这个。

Check this out.

哎呀。

Uh-oh.

哎呀。

Uh-oh.

我的剑。

My sword.

它断成两半了。

It broke in half.

哦，怎么会？

Oh, how?

它是金属做的啊。

It's made of metal.

金属是什么做的？

What's metal made of?

这是很多人一直在问的问题。

That's what a lot of you have been asking.

你好，Nij。

Hi Nij.

我叫Cash，今年五岁。

My name's Cash, and I'm five years old.

我叫Ben，今年八岁。

My name is Ben, and I'm eight years old.

我叫乔纳森。

I'm Jonathan.

我四岁了。

I'm four years old.

我叫亨利。

I'm Henry.

我六岁了。

I'm six years old.

我叫哈里特，今年五岁，我想知道金属是怎么做出来的？

My name's Harriet, and I'm five years old, and I want to know, how is metal made?

金属是怎么做出来的？

How is metal made?

金属是怎么做出来的？

How is metal made?

还有一个来自亨利的提问。

There was also this one from Henry.

嗨，我是亨利。

Hi, I'm Henry.

我六岁了。

I'm six years old.

我想知道为什么金属比其他东西更冷。

I want to know why metal is colder than other stuff.

金属是怎么做的？

How is metal made?

为什么它是冷的？

Why is it cold?

还有为什么它坏了？

And why is it broken?

你觉得我能修好它吗？

Do you reckon I can fix it?

把它拼起来，用一些超强的强力胶？

Put it together and use some really thick super glue?

胶带。

Sticky tape.

也许这附近有个铁匠。

Maybe there's a blacksmith around here.

在铁匠铺里，铁匠们会打造金属。

At the blacksmith's shop, where there's blacksmiths make metal.

他们用金属做出各种东西。

They create stuff out of metal.

他们做剑、盾牌和长矛。

They make swords, shields, and spears.

那就是铁匠。

There's the blacksmith.

嘿，那是我的朋友，马特·亨伯特博士。

Hey, that's my friend, Dr. Matt Humbert.

他不只是铁匠，还是冶金学家。

He's not just a blacksmith, he's a metallurgist.

嘿，尼吉。

Hey, Nij.

嗨，孩子们。

Hi, kids.

很高兴见到你们。

Nice to see you.

你好。

Hello.

你好。

Hello.

冶金学家是做什么的？

What's a metallurgist?

我以为你是铁匠呢。

I thought you were a blacksmith.

我两者都是。

I'm both.

作为冶金学家，我可以了解所有关于金属的知识，而作为铁匠，我可以制作很多酷炫的东西。

Being a metallurgist means I get to learn all about metals, and as a blacksmith, I get to make lots of cool stuff.

比如剑吗？

Like swords?

Matt，我的剑断了。

Matt, I broke my sword.

你能帮我修一下吗？

Do you think you could fix it?

当然可以。

For sure.

这就是我的职责所在。

That's what I'm here for.

你能告诉我们金属是怎么制造出来的吗？

Can you tell us how metal is made?

啊，这个嘛，需要一点想象力。

Ah, well, that will require a little bit of imagination.

这个我们很在行。

We're good at that.

我们从哪里开始呢？

Where do we start?

嗯，金属的故事要从几十亿年前的外太空说起。

Well, the story of metal starts billions of years ago, out in space.

外太空？

Space?

金属会从行星上掉下来，或者像火箭那样的太空金属物体？

Metal might fall off planets or metal things in space like rocket ships?

不完全是。

Not quite.

哦，我喜欢去太空，但上次我们差点被超新星炸到，差点变成黑洞里的面条。

Oh, I love going to space, but last time we were supernovad, and almost turned into black hole spaghetti.

没事的。

It's okay.

我们不用真的去太空，但故事确实是从那里开始的。

We don't have to go to space, but it is where the story starts.

几十亿年前，一颗恒星爆炸后，无数微小的金属颗粒以巨大的尘埃云形式在银河系中穿行。

Billions of years ago, after a star exploded, lots of tiny bits of metal traveled through the galaxy as enormous clouds of dust.

这些尘埃云聚集在一起，形成了我们的太阳和地球，就这样，地球上的金属就出现了。

Those clouds swirled together to make our sun, our planet, and presto, that's how we got metal here on Earth.

等等，我还不知道金属来自恒星呢。

Wait, I didn't know metal was from stars.

也许恒星本身就是金属做的，或者它们内部能产生金属？

Maybe the stars are made of metal, or they make metal inside them?

地球上的一切都起源于恒星。

Everything on Earth has its beginnings in stars.

现在地球上到处都是金属制品。

And now there's metal stuff everywhere on Earth.

不只是我的剑，还有汽车、桥梁，还有……

Not just my sword, but cars, bridges, and...

飞机。

Airplanes.

叉子和刀子。

Forks and knives.

自行车。

Bicycle.

有些建筑的屋顶是金属做的。

Some buildings' roofs are made of metal.

我们用的这种金属叫铁，这些东西都是铁做的。

We use a type of metal called iron for all that stuff.

铁是我们用得最多的金属，你的剑也是铁做的。

That's the metal we use the most of, and that's what your sword is made of, too.

要不我们跟着铁的旅程，来找你问题的答案？

How about we follow the journey of iron to find the answers to your questions?

先去哪儿呢？

Where to first?

嗯，在工厂里吗？

Um, in factories?

不完全对。

Not quite.

我们在沙漠里。

We're in a desert.

马特，你迷路了吗？

Matt, did you get lost?

你该检查一下你的想象导航。

You should check your imagination navigation.

我觉得这里没有金属。

I don't think there's metal here.

哦，有的。

Oh, yes, there is.

这里是西澳大利亚的皮尔巴拉。

This is the Pilbara in Western Australia.

这片红色的岩石地貌富含铁，是全球含铁量最高的地方。

This red, rocky landscape is chock-full of iron, the most in the whole world.

哪里？

Where?

哪里？

Where?

在地下吗？

Underneath the ground?

就在这里。

Right here.

哦。

Oh.

就是说，如果我们把它敲开，里面会有金属吗？

Like, if we break it open, there'll be metal inside?

不完全是。

Not exactly.

像金和银这样的贵金属，可以在岩石里以纯金属的形式找到。

Noble metals like gold and silver can be found inside rocks as pure metal.

如果你运气特别好，说不定能在石头里发现一块天然金块或者一条银脉。

If you're very lucky, you might find a gold nugget or a vein of silver amongst a rock.

但是岩石里的铁，我们叫它铁矿石。

But iron in rocks is called iron ore.

也就是说，铁和氧混在一起了。

This means the iron is mixed with oxygen.

正是铁矿石，让这里的岩石和沙子呈现出这种漂亮的深红色。

Iron ore is what gives the rocks and sand out here this lovely deep red color.

铁矿石。

Iron ore.

铁和氧。

Iron and oxygen.

岩石里面还有空气和金属？

There's air and metal inside rocks?

但它不是像固体金属或气泡那样。

But it's not like solid metal or bubbles of air.

铁原子和氧原子结合在一起，形成了这种岩石。

The atoms of iron and the atoms of oxygen are joined together to make this type of rock.

那你怎么把这红色的、粉末状的岩石变成金属呢？

So how do you turn this red, dusty rock into metal?

对，就像那种银色的东西。

Yeah, like the silver stuff.

首先，你需要把它压碎成小块。

First, you need to crush it up into smaller pieces.

哇。

Whoa.

哇，这真是个厉害的碎石机。

Whoa, that's one serious rock smasher.

其实这个过程中有好几台厉害的碎石机，但我们先从旋回圆锥破碎机开始吧。

There's actually a few serious rock smashers in this process, but let's start with the gyratory cone crusher.

就像一台巨大的岩石搅拌机。

It's like a giant rock blender.

它把岩石都打成了小块。

It's turning the rocks into little bits.

没错。

Exactly.

把铁矿石压成碎石粉末，这样提取铁就容易多了。

Crushing the iron ore into a gravelly powder makes it much easier to get the iron out.

那我们现在是不是只要把铁块挑出来就行了？

So, now we just pick the bits of iron out?

那得花好长时间。

That would take a while.

但铁还是和氧粘在一起，记得吗？

But the iron is still stuck to the oxygen, remember?

那怎么把它们分开呢？

How do you unstick it?

你得把温度调高。

You've got to turn up the heat

你没开玩笑，马特。

You weren't kidding, Matt.

这里真的好热。

It's really hot in here.

哦，我们这是在哪儿？

Oh, where are we?

回声。

Echo.

回声。

Echo.

我们是不是在什么大烟囱里？

Are we in some kind of giant chimney?

有点像，但这里比普通壁炉热多了。

It's a bit like that, but it burns much hotter than a regular fireplace.

这叫高炉，温度能超过一千五百度。

It's called a blast furnace, and it gets to a temperature of over 1,500 degrees.

那有岩浆那么热吗？

Is that hot like lava?

它得热到能把石头熔化，而岩浆其实就是熔化的石头。

It needs to be hot enough to melt the rocks, and that's exactly what lava is, melted or molten rocks.

碎石来了。

Here comes the gravel.

粉碎的铁矿石从顶部倒进去，还加了一些焦炭。

The crushed iron ore gets poured in the top, along with some coke.

焦炭？

Coke?

是那种饮料吗？

Like the drink?

是另一种焦炭。

It's a different kind of coke.

焦炭是我们对烘干后的煤的称呼。

Coke is what we call coal that's been dried out.

它富含一种叫碳的元素，燃烧起来温度极高。

It's full of an element called carbon, and it burns super hot.

我们需要焦炭中的碳来把铁矿石里的氧抢走。

We need the carbon in the coke to steal the oxygen out of the iron ore.

抢走？

Steal it?

怎么抢？

How?

氧和铁非常容易结合在一起。

Oxygen and iron are great at sticking together.

它们在那块岩石里已经待了数十亿年，直到你把温度升高。

They've been stuck in that rock for billions of years, until you turn up the temperature.

哇。

Whoa.

当岩石和焦炭在炉子里一起熔化时，各种元素都在里面翻滚混合。

As the rocks and the coke melt together in the furnace, you have the elements all swirling around together.

铁、氧和碳全都混在一起了。

The iron, oxygen, and carbon get all mixed up.

这时候，氧会松开铁，转而和碳结合。

When that happens, the oxygen lets go of the iron and joins the carbon instead.

为什么？

Why?

如果让氧自己选，它更想和碳在一起，而不是铁。

If it's up to the oxygen, it wants to be with the carbon more than the iron.

可怜的铁。

Poor iron.

别担心，我们还是很喜欢你的，铁。

Don't worry, we still like you, iron.

所以现在我们得到的混合物基本上就是纯铁了。

So now we have this mixture that's mostly just iron on its own.

我们还想留一点点碳在里面，就一点点。

We also want a tiny bit of carbon to stay behind, just a smidge.

为什么？

How come?

纯铁其实有点太软了，不适合当金属用。

Pure iron is actually a bit too soft to use as a metal.

如果用纯铁做剑，很容易就会弯。

If you were to make a sword from it, it would bend really easily.

哦，不。骑士可不能用软趴趴的剑打仗。

Oh, no. Knights can't fight with wibbly, wobbly swords.

确实不行。

They sure can't.

加一点点碳，铁就会变成更坚固的东西——钢。

Adding a little bit of carbon transforms the iron into something much stronger, steel.

它真的非常非常坚固。

It is really, really strong.

我之前不知道钢是用铁做的。

I didn't know steel was made of iron.

是的。

Yep.

钢主要是铁，里面加了一点点碳。

Steel is mostly iron with a little bit of carbon in it.

因为铁很重，它会沉到高炉底部，然后从一个大出口流出来，供人们收集。

Since iron is very heavy, it sinks to the bottom of the blast furnace and pours out a big tap for people to collect.

哇。

Whoa.

看起来就像橙色的岩浆。

It's like orange lava.

现在铁匠能用它来做东西了吗？

Is that ready now for a blacksmith to make things out of?

在过去，所有的金属加工都是铁匠做的。

In the olden days, it was blacksmiths who did all the metal making.

而且我觉得，有些东西还是手工做出来的更漂亮。

And if you ask me, there are still things that are more beautiful when they're made by hand.

但现在大部分工作都是机器来做了。

But today, machines do most of the work.

那他们是怎么把铁变成金属制品的呢？

How do they turn that into metal stuff?

就是敲打、压平、弯成各种形状。

Pounding it and flattening it and curving it into shapes.

因为它从炉子里出来的时候是液态的，所以可以倒进模具里，做出任何形状。

Because it's a liquid when it comes out of the furnace, it can be poured into molds to create any shape.

红色的液态金属冷却后，就变成了坚硬的银白色钢材。

As the red liquid metal cools down, it turns into a hard, silver-colored steel.

金属的一个神奇之处就是，加热后会变软，这样就能被挤压、冲压、弯曲成有用的形状。

One of the amazing things about metal is that when it's heated, it becomes soft, so it can be squeezed, stamped, and bent into usable shapes.

有时候是剑，有时候是饭盒。

Sometimes swords, lunchboxes.

有时候他们会用它做风铃，那些能发出音乐的小片。

Sometimes they use it for wind chimes, pieces to make the music.

汽车。

Cars.

有些船的部分可以用钢来做。

Some bits of boats can be made of steel.

大船和潜艇的窗户周围都有钢。

Big ships and submarines have steel around the glass.

钢无处不在，建筑、火车、汽车、自行车、房子、机器、桥梁、游乐场，甚至你吃饭用的刀叉。

Steel is everywhere, in buildings and trains, cars, bikes, houses, machines, bridges, playgrounds, even the knives and forks you eat with.

我们用的钢比其他所有金属加起来还要多20倍。

We use 20 times more steel than all other metals put together.

之后它会一直保持冷吗？

Does it stay cold after?

你是什么意思？

What do you mean?

金属摸起来感觉凉凉的，但它也能变得很烫。

Metal feels cold when you touch it, but it can get really hot, too.

啊。

Ah.

那是因为金属特别擅长吸收热量。

That's because metal is really good at absorbing heat.

所以当你摸金属感觉凉的时候，那种感觉其实是热量从你身体传到金属里去了。

So when you touch metal and it feels cold, that feeling is from the heat leaving your body and going into the metal.

哇。

Whoa.

这也是为什么在阳光明媚的日子里，金属会感觉那么烫。

It's the same reason metal can feel so hot on a sunny day.

它就是把周围的热量吸过来，然后传给你。

It just grabs onto the heat around it and gives it to you.

就像金属滑梯那样。

Like a metal slide.

烫得屁股疼。

It burns your bum.

走吧，咱们离开这个火炉，出去透透气。

Come on, let's get out of this blast furnace and into some fresh air.

下雨了。

It's raining.

泥巴被岩石染红了。

The mud's all red from the rocks.

严格来说，是铁锈染红的。

Technically, it's red from rust.

岩石也会生锈吗？

The rocks are rusting?

还记得铁一开始是怎么和岩石里的氧结合的吗？

Remember how the iron started off stuck to oxygen inside the rocks?

铁特别喜欢和氧待在一起。

Iron loves being with oxygen.

铁和氧在一起的时候会变红。

Iron and oxygen turn red when they are together.

哎呀。

Aw.

就像它们太开心了，都脸红了。

It's like they're so happy, they're blushing.

这个记法真可爱。

That's a cute way to remember it.

当钢铁做的东西弄湿了，在空气中放久了，铁就会慢慢抓住空气中的氧，开始变红。

When things made of steel get wet and sit in the air for long enough, the iron slowly grabs onto the oxygen in the air and starts to turn red.

你可能见过放在外面太久的旧自行车，或者一些游乐场的设施上。

Maybe you've seen it on an old bike left outside for too long, or some playground equipment.

很多地方都有。

In lots of places.

比如后院的台阶上。

On the backyard stairs.

在船上。

On a boat.

螺丝也会生锈。

Screws can get rusty.

锈看起来有点发棕，而且摸起来很粗糙。

Rusty kind of look brown, and it's rough.

所以锈就像是钢铁里的铁想变回石头一样。

So rust is kind of like the iron in steel trying to become a rock again.

锈就是铁变回铁矿石的过程。

Rust is the iron turning back into iron ore.

好了，我们别淋雨了，回集市去吧。

Come on, let's get out of this rain and back to the fair.

我来看看你的剑，尼吉。

I'll take a look at that sword of yours, Nij.

好，让我看看。

All right, let's see.

马特，这能修好吗？

Is it gonna be okay, Matt?

你觉得我们能修好吗？

Do you reckon we can fix it?

看它断的地方。

Look where it broke.

它生锈了。

It was rusty.

那就对了。

That'll do it.

锈会在金属上造成裂缝。

Rust can make cracks in the metal.

钢会随着时间慢慢生锈，因为铁和空气中的氧气重新结合，但水会加速这个过程。

Steel will rust slowly over time as the iron joins back together with the oxygen in the air, but water speeds things up.

你刚才是不是淋雨了，尼吉？

Did you get caught in the rain or something, Nij?

呃，我可能把它放进洗碗机了。

Uh, so I may have put it in the dishwasher.

尼吉。

Nij.

怎么了？

What?

我想让它闪闪发亮，好去集市。

I wanted it to be sparkly for the fair.

别担心。

Not to worry.

钢是百分之百可回收的，铁匠很容易就能把它熔化重塑。

Steel is 100% recyclable, and it's super easy for a blacksmith to melt it and reshape it.

叮叮当当，叮叮当当。

Bang, bang, bang, bang, bang

反复敲打一百万次，它还是会和刚锻造出来时一样坚固。

A million times over, and it'll be just as strong as when it was first forged.

啊，谢谢你，马特。

Ah, thanks, Matt.

别客气。

No worries.

我很喜欢跟金属打交道。

I love working with metal.

冶金学家们一直在寻找新的方法，来制造更强、更耐用的金属，同时也在探索更环保的生产方式。

Metallurgists are always looking at new ways to make stronger, longer-lasting metals, and cleaner ways to make them.

即使过了几千年，我们仍然在金属方面有惊人的发现。

Even after thousands of years, we're still making amazing discoveries about metals.

我也能要一把剑吗？

Can I have a sword, too?

我也要。

Me, too.

我想要一面盾牌。

I want a shield.

一套盔甲？

A suit of armor?

一辆金属玩具车？

A metal toy car?

我能要一个金属的小屋吗？

Can I have a metal cubby house?

啊，好的。

Ah, okay.

重新来，一个一个说。

Start again, one at a time.

所以，本、卡什、哈里特、亨利和乔纳森，我这把剑里的钢，最初是恒星制造的铁。

So Ben, Cash, Harriet, Henry, and Jonathan, the steel in my sword started out as iron made by a star.

经过数十亿年，随着地球慢慢形成，铁与氧气混合并变硬，成为我们脚下岩石的一部分。

After billions of years, as the Earth slowly formed, the iron mixed with oxygen and hardened to become part of the rocks beneath our feet.

铁矿石。

Iron ore.

要把铁变成金属，得先把大块的铁矿石压碎成碎石。

To make iron into metal, big rocks of iron ore are crushed into gravel.

砸，砸

Smash, smash

然后在巨大的高炉里熔化

... melted in a giant blast furnace

比岩浆还高

Taller than lava

再和焦炭混合。

... and mixed with coke.

但这不是喝的那种可乐。

But it's not the drink.

那是煤里的碳。

That's carbon from coal.

这个过程把铁和氧分开，剩下的少量碳让铁变成了超强的钢。

This breaks apart the iron and the oxygen, and with the little bit of carbon left behind, the iron transforms into super strong steel.

当金属还是红热的时候，它很软，可以塑造成各种东西。

When the metal is still red hot, it's soft and can be shaped into all kinds of things.

你可以做一把剑。

You could make a sword.

自行车呢？

A bike?

或者一座桥。

Or a bridge.

游乐场。

A playground.

或者一列火车。

Or a train.

宇宙飞船呢？

A spaceship?

如果钢受潮并在空气中放置很长时间，铁会慢慢重新与氧结合，开始生锈。

If steel gets wet and sits in the air for a long time, the iron slowly joins back together with the oxygen, and it starts to rust.

它想变回石头了。

It's trying to be a rock again.

钢可以回收再利用，重新熔化，做成全新的东西。

Steel can be recycled and melted down and made into something brand new all over again.

一次又一次。

And again.

一次又一次。

And again.

所以下次你看到钢制品时，想象一下它以前是什么，将来又会变成什么。

So next time you see something made of steel, just imagine all the things it used to be and what it might become next.

从阿尔伯特龙到始祖鸟，从海洋龙到兴隆龙，你会在史上最棒的播客里找到所有你喜欢的史前伙伴和捕食者。

From Albertosaurus to Archaeopteryx and Thalassos to Xinglongosaurus, you'll find all your favorite prehistoric pals and predators in the greatest podcast of all time.

欢迎来到恐龙竞技场。

Welcome to the Dino Dome.

欢迎来到恐龙竞技场。

Welcome to the Dino Dome.

我是体育记者阿曼达·沙拉拉。

I'm sports reporter Amanda Shalala.

我是古生物学家，也就是中生代大师，蒂姆·理查兹。

And I'm paleontologist, AKA Mesozoic master, Tim Richards.

每周我们都会解说恐龙们在不断变化的地形中比赛，争夺梦寐以求的恐龙穹顶杯。

And every week, we commentate as dinosaurs compete across ever-changing terrains in a race for the coveted Dino Dome Cup.

这里有食肉恐龙、食草恐龙、杂食恐龙、会飞的、会游泳的、慢吞吞的，还有飞毛腿。

There are carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, flyers, swimmers, slowpokes, and speedsters.

在恐龙穹顶，一切皆有可能。

Anything goes in the Dino Dome.

欢迎在ABC收听应用的儿童专区加入我们，一起感受中生代的疯狂。

Join us for the Mesozoic mayhem on the kids' tab of the ABC Listen app.

准备好咆哮吧。

Let's get ready to roar.

准备好咆哮吧。

Let's get ready to roar.

在恐龙穹顶，一切皆有可能。

You never know in the Dino Dome