您的饮用水中是否含有“永久化学品”？

《It's Been a Minute》是NPR的一档文化时事播客，每期开头都会问三个问题。

Every episode of It's Been a Minute, NPR's What's Happening in Culture podcast starts by asking three questions.

谁？

Who?

怎么发生的？

How?

为什么是现在？

Why now?

只要文化圈在讨论，我们就跟着聊。

If the culture's asking it, we're talking about it.

在NPR，我们支持你保持好奇，尽情探索文化话题。

At NPR, we stand for your right to be curious and indulge your cultural curiosity.

无论你在哪个平台听播客，都来关注《It's Been a Minute》，我们会帮你拆解那些刷爆你动态的热门话题。

Follow It's Been A Minute wherever you get your podcasts, and we'll break down the zeitgeisty topics that are filling your feed.

你正在收听NPR的《Life Kit》。

You're listening to Life Kit from NPR.

嗨。

Hey.

我是玛丽埃尔。

It's Marielle.

你不妨环顾一下你的家。

I want you to look around your home.

你家里有没有不粘锅、雨衣，或者那种容易滑进牙缝的牙线？

Do you have a nonstick frying pan, a raincoat, dental floss designed to slide easily between your teeth?

这些东西其实有一个共同点。

All of these items have something in common.

它们常常含有叫作PFAS的人工化学物质。

They often contain man made chemicals called PFAS.

PFAS是全氟和多氟烷基物质的缩写。

That stands for per and polyfluoroalkyl substances.

这些物质出现在很多我们人类特别喜欢的东西里，比如煎蛋特别顺手的不粘锅，或者能让你彻底不被淋湿的雨衣。

They're in a lot of stuff that we as humans really like, like nonstick pans that are really great for frying eggs or raincoats that keep you really dry.

但正是这些有用的特性，也让它们特别难被分解，能在人体和环境中长期残留。

But the same qualities that make them useful also make them really difficult to break down so they can stick around for a long time in our bodies and the environment.

新罕布什尔州公共广播的记者马拉·霍普拉马齐安多年来一直报道PFAS，这种物质也被称为‘永久性化学物’。

New Hampshire public radio reporter Mara Hoplamazian has spent years reporting on PFAS, which are also known as forever chemicals.

它们被称为‘永久性’的一个原因，是因为这些化学物质非常稳定，尤其是因为它们都含有氟原子和碳原子之间的键——这是有机化学中最强的单键。

One reason for that nickname is that they're super strong, in part because one of the things that unites this whole group of chemicals is that they have a bond between a fluorine atom and a carbon atom, which is the strongest single bond in organic chemistry.

PFAS无处不在。

PFAS are everywhere.

它们会在人体内累积，即使微量，也与癌症、甲状腺疾病、高胆固醇、子痫前期、溃疡性结肠炎等严重健康问题有关。

They build up in our bodies, and even tiny amounts are linked to serious health problems like cancer, thyroid disease, high cholesterol, preeclampsia, ulcerative colitis, and more.

对很多人来说，饮用水是主要的接触来源。

And a major source of exposure for a lot of people is drinking water.

政府估算显示，全美近一半家庭的水龙头水中都含有这些化学物质。

Government estimates show that these chemicals are coming out of the taps in nearly half of homes in America.

马拉是播客《安全饮用水》的主持人。

Mara is the host of a podcast called Safe to Drink.

这个节目讲述了一个小镇发现饮用水被污染的故事。

It follows the story of one town that finds out its water has been contaminated.

在本期《生活工具箱》中，我们会聊聊如何在一个到处都是毒素的世界里生活。

And on this episode of Life Kit, we're gonna talk about how to live in a world where these toxins are everywhere.

我们会讨论如何检测你家饮用水中是否含有PFAS，哪些净水器能有效去除它们，以及还能做哪些调整来减少接触。

We'll go over how to find out if PFAS are in your drinking water, what kinds of water filters can tackle them, and what other changes you can make to limit your exposure.

本周在NPR政治播客中，德克萨斯州出了大新闻。

This week on the NPR politics podcast, big news in Texas.

美国参议院一位资历最深的共和党人，在初选中输给了特朗普支持的挑战者。

One of the most senior Republicans in the U.

。

S.

参议院这个席位在今年十一月的选举中，民主党人比以往更有希望夺下。

Senate just lost his primary to a challenger backed by president Trump.

。

Now Democrats are more hopeful than ever that they can flip the seat in November.

在NPR政治播客里，我们会详细分析这场选举对德克萨斯州和国会权力平衡的影响。

We'll break down the stakes for Texas and the balance of power in congress on the NPR politics podcast.

请在NPR应用，或者你常用的播客平台收听。

Listen on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

好的，马拉。

Alright, Mara.

谢谢你来参加。

Thanks for being here.

非常感谢你们邀请我。

Thank you so much for having me.

我们先来理清基本情况。

Let's lay out the basics.

我们到底知道这些化学物质在体内是怎么运作的吗？

Do we know what these chemicals are actually doing inside of our bodies?

它们到底是怎么造成这些伤害的？

How they cause all this harm?

有证据表明，PFAS化学物质可能会干扰人体通过激素传递的信号。

There's evidence that PFAS chemicals could be disrupting the signals our bodies send through hormones.

它们还可能影响基因的表达方式。

They could change the way our genes express themselves.

它们可能会削弱我们的免疫系统。

They could suppress our immune systems.

它们会干扰细胞的正常运作，导致细胞异常增殖，也就是癌症。

They can interfere with cellular biology and cause uncontrolled growth, which is cancer.

其中研究得最充分的化学物质是PFOA和PFOS。

And the most well studied of these chemicals are PFOA and PFOS.

它们有时被称为早期PFAS化学物质。

They're sometimes called legacy PFAS chemicals.

可以说，它们是最早的一批。

They're sort of like the originals.

PFOA被列为一级致癌物，也就是说，它对人类有致癌性。

PFOA is classified as a group one carcinogen, meaning it is carcinogenic to humans.

这跟其他一类致癌物一样，比如烟草、石棉、砷，还有加工肉类和酒精。

That's along with, like, other group one carcinogens, which are, you know, tobacco, asbestos, arsenic, but also things like processed meat and alcohol.

而PFOS则被列为可能致癌物。

And PFOS is classified as possibly carcinogenic.

科学家在哪儿发现了这些PFAS物质？

Where have scientists found PFAS?

美国疾控中心的数据显示，几乎所有人都在血液里检出了PFAS。

Estimates from the CDC show that pretty much all of us have PFAS in our blood.

只要科学家去调查，几乎全球各地都能找到它们。

And they're pretty much everywhere in the world scientists have looked.

比如在东格陵兰的北极熊和海豹体内都发现了它们。

You know, they were found in polar bears and seals in East Greenland.

就连南极的企鹅体内也检测到了。

They were found in penguins in Antarctica.

所以想避开这些东西真的很难。

So it's really hard to get away from these things.

至于美国的自来水，美国地质调查局几年前做过一项研究，想弄清楚这个问题。

And when it comes to tap water in The US, the US Geological Survey tried to get a handle on this with a study that came out a few years ago.

他们检测了大约15000种PFAS化学物中的30多种。

They tested for more than 30 different PFAS chemicals of the, you know, roughly 15,000 that exist.

结果发现，全美至少有45%的自来水含有其中一种或多种PFAS化学物。

And they found at least 45% of the nation's tap water has one or more of 30 plus PFAS chemicals in it.

PFAS在饮用水中是合法允许存在的吗？

Are PFAS legally allowed in drinking water?

到2024年，也就是两年前，美国联邦政府出台了针对几种PFAS化学物在饮用水中含量的限值规定。

As of two years ago, 2024, there are federal regulations for how much of a few PFAS chemicals are allowed in drinking water.

这意味着全美所有公共供水系统都必须开始检测PFAS，并采取措施去除这些物质。

And that means public water systems all across The US will need to start testing for PFAS chemicals and treating their water to remove them.

但供水系统完成这项工作的截止日期还不明确。

But the deadline for water systems to do that work is unclear.

目前我们也不知道到底哪些永久性化学物会被要求检测和清除。

And we don't know yet which forever chemicals water systems will be required to test for and remove.

这是因为特朗普政府正在推动修改环保署在拜登时期制定的计划，基本上只保留对两种早已不再使用的旧式PFAS化学物质——PFOA和PFOS的管控，同时取消环保署2024年曾监管的其他几种PFAS物质的相关规定。

That's because the Trump administration is pushing for some changes to what the EPA had planned under Biden, essentially proposing to keep rules for just two of the legacy PFAS chemicals that aren't really being used anymore, PFOA and PFOS, and rescind the rules for a handful of other PFAS chemicals the EPA did regulate in 2024.

就具体标准而言，联邦对PFOA和PFOS的限值是每万亿分之四。

And in terms of the regulations themselves, the federal regulations for PFOA and PFOS are four parts per trillion.

但环保署表示，如果完全依据健康风险来设定，这些物质的限值应该是零。

But the EPA has said if the levels were set solely based on health, they would be at zero parts per trillion.

换句话说，就是这些化学物质在饮用水中根本不存在安全阈值。

So essentially saying, you know, there's not a safe level of these chemicals to be drinking.

所以如果你想知道自家自来水里有没有PFAS，你可能会想，第一步该怎么做？

So I wonder if you wanna know, does the tap water in my area have PFAS in it?

你会先从哪里入手？

What would be your first step?

很多州其实已经做过检测了。

Many states have already done testing.

所以第一步可以查查你所在州的现行规定，看看州政府有没有在网上公开相关的检测数据。

So a good first step is to see what your current state regulations are and whether your state has public testing data online.

通常，这些信息可以在你所在州的环境服务部门或卫生部门网站上找到。

And usually, that can be found through your state's Department of Environmental Services or your health department.

如果你用的是公共供水，但查不到相关信息，可以打电话给供水公司的客服，问问他们有没有做过水质检测。

If you're on public water and you can't find that information through your state, you could call your water utilities customer service line to see if they have tested the water.

如果还没检测，也别着急，继续关注，因为根据目前环保署的规定，供水公司最晚要在2027年之前完成检测。

And if they haven't, you know, keep checking because the deadline for water utilities to test under the current EPA regulations is 2027.

这个期限快到了，检测结果应该会陆续公布。

That's coming up, and so testing results should be coming in.

如果你用的是私人水井——像我所在州，差不多有一半的人都是这样——很多州都有专门的项目，帮你了解怎么自己检测水质。

If you're on a private well, which, you know, like half of folks in in my state are, many states have programs to help you figure out how test your own water.

我知道在新罕布什尔州，政府还提供一些经济补助来支持这项检测。

I know in New Hampshire, there's also some financial assistance for that.

网上也有一些地图，可以查看全美各地已经完成的检测情况。

And there are a few maps online where you can sort of see testing that's already been done throughout the country.

其中一个是由美国环保署发布的。

One of them is from the U.

S.

S.

地质调查局，还有一个是环保工作组这个倡导组织的，你只要输入你的所在地，就能看到附近哪些水体已经做过检测了。

Geological Survey, another is from this advocacy organization called the Environmental Working Group, and you can just sort of put in your location and see what water around you has been tested.

第一点。

Takeaway one.

你想知道你的自来水里有没有PFAS。

You wanna know if your tap water contains PFAS.

一个不错的起点是查看你所在州的PFAS法规和公共供水的检测数据。

A good starting point is your state's PFAS regulations and its public water testing data.

你可以通过州卫生部门或环保部门找到这些信息。

You can find that through your state health department or department of environmental services.

你也可以打电话给供水公司的客服，问问他们有没有做过水质检测。

You can also call your water utilities customer service line to see if they've tested the water.

网上还有一些地图，整合了美国各地的公共供水检测数据。

And there are maps online that pull together public water testing data from the U.

S.

S.

地质调查局和环保工作小组，一个倡导组织。

Geological Survey and from the Environmental Working Group, an advocacy organization.

如果你用的是私人水井，很多州都有项目可以帮助你检测水质，有时还会提供经济补助。

If you're on a private well, many states have programs to help you test your water and they might also offer financial assistance.

查到这些信息后，你该怎么理解那些报告呢？

And then once you do look that up, how do you make sense of the reports that you find?

我觉得第一步可以先把结果跟联邦标准对比一下，比如PFOA和PFOS的限值是四万亿分之一，再看看你所在州有没有额外规定。

I think a good first step is to sort of compare your results to the federal regulations so that, you know, four parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS, and then any state regulations you might have.

我住在新罕布什尔州的康科德，就专门查过这里的情况。

I looked into this in Concord, New Hampshire, where I live.

我住的公寓用的是公共供水，所以我去查了供水公司有没有做过水质检测。

My apartment is on public water, so I checked to see if my water utility had tested the water.

他们确实在2023年做过检测，结果也公布在官网上。

And they did test in 2023, and they published those results online.

我用水中有一个水源的检测值略高于联邦标准，但其他水源都低于联邦限值，而且全都低于新罕布什尔州的限值。

One of the water sources that mixes into my water tested slightly above the federal level, but the other sources had levels lower than the federal limit, and everything was below New Hampshire's state limits.

所以我觉得这样已经足够让我觉得家里的水还算安全。

So I felt like that was enough for me to feel my water was pretty safe.

但正如你所说，环保署认为，任何浓度的PFAS都不应该出现在饮用水中。

But then again, like you said, the EPA has said that no level of PFAS is safe to be drinking.

对。

Yeah.

部分原因在于，健康指南中的零万亿分之一和可执行标准中的四万亿分之一之所以不同，是因为我们目前的技术还无法准确检测那么低的浓度。

And in part, the reason for the difference between that zero parts per trillion for the health guideline and the four parts per trillion for the enforceable guideline is because we can't really test down that low.

我的意思是，这些化学物质的含量真的极其微小。

I mean, these are tiny, tiny, tiny, tiny amounts of these chemicals.

而且你知道，哪怕只是这么一点点，这种化学物质对我们也是有害的。

And, you know, it's a chemical that's not good for us even in tiny, tiny, tiny amounts.

但环保署的意思是，我们不能要求民众去检测或处理低于四万亿分之一的水。

But the EPA basically says we can't ask people to test and treat water lower than four parts per trillion.

以我们现在的技术和成本来看，这根本做不到。

It wouldn't be feasible with the technology we have and the cost it would require.

广告插播后，我们继续带来《生命工具箱》。

We'll have more Life Kit after the break.

巴西曾经拥有世界上增长最快的经济之一。

Brazil used to have one of the fastest growing economies in the world.

人们称它为‘未来的国家’。

People called it the country of the future.

有很多歌曲，因为感觉我们什么都有，真的。

There are songs, because it seems like we have it all, man.

但后来，音乐停了。

But then the music stopped.

在《星球金钱》播客中，如今许多国家既不算富裕，

On the Planet Money Podcast, a lot of countries these days aren't rich.

也不算贫穷。

They aren't poor.

他们只是卡在了中间位置。

They're just kinda stuck in the middle.

这是为什么呢？

Why is that?

请在NPR应用或你常用的播客平台收听。

Listen on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcasts.

关于饮用水，我们该怎么减少接触，或者把其中的有害物过滤掉呢？

When it comes to drinking water, how can we limit our exposure or filter some of this out?

如果你查到水里有PFAS，或者哪怕只是出于谨慎想做点防护，也可以看看你的供水系统有没有开始处理这个问题。

If you do find test results that show there's PFAS in your water or even if you feel like you just wanna do it anyways, you can figure out if your water system has started treating for it.

有些过滤器对去除PFAS特别有效，你的供水系统可能已经在用了。

So there are certain kinds of filters that are effective for removing PFAS, and your water system might already be using those.

他们也可能正在安装这类设备。

They might be in the process of installing them.

所以去查一查，看看他们有没有在做这件事。

So check to see if they are doing that.

如果你发现家里的水含有PFAS，而供水系统又没有进行处理，那你可能需要在家里安装一套净水设备。

If you find out your water has PFAS in it and your water system isn't treating it, you might wanna get a treatment system in your own home.

这一点很重要，得先做点功课。

It's important to do some research about that.

不是所有净水器都一样，有些对PFAS的过滤效果并不好。

Not all water filters are the same, and some aren't as effective for PFAS.

一般来说，有三种净水器对PFAS比较有效。

And there's three kinds of water filters that are generally effective.

第一种是颗粒活性炭。

One is granular activated carbon.

第二种是离子交换树脂，第三种是反渗透。

One is ion exchange resin, and then there's reverse osmosis.

这三种方式通常都能有效去除PFAS。

Those three things are generally sort of effective for treating PFAS.

另外，你还要选有认证的净水器。

And you'll also want to look for a filter that is certified.

你可以上美国国家卫生基金会的网站，查一查你感兴趣的滤水器能不能有效去除你想要处理的那种PFAS。

You can check out the National Sanitation Foundation website to see if a particular filter you're interested in treats the kind of PFAS that you're trying to target.

通常你可以找找看有没有NSF/ANSI 53或者NSF/ANSI 58的认证标识。

And generally, you'll wanna look for the letters n s f a n s I 53 or n s f a n s I 58.

那如果喝瓶装水呢？

What about if you're drinking bottled water?

有些人确实会这么做，就是想避开自来水里可能存在的污染物。

I mean, some people will do that instead to try to avoid any contaminants that might be in the tap.

关于瓶装水，我觉得关键还是看你家自来水里PFAS的浓度有多高。

For bottled water, I think it really depends on what your levels are that you're trying to avoid.

如果你家的自来水或者私人水井里PFAS含量特别高，瓶装水的浓度可能更低，或许是个更好的选择。

So if you have really high levels in your tap water or in your private well, bottled water might have lower levels than that and and could be a better option.

美国食品药品监督管理局在2025年发布的报告中提到，他们从2023到2024年间，在全美各地的商店采集了瓶装水样本进行检测。

In the 2025 statement from the US Food and Drug Administration, they shared results from testing of bottled water that they, you know, collected from stores across The US between 2023 and 2024.

在197个样本中，有10个检测出了可测出的PFAS，但FDA表示，这些含量都没有超过环保署设定的联邦最高限值。

10 of the 197 samples that they took had detectable levels of PFAS, but the FDA said none of those levels would have exceeded the federal levels, the maximum contaminant levels that the EPA set.

所以这些数据能帮你了解瓶装水中的PFAS是什么情况。

So that's some data about, you know, what PFAS look like in bottled water.

如果你打算用瓶装水作为替代方案，最好查一查你用的那家品牌有没有检测PFAS。

But figuring out if your bottled water company that you're using is testing their water for PFAS is probably a good step to take if you wanna use that as a as an alternative.

第二点建议：为了减少饮用水中的PFAS暴露，安装一个净水系统。

Takeaway two, to limit your exposure to PFAS in drinking water, get a water filtration system.

一般来说，有效去除PFAS的有三种技术：颗粒活性炭、离子交换树脂和反渗透。

There are three kinds that are generally effective in filtering out granular activated carbon, ion exchange resin, and reverse osmosis.

选择通过国家卫生基金会认证的滤水器，并到NSF官网搜索厂商名称，确认认证真实有效。

Look for a filter that's certified by the National Sanitation Foundation and confirm that the certificate is genuine by searching for the company's name on the NSF website.

另外，瓶装水中也可能含有PFAS。

Also, PFAS can be present in bottled water.

所以如果你喝瓶装水，最好了解一下厂家有没有检测这些化学物质。

So if you drink it, find out if the company is testing its water for these chemicals.

除了饮用水，还有哪些方法可以减少PFAS的接触呢？

Beyond drinking water, what are some other ways you can reduce your exposure to PFAS?

我做的一件事就是盘点了一下生活中用到的各种东西。

One thing that I've done is sort of take an inventory of the stuff in my life.

比如做饭用的器具、穿的衣服、涂在身上的化妆品，还有食物的包装材料。

So the stuff I'm cooking with and wearing and putting on my body, like makeup, and also the food packaging that food comes in.

2024年，FDA宣布，那些含有PFAS的防油涂层材料，过去常用于微波爆米花袋和快餐包装，现在已经停止销售了，但他们也提到，库存的产品可能还会继续使用，直到卖完为止。

So in 2024, the FDA announced these grease proofing substances that contained PFAS chemicals that have been used in things like microwave popcorn bags and fast food wrappers were no longer being sold, but they said those products might still be in use until the stock runs out.

所以这一点我一直很留意。

So that's something I pay attention to.

像护肤品或者牙线这类产品，有时候包装上会标注‘不含PFAS’。

Something like a beauty product or floss, sometimes they say PFAS free on the label.

但你最好确认一下有没有经过第三方检测。

But you really wanna see if it's been third party tested.

你可以找找像Green Seal或者环保署的‘更安全选择’认证这类标志。

So you can look for certifications like Green Seal or EPA's Safer Choice Program.

至于衣服，可以留意一下Oeko-Tex Standard 100认证。

For clothing, you can look for the Okotex a 100 certification.

你得确保那些标榜产品不含PFAS的公司，真的做过检测，确认它们确实不含PFAS。

And you sort of really wanna make sure that those companies that are branding something as PFAS free have actually tested to make sure it is PFAS free.

但当我把所有物品都盘点了一遍后，我决定把不粘锅扔了。

But when I did this sort of like inventory of all of my stuff, I decided to get rid of my nonstick pan.

我开始真正和我的旧铸铁锅建立起了感情。

I really started like building a relationship with my old cast iron.

我每天都会用牙线，所以特意换了不含PFAS的牙线。

I floss every day, so I made a point to get PFAS free floss.

但我有一件旧雨衣，穿起来特别好用。

But, you know, I have this older raincoat that works really well.

我一年也就穿一两次。

I only wear it once or twice a year.

它虽然不含PFAS，但我没扔，因为觉得在这种情况下，风险和收益的权衡对我而言是值得的。

It's not PFAS free, but I haven't gotten rid of it because I felt like the risk trade off felt worthwhile to me in that situation.

对。

Yeah.

我认识一位科学家，达特茅斯大学的梅根·罗马诺，她说自己一年才用两次防水睫毛膏。

One scientist I spoke with, Megan Romano at Dartmouth, was sort of talking about how she wears waterproof mascara like twice a year.

但对于每天都要用的人来说，也许可以考虑换一种产品，减少接触呢？

But for people who wear it every day, you know, that could be a place to think about making a change to reduce your exposure?

我通常建议大家，优先关注那些长时间接触皮肤的产品。

What I usually recommend to people is that you think about the products that have the longest, most prolonged contact with your skin.

如果想做出改变，就从这些地方开始最有效。

And if you wanna start to make changes, that's the best place to start.

比如润肤霜、粉底、古铜粉这类每天涂在脸上或身上、一整天都不洗掉的东西，还有止汗剂。

So to look for moisturizers or foundations or bronzers, things that you're gonna put on your face or your body and leave there all day, your deodorant.

这些才是值得留意的地方——有没有可能选一些含较少内分泌干扰物的产品？

Those are the places to think about, could I be choosing something that had you know, fewer endocrine disrupting chemicals, for example, in it?

对。

Mhmm.

如果我们已经摄入了PFAS，像大多数人那样，有没有办法把它从体内排出？

Is there any way to get PFAS out of your body if you've already been consuming them as most of us have?

如果你停止摄入PFAS，血液中的含量会随着时间逐渐下降。

Your PFAS levels in your blood will decrease over time if you stop ingesting them.

美国卫生部门表示，降低血液中PFAS水平最好的方法，就是避免接触，就像我们刚才聊的那些方式。

And US health officials have said the best approach for reducing your blood levels is to prevent exposure in all the ways we've been talking about.

目前还有研究在探索针对高暴露人群降低血液中PFAS的方法。

There is ongoing research about methods for reducing blood levels for people who have really high exposure.

但在美国，疾病控制与预防中心表示，目前还没有获批的医疗手段能清除体内的PFAS。

But in The US, the Centers for Disease Control have said there's no currently approved medical treatment for reducing PFAS in the body.

不过，医生们有一些指导建议，可以用来处理PFAS暴露水平较高的患者。

There is some guidance for doctors on how they might treat patients with higher levels of PFAS exposure.

比如，可能会优先安排某些类型的癌症筛查。

Like, they might prioritize certain kinds of screenings for particular cancers.

也可能检查甲状腺功能。

They might test thyroid function.

所以如果你觉得自己可能长期暴露在高浓度PFAS中，可以跟医生聊聊。

So if a person thinks they could have a high exposure to PFAS, they could discuss it with their doctor.

在一些地方，比如新罕布什尔州，保险公司必须为PFAS化学物质的血液检测买单。

And in some places, like New Hampshire, insurance companies are actually required to cover the cost of blood testing for PFAS chemicals.

所以如果你想知道自己体内到底有多少这种物质，不妨去了解一下这项服务。

So that's something you could explore if you're if you're interested in figuring out how much of this stuff is actually in your body.

第三点，你还可以通过其他方式减少接触PFAS。

Takeaway three, you can limit your exposure to PFAS in other ways too.

特别是个人护理产品和清洁用品，要多留意。

Consider personal care products and cleaning products in particular.

有些产品会标注‘不含PFAS’，并有绿色印章或环保署的‘更安全选择’认证作为背书。

Some will be labeled PFAS free and back that up with certifications like Green Seal or EPA's Safer Choice Program.

至于衣物，也可以查看是否有相关认证。

And for clothing you can look for the certification.

总的来说，很多人会担心，既然PFAS无处不在，我该有多担心呢？

Big picture, I think a lot of folks wonder how worried should I be about this given that these are everywhere.

这感觉像是一场注定失败的斗争。

It can feel like a losing battle.

我经常想这件事，因为我34岁的时候得了癌症。

I think about this a lot as someone who got cancer when I was 34.

那不过是几年前的事。

It was just a few years ago.

医生没找到明显的病因，比如你有基因突变之类的。

The doctors didn't find an obvious cause like, oh, you have a genetic mutation.

他们就说，呃。

So they said, hey.

很可能是某种环境因素导致的，但我们就是没法确定具体是什么。

It's likely some kind of environmental exposure that we just can't pin down.

所以现在我觉得自己得防着所有可能的环境致癌物，可这根本做不到，简直能把人逼疯。

So now I feel like I have to do everything to protect myself from every possible carcinogen in the environment, which just isn't possible and can drive you a little a little up the wall.

是的。

Yeah.

医生这么回答，说我们还不完全清楚为什么会这样，听起来真让人沮丧。

That sounds so frustrating as an answer to get from doctors about, you know, we don't fully understand why this is happening.

你遇到这种事，我真替你难过。

I'm so sorry that happened to you.

谢谢。

Thanks.

但我一直在想，我确实给家里装了净水器，装在水槽下面，浴室里也装了。

But I think about it, and I I did get a water filter for my house, for under my sink, and I also got water filters for my bathroom.

我不确定这些过滤器是不是真能有多大作用，或者能不能预防我将来得癌症，但至少我觉得自己已经尽力了。

I don't know for sure that they're making a huge difference or that they would prevent me from getting cancer in the future, but I just feel like I'm doing the best I can.

是的。

Yeah.

我觉得，知道我们生活中可能接触到哪些物质——比如PFAS这类化学物——能帮我们自己做判断。

And I feel like having information about what we're potentially exposed to in the environment, like PFAS chemicals and other things, allows us to sort of like make those calculations for ourselves.

说到风险，就像我之前说的那件雨衣。

And with risk, it's, you know, it's like I was saying with my raincoat.

每个人对风险的承受度都不一样。

Like, we each have our own tolerance for risk.

而且呢，我开车从来都严格遵守限速。

And, you know, I always drive the speed limit.

我妹妹特别喜欢在左车道超车，嗖嗖地从别人旁边过去。

My sister loves to be like zooming past people in the left lane.

我就把对PFAS化学物质的暴露风险，也这么来看待。

And I try to think about my exposure to PFAS like that.

也就是说，什么样的风险我能接受，什么样的风险我没法接受。

You know, like, what risk feels tolerable, what feels intolerable.

归根结底，面对这么普遍的威胁，我到底该花多少钱来保护自己呢？

And at the end of the day, you know, how much of my own money can I spend protecting myself from something that's so widespread?

但就像我说的，要想做这些权衡，我们得有可靠的信息。

But like, as I said, you know, in order to make those calculations, we have to have good reliable information.

这就离不开联邦和州政府的监管了。

And that's where those federal and state regulations come in.

那些有强制力的限值，以及配套的检测措施，对我们做决定来说特别关键。

Those enforceable limits and the testing efforts that come with them are really important as we try to make these decisions.

是的。

Yep.

玛拉，非常感谢你分享这些。

Well, Mara, thank you so much for this.

非常感谢你。

Thank you so much.

对。

Yeah.

好的。

Okay.

来总结一下。

Recap time.

第一点要点。

Takeaway one.

你想知道自家自来水里有没有PFAS吗？

You wanna know if your tap water has PFAS in it?

一个不错的起点是查看你所在州关于PFAS的法规和公共供水检测数据。

A good starting point is your state's PFAS regulations and its public water testing data.

你也可以打电话给供水公司的客服，问问他们有没有检测过水质，网上还有一些地图可以参考。

You can also call your water utilities customer service line to see if they've tested the water, and there are maps online that you can look at.

如果你用的是私人水井，很多州都有项目可以帮助你检测水质，还可能提供经济补助。

If you're on a private well, many states have programs to help you test your water, and they might offer financial assistance.

第二个要点是，为了减少饮用水中PFAS的接触，最好安装一个净水系统。

Takeaway two, to limit your exposure to PFAS in drinking water, get a water filtration system.

一般来说，有三种过滤器对去除PFAS效果不错。

There are three kinds that are generally effective in filtering out PFAS.

分别是颗粒活性炭、离子交换树脂和反渗透技术。

Granular activated carbon, ion exchange resin, and reverse osmosis.

选择时要找经过国家卫生基金会认证的滤水器，因为瓶装水里也可能含有PFAS。

Look for a filter that's certified by the National Sanitation Foundation And PFAS can be present in bottled water too.

所以如果你常喝瓶装水，最好查一下厂家有没有检测这些化学物质。

So if you drink it, find out if the company is testing its water for these chemicals.

第三点，你还可以通过其他方式减少接触PFAS。

Takeaway three, you can limit your exposure to PFAS in other ways too.

留意个人护理产品、清洁用品和衣物。

Consider personal care products and cleaning products and clothing.

找找看有没有绿色密封、环保署优选计划或Oeko-Tex 100这类认证。

Looking for certifications like green seal, EPA's safer choice program, or Ocotex 100.

好的。

Alright.

本期节目就到这里。

That's our show.

你只要在听这个节目，就已经在支持《生命工具箱》了。

You are supporting Life Kit just by listening to this episode.

如果你还想再多支持一下，可以订阅《生命工具箱》会员服务。

But if you feel like showing your support even more, you could sign up for Life Kit Plus.

更多详情请访问 +.npr.org/lifekit。

Find out more at +.npr.org/lifekit.

本集《Life Kit》由玛格丽特·索里诺制作。

This episode of Life Kit was produced by Margaret Sorino.

我们的数字编辑是玛莉卡·格林贝，视觉编辑是CJ·里科隆。

Our digital editor is Malika Grebe, and our visuals editor is CJ Ricolon.

梅根·凯恩担任高级主管编辑，贝丝·多诺万是执行制片人。

Megan Cain is our senior supervising editor, and Beth Donovan is our executive producer.

制作团队还包括安迪·泰格尔、克莱尔·玛丽·施耐德和西尔维·道格拉斯。

Our production team also includes Andy Tegel, Claire Marie Schneider, and Sylvie Douglas.

工程支持由尼莎·海恩斯提供。

Engineering support comes from Nisha Haines.

事实核查由泰勒·琼斯负责。

Fact checking by Tyler Jones.

我是玛瑞尔·塞加拉。

I'm Mariel Segarra.

感谢收听。

Thanks for listening.

NPR最新推出的播客，汇集了他们最重磅的访谈。

NPR's newest podcast is where you can find NPR's biggest interviews.

我是史蒂夫·因斯科普。

I'm Steve Inskeep.

这个节目叫《新闻人物》。

The program is called newsmakers.

我们会采访当下最具影响力和权力的人物，直面他们提出真实的问题，争取真实的回应。

We talk with some of the most powerful and influential people at this moment to put real questions to them and push for real answers.

你可以在NPR应用、任意播客平台收听《新闻人物》，也可以在NPR的YouTube频道观看。

Follow newsmakers on the NPR app or any podcast player, or you can watch on NPR's YouTube channel.