使用 AI 聊天机器人可能会影响青少年的心理健康。以下是应对建议

你有没有想过，自己能预知未来？

Do you ever wish you could predict the future?

嗯，一些科学家每年都在尝试预测樱花树在春天何时盛开。

Well, some scientists try to do that every year, forecasting when cherry blossom trees will bloom each spring.

这虽然像是瞎猜，但其中也包含了一些科学依据。

It's a wild guess, but there is some science involved in that.

樱花盛放的预测至关重要，关系到旅游业、气候变化模型等多个方面。

And there is a lot riding on the peak bloom forecast, tourism, climate change models, and more.

请在NPR应用或你收听播客的平台收听短波，了解科学家是如何预测未来的。

Listen to shortwave on the NPR app or wherever you get your podcast to hear how scientists are predicting the future.

嘿。

Hey.

我是玛丽埃尔。

It's Marielle.

注意一下。

Heads up.

我们在这一集中提到了自杀。

We mentioned suicide in this episode.

这是NPR的《生活工具箱》。

This is NPR's Life Kit.

我是玛丽埃尔·塞加特拉。

I'm Marielle Segatra.

最近几次，当我经历了一次不舒服的对话、紧张时刻，或面对某种人际困境时，我都会向聊天机器人倾诉。

A few times in recent memory when I've had an uncomfortable conversation or a moment of tension or I've been dealing with some interpersonal dilemma, I have told a chatbot about it.

我甚至都不记得自己问过‘我该怎么办？’

I don't even think I said, you know, what should I do?

我只是输入了发生的事情，然后聊天机器人给出了出人意料地有帮助的视角和重新调整自我的建议。

It was more like I typed in what happened, and then the chatbot responded with some surprisingly helpful framing and ideas for how to recenter myself.

虽然我觉得这些回应很有帮助，但我也并不喜欢自己这样做。

Now I did find the responses helpful, but also I don't think I like the fact that I do this.

我内心的一部分觉得，最好还是找一个我信任的人倾诉，或者自己解决这个问题。

Some part of me thinks it'd be better to talk to another human who I trust or to solve the problem on my own.

但聊天机器人随时都在那里。

But the chatbot, it's right there right away.

而且不用担心它会评判你。

Plus, don't have to worry about it being judgmental.

我可以随时停止和它交谈。

I can stop talking to it at any time.

和很多人一样，我仍在摸索如何使用人工智能。

Like a lot of people, I'm still figuring out how I wanna use AI.

但我是个成年人。

But I'm an adult.

我拥有多年的生活经验。

I have many years of lived experience.

我曾经接受过专业心理咨询。

I've been to therapy with a professional.

我还有其他工具可以帮助我思考问题。

I have other tools that can help me think through problems.

如果我经验更少、更容易受影响，比如是个青少年，那么整个事情就会更危险。

This whole thing would be riskier if I were less experienced and more impressionable if I were a teenager, for instance.

大约每八个青少年中就有一个表示，他们曾向AI聊天机器人寻求心理健康建议，而不是与其他人交谈。

Roughly one in eight teenagers say they've asked an AI chatbot for mental health advice instead of talking to another human.

儿科医生、家长和网络安全专家对此感到担忧。

Pediatricians, parents, and online safety experts say that worries them.

卡莉·罗德里格斯领导着国家家长联盟，这是一个为家庭发声的倡导组织。

Carrie Rodriguez heads up the National Parents Union and advocacy group for families.

我们从全国各地的人那里听到这样的声音：我不明白为什么我的孩子被当作实验品。

We hear this literally across the country from folks saying, I don't understand why my kid is being used as a guinea pig here.

我跟不上这些东西发展的速度。

I can't keep up with how quickly this stuff is moving.

我甚至不知道该关注什么。

I don't even know what to be looking for.

没人跟我谈过这件事。

No one's talking to me about it.

一个小贴士：你不必等到你的孩子主动跟你聊他们和AI聊天机器人的对话。

One tip, you don't have to wait for your teen to talk to you about their conversations with AI bots.

你可以主动问他们。

You can ask them.

在本期《生活工具箱》节目中，我们将教你如何与你生活中的青少年谈论AI。

On this episode of Life Kit, how to talk to the teenagers in your life about AI.

NPR的丽图·查特吉一直关注这一话题，她将带我们了解其中的风险、预警信号、对话切入点以及我们可以设定的界限。

NPR's Rhitu Chatterjee has been covering this, and she walks us through risks, warning signs, conversation starters, and boundaries we can set.

广告之后继续。

That's after the break.

这条信息来自Wise，一款为全球跨境人士提供金融服务的应用。

This message comes from Wise, the app for international people using money around the globe.

你只需轻点几下，即可在多达40种货币之间转账、消费和收款。

You can send, spend, and receive in up to 40 currencies with only a few simple taps.

聪明一点。

Be smart.

使用Wise。

Get Wise.

立即下载Wise应用或访问wise.com。

Download the Wise app today or visit wise.com.

条款和条件适用。

Ts and Cs apply.

皮尤研究中心最近对青少年进行的一项调查发现，父母对子女使用人工智能的感知与青少年自身所述的AI使用习惯之间存在差距。

A recent survey of teens by the Pew Research Center found that there's a gap between parents' perception of their teens' use of AI and what teens say about their AI habits.

尽管调查中只有一半的父母表示他们的孩子使用AI，但三分之二的受访青少年表示他们使用这项技术。

While only half of the parents in the survey reported that their teen uses AI, two thirds of all teens surveyed say they use the technology.

许多父母甚至不知道青少年在使用哪些类型的AI聊天机器人，以及他们在进行怎样的对话。

Many parents might not even know what kinds of AI chatbots teens are using and what kinds of conversations they are having.

这正是我们第一个要点要探讨的内容。

And that's what we address in our first takeaway.

无论你是否认为如此，许多青少年都在使用AI聊天机器人寻求陪伴。

Many teens are using AI chatbots for companionship, whether you think they are or not.

因此，了解其中的风险很重要。

So it's important to understand what the risks are.

以下是在线安全公司Aura的一项最新研究发现，Aura是一款保护用户免受身份盗窃的软件。

Take these recent findings from research by the online safety company Aura, which is software that protects users from identity theft.

该软件还让家长能够控制孩子的设备。

The software also gives parents control over their kids' devices.

设备。

Devices.

因此，通过分析来自3000多名儿童和青少年用户的数据以及家庭调查数据，Aura获得了关于青少年使用AI聊天机器人的若干重要见解。

And so using data from more than 3,000 children and teen users and data from family surveys, Aura has been getting some important insights into teen use of AI chatbots.

他们发现，青少年使用的生成式聊天机器人有数十种，而家长可能根本不知道这些应用的存在。

They found that there are dozens of generative chatbots teens are using that parents might not even know about.

在Aura的样本中，42%的青少年使用聊天机器人来寻求陪伴。

And forty two percent of adolescents from Aura sample use chatbots for companionship.

心理学家斯科特·柯林斯是Aura的首席医疗官，也是这项研究的负责人。

Psychologist Scott Collins is chief medical officer at Aura and leading this research.

他说，青少年与聊天机器人的一些对话涉及暴力和性内容。

He says some conversations between teens and chatbots involve violence and sex.

这是一种角色扮演，涉及伤害他人、身体虐待、折磨或与人搏斗，而且很多内容非常血腥。

It is role play that is interaction about harming somebody else, physically hurting them, torturing them, fighting them, and and a lot of it gets pretty graphic.

这些对话通常比其他类型的对话持续时间更长。

And these conversations tend to be longer than other kinds of conversations.

特别是当孩子们参与这些暴力和性角色扮演时，他们花费的打字时间要多得多，输入的字数也远超用聊天机器人查找学校作业或其他类似内容时的情况。

Particularly when kids are engaged in these violent and sexual role plays, they are spending a lot more time in typing a lot more words than if they're using it as a tool to, you know, look up maybe something for schoolwork or something like that.

我应该补充的是，这是一种新兴且迅速发展的技术，目前已经得到广泛使用。

Now I should add that this is a new and rapidly evolving technology that's already being widely used.

因此，研究人员仍处于初步探索其影响的阶段。

So researchers are still in the early days of trying to understand its impact.

例如，他们还不确定为什么青少年与聊天机器人的这类对话往往更长，但他们推测，这是因为聊天机器人被设计成迎合用户以保持其参与度。

So for example, they don't understand for sure why these kinds of conversations between teens and chatbots tend to be longer, but they suspect it's because chatbots are designed to agree with users to keep them engaged.

以下是加州大学旧金山分校的儿科医生杰森·纳加塔博士。

Here's pediatrician doctor Jason Nagata at the University of California, San Francisco.

他还研究青少年的在线行为。

He also researches teen online behaviors.

我认为生成式AI算法倾向于强化而非挑战，这就是我们开始遇到问题的地方。

I think generative AI algorithms tend to reinforce and and not challenge, this is where we've started to get into some problems.

杰森说，孩子对性感到好奇是正常的，但通过AI聊天机器人而非可信赖的成年人来了解性互动则存在问题。

Jason says it's normal for kids to be curious about sex, but learning about sexual interactions from an AI chatbot instead of a trusted adult is problematic.

即使孩子或青少年输入了性内容或暴力内容，我也认为AI的默认反应是参与并强化这些内容。

So even if a child or teenager is putting in sexual content or violent content, I do think that the default of AI is to engage with it and to reinforce it.

而且，对于尚未完全发育、仍在学习中的大脑来说，你获得的强化越多，就越会认为‘这没问题’。

And, again, for a brain that's not fully developed that's still learning, the more reinforcement you get, the more you think, oh, this is okay.

这是正常的。

This is normal.

而且还有心理健康风险。

And there are mental health risks too.

根据非营利研究机构兰德公司、哈佛大学和布朗大学的一项最新研究，近八分之一的青少年和年轻成年人在感到悲伤、愤怒或紧张时，会向聊天机器人寻求心理健康建议。

According to a recent study by researchers at the nonprofit research organization RAND, Harvard, and Brown Universities, nearly one in eight adolescents and young adults use chatbots for mental health advice when they're feeling sad, angry, or nervous.

心理学家乌苏拉·怀特赛德运营着一个名为Now Matters Now的自杀预防组织。

Psychologist Ursula Whiteside runs a suicide prevention organization called Now Matters Now.

她说，许多年轻人把ChatGPT这样的聊天机器人当作获取心理健康建议的搜索引擎。

And she says a lot of young people are using chatbots like ChatGPT, like a search engine for mental health advice.

她说，这是一个问题。

And she says that's a problem.

实际情况是，OpenAI或ChatGPT听起来非常聪明。

What happens is that OpenAI or ChatGPT, it sounds really smart.

它给人一种像真实治疗师一样的表象，但实际上只是从整个互联网上拼凑信息，好坏都有。

Like, it's got this front that it sounds like a real therapist, but it's it's pulling together information, good and bad, from the entire Internet.

因此，聊天机器人提供的建议可能并不恰当，甚至不准确。

So the advice the chatbot gives may not be appropriate or even accurate.

我觉得这很可怕，因为人们会对它产生如此多的信任，而它明明不是人类，也无法像持证临床医生那样根据所掌握的信息做出判断。

I think that that's scary that you can have so much faith because it's coming across as a human when it's truly not a human and and and is unable to to make the decisions that a licensed clinician would make with the information that they have.

乌苏拉表示，一个人与聊天机器人交谈的时间越长，就越有可能面临这些风险，尤其是那些本身心理健康状况已经不佳的青少年。

And Ursula says the longer someone converses with chatbots, the more likely they are to experience the risks, especially for teens who are already struggling with their mental health.

我们发现，当人们长时间与它互动时，情况会逐渐恶化，聊天机器人会做出一些本不该做的事情，比如提供关于致命手段的建议。

We see that when people interact with it over long periods of time, that things start to degrade, that the chatbots do things that they're not intended to do, like give advice about lethal means.

自杀的致命手段。

Lethal means for suicide.

去年，参议院司法委员会的一个小组委员会就这一主题举行了听证会，几位家长作证，讲述了他们的孩子与聊天机器人建立的关系如何损害了孩子的心理健康，或加剧了心理症状，甚至导致自杀。

Last year, a subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on this topic, and several parents of teens testified about how a relationship with a chatbot had hurt their child's mental health or aggravated mental health symptoms, including leading to suicide.

这些家长中有一位是梅根·加西亚。

One of those parents is Megan Garcia.

她的长子塞韦尔·塞策三世在2014年去世时年仅14岁，此前他与Character AI上的一个聊天机器人进行了长期互动。

Her firstborn, Sewell Setzer the third, was 14 years old when he died by suicide in 2014 after an extended relationship with a chatbot on Character AI.

梅根去年向参议员们表示，当她的儿子向聊天机器人坦白自己的自杀念头时，这个机器人从未鼓励他向家人或真实的心理医生寻求帮助。

Megan told senators last year that when her son confessed his suicidal thoughts to the chatbot, it never encouraged him to seek help from his family or a real therapist.

聊天机器人从未说过：我不是人类。

The chatbot never said, I'm not human.

我是人工智能。

I'm AI.

你需要和真人谈谈，寻求帮助。

You need to talk to a human and get help.

该平台没有任何机制来保护塞韦尔或通知成年人。

The platform had no mechanisms to protect Sewell or to notify an adult.

相反，它敦促他回家找她。

Instead, it urged him to come home to her.

事实上，另一位在去年参议院听证会上作证的家长描述了Chad GPT如何指导他十几岁的儿子如何结束生命。

In fact, another parent testifying at last year's senate hearing described how Chad GPT gave his teenage son instructions on how to end his life.

就在那次参议院听证会几周后，Character AI宣布将不再允许青少年与其聊天机器人进行开放式对话。

A few weeks after that senate hearing, Character AI announced that they would no longer allow teens to have open ended conversations with their chatbots.

但仍然存在其他青少年可以继续进行长时间对话的聊天机器人。

But there are other chatbots that teens can still chat with and have those extended conversations with.

因此，了解这些风险并告知你的孩子非常重要。

So it's important to understand these risks and even tell your kids about them.

与家人一起讨论这项技术的利与弊。

Discuss the pros and cons of the technology as a family.

我们的下一个要点是，留意孩子是否与聊天机器人形成了不健康的关系，或者他们的心理健康是否已经受损。

Our next takeaway is look for warning signs that your teen may be in an unhealthy relationship with a chatbot or that their mental health is already hurting.

不要指望他们主动告诉你问题所在，我们稍后会进一步讨论如何主动询问他们。

Don't expect them to tell you when there's a problem, and we have more about that later about how to be proactive about asking them.

一个最重要的警示信号是，他们是否减少了面对面的互动，或者更倾向于选择聊天机器人而非真人？

One of the biggest warning signs is if they are having fewer in person interactions, or are they choosing a chatbot over people?

心理学家杰奎琳·尼西在布朗大学工作。

Psychologist Jacqueline Niesi is at Brown University.

他们是否在面对严重问题时，选择找聊天机器人，而不是朋友、治疗师或负责任的成年人？

Are they going to the chatbot instead of a friend or instead of a therapist or instead of a responsible adult about, you know, serious issues?

如果这种情况反复发生，我认为这是需要警惕的。

If that's happening repeatedly, I think that would be something to look out for.

另一个警示信号是，孩子在聊天机器人上花费了过多时间。

Another warning sign is too much time spent with a chatbot.

他们是否难以控制自己使用AI聊天机器人的时间？

Are they having difficulty controlling how much they are using AI chatbots?

比如，它是不是开始感觉像是在控制他们？

Like, is it is it starting to feel like it's controlling them?

她还指出，那些本来就面临困难的青少年更容易受到聊天机器人负面影响。

She also notes that teens who are already struggling are more vulnerable to the negative impacts of chatbots.

所以如果他们本来就感到孤独或孤立，我认为风险会更大，聊天机器人可能会加剧这些问题。

So if they're already lonely, if they're already isolated, then I think there's a bigger risk that maybe, a chatbot could then exacerbate those issues.

雅克琳还建议留意情绪的变化。

Jacqueline also says to look for changes in mood.

如果你发现情绪突然发生变化，并持续超过一两周，这表明可能存在比普通青春期情绪波动更严重的问题。

If you see a sudden change in mood that goes on for more than a week or two, that's an indication that there may be something going on that's more serious than your usual teenage moodiness.

或者如果他们对以往热爱的事情、常一起玩的朋友失去了兴趣，这些都是心理健康问题的警示信号。

Or if they lose interest in things that they usually love to do, friends they usually hang out with, those are all warning signs of mental health problems.

父母应尽可能关注孩子的整体状况。

Parents should be, as much as possible, trying to pay attention to the whole picture of the child.

比如，他们在学校表现如何？

So like, how are they doing in school?

他们和朋友相处得怎么样？

How are they doing with friends?

他们在家里表现如何？

How are they doing at home?

如果他们开始退缩，比如你看到他们大量孤立自己，那就值得警惕了。

If they are starting to withdraw, so if you're seeing a lot of isolation, that's something to be concerned about.

这些也是自杀风险的预警信号。

And these are also warning signs of suicide risk.

如果你担心，甚至只是怀疑孩子是否有这样的想法，最好的办法是用平静、非评判的方式直接问他们。

And if you are worried or even wondering whether that's something your child is considering, the best way to find out is ask them directly in a very calm, nonjudgmental way.

人们常常认为，问及自杀可能会在别人心里种下这个念头，所以他们选择不问。

People often assume that, you know, asking about suicide can put the idea into someone's head, so they don't ask.

但多年从事自杀预防报道让我明白，研究表明，询问自杀并不会增加一个人的自杀风险。

But what years of reporting on suicide prevention has taught me is that there's research showing that asking about suicide does not put someone at risk of it.

事实上，情况恰恰相反。

In fact, it's just the opposite.

询问自杀问题可以降低风险，因为它减少了对这一话题的污名化，并为寻求帮助打开了通道。

Asking about suicide brings their risk down by making the topic less stigmatized and opening up the path to getting someone help.

几年前，我为《生命工具箱》做了一整期节目，内容是关于识别和帮助有自杀风险的孩子，我们会在节目笔记中提供链接。

A few years ago, I did an entire episode of Life Kit about identifying and supporting kids at risk of suicide, and we'll link to that in our show notes.

我在那期节目中提出的一个建议是，当孩子告诉你他们曾有自杀念头时，该说什么、不该说什么。

One of the tips I offered in that episode was about what to say and what not to say if your child tells you they've thought of suicide.

非常重要的一点是，不要表现出震惊、恐惧或愤怒的反应。

One thing that's really important is to not react with shock, fear, or anger.

我这样说是因为我理解，当孩子告诉你他们有自杀念头时，父母或任何人感到害怕、焦虑甚至愤怒都是完全正常的。

And I say this with the understanding that it is perfectly normal for a parent or actually anyone to feel scared and anxious or even angry if a child tells you that they're considering suicide.

但在孩子向你倾诉他们的痛苦时，重要的是不要向他们流露出这些情绪。

But it's important not to show that to your child while they are telling you about their own struggles.

以下是几年前我为那期节目采访的一位年轻女性梅根·希尔顿，她从童年起就一直与抑郁和自杀倾向作斗争。

Here's Megan Hilton, a young woman I'd interviewed for that episode a few years ago, and she had struggled with depression and suicidality since childhood.

但当她向父母倾诉自己的挣扎时，她说他们要么让她振作起来、自己搞定，要么明显表现出难过。

But when she told her parents about her struggles, she says they either told her to buck up and get it together, or they were visibly upset.

他们的反应太过分了，太极端了，我觉得自己要为他们的情绪负责。

Their reactions have been way over the top, have been too extreme, and I feel like I'm responsible for their emotions.

所以，这是梅根建议父母们改怎么做。

So this is what Megan suggests parents do instead.

尽你所能保持冷静，明白你不能对这些事情反应过度。

Trying as hard as you can to put your game face on to understand that, like, you cannot overreact to things.

你需要非常开放、愿意并且支持孩子，真正去倾听他们所说的话。

You need to be very open and willing and supportive and truly try to listen to what your kid is saying.

专注于你的孩子以及他们正在经历的困难，并提供支持，帮助他们获得专业帮助。

Stay focused on your child and what they're struggling with and offer them your support in connecting them to care.

你可以先拨打或发送短信至自杀与危机热线988。

And you can start that by calling or texting the suicide and crisis lifeline 988.

当你与该热线的受训咨询师取得联系后，你不仅能为自己获得支持，还能得到如何最好地支持青少年的建议。

And when you're connected with a trained counselor on that number, you can get support both for yourself and tips on how best you can support your teen.

你也可以让你的孩子与咨询师交谈，获得直接的帮助。

And you can also have your teen talk to a counselor and get direct help.

此外，雅克琳·内西表示，对于上述任何预警信号，最好尽快寻求医疗专业人员的帮助。

Also, Jacqueline Niesi says it's best to involve a health care professional as soon as possible for any of the above warning signs.

她建议先与孩子的儿科医生交谈。

She suggests starting by talking to your child's pediatrician.

我知道这些信息量很大，但在休息之后，我们还会讨论如何防止孩子走到这一步。

Now I know this is a lot to process, but we will also be talking about preventing your child from ever getting to this point after this break.

让我们进入第三个要点。

Let's jump into takeaway three.

这涉及与孩子讨论他们在网络上的行为。

It's about talking to your child about what they are doing online.

预防的第一步是持续关注孩子的网络活动。

The first step for prevention is staying constantly engaged with your child's online activities.

询问他们是否在使用聊天机器人，以及如何使用。

Ask them whether they are using chatbots and how.

以下是杰森的再次发言。

Here's Jason again.

你知道，父母不需要成为AI专家。

You know, parents don't need to be AI experts.

他们只需要对孩子的日常生活保持好奇，问问他们正在使用什么技术以及为什么使用。

They just need to be curious about their children's lives and ask them about what kind of technology they're using and why.

你越能进行这些开放式的对话，我就越认为这能让孩子或青少年愿意向你倾诉他们遇到的任何问题。

And the more that you are able to have some of these open ended conversations, then I do think that that allows for your teenager or child to open up about any, you know, problems that they've encountered.

根据奥拉公司的斯科特·柯林斯的说法，他也是两个青少年的父亲，建议要尽早并经常与孩子进行这些对话。

And have these conversations early and often, according to Scott Collins at Aura, who's also a father of two teenagers.

我们需要频繁地、坦诚而无评判地与孩子讨论这些内容是什么样子的，而且我们必须持续这样做。

We need to have frequent and candid but nonjudgmental conversations with our kids about what what this content looks like, and we're gonna have to continue to do that.

斯科特说，他经常问孩子他们使用哪些AI平台。

And Scott says he asks his kids often about what AI platforms they're on.

当他通过自己在奥拉的研究了解到新的聊天机器人时，他会问孩子是否听说过这些机器人，是否使用过，或者他们的朋友是否在使用。

When he hears about new chatbots through his own research at Aura, he asks his kids if they have heard of those or used them or if their friends are using them.

他还强调，绝对不能带着某种预设目的去引导对话。

And he stresses that it's really important not to drive towards an agenda.

带着开放的心态和好奇心提出你的问题。

Just ask your question with an open mind and curiosity.

不要责怪孩子表达或利用那些旨在满足他们天然好奇心和探索欲的事物。

Don't blame the child for, expressing or taking advantage of something that's out there to just kind of to satisfy their natural curiosity and explorations.

保持这些对话的开放性，这样青少年更有可能坦诚分享他们与聊天机器人遭遇的任何不适或问题互动。

And keep these conversations open ended, which would make it more likely that teens would open up about anything uncomfortable or a problematic interaction that they've had with a chatbot.

我所接触的专家还建议整个家庭都应具备一定的数字素养。

Experts I spoke with also advise a certain level of digital literacy for the whole family.

因此，这些对话可以成为你日常讨论所有数字习惯优缺点的一部分。

So these conversations could be part of your regular chats you have about the pros and cons of all digital habits.

如果你对某些事情不了解，可以和家人一起上网查找相关信息。

And if you don't understand something, you can always look things up online as a family.

我们的第四个要点也是关于降低AI聊天机器人风险的一种方式，那就是设定界限。

Our fourth takeaway is also about a way to minimize the risks of AI chatbots, and that's by setting boundaries.

这与你可能已经听过的关于社交媒体使用的建议类似，也可以成为家庭整体数字设备使用界限的一部分。

This is similar to advice you may have already heard about social media use, and it can be part of your family's overall boundaries for digital device use.

像杰森·那加塔这样的专家表示，为整个家庭而非仅青少年设定数字设备的使用界限会有帮助。

Experts like Jason Nagata and others say it helps to set boundaries on the use of digital devices, not just for teens, but for the whole family.

例如，用餐时将所有设备放在一旁。

For example, keep all your devices away during mealtimes.

保护这段与家人交流的时间。

Protect that time to connect with each other.

同样，杰森建议，夜间尽量不要让设备出现在孩子的卧室里。

Similarly, Jason says, try and keep devices out of kids' bedrooms at night.

生成式人工智能的一个潜在影响是，如果孩子整晚都在聊天，会严重干扰他们的睡眠，因为这些对话高度个性化且非常吸引人，孩子更容易持续参与并不断增加使用频率。

One, you know, potential aspect of generative AI that can also lead to mental health and physical health impacts are if kids are chatting all night long and it's really disrupting their sleep because they're very personalized conversations, they're very engaging, kids are more likely to continue to engage and have more and more use.

换句话说，夜间独自与聊天机器人无间断地相处，可能会引发一场导致更强烈、更长时间对话的完美风暴。

In other words, being alone with uninterrupted time with a chatbot at night can create a perfect storm for these more intense, longer conversations.

雅克琳表示，为孩子的设备和账户设置家长控制非常重要。

And Jacqueline says it's important to set up parental controls on your kid's devices and accounts.

许多更受欢迎的平台现在都已配备了家长控制功能。

Many of the more popular platforms now have parental controls in place.

但要让这些家长控制功能生效，孩子必须拥有自己的账户。

But in order for those parental controls to be in effect, a child does need to have their own account on there.

所以我的建议是，如果孩子要使用ChatGPT或Gemini，很多时候为他们创建一个账户是有意义的。

So what I would say is that if if a kid is gonna be using the ChatGPT or if they're gonna be using Gemini, in many cases, it is gonna make sense for them actually to make an account.

这样你就能关注你的青少年是如何使用聊天机器人的、使用频率以及用途。在设定界限并优先安排彼此的相处时间的同时，也要记得尽可能丰富孩子白天的面对面活动。

That way you can keep an eye on how your teen is using a chatbot, how often, and for what, And while you're setting up boundaries and prioritizing your time with one another, also remember that it's good to fill your kids' days with as many in person activities as possible.

与朋友见面，做他们最喜欢的爱好，花时间接触大自然。

Seeing friends, doing their favorite hobbies, time spent in nature.

所有这些对青少年的成长和心理健康都非常有益，并且还能额外减少他们使用数字设备的时间，包括与聊天机器人的互动。

All of this is really healthy for teen development and mental health, and it has the added benefit of minimizing time spent on digital devices, including with chatbots.

这是我们最后一个要点。

That's our last takeaway.

设定屏幕使用界限，优先保障用餐时间以促进家庭联系，并为孩子安排更多面对面的活动，晚上将手机移出卧室。

Set boundaries for screen use, prioritize mealtimes to create room to foster family connection, and prioritize other in person activities for your kids and keep cell phones out of bedrooms at night.

这将为孩子降低与聊天机器人互动的风险增添多层保护。

This will add layers of protection for your child's risk of interacting with chatbots.

总结一下，第一点：了解聊天机器人对青少年的社会发展和心理健康带来的风险，并向孩子普及这些风险。

So to recap, takeaway one, educate yourself about the risks of chatbots for your teens, risks to their social development, and mental health, and educate your child about them.

第二点：留意聊天机器人使用不当的警示信号以及心理健康问题的迹象。

Takeaway number two, look for warning signs of problematic use of chatbots and signs of mental health problems.

这些迹象包括社交孤立、难以远离手机或电脑，以及回避他们通常喜欢的活动。

Those signs include social isolation, difficulty staying away from their phone or computer, and avoiding things they usually like to do.

如果你担心孩子有自杀风险，请直接询问他们是否曾有过自杀的念头。

And if you're concerned about suicide risk, just ask your child directly whether they have thought about suicide.

如果他们有自杀念头，你可以拨打或发送短信至自杀与危机干预热线988，连接到经过培训的咨询师，他们可以提供支持并指导你帮助孩子。

If they're having suicidal thoughts, you can call or text the suicide in crisis lifeline 988 to be connected to a trained counselor who can support and guide you to help your child.

他们也可以通过电话或短信直接为孩子提供支持。

They can also provide direct support to your child by phone or text.

对于以上任何警示信号，请尽快带孩子联系儿科医生或心理健康专业人士。

And for any of these warning signs, connect your child to your pediatrician or a mental health care provider as soon as possible.

第三点：为防止孩子陷入聊天机器人的信息漩涡，要密切关注他们的数字生活，包括使用聊天机器人的情况。

Takeaway number three, as a way to prevent your child from going down a rabbit hole with chatbots, stay on top of their digital life, including the use of chatbots.

与他们进行开放、非评判性的对话，讨论他们使用聊天机器人的情况。

Have open minded, nonjudgmental conversations with them about their use of chatbots.

尽早开始，并经常交流。

Talk early and talk often.

第四点建议：设定孩子使用设备（包括与聊天机器人的互动）的时间和时长限制。

Takeaway number four, set boundaries on when and how long your kids can use their devices, including interactions with chatbots.

尤其重要的是，要保护用餐时间和就寝时间不受设备使用的影响，特别是避免与聊天机器人的互动。

It's especially important to protect mealtimes and bedtimes from use of devices, especially for interactions with chatbots.

尽可能鼓励和促进孩子的面对面活动。

Encourage and foster as many in person activities for your kids as possible.

这有利于他们的成长和心理健康，同时也能减少与聊天机器人的互动。

It's healthy for their development and mental health and limits interactions with chatbots.

这是NPR记者里图·查特吉。

That was NPR reporter, Rhitu Chatterjee.

在结束之前，你有什么看法？

Before we go, what do you think?

你会在你的播客应用中为《Life Kit》打分和评论吗？

Would you rate and review Life Kit in your podcast app?

这能帮助我们了解你喜欢这个节目的哪些方面。

It helps us to know what you like about the show.

这是来自用户 e j d k e h v l 的一条评论。

Here's one review from user e j d k e h v l.

是的。

Yeah.

我不知道怎么念这个，所以我把它拼出来。

I don't know how to pronounce that, so I'm spelling it out.

主题行：众神级别的实用播客。

Subject line, helpful podcast of the gods.

作为一名缺乏来自原生家庭或专业导师指导的人，这个播客对我帮助极大。

This podcast has been super helpful for me as someone who does not have a lot of mentorship from biological family or professional mentorship.

所有关于财务的播客都成为我重新确认策略、理解复杂概念的宝贵资源，而且它们的表达方式非常安全、友好。

All the finance related podcasts have been a vital resource in reconfirming my strategies and my understanding and complex concepts in a very safe and friendly tone.

很高兴能帮上忙，朋友。

We're happy to help, friend.

好的。

Alright.

这就是本期节目。

That's our show.

本集《生命工具箱》由米卡·埃利森制作。

This episode of Life Kit was produced by Mika Ellison.

我们的数字编辑是马利卡·加里布，视觉编辑是CJ·里科隆。

Our digital editor is Malika Garib, and our visuals editor is CJ Ricolon.

梅根·凯恩是我们高级主管编辑，贝丝·多诺万是我们执行制片人。

Megan Cain is our senior supervising editor, and Beth Donovan is our executive producer.

我们的制作团队还包括安迪·塔格尔、克莱尔·玛丽·施耐德、玛格丽特·索里诺和西尔维·道格拉斯。

Our production team also includes Andy Tagle, Claire Marie Schneider, Margaret Sorino, and Sylvie Douglas.

技术支持由罗伯特·罗德里格斯提供。

Engineering support comes from Robert Rodriguez.

事实核查由泰勒·琼斯负责。

Fact checking by Tyler Jones.

我是玛丽埃尔·塞加拉。

I'm Mariel Segarra.

感谢收听。

Thanks for listening.