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感谢您选择卢克的英语播客。
Thank you for choosing Luke's English podcast.
如需更多包含特定词汇和发音教学的集数，以及无广告收听、访问高级社区并支持本播客，请前往 teacherluke.co.uk/premium 注册 LEP 高级会员。
For more episodes with specific vocabulary and pronunciation teaching, plus ad free listening, access to the premium community, and to show your support for the podcast, sign up to LEP Premium at teacherluke.co.uk/premium.
您正在收听卢克的英语播客。
You're listening to Luke's English podcast.
如需更多信息，请访问 teacherluke.podomatic.com。
For more information, visit teacherluke.podomatic.com.
大家好，听众朋友们。
Hello, listeners.
你们最近怎么样？
How are you doing?
感谢您收听卢克的英语播客。
Thanks for listening to Luke's English podcast.
我今天状态不错，终于有时间录制了新的一集。
I'm fine here today, and I finally found time to record another episode.
这一期全部关于美式表达，所以请继续收听，了解更多相关内容。
This one is all about Americanisms, so stay tuned to find out more about that.
网站上几乎提供了本集的完整文字稿，如果你想阅读我说的内容，不妨去看看。
There is a full transcript to almost all of this episode on the website, so check it out if you want to read what I'm saying.
你可以用它来学习语言，逐字跟读我说的每一句话，或者把它当作阅读练习材料。
Use it to study the language, follow every single word that comes out of my mouth, or use it for your own reading practice.
如果你是老师，可以适当将部分内容用于课堂教学；或者，如果你是英语学习者，出于某种原因特别想说得像我一样，你也可以用这些文稿录下属于你自己的版本——由你来担任《卢克英语播客》的主持人。
If you're a teacher, you can use some of it in your lessons if you like, or perhaps if you're a learner of English and you really want to speak like me for some reason, then you can use the scripts to perhaps record your very own version of this episode of Luke's English podcast with you as the presenter.
你也可以成为我。
You could be me.
你也可以成为卢克。
You could be Luke.
比如，如果你叫何塞，那这可能是《何塞英语播客》——不过你大概不叫何塞。
It could be, for example, Jose's English podcast, if your name is Jose, which it probably isn't.
总之，你可以随意使用这份文字稿。
Anyway, you can use the transcript for whatever you want.
它就在网站上，第120期，可以在Luke的英语播客或Luke的英语博客上找到。
It's there on the website, episode 120 on either Luke's English podcast or Luke's English blog.
我为这期节目花了相当多的时间准备。
I spent quite a lot of time preparing this episode.
我付出了更多努力。
I made more efforts.
不客气。
You're welcome.
如果你欣赏我的工作，欢迎随时打赏。
Feel free to add a donation if you appreciate my work.
点击我网站上标有‘捐赠’的按钮即可。
Click one of the buttons that says donate on my website.
好的。
Okay.
让我们开始这期节目吧，正如我所说，这期内容全是关于美式表达的。
Let's get started with this episode, which as I said is all about Americanisms.
那我们开始吧。
So let's go.
美式表达。
Americanisms.
美式表达。
Americanisms.
美式表达。
Americanisms.
我爸爸最近发给我一篇BBC发表的文章。
So my dad recently sent me an article that was published by the BBC.
他认为这会是《卢克英语播客》的一个好主题。
And he thought it would be a good subject for an episode of Luke's English podcast.
当然，他说得对。
And he's right, of course.
这是个非常好的主题。
It's a very good subject.
这是一个绝佳的主题。
It's a brilliant subject.
事实上，我会说这是有史以来最棒的节目主题。
In fact, I would say it's the greatest subject ever proposed for an episode of anything ever.
嗯，其实也不是。
Well, not really.
也没那么了不起，但确实是个好主题。
It's not that great, but it is a good subject.
这篇文章讲的是美式英语表达，也就是在美国英语中使用的表达方式，这些表达正越来越多地被英国英语、澳大利亚英语、新西兰英语等所采用。
The article was all about Americanisms, which are expressions used in American English, which are increasingly being used in British English, and Australian English, New Zealand English, and so on.
许多英国人并不喜欢美式英语表达。
Many British people don't really like Americanisms.
事实上，有些英国人对英国人使用美式英语感到如此反感，这相当令人惊讶。
In fact, it's quite surprising how passionate some British people are in their general hatred of American English when it's used by British people.
我有时在英国听到人们抱怨，说他们听到年轻的英国人说‘can I get’、‘schedule’或者一大堆这样的词。
I sometimes hear people in The UK complaining bitterly about how they hear young British people saying, can I get or schedule or a whole bunch of?
那么，英国人有权利抱怨美式英语吗，还是这只是文化上的优越感？
So do British people have the right to complain about Americanisms, or is it just cultural snobbishness?
在这一集中，我将逐一讲解BBC文章中列出的那些美式表达，你可以在网站下方阅读这篇文章，我会解释它们的含义，并告诉你这些表达是否真的错误，还是英国人只是在摆架子。
In this episode, I'm going to go through the list of Americanisms from the BBC article, you can read it below on the website, explain what they mean, and tell you if they really are incorrect or if the Brits are just being snobbish.
你不仅会学到这些美式表达，我们还会探讨英国人对美式英语的态度，审视语言变化的整体概念，并思考语言使用与文化之间的关系，特别关注英国和美国。
You'll learn those Americanisms, but also we'll look at the attitudes of the Brits towards American English, have a look at the whole idea of language change, and consider the relationship between language usage and culture, paying specific attention to The UK and The USA.
我们将弄清楚英国人对美式英语的真实看法。
We'll find out what the Brits really think about American English.
为了明确起见，我现在就来解释一下什么是美式表达。
Just to be clear, let me explain right now what an Americanism is.
简单来说，它是指起源于美国、但现在也被其他国家使用的一个词或表达，比如在这里的英国。
Basically, it's a word or expression of American origin, which is now being used in other countries too, for example, here in The UK.
《剑桥高级学习词典》将其定义为：最初在美国使用，但现在被其他英语国家的人所使用的词语或表达。
The Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines it as a word or expression which was first used in The United States, but is used by people in other countries, especially those where English is spoken.
美式表达可以是一个词，比如用diaper代替nappy，或者用can I get代替can I have；也可以是一个表达，比如说法说‘给我个大概数字’？
An Americanism can be a word, for example, saying diaper instead of nappy, or can I get instead of can I have, an expression, for example, saying, just give me a ballpark figure?
顺便说一下，ballpark figure 指的只是一个大概的数字，而不是精确的数字。
By the way, a ballpark figure means like a just a general figure, not a specific figure.
比如，你可能会对某人说：‘你能告诉我这个项目大概要花多少钱吗？’
So for example, some you might say to someone, okay, can you tell me how much it will cost to to do this project?
对方回答：‘我也不太确定具体数额。’
And the other person says, well, I'm not really sure exactly.
然后你说：‘那你就给我个大概的数字就行。’
And you say, well, just give me a just give me a ballpark figure.
他们说：‘我们预计大概要花一万英镑左右。’
And they say, well, we expect it to cost about £10,000.
所以，ballpark figure 指的是一个大致的猜测、估算或预期，而不是一个确切的数字。
So so a ballpark figure is like a general guess or an estimation or an expectation, not a specific number.
明白吗？
Okay?
所以，给我个大概的数字。
So just give me a ballpark figure.
比如一个单词的拼写，像‘theater’这个词。
It could be the spelling of a word, for example, theater.
在美国，他们拼作 t h e a t e r。
In America, they spell it t h e a t e r.
在英国，我们拼作 t h e a t r e，有点像法语的拼法。
In The UK, we spell it t h e a t r e, a bit like the French.
或者一个单词的发音，比如我们发音‘schedule’的方式。
Or the pronunciation of a word, for example, the way we pronounce the way we pronounce schedule.
在英国，它读作 schedule。
In The UK, it's schedule.
在美国，它读作 schedule。
In America, it's schedule.
不过据我所知，英国越来越多的人开始说 schedule，这让一些人非常不悦。
Although more and more people in The UK, as far as I can tell, are starting to say schedule much to some people's great displeasure.
还有‘aluminium’这个词，在美国发音为 aluminum。
Or the word aluminium, which in America is pronounced aluminum.
基本上，我们讨论的是现代美国英语对英式英语的影响，以及英国人对此的感受。
Basically, we're talking about modern American influences on British English and how British people feel about that.
他们中的大多数人对此都相当不满。
Most of them are pretty pissed off about it.
这期节目对你很有帮助，因为你将学到大量词汇，并且它能帮助你了解英式英语和美式英语之间的差异。
This episode will be useful for you because you'll learn loads of vocabulary, and it should help you to see the differences between UK and US English.
看到英国人在感觉自己的文化受到威胁时变得如此激动，也挺有趣的。
It's also pretty funny to see how hysterical British people can get when they feel their culture is under threat.
让我们来看看这份BBC列出的美式用语。
So let's look at this BBC list of Americanisms.
事情是这样的。
Here's what here's what happened.
首先，BBC发布了一篇关于美式用语的文章。
First, the BBC published an article about Americanisms.
在这篇文章中，一位名叫马修·恩格尔的英国记者解释了某些美式英语表达既有用，又有些是多余的。
In that article, a British journalist called Matthew Engel explained how some American English expressions are useful and yet some are unnecessary.
让我补充一点。
Let me just add something here.
他接着说，他认为我打字时是这样写的。
He he then went went on to say how he think I'm typing.
这就是我为什么说话这么慢。
That's why I'm speaking slowly.
他接着说，他认为美式英语不应该。
He then went on to say how he thinks that American English, should no.
他认为英式英语应该受到保护。
He thinks that British English should be protected.
他认为英式英语应该受到保护。
He thinks that British English should be protected.
所以你看，就是这样。
So there you go.
你看，我只是在打字。
You see, just I'm typing.
你可以看到，我实际上是在说话的同时打字。
You can see that I actually write I'm writing this as I speak.
我还在继续完善这个内容。
I'm still working on this.
这个节目我早就开始做了，说实话，但完全没头绪。
I've been working on this episode for ages, honestly, but no idea.
所以他接着说，他认为英式英语应该得到保护。
So he he he then went on to say how he thinks that British English should be protected.
在我看来，这篇文章开头相当平衡，指出语言会变化和发展，英语也不例外，而且一百年前的一些美式影响是有益的，因为它为我们带来了一些新词汇。
The article was quite well balanced at the beginning, in my opinion, suggesting that languages change and evolve, and that English is no different, and that some American influence from one hundred years ago was useful because it provided us with some new words.
但最终，文章却转变为对英式英语的激情辩护，并暗示英国人需要为保护我们的语言而斗争，到了该止步的时候了。
Ultimately, the ultimately, though, the article became a passionate defense of British English and a suggestion that Brits need to fight to protect our language, that enough is enough.
英式英语现在必须被保存，否则就会消亡。
British English now must be preserved or it will die.
这篇文章收到了大量英国人的评论，他们借此机会抱怨自己最讨厌的美式表达。
That article received lots of comments from angry British people who used it as an opportunity to complain about their most hated Americanisms.
BBC收到了如此多的评论，以至于在另一篇文章中，BBC刊登了其中50条作为列表。
The BBC received so many comments that in another article, the BBC published 50 of them in a list.
这就是我们将在本播客中要查看的列表。
That's the list we're going to look at in this podcast.
你可以在我的网站teacherluke.podomatic.com第120期上阅读这些列表和评论，我会在节目中逐一讨论。
You can read the list and the comments on my website, teacherluke.podomatic.com, episode 120, as I talk about them.
列表中的每一项都是某人的评论，其中包含一个美式表达。
Each item in the list is a comment by someone and contains an Americanism.
我会读给你听每条评论，确保你理解正在讨论的表达方式，然后我也会给出我的看法。
I'll read the comment to you, make sure you understand the expression which is being discussed, and then I will give you my comments too.
我会从语言学角度，以及作为一个普通人，对每个美式表达给出我个人的评价。
I'll give you my own personal judgments on each Americanism from a linguistic point of view and generally just as a person.
我会用这些标准来做出我的评判。
I'll be using these criteria for my judgment.
这些就是我的评判标准。
So these are my criteria.
明白吗？
Okay?
第一，这个表达或用法在语法上是错误的，还是正确的？
Number one, is the expression or usage grammatically wrong or is it correct?
让我们从语言学的角度来看这些表达。
Let's look at these expressions from a linguistic viewpoint.
第二，这个表达在传达信息时是否有效？
Number two, is the expression effective as a way of communicating a message?
语言最重要的方面之一就是它能否有效地传达信息。
This is perhaps the most important aspect of language that it's useful as a way of communicating.
所以，如果一种新的语言形式清晰且能很好地传达信息，那有什么问题呢？
So if a new bit of language is clear and communicates a message well, what's the problem?
这就引出了第三点。
And so that kind of brings us on to number three.
每个抱怨是否只是英国人的优越感和对美国文化霸权的恐惧的体现？
Is each complaint just an example of British snobbishness and fear of American cultural imperialism?
为什么英国人对美式英语如此生气？
Why do British people get so angry about Americanisms?
他们是因英语使用错误而生气，还是因美式英语对英式英语的主导地位而愤怒？
Are they angry about incorrect English, or are they angry about the dominance of American English over British English?
我不禁想，也许他们确实有理由为此感到不满。
And I wonder if actually they have maybe, you know, I wonder if they have a right to be angry about it.
我在想。
I I wonder.
也许他们确实有理由。
Maybe they do.
也许我们认为英式英语应该像现在这样被保护，或者也许我们只是接受英式英语正受到美式英语影响这一事实，这不过是语言随时间自然演变的一部分，一直以来都是如此，将来也永远会如此。
Maybe we think that British English should be protected as it is now, or maybe we just accept that the way British English is changing and being influenced by American English is all part of the natural way in which language evolves over time, and it's always been this way, and it will always be this way.
我这里还有一篇由一位名叫‘语法先生’的人写的博客文章，他其实是加州大学的一位文学、语言学和教学专家。
So I also have a blog post here by someone called Grammar Man, who is actually a literature, linguistics, and learning specialist from the University of California.
不。
No.
他来自卡罗来纳大学，位于美国。
He's from the University of Carolina, which is in America.
根据他的博客，他的使命是引导我们走向清晰，成为能够揭示语言游戏之乐与语言意识之益的人。
According to his blog, his mission is to direct us towards clarity, to be someone who can illuminate the joys of wordplay and the benefits of linguistic awareness.
你可以点击我提供的链接，查看他关于50个美式用语的博客文章。
You can check out you can check out his blog post about 50 Americanisms, on the on the link that I've provided.
因此，我也会将语法先生对这些美式用语的评论作为专业知识的补充来源。
So I'll be using Grammar Man's comments on these Americanisms too as a kind of backup source of expertise.
此外，他身为美国人，我希望这能让观点相对平衡。
Also, the fact that he's American, I hope, will make this fairly balanced.
我的转录到这里结束了，但我希望在说话时偶尔继续在电脑上做笔记。
My transcript stops here, but I am hopefully going to continue writing notes on the computer sometimes as I talk.
但如果你继续查看转录内容，实际上就能看到这份清单。
But you can actually see the list if you keep looking at the transcript.
你可以看到我所讨论的那些表达方式和例子的清单。
You can see the list of expressions and examples that I'm talking about.
所以你知道，你仍然可以在那里找到大部分单词的印刷版本。
So, you know, you can you can still find all the words most of the words printed there.
那我们来看这篇文章。
So let's look at the article.
标题是《美国俚语：你最熟知的50个例子》。
The title is Americanisms, 50 of your most noted examples.
好的。
Okay.
所以，引言中提到，BBC杂志最近一篇关于美国俚语进入英国语言的文章，引发了成千上万读者发来例子。
So we have it's the the introduction says, the BBC Magazine's recent piece on Americanisms entering the language in The UK prompted thousands of you to email examples.
以下是被最多人邮件提交的50个例子。
Here are the 50 most emailed.
那里还有一个链接，指向我提到的马修·恩格尔的文章，你可以去阅读。
There's also a link there to Matthew Engel's article, which I mentioned, so you can read it.
我觉得你也能找到相关的播客。
I think you can find a podcast, for that too.
你最好去BBC搜索一下马修·恩格尔的美国英语相关内容，应该能找到一个播客。
You should probably search the BBC for Matthew Engle Americanisms, and you'll probably find a podcast.
好的。
So okay.
我们来逐条看一下这个列表。
Let's go through the list.
第一条，这是一个五十条的列表。
So number one, and this is a 50 list.
我感觉今天这一期会很长，又是一期超长内容。
I've got a feeling that this is gonna be quite a long one today, another long episode.
到目前为止，我们已经听了将近十二分钟，还要讲解五十个例子。
We're we're nearly twelve minutes into the podcast so far, so 50 examples to go through.
如果时间太长，而且这期真的变得特别长的话，我就把它切成两半。
If this takes too long, and this is a very if if this ends up being a very long episode, I'll just, I'll cut it in half.
就像一块蛋糕，你切成两半，现在吃一部分，剩下的以后再吃，明白吧。
It'll be like a cake, that you cut in half, and you eat some of it now, and you can eat some of it later, you see.
所以你知道，你不必现在就把整个蛋糕吃完，因为到最后你可能会觉得有点恶心，这取决于蛋糕的大小。
So, you know, you don't have to eat the whole cake now because you might feel a bit sick at the end, you know, depending on the size of the cake.
但这个特定的英式蛋糕非常浓郁，富含各种营养成分、配料和东西。
But, this particular English cake, well, it's very rich, it's full of it's full of lots of nutrition and and, ingredients and things.
所以你可能选择现在只吃一半，然后把剩下的放进冰箱，因为我提供的冰箱是苹果的。
So you might choose just to eat half of the cake now and then put the rest in the fridge, in the I fridge because it's provided by Apple.
你把剩下的英式蛋糕放进你的i冰箱里，放在那里，之后再回来吃剩下的部分。
So you put the rest of the English cake in your I fridge and leave it there and then just come back and eat the rest later.
如果你愿意，也可以把它切成四份。
You could cut it into quarters if you like.
这就是整个播客体验的乐趣所在。
That's the joy of the whole podcast experience.
你可以自己决定什么时候听、听多少。
You can decide when and how much to listen to.
所以，好了，我们开始吧。
So anyway, right, let's get started.
第一项。
Item number one.
这是评论。
This is the comment.
当人们提出要求时，我经常听到‘我能要一个……吗？’比如，‘我能要一杯咖啡吗？’
When people ask for something, I often hear, can I get a for example, can I get a coffee?
这让我非常生气。
It infuriates me.
这里不是纽约。
It's not New York.
也不是九十年代。
It's not the nineties.
你并不在中央公园和朋友们在一起。
You're not in Central Park with the rest of the friends.
真的吗？
Really?
所以这是来自英国兰开夏郡罗斯代尔的史蒂夫。
So that's from Steve in Rossendale in Lancashire in The UK.
所以他对使用‘can I get’而不是‘can I have’这个表达感到生气。
So he's angry about the expression, can I get instead of can I have?
所以，你知道，当你去英国的咖啡馆时，通常你会说，是的。
So, you know, I suppose, typically, when you go into a cafe in England, you'd say, yeah.
嗨。
Hi.
请给我一杯卡布奇诺。
Can I have, a cappuccino, please?
但越来越多的人会说，请给我一杯卡布奇诺。
But increasingly, we hear people saying, can I get a cappuccino, please?
这相当美式。
And that's quite American.
这很可能原本是美式的。
It's probably originally American.
我能要一杯咖啡吗？
Can I get a coffee?
但真的有必要为此这么生气吗？
But is it really worth getting so angry about?
因为我认为从语法上讲，这并没有错。
Because I think grammatically, it's not wrong.
我能要？
Can I get?
我的意思是，这在语法上是正确的。
I mean, that's that's grammatically correct.
就意思而言，'get'这个词很清楚，不是吗？
The word get, in terms of meaning, is pretty clear, isn't it?
因为'get'可以表示获得。
Because get can mean receive.
我认为在这个例子中，它的意思是获得。
I think in this example, it means receive.
我可以得到一杯咖啡吗？
Can I receive a coffee?
你知道的。
You know?
你能给我一杯咖啡吗？
Can you give me a coffee?
我可以得到一杯咖啡吗？
Can I receive a coffee?
所以这就清楚了。
So that's clear.
这很容易理解。
That's easy to understand.
我可以喝杯咖啡吗？
Can I have a coffee?
‘have’ 可能意味着拥有。
Have might mean, own.
它也可能意味着喝。
It it might also mean drink.
那么问题到底出在哪里？
So what's what's the problem?
‘我可以得到’和‘我可以有’之间真正的区别到底是什么？
What's the difference between really what's really the difference between can I get and can I have?
我认为，实际上只是史蒂夫来自罗斯代尔，他熟悉‘我可以有’这个表达，而‘我可以得到’听起来对他来说很陌生。
I think really it's just that Steve in Rossendale is familiar with the expression can I have, and can I get just sounds foreign to him?
所以这是讨厌它的理由。
And so that's a reason to to hate it.
这是让人对此生气的理由。
That's a reason to get angry about it.
我不太同意，史蒂夫。
I don't really agree, Steve.
我觉得你真的应该放松一点。
I think that you should just chill out a bit, really.
我觉得因为‘can I get’这种说法就气得发疯，有点傻吧？
I think getting really infuriated by can I get is a bit silly?
语法先生怎么说？
What does Grammar Man say?
他说，‘能给我一份这个人的电视指南吗？’
Well, he says, can I get a TV guide for this guy?
显然，他的流行文化参考都至少是七年前的了。
Apparently, he has no pop culture references less than seven years old.
真的吗？
Really?
所以语法先生觉得这个人得更新一下他的文化参考，而且《老友记》确实是个很九十年代的参照点。
So Grammar Man thinks that the guy needs to, you know, update his cultural references, and that really Friends is a very nineteen nineties, reference point.
我不确定我是不是基本上认为，语法先生并不觉得‘can I get’有什么问题，也许反而是史蒂夫太守旧了？
So I'm not sure I've basically, I think Grammar Man, doesn't see the problem with can I get, and that maybe even, Steve is, old fashioned?
对。
Right.
我们继续看第二点。
Let's move on to number two.
所以英国康沃尔郡博德明的迈克说，下次有人告诉你某事是最不坏的选择时，告诉他们最好的选择是学习语法。
So Mike in Bodmin in Cornwall in The UK says, the next time someone tells you something is the least worst option, tell them that their most best option is learning grammar.
所以迈克·艾尔斯讨厌‘最不坏的选择’这个表达，因为他认为这不合语法。
So Mike Ayers hates the expression, the least worst option because he thinks it's not grammatical.
这在语法上是不正确的。
It's not grammatically correct.
我不得不同意。
I'd have to agree.
我觉得‘最不坏’在语法上是不对的。
I think least worst isn't grammatically correct.
但我认为这里的重点是，说‘最不坏的选择’的人是有意打破语法规则，因为规则就是用来打破的。
But I think the point here is that whoever says the least worst option is intentionally sort of breaking the rules of grammar because rules are there to be broken.
难道不是吗？
Are they not?
而且，语法规则并不是一成不变的。
And anyway, the grammatical rules are not cast in stone.
语法会随着时间变化，取决于人们如何使用语言。
The grammar changes over time just depending on how people use the language.
所以谁知道呢？
So who knows?
也许在未来，你可能会说‘least worst option’。
Maybe in the future, you might be able to say least worst option.
事实上，已经有很多人这么说了。
In fact, plenty of people already do say least worst option.
我可以说，但我能理解‘least worst’，它在语法上并不正确，因为‘worst’已经是最高级了。
I could but I can understand least worst, not it's not grammatically correct because the worst is already a superlative.
你不需要‘least’。
You don't need least.
我的意思是，你或许可以说‘the least expensive’，就像说‘the most expensive’一样，但你不会说‘the least worst’，因为你直接说‘the worst’就可以了，就像你不会说‘the most best’一样。
I mean, maybe you could say the least expensive in the same way that you would say the most expensive, But you wouldn't say the least worst because you would just say the worst in in the same way that you wouldn't say the most best.
所以，是的，我能理解这个观点。
So, yeah, I can see the point.
但我认为这里发生的情况是，这条规则被打破是为了强调这样一个想法：比如，当你在投票选政治家时，有三个选择，你觉得每个都很糟糕，你认为它们都一样差。
But I think what what's happening here is that this rule is being broken in order to emphasize the idea that maybe for example, if you're voting for a politician and you've got three choices and you think each one is awful, you you consider them all to be as bad as each other.
事实上，当你审视它们时，所有选项都感觉像是最糟糕的选择。
In fact, they all feel like the worst option when you look at them.
所以你只是选择那个感觉稍微没那么糟糕的。
So you just choose the one that feels slightly less like the worst.
因此，实际上，这是最不坏的选择。
So in effect, it's the least bad option.
但这种说法某种程度上是有人在打破语法规则。
But this is kind of someone breaking the rules of grammar.
所以我不确定是否值得为此非常生气，但让我们看看语法先生怎么说。
So I don't know if it's fair to get really infuriated by it, but, let's see what grammar man thinks.
所以语法先生说：不好意思，先生。
So Grammar Man says, excuse me, sir.
这是一种故意非传统地使用语言来强调观点的例子。
That is an example of intentionally using language unconventionally to emphasize a point.
讽刺的是，有时最好的选择竟是放弃一些语法规则。
Ironically, sometimes one's most best option is unlearning some grammar.
所以他一再重复我刚才说的话，或者是我重复了他的话，那就是有人为了强调某事而打破语法规则。
So he he he he kind of repeats what I just said, or maybe I repeat what he said, which is that that's that's someone breaking the rules of grammar in order to to emphasize something.
好的。
Okay.
我们来看一下。
Let's see.
我们继续看第三条。
Let's move on to number three.
这是来自英国巴斯的迪·罗谢尔。
And this is from Dee Rochelle in Bath in The UK.
迪·罗谢尔说，我注意到一个短语逐渐渗透进了语言中，尤其是在播音员中，那就是‘one time’和‘three time’。
And Dee Rochelle says, the phrase I've watched seep into the language, especially with broadcasters, is one time and three time.
像‘double’、‘triple’这样的词已经完全消失了吗？
Have the words double, triple, etcetera, been totally lost?
从语法上讲，这毫无道理，说出来更糟糕。
Grammatically, it makes no sense and is even worse when spoken.
每当我看到或听到这些词，我的心跳都会加快，这并不健康，因为现在几乎每天都能遇到。
My pulse rises every time I see it or hear it, which is not healthy as it's almost every day now.
好的。
Okay.
这是来自巴斯的D. Rochelle的说法。
That's from d Rochelle in Bath.
好的。
Okay.
所以D. Rochelle不喜欢‘two time’和‘three time’这样的表达，它们本应是‘twice’或‘three times’，即‘double’、‘triple’的意思。
So d Rochelle doesn't like expressions two time and three time, which mean twice or three times, triple, double or triple.
好的。
Okay.
好的。
Okay.
说 'two time' 在语法上是错误的吗？
Is it grammatically wrong to say two time?
例如，你可能会说，两届奥斯卡影帝乔治·克鲁尼周六晚上在艾维餐厅被拍到。
For example, you might say, two time Oscar winner George Clooney was spotted at the Ivy restaurants on Saturday evening.
所以你可能会说，两届冠军、两届世界冠军。
So you might say the two time winner, the two time world champion.
这意味着他曾经两次成为世界冠军。
That means he's been the world champion two times.
那么，这在语法上正确吗？
Well, is it grammatically correct or not?
我认为这种结构，比如 '数字 + 名词'，例如 'two' 或其他数字后接名词，但名词不使用复数形式，再接另一个名词，这是一种相当常见且常用的结构。
Well, I think that this structure, for example, to time noun, let's say, two or number followed by a noun, but not in the plural form followed by another noun, that's quite a regularly that's quite a common structure.
你经常能听到这种说法。
You hear it a lot.
例如，三星级酒店、十英镑钞票、三小时的旅程、六小时的航班、五分钟的步行、两分钟的聊天。
For example, a three star hotel, a £10 note, a three hour journey, a six hour flight, a five minute walk, a two minute chat.
明白吗？
Okay?
如果所有这些表达都是正确的，那为什么‘两届冠军’就不对呢？
So if all of those are correct, then why isn't a two time champion correct?
我觉得这样用是可以的。
I think it's I think it's alright.
我觉得这是正确的。
I think it's correct.
在我看来，这样用没问题。
I think it's okay in my opinion.
但事实上，这绝对是美式表达，因为这是美国的典型用法。
But the fact is it's definitely an American an Americanism because it's typical of America.
而在英国，你会说‘两届冠军’，但我们其实没有一个完全对应功能的名词短语。
And in in England, you'd say the the two time champion, you'd say the well, we don't really have a kind of expression, a noun phrase that fits the same function.
因为你想表达的是，他是冠军，但你还想告诉我们他是什么样的冠军，所以要用一个名词短语。
Because what you want to do is say he's a champion, but you want to tell us more about what kind of champion he is and use it use a noun phrase.
你想说他是……然后说明他是哪种冠军。
You want to say he's a, and then what kind of champion he is.
所以他是两届冠军。
So he's a two time champion.
在英语中，有没有一个名词短语能表达同样的意思？
In English, do we have a noun phrase that does same that does the same thing?
他是双冠王。
He's a double champion.
双冠王。
Double champion.
但当你说到‘双冠王’时，意思是他是……我不知道，我觉得人们不会说他是‘三冠王’。
But really, when you say double champion, that means that he's, I don't know, I don't think people say he's a double he's a triple champion.
也许他们会这么说。
Maybe they do.
双料奥斯卡得主？
Double o double Oscar winner?
你可能会这么说。
You'd probably would say that.
但我认为这并不比说“两次获奖者”更清晰或更不清晰。
But I think it's no more or less clear than saying a two time winner.
别同意，罗谢尔。
So don't agree, d Rochelle.
我觉得你没必要让心跳加快。
I think you you don't need to let your pulse rise.
顺便说一下，你的心跳就是脉搏。
By by the way, your pulse is your heartbeat.
你可以把手指放在脖子上或手腕上感受自己的脉搏。
You can feel your pulse by putting your finger on your neck or your fingers on your wrist.
你能感受到自己的脉搏。
You can feel your pulse.
所以他说他的心跳加快了。
So he says his pulse rises.
每次他听到或看到这个，心跳都会加快，这并不健康，因为每天都这样，你得注意点，伙计。
His pulse gets faster every time he hears or sees this, which is not healthy because it's every day, well, you need to take care, mate.
别让心跳变得这么快。
Like, don't don't let your pulse rise so much.
语法达人说，这种表达方式能清晰传达意思吗？
Grammar man says, does that phraseology communicate a point unambiguously?
是的。
Yes.
那就没问题了，除了你的血压。
There's no problem then, except your blood pressure.
吃点β受体阻滞剂吧。
Take some beta blockers.
所以，是的，这个短语清晰地传达了意思。
So, yes, the phrase, communicates the point clearly.
没问题，就是你的血压有点高。
There's no problem, except your blood pressure.
你需要吃点药，一些β受体阻滞剂。
You need to take some medicine, some beta blockers.
这是一种能降低血压的药物。
That's medicine which lowers your blood pressure.
真有趣啊，语法先生。
Very funny, grammar man.
真有趣。
Very funny.
第四条。
Number four.
好的。
Okay.
第四条。
Number four.
这是来自英国伍斯特的西蒙·鲍尔的来信。
This is from Simon Ball in Worcester in The UK.
他说，使用‘24/7’代替‘24小时一周七天’，或者干脆就用‘全天候’。
And he says, using twenty four seven rather than twenty four hours, seven days a week, or even just plain all day every day.
他不喜欢人们说‘24/7’时，意思是‘24小时一天，一周七天’，或者就是‘全天候’。
He doesn't like it when people say twenty four seven, meaning twenty four hours twenty four hours a day, seven days a week or just all day every day.
24/7，或者说是24小时一天、一周七天。
Twenty four seven or twenty four hours a day, seven days a week.
所以你可能会说，比如，这家商店24/7营业，意思是这家店全天候开放。
So you might say, you know, the the shop is open twenty four seven, meaning the shop is open all day, every day.
你知道，我们这个项目已经24/7地在做了。
You know, I've we've been working twenty four seven on this project.
这意味着我们这个项目每天都在做，从早到晚。
That means we've been working on this project all day, every day.
这在语法上是错误的吗？
Is it grammatically incorrect?
嗯，twenty four seven。
Well, twenty four seven.
我想这其实不算语法问题，因为你只是在说数字二十、四、七。
It's I suppose it's not really grammar in a way because you're just saying the numbers twenty four seven.
这里并没有什么错误，也没有语法上的问题让这些词组合在一起。
There's no kind of sin there's no grammatical way that those things are being combined.
就是我们这么用而已。
It's just we you we do it.
我们一直在二十四个小时七天不停地工作。
We've been working twenty four seven.
我想这有点非传统，但难道不清楚吗？
I suppose it's it's kind of unconventional, but is it not clear?
我觉得这非常清楚。
Well, I think it's really clear.
每个人都知道twenty four seven的意思。
Everyone knows what twenty four seven means.
这既高效又清晰。
It's like so efficient and so clear.
事实上，它比说‘每天24小时，每周7天’要高效得多。
In fact, it's much more efficient than saying twenty four hours a day, seven days a week.
我的意思是，那样说完全没必要，不是吗？
I mean, it's that's unnecessary, isn't it?
所以‘24/7’其实并不算错误。
So twenty four seven, it's not really not really incorrect.
它也不含糊。
Not an it's not ambiguous.
它相当高效。
It's quite efficient.
但我认为人们觉得它不够优雅。
But I suppose people feel like it's not very sophisticated.
所以这就是像西蒙·鲍尔这样的人不喜欢它的原因。
So that's why people like Simon Ball don't like it.
但他他说，为什么不直接用‘全天候’呢？
But he he, yeah, he says, but why not just use all day every day?
所以我觉得，他这里可能也只是在抗拒改变。
So I feel that there's a sense that he's just resisting change here as well, maybe.
至于‘24/7’，算了吧。
And that twenty four seven I mean, come on.
我能理解人们为什么这么说。
It's understandable why people say that.
它真的非常高效。
It's it's really efficient.
但它听起来可能不够高雅。
But it doesn't sound maybe it doesn't sound very sophisticated.
好吧，西蒙。
Okay, Simon.
语法先生对此怎么说？
What does Grammar Man say about that?
我们来看一下。
Let's have a look.
他说，在口语和写作中，简洁是一种美德。
So he says, using he says, when speaking and writing, brevity is a virtue.
所以简洁就是尽量少用词，简短明了，保持清晰和简洁。
So brevity means, like, sort of using the few using fewer words, being being short and simple, keeping it clear and and and short.
简洁。
Brevity.
他说，简洁是一种美德。
He says, brevity is a virtue.
简洁是你应该做到的事情。
Brevity is something that you should do.
这是一件非常好的事情。
It's like a really good thing to do.
所以我猜他的观点是，它更高效，因此更好。
So I suppose his point is, well, it's it's it's more efficient, therefore, it's better.
展开剩余字幕（还有 480 条）
所以是的。
So yeah.
抱歉，西蒙。
Sorry, Simon.
请别对这一点太生气。
Don't get too angry about that one, please.
第五点。
Number five.
这个太惊人了。
And this is wow.
好的。
Okay.
我实际上念不出这个名字。
I can't I I can't actually pronounce this name.
不。
No.
我知道。
I know.
它就像一个网名。
It's like a it's like an Internet username.
它是荷兰海牙的‘Tyke’，海牙在荷兰。
It's tyke in The Hague, Den Haag in Holland.
所以我猜这是一个住在荷兰的英国人。
So I suppose this is this is a British person living in Holland.
他说，我最受不了的是‘deplane’，意思是下飞机。
And he says, the one I can't stand is deplane, meaning to disembark an aircraft.
用在句子‘你很快就能下飞机了’中。
Used in the phrase, you will be able to deplane momentarily.
好的。
Okay.
对。
Right.
这在语法上不正确吗？
Is it grammatically incorrect?
嗯，这算是比较新的用法。
Well, it's kind of new.
这是一种全新的用法。
It's it's a sort of a a new usage.
我认为美国人对语言可能采取了稍微更务实的态度，他们觉得语言本身更灵活一些。
I think the Americans perhaps have a slightly more pragmatic approach to the language, which is that they they just they believe that they can kind of the language is a bit more flexible.
他们并不在意。
They they they don't mind.
他们不觉得必须严格遵守语言的传统，而是认为，反正我们可以说 deplane。
They don't feel like they have to keep to keep to traditions so much with the language, and that they think, well, you know, we can say deplain.
为什么不呢？
Why not?
所以他们可能比我们在英国更容易创造出新词。
So they kind of come up with new words maybe a little bit more easily than we do in The UK.
而在英国，传统上，我们在文化上重视传统。
Whereas in The UK, traditionally, we suppose culturally, we value tradition.
我们珍视过去。
We value our past.
所以也许英国人有一种倾向，想要坚守那些传统的东西、我们习以为常的事物，因为我们认为这些本质上更好。
So maybe there's a sense that, British people want to hold on to the the traditional things, the things that we're used to because we perceive those as being inherently better.
我认为英国人有时会有点保守和封闭。
I think that the Brits sometimes can be a little bit, conservative and a bit closed minded.
但你知道，每个人都有自己的喜好，我想英国人只是喜欢那些老式词汇的发音。
But, you know, we all have our tastes, and I suppose the Brits just like, you know, the sound of some of the old fashioned terms.
这并不是说英语是一种过时的语言，因为有很多过去常用的表达方式在英国已经不再使用了。
Not that English is an old fashioned language, because there are so many old fashioned usage examples of usage which are not used in The UK anymore.
你只要打开一本福尔摩斯的小说，就会发现书中使用的语言与我们现在的方式截然不同。
All you need to do is open up a a Sherlock Holmes book, and you'll see that the language they use there is, like, totally different to to the way we use it now.
他们当时说话都非常正式，而如今则不那么正式了。
They were all very sort of formal in in the way they spoke with less formal these days.
所以是下飞机。
So deplane.
好的。
Okay.
对我来说，deplane 意思是下飞机。
To me, deplane means to get off an airplane.
当飞机在机场降落，然后广播说：‘各位乘客，这里是机长讲话。’
So when your plane lands at the airport, and then there's announcement, this is your part this is your captain speaking.
你们马上就可以下飞机了。
You should be able to deplane in just a moment.
用 deplane 而不是 disembark an aircraft。
Deplane rather than disembark an aircraft.
嗯，这是新用法。
Well, it's new.
所以，我认为这在语法上并没有错。
So, I think it's think it's not grammatically incorrect.
因为'd'这个前缀，你知道，可以表示离开、脱轨的意思。
Because d, you know, d d is a prefix which can sort of I mean, used to kind of come off, to derail.
脱轨是指火车脱离轨道。
Derail is when a train comes off its rails.
它会脱轨。
It derails.
所以'd'作为前缀的意思是离开。
So d as a prefix means to come off.
所以'deplane'这个说法很清楚。
So deplane, that's pretty clear.
意思是离开飞机。
It means come off the plane.
我的意思是，这非常清楚，我觉得。
I mean, that's very clear, I think.
如果你把它和'disembark'比较，我的意思是，后者并不那么清楚，对吧？
And if you compare it to disembark, I mean, that's not very clear, is it?
登机？
Disembark?
事实上，为了澄清，你需要说‘从飞机上下来’，而不是直接说‘deplane’。
And you in fact, in order to clarify, you need to say disembark the aircraft with d plane.
你不需要用这么多词，所以这样更高效。
You don't need to say use so many words, so it's more efficient.
但也许你会觉得它没那么精致，我不确定。
But maybe you might say it's less sophisticated, I wonder.
这纯粹是品味问题。
It's a question of taste.
所以它在语法上并不错误，也不算不清楚。
So not really grammatically incorrect and and and not really unclear.
我的意思是，我觉得它非常清楚。
I mean, it it's quite clear in my opinion.
语法先生对这个怎么说？
What does Grammar Man say about this one?
所以他只是说，别纠结了。
So he just said, get over it.
别纠结了。
Just get over it.
所以‘别纠结了’意思是，如果你有问题，就得放下它。
So get over it means, well, if you've got a problem, you need to get over it.
意思是直接面对问题，然后继续前进。
That means just deal with the problem and move on.
所以这就是Grammar Man的所有说法。
So that's that's all Grammar Man says.
别纠结了，伙计。
Get over it, mate.
对。
Right.
我们来看第六条。
Moving on to number six.
好的。
Okay.
用 wait on 而不是 wait for，当你不是服务员的时候。
To wait on instead of wait for when you're not a waiter.
这是来自新西兰拉格兰的 T. Balinski 提出的。
And this is from t Balinski in Raglan in New Zealand.
明白吗？
Okay?
他说，当你不是服务员时，要用 wait on 而不是 wait for。
He says to wait on instead of wait for when you're not a waiter.
wait on。
Wait on.
明白吗？
Okay?
例如，我在等一个朋友。
For example, I'm waiting on a friend.
我曾经读到一位朋友的评论，说他在车站等火车。
I once read a friend's comment about being in a station waiting on a train.
对他来说，火车还没到。
For him, the train had yet to arrive.
我本会以为，与其说火车在车站等朋友，不如说火车载着朋友被困在了车站。
I would have thought rather than I would have thought rather that it had got stuck at the station with a friend on board.
好的。
Okay.
所以这里的 t Balinski 说，与其说 'I'm waiting on a train'，不如说 'I'm waiting for a train'。
So t Balinski here is saying, instead of saying to wait on a train, I'm waiting on a train, it should have been I'm waiting for a train.
那这是语法错误吗？
And so is it grammatically incorrect?
嗯，wait on a train，wait for a train。
Well, wait on a train, wait for a train.
我的意思是，wait 是一个短语动词，或者说是一个带介词的动词，类似这样的例子太多了。
Well, I mean, wait, it's like a phrasal verb, suppose, or a verb with its particle, and there's so many examples of this.
你不能说这在语法上是错误的，因为这种结构确实是可能存在的。
You can't really say it's grammatically incorrect because there's just it is a possible structure.
这是一种结构。
It's a it's a it's a structure.
它并没有违背任何明确的语法规则。
It's not it doesn't defy any really clear rules of grammar.
但这清楚吗？
Is it clear though?
这是另一个问题。
It's another question.
所以‘waiting on a train’可以表示‘我在等火车’，而且这种用法在美国更常见。
So waiting on a train can mean I'm waiting for a train, and that it it is more commonly American.
你在歌曲里能听到这种说法，比如滚石乐队有一首歌叫《Waiting on a Friend》，讲述的是米克·贾格尔等待基思·理查兹的故事。
You hear it in songs, like the Rolling Stones did a song called Waiting on a Friend, which is tells the story of Mick Jagger waiting for I think it's waiting for Keith Richards.
但也许这里可能存在一些误解，因为‘wait on a train’。
And so so but maybe there is some possible misunderstanding there because wait on a train.
因为你也可能认为，'on a train' 意思是你在火车里面。
Because you also think, on a train, that means you're in the train.
对吧？
Right?
我在一列火车上。
On I'm on a train.
所以我是在等火车。
So I'm waiting on a train.
是的。
Yeah.
也许这并不太清楚。
Maybe it's not very clear.
好吧。
Okay.
你说得对，因为这句话可能有两种意思：要么是在等火车，要么是在火车上等着。
So you got a point there because it could mean either I'm waiting for a train or I'm on a train waiting.
所以，好吧。
So okay.
T·巴林斯基，也许你说得有道理，这确实不太清楚。
T Balinski, maybe you got a point and it's not that clear.
语法专家怎么说？
What does what does grammar man say?
他说，你可能有道理，但构建动词短语总是件棘手的事。
He says, you might have a point, but constructing verb phrases is always a tricky business.
所以他在说，我们知道英语中的动词短语很难，而且我们的短语动词出现问题其实并不罕见，对吧？
So he's saying that, well, we know that verb phrases in English are difficult, and it's not uncommon, really, is it, to have problems with our phrasal verbs?
人们在这些事情上经常互相误解。
People misunderstand each other quite a lot with those things.
好吧。
Okay.
但也许这个句子的清晰度确实是个问题。
But maybe there's a point about how clear that that sentence is.
我们继续看第七条。
Moving on to number seven.
这是来自美国芝加哥的迈克尔·纳普说的。
So this is from Michael Knapp in Chicago in America.
我不知道迈克尔是美国人，还是一个生活在美洲的英国侨民。
Now I don't know if Michael is American or if he's an expatriate British person living in America.
但他说的是：事情就是这样，或者事情就是这样。
But what he says is, it is what it is or it is what it is.
事情就是这样。
It is what it is.
他还说，可怜可怜我们吧。
And he says simply pity us.
同情某人就是为某人感到惋惜。
So to pity someone is to feel sorry for someone.
所以，你知道，如果有人的狗刚去世，你会说：哦天哪，真可惜。
So, you know, if someone's dog has just died, you'd say, oh no, what a pity.
我真的很同情你。
I really pity you.
我真的，你知道的，听到这个我很难过。
I'm really, you know, I'm really sorry to hear that.
同情某人就是为某人感到难过。
To pity someone is to feel sorry for someone.
所以这个短语是‘事已至此’。
And so the phrase is it is what it is.
我们什么时候用这个表达？
When do we use that?
事已至此。
It is what
是这样。
it is.
我们来看看。
Let's see.
就是这样，事情就是如此。
It is what well, it is what it is.
这有点像说，嗯，事情本来就是这样。
It's a bit like kind of saying, well, that's what it's like.
你不能指望它会有什么不同，因为事情本来就是如此。
You can't expect it to be any different because that's what it is.
所以，这就像是说，哦，城市里犯罪问题很严重，你知道，我们对此无能为力。
So, it's like saying, oh, there's a big problem with crime in the city and, you know, we can't do anything about it.
然后有人会说，唉，事情就是如此，意思是，这座城市很大，人口众多。
And someone would say, well, it is what it is, you know, meaning, well, the city's it's a big place with lots of people.
当然，会有犯罪发生。
Of course, there's gonna be crime.
事情就是如此。
It is what it is.
但这在语法上并不错误。
But it's not grammatically incorrect.
‘It is what it is’ 这样说是可以的。
It is what it is is okay.
这符合语法规则。
That follows a grammatical structure.
它是你想要的。
It is what you want.
它就是如此。
It is what it is.
没关系。
It's okay.
但这样清楚吗？
But is it clear?
嗯，它其实没什么实际含义，对吧？
Well, it's not really it doesn't really mean anything, does it?
它就是如此。
It is what it is.
这就像是在说‘它是它’。
It's like saying it is it.
你知道，它其实没什么含义。
You know, it doesn't really mean anything.
所以这个短语并不特别清晰，但这就值得同情人们吗？
So it's not particularly articulate a phrase, but is it a reason to pity people?
也许该同情我们自己。
Maybe pity us.
这就是迈克尔·克纳普的意思，我们应该同情美国人，因为他们会说这句话。
This is what Michael Knapp means that we should pity American people for saying it.
我不知道。
I don't know.
一个语法专家对‘它就是它’怎么看？
What does a grammar man think about it is what it is?
他说，这已经变成陈词滥调了。
He says, that has become a cliche.
是的。
Yes.
所以嘛。
So yeah.
好的。
Okay.
所以这是一个陈词滥调。
So it's a cliche.
这是一种人们常说的话，但你知道，它已经不再有什么实际意义了。
It's the sort of thing that people say, but it, you know, but it doesn't doesn't really mean anything anymore.
对。
Right.
第八点。
Number eight.
所以这是来自加拿大红鹿市的丽莎说的，我敢提一下腰包吗？
So this is from Lisa in Red Deer in Canada, and she says, dare I even mention the fanny pack?
好的。
Okay.
对。
Right.
我现在得解释一下这是什么意思。
I have to explain what this means now.
不好意思。
Excuse me.
对。
Right.
我现在得解释一下什么是腰包，对吧？
I have to explain what a fanny pack is now, don't I?
好的。
Okay.
你知道吗，上世纪九十年代，曾经流行一种时尚，就是腰上系一条带子，前面挂个小包，有点像小袋子，前面有拉链，可以放钱之类的东西。
So, you know, do you remember in the nineteen nineties, there was a kind of fashion trend to wear, a sort of belt around your waist, which had a sort of little pack on the front, a kind of, little bag, and you it had a zip on the front, and you could, keep things like your money in it.
那么，我们叫它什么？
So, what do we call it?
在英国，我们叫它臀包。
A bum bag in the in The UK.
我们叫它臀包，因为它是系在腰上、位于臀部上方的一个小包。
We call it a bum bag because it's like a little bag that you wear around your waist and it sits just above your bum.
对吧？
Right?
所以它叫臀包。
So it's a bum bag.
在美国，他们叫它腰包。
In America, they call it a fanny pack.
是的。
Yeah.
嘿，亲爱的。
Hey, honey.
你带了腰包吗？
Did you bring the fanny pack?
好的。
Okay.
现在，'pack' 这个词的意思就是包。
Now, pack kind of means bag.
行吧。
Fine.
没问题。
No problem.
在英国，我们说背包。
Backpack, we say in Britain.
但在美国，'fanny' 意思是屁股。
But fanny, fanny in America means bum.
这是一种非正式的说法，指你的臀部，叫 fanny。
It's like a, you know, sort of informal word for your bottom, fanny.
你知道吗，哦，那真是太尴尬了。
You know, oh, it was so embarrassing.
我直接一屁股摔在地上了。
I just fell right over on my fanny.
但在英国，'fanny'指的是身体的另一个部位。
And in England, though, your fanny is a different part of the body.
所以只有女孩子才有'fanny'。
So only girls have fannies.
嗯哼。
Mhmm.
是的。
Yeah.
所以就是这样。
So it's yeah.
那是女性的生殖器。
It's a woman's genitals.
这正是我能够解释清楚又不显得无礼的方式。
That's that's the best way I can explain it without sounding rude.
这是女士的私密部位。
It's a private area of a lady.
好吧，就叫它fanny。
Okay, as a fanny.
所以当我们听到美国人说：‘亲爱的，你带了腰包了吗？’
So when we hear American people saying, honey, did you bring the fanny pack?
那时，我们就会想：什么？
Then, you know, we kind of think, what?
你说什么？
What do you what?
你带了什么？
Did you bring the what?
因为‘fanny pack’这个词——嗯，你可以自己想象一下。
Because fanny pack would well, you can use your imagination.
对吧？
Right?
什么是腰包？
What a fanny pack is?
是的。
Yeah.
所以，没错，这有点奇怪，但这只是词汇差异。
So, yeah, that's a bit strange, but it's just vocabulary.
在美洲，fanny 意思是臀部。
Fanny, meaning bottom in America.
在英国，fanny 指的是女性私密部位，这会导致令人捧腹的误解。
Fanny, meaning ladies special private area in The UK, and it causes hilarious misunderstandings.
那么，语法先生对腰包怎么看？
Now what does Grammar Man think about fanny pack?
好吧。
Okay.
我敢提一下腰包吗？
Dare I even mention the fanny pack?
他说，请别提。
And he says, please don't.
我们正努力摆脱这个潮流。
We're trying to get over that fad.
所以请别提。
So please don't.
请别提腰包，因为我们正努力摆脱这个潮流。
Please don't mention the fanny pack because we're trying to get over that fad.
还记得‘克服它’这个表达吗？就是指解决或应对一个问题？
Remember the expression to get over it, just to overcome a problem or deal with a problem?
在这种情况下，他说腰包是一种潮流。
Well, this case, he's saying that the fanny pack was a fad.
潮流指的是那种持续时间不长的趋势，一种潮流。
A fad means like a a trend that doesn't last very long, a fad.
所以我们正努力摆脱这个潮流。
So we're trying to get over that fad.
这意味着他对腰包感到尴尬，他认为它们不够酷，因为看起来不好看。
That means he's embarrassed about fanny packs, and he he thinks that they're not cool because they look they don't look cool.
所以他才说，请别提腰包了，我觉得它们不太酷，而且我想忘记它们。
So he's saying, please don't mention fanny packs because I don't think that they're very cool, and I'm trying to forget about them.
事实上，整个美国都在努力忘记佩戴腰包这个潮流。
In fact, the the whole of America is trying to forget about that fad of wearing fanny packs.
所以他并不真的在意这是否正确，而实际上这并不算错。
So he doesn't really deal with whether it's incorrect or not, and it's not incorrect.
这仅仅是词汇差异造成的，你知道，英国人听到美国人这么说时会感到一点好笑。
It's just a difference in vocabulary that causes, you know, mild amusement among British people who go, have you heard what the Americans say?
他们甚至把臀包叫做腰包。
They even call a bum bag a fanny pack.
是的。
So yes.
对的。
Right.
第九个，touch base。
Number nine, to touch base.
touch base。
Touch base.
这是来自英国的克里斯说的，touch base。
This is from Chris in The UK, and he says, touch base.
这让我觉得很尴尬。
It makes me cringe.
没完没了。
No end.
所以‘cringe’的意思是，当你听到一些尴尬或不喜欢的东西时，你会有点
So to cringe means when you hear something embarrassing or something you don't like, you kind
忍不住说：天啊。
of go, oh god.
天哪。
Oh god.
我讨厌这个。
I hate that.
这就是让人尴尬的意思。
That's to cringe.
明白吗？
Okay?
比如，如果你看到有人让自己出丑，举个例子，你的朋友走进酒吧，走向一个女孩，试图搭讪，但他完全把自己弄成了个笑话，他走到一个漂亮的女孩面前，说：嗨。
For example, if you see someone, embarrassing themselves, like, for example, if your friend goes up to a girl in a bar and he he tries to chat her up, but he he he just makes an absolute idiot of himself, and he kind of goes up to a beautiful girl and says, hi.
哦，我只是想过来和你聊聊，你想要喝点什么吗？
Oh, I just thought I'd, come up and talk to you, because would you like a drink?
啊，你真美。
Ah, you're beautiful.
抱歉。
Sorry.
所以，呃，你想要喝点什么吗？
So, oh, would you like would you like a drink?
不。
No.
你不想喝饮料。
You wouldn't like a drink.
没关系。
That's fine.
不。
No.
但你知道，如果你哪天真的想喝点什么，不如给我发个邮件吧。
But, you know, if you ever do want a drink, then just, why don't you just give me a call on my, on my email address.
哦，抱歉。
Oh, sorry.
不是我的邮箱地址。
Not my email address.
我的天啊。
My oh, oh, god.
你看着这一切，心里想着：天啊。
And you're watching this kind of going, oh, my god.
天啊。
Oh god.
他简直在自取其辱。
He's making such a fool of himself.
天啊。
Oh god.
太尴尬了，我简直替他尴尬得不行。
How cringe I'm cringing, k, to cringe.
根据克里斯的说法，'touch base'这个词让他感到极度不适，所以他一直在尴尬。
So according to Chris, the word the expression to touch base makes him cringe no end, so he just keeps cringing.
天啊。
Oh, god.
我讨厌‘touch base’这个表达。
I hate that expression, touch base.
所以就是‘touch base’。
So touch base.
那么，它到底是什么意思呢？
Well, what does it actually mean?
‘Touch base’这种话通常是老板在工作中对你说的。
To touch base is the sort of thing your boss would say to you at work.
他会说，卢克，今天下午我能跟你聊几句吗？
He'd say, Luke, can I have a word with you maybe, this afternoon?
没什么大事。
It's nothing serious.
我只是想跟你了解一下项目进展如何。
I just wanna touch base with you on the, on how the project is going.
所以我就是想跟你碰一下。
So I just wanna touch base with you.
所以touch base，我想它其实就是指，天哪。
So touch base, well, I suppose it just means it really means just to oh my god.
我解释不清。
I can't explain it.
好吧。
Okay.
是的。
Yes.
我可以。
I can.
我是卢克，来自卢克的英语播客。
I'm I'm Luke from Luke's English podcast.
我能解释一切，任何事情都可以。
I can explain everything, anything and everything.
好吧。
Okay.
所以这是保持联系的意思。
So it's touch base.
就是大致了解一下正在发生的事情。
It's to kind of just catch up on basically what's going on.
明白吗？
Okay?
就是开个简短的总结会议，弄清楚目前的情况。
Just to kind of have a quick summary meeting to establish basically what's happening.
明白吗？
Okay?
比如，如果我在做一个项目，像我做的这个《Luke的英语播客》，我的老板来找我，说：Luke，我们能就《Luke的英语播客》简单聊聊吗？
So for example, if I'm doing a project, like I'm doing Luke's English podcast, and my boss comes to see me, and he goes, Luke, can we just touch base about Luke's English podcast?
然后我会说：好啊，当然可以。
And I go, yeah, sure.
好的。
Okay.
那么，你想知道什么？
Well, what do want to know?
他说：嗯，进展怎么样？
And he says, well, how's it going?
我回答：嗯，进展得非常好。
And I go, well, it's going really well.
你知道，我有很多听众。
You know, I've got lots of listeners.
我参加了一个新的比赛。
I've entered another competition.
希望如果大家给我投票，我能赢。
Hopefully, I'm gonna win it if people vote for me.
所以，是的，进展得很顺利。
So, yeah, it's going well.
我需要改一下我的网站，因为在我看来它还不够好。
I need to change my website because it's just not good enough in my opinion.
我对这个播客还有很多想改进的地方。
And there's lots of things I'd like to improve about the the podcast.
但总的来说，进展还算不错。
But basically, it's going quite well.
谢谢。
Thanks.
他说，那很好。
And he goes, well, good.
很好。
Good.
很高兴我们终于谈到了这一点。
I'm glad that we managed to touch base on that.
继续加油。
Keep going.
继续做你正在做的事，卢克。
Keep doing what you're doing, Luke.
你做得非常出色。
You're doing a brilliant job.
我希望，你知道，那些听众中有些人可能会决定给你一点打赏。
I hope that, you know, some of those listeners out there, you know, maybe decide to send you a little bit of cash.
这对你来说可能会很不错。
That that might be nice for you.
我说，是的。
And I go, yeah.
那会很好。
Well, that would be good.
是不是？
Wouldn't it?
是的。
Yeah.
但显然，他们不必这么做，因为这是免费的，不过如果他们愿意的话也可以。
But, obviously, they don't have to because it's free, but they can if they want.
他们只需在网站上点击一个按钮，我的老板就会说：‘好了，卢克，够了。’
They just click a button on on the website, And my boss would say, okay, Luke, I think that's enough.
你不需要再继续谈这个了，因为说实话，这有点无聊，尽管你的听众确实应该多给你捐点钱。
You don't need to keep talking about that because frankly, it's it's a little bit boring, even though your listeners definitely should, send you lots of money.
所以，很高兴我们终于谈到了这一点。
So anyway, I'm glad that we managed to touch base on that.
明白吗？
Okay?
‘touch base’的意思是建立联系，简单地了解一下项目的基本进展。
So to touch base is to kind of make contact and kind of just catch up on what's basically going on with a project.
明白吗？
Okay?
所以，touch base。
So touch base.
但这真的挺烦人的。
But it's just annoying, really.
这只是一个令人厌烦的陈词滥调，因为它根本没有什么实际意义。
It's just an annoying cliche because it doesn't again, it doesn't really mean anything.
是的。
Yeah.
语法先生怎么说？
What does Grammar Man say?
他说，缺少介词让我感到不适。
Well, he says missing prepositions make me cringe.
好吧。
Okay.
所以我想他是在批评谁来着，克里斯？
So I suppose he's criticizing, who was it, Chris?
他是在批评克里斯的说法，说那句话让他烦得要命，因为缺少了一个介词。
He's criticizing Chris's expression, it makes me cringe no end, saying that there's a missing preposition.
听起来确实如此。
Sound that that's yeah.
我们现在说得有点具体了，但我认为这让我烦得要命，也许吧。
We're getting a bit specific now, but I think it makes me cringe until no end, maybe.
是的。
Yeah.
我觉得他们俩都不对。
Well, I don't think either of them are right.
克里斯，也许他有点道理。
Chris, maybe he's got a point.
‘touch base’这个说法确实是个令人厌烦的陈词滥调。
Touch base isn't an is it is an annoying cliche.
我觉得 Grammar Man 说‘cringe no end’其实也没那么糟。
Grammar man, I think to say cringe no end is not really bad.
好了，各位听众。
Okay, listeners.
你们还好吗？
Are you alright?
我希望你们都能跟上这些内容。
I hope you're following all of this.
我再讲一个，然后我们稍作休息，我再聊点别的。
I'm just gonna do one more, and then we'll we'll have a little break, and I'll talk about something else.
所以这是第10个，这是来自美国的柯蒂斯。
So here's number 10, and this is Curtis in America.
他说，'physicality' 是一个真正的词吗？
And he says, is physicality a real word?
所以 'physicality'，我在想。
So physicality, I wonder.
这又是那种我觉得源自 'physical' 和 'physicality' 的美式词汇。
It's, again, it's one of those kind of I think it's an American word that's come from physical and physicality.
Physical、physique、physicality。
Physical, physique, physicality.
比如，你可能会说，丹尼尔·克雷格的体魄。
So you might say, for example, you might talk about Daniel Craig's physicality.
这大概就是他那种风格，他使用身体的方式，或者他保持良好体形的方式。
That's kind of his the way he like, the way he uses his body or the way he is in good physical shape.
让我查一下‘physicality’这个词。
Let me let me just Google physicality.
Physicality。
Physicality.
好的。
Okay.
我们看看谷歌医生怎么说。
Let's see what doctor Google says about this.
好吧。
Alright.
这挺有意思的。
That's interesting.
他拒绝了我的搜索，问：你是想搜‘physically’吗？
He rejected my search saying, did you mean physically?
嗯，不是。
Well, no.
我是说‘physically’，谷歌。
I I meant physically, Google.
他会怎么说？
What's he gonna say?
好吧。
Alright.
定义一下‘physicality’。
Define define physicality.
不行。
No.
它又改回‘physically’了。
It's changed it to physically again.
physicality。
Physicality.
好的。
Okay.
对。
Right.
终于找到了，这表明这个词可能并不那么常见。
Finally found it, which suggests that it's not that maybe it's not so common a word.
但根据我認為是美國的《梅里亞姆-韋伯斯特》在線詞典，如果我的電腦真的能打開這個頁面的話。
But according to the Merriam Webster online dictionary, which I think is an American one, if my computer is actually gonna open this page.
你好。
Hello.
谷歌，我能讀一下這頁內容嗎？
Can I can I read this page, please, Google?
你知道當互聯網突然說不行的時候嗎？
You know when the Internet just goes, no.
不行。
No.
抱歉。
Sorry.
不行。
No.
你不能那样做。
You can't do that.
但它现在确实这样了。
Well, it's doing that now.
你只要点击一下，互联网就会说：让我想想。
You just click on something and the Internet goes, let me think about this.
我不确定现在是否准备好给你看这个网页。
I'm not sure I'm ready to show you this web page yet.
我想我还是不要了。
I think I should just no.
我打算给你展示一个旋转的小雨伞，或者一个旋转的小钟表。
I'm gonna show you like a little spinning umbrella instead or a little spinning clock.
是的
Yeah.
好的
Okay.
行吧
Alright.
现在我决定可以给你看这个网页了。
Now I've decided that I can show you the web page.
这是我的该死的互联网。
So it's my bloody Internet.
它总是自己决定什么时候给我显示网页，什么时候不显示。
It's always just decides when it wants to show me a web page or not.
对吧
Right.
所以它终于打开了。
So it's finally opened.
因此，物质性的定义是强烈的物理取向，以物理为主导，通常牺牲了精神、心灵或社会层面。
So the definition of physicality is intensely physical orientation, the predominance of the physical, usually at the expense of the mental, spiritual, or social.
好的。
Okay.
以及一种物理特征或性质。
And a physical aspect or quality.
好吧。
Alright.
好的。
Okay.
嗯，这是一个词。
Well, it is a word.
我们来看看，物质性。
And let's see, physicality.
那么，物质性是一个真实的世界吗？
So is physicality a real world?
嗯，是的，根据那本词典，它确实是。
Well, yes, it is, apparently, according to that dictionary.
而且语法先生在回答‘physicality是不是一个真实单词’时，只是说：是的。
And Grammar Man, in response to is physicality a real word, simply says, yes.
所以问题解决了。
So dealt with.
physicality确实是一个真实的单词。
Physicality is a real word word.
我肯定我能找到，我觉得我应该找一个例子给你看看physicality的用法。
I'm sure I can I'm gonna find a I think I should find a I should find an example of physicality for you.
好的。
Okay.
我这里有，好吧。
I've here is okay.
身体的肉体性。
Physicality of the body.
好的。
Okay.
你可能会说，比如，滚石乐队以其现场表演中极强的身体表现力而闻名。
You might say that, for example, the the the Rolling Stones are well known for the extreme physicality of their live performances.
好的。
Okay.
你有伊恩·柯蒂斯在舞台上的身体表现力。
You had the physicality of Ian Curtis on stage.
所以这有点像你使用身体的方式、你移动身体的方式，或者你身体的外观。
So it's kind of like the way that you use your body, the the the way the way you move your body or the way that your body looks.
明白吗？
Okay?
对。
Right.
现在我们要稍作休息，听一位美国人对这个话题的看法。
Now we're gonna take a little break and we're gonna hear from an American person on this subject.
这是一位来自美国的作家，名叫J.P. Spore，他给BBC写了一封评论，内容全是关于语言如何变化的。
This is a a writer from America called j p Spore, and he wrote to the BBC with this comment, and it's all about, the way languages change.
如果你正在关注这个话题，可以在网页上阅读这条评论。
You can read this, comment on the web page if you're following it.
所以J.P. Spore说，英语的发展并没有什么不对。
And so j p Spore says, there's nothing wrong with English evolving.
语言本质上就是不断变化、可塑的，会根据使用者的需求和意愿而演变。
Languages are, by their very nature, shifting malleable things that morph according to the needs and desires of those who speak them.
可塑的意思是你能用手改变它的形状，而演变的意思就是改变形态。
So malleable means that you can change the shape of it with your hands, and morph means to change shape.
明白吗？
Okay?
恩格尔先生认为英式英语应该被保留，但在我看来，这种观点既缺乏对语言历史的了解，也不理解其变化的原因。
Mister Engel suggests that British English should be preserved, but it seems to me that this both lacks a historical perspective of the language as well as an ignorance of why it's happening.
英语本身是一种相当复杂而有趣的混合体，融合了日耳曼语、法语和拉丁语等多种语言元素。
English itself is a rather complicated, interesting blend of Germanic, French, and Latin among other things.
它通过漫长而曲折的同化与改造过程达到了今天的状态。
It has arrived at this point through the long and torturous process of assimilation and modification.
英语的历史就是一系列不可阻挡的连续变化的历史。
The story of the English language is the story of an unstoppable train of consecutive changes.
有人举手说：等等。
And for someone to put their hand up and say, wait.
让这列火车在此停下，不再前进，这不仅徒劳，而且荒谬可笑。
The train stops here and should go no further, is not only futile but ludicrously arbitrary.
‘任意’的意思是你只是随意做出一个选择，没有任何明确理由，比如‘任意’。
Arbitrary means when you just make a choice without really sort of it's just sort of making a random choice, let's say, arbitrary.
那为什么偏偏在这里停下呢？
So why here?
为什么不二十年前停止，或者二十年后停止呢？
Why not stop it twenty years ago or twenty years hence?
如果我们非要为语言变化设定一个任意的界限，那为什么不选十月这一年呢？
If we're going to just set an arbitrary limit on the on language change, why not choose the year October?
撒克逊人有一些很酷的词汇。
The Saxons had some cool words.
对吧？
Right?
恩格尔先生以及大西洋两岸所有语言上的卢德分子，包括美国本土的不少人，真的该放下了——当他们的同胞觉得非母语词汇比母语词汇更有价值时。
Mister Engel and all language Luddites on both sides of the Atlantic, including more than a few here in The States, really need to get over it when their countrymen find more value in non native words than in their native lexicon.
我理解关于文化身份丧失的论点，但如果这么多人愿意放弃他们的传统表达方式，也许我们该考虑，这些传统其实并没有我们之前想象的那么有价值。
I understand the argument about loss of cultural identity, but if so many people are willing to give up their traditional forms and phrases, maybe we should consider that they didn't have as much value as we previously imagined.
好吧。
Okay.
正如我所说，如果你想核实，可以在页面上阅读。
As I said, you can read that on the page if you wanna check it out.
我们继续往下看列表。
Let's carry on with the list.
第11条，交通。
Number 11, transportation.
运输有什么问题？
What's wrong with transport?
格雷格·波特在《美国的赫拉克勒斯》中说。
Says Greg Porter in Hercules in America.
嗯，运输。
Well, transportation.
在英国，我们只说transport。
So in The UK, we just say transport.
比如，伦敦的公共交通真的很贵。
You know, for example, the transport in London is really expensive.
而在美国，他们可能会说，伦敦的交通运输简直贵得要命。
Whereas in America, they might say, the transportation in London is just so goddamn expensive.
好吧，他们可能不会这么说，但他们确实会用transportation而不是transport。
Well, they they might not say it like that, but they they would say transportation instead of transport.
所以他用的是transportation。
So he's saying transportation.
交通怎么了？
What's wrong with transport?
不过，格雷格·波特这里说得也有点道理。
Well, he's kind of got a point here, Greg Porter.
transportation这个词之所以存在，是因为足够多的人在使用它。
Transportation is a word because enough people use it.
但它有点太长了。
But it's rather long.
你没必要在transport后面加ation。
You don't need to say ation on the end of transport.
这其实没必要。
It's not really necessary.
语法先生怎么说？
What does grammar man say?
Transportation。
Transportation.
运输有什么问题？
What's wrong with transport?
他说，后者这个词听起来更像一个动词。
And he says, well, the latter word sounds more like a verb.
如果你说后者，意思是两个选项中的第二个。
If you say latter, it means the second of two options.
在这种情况下，指的是运输。
In this case, transportation.
运输有什么问题？
What's wrong with transport?
所以运输是后者这个词。
So transport is the latter word.
他说它听起来更像一个动词。
He says it sounds more like a verb.
啊，好吧，也许你说得有道理，语法先生。
Ah, well, maybe you've got a point, Grammarly Man.
transport 确实听起来像一个动词。
Transport does sound like a verb.
事实上，它就是一个动词，不是吗？
In fact, it is a verb, isn't it?
你知道的，你会把东西从A地运到B地。
You you know, you transport things from a to b.
所以也许他有道理，transportation 明显表明这是一个名词，而不是动词。
So maybe he's got a point that transportation clearly shows that this is a noun, not a verb.
但另一方面，如果有人把 transport 当作名词使用，那很明显他们指的是名词含义。
But then again, if someone uses transport as a noun, it's pretty clear that they mean it as a noun.
所以无论如何，美国人说 transportation 可能是有原因的，因为他们想明确自己使用的是名词而非动词。
So anyway, there is a reason perhaps why the Americans say transportation because they want to clarify that they're using the noun, not the verb.
好吧。
Alright.
我们继续看第12个例子，这是来自莱斯特的加雷斯·威尔金斯的。
Let's go on to example number 12, and this is, from Gareth Wilkins in Leicester.
加雷斯说，我最讨厌听到的词是‘leverage’，发音是‘leverage’而不是‘lever’。
And Gareth says, the word I hate to hear is leverage, pronounced leverage rather than leverage.
这个词似乎在工作的各个领域都冒出来，而且它的含义似乎已经变成了‘增值’。
It seems to pop up in all aspects of work, and its meaning seems to have changed to value added.
好吧。
Okay.
所以是leverage。
So leverage.
好的。
Alright.
好的。
Alright.
我其实正在搜索‘lever’这个词。
I'm I'm actually googling lever lever.
当我念成‘leverage’的时候，听起来像个傻瓜，但这就是你打字时说话的方式。
I sound like such an idiot when I go leverage, but that's that's how you speak when you type.
你注意到这一点了吗？
Have you noticed that?
你的语言里可能也是这样，但每当有人边说边打字时，他们说话时就会把单词拼出来。
It might be the same in your language, but whenever anyone speaks, if they type when they speak, then they spell out the word when they when they speak.
这就是人们开始打字时说话的方式。
It's just the way that people speak when they start typing.
比如，我要去查一下字典里‘leverage’这个词，好吧。
Like, for example, I'm gonna look up the word leverage in the dictionary and okay.
是的。
So yeah.
好的。
Okay.
没关系。
It's it's okay.
我认为它最初是个金融术语，好吧，在金融领域叫杠杆。
I think originally it's a financial term, okay, in finance, leverage.
根据维基百科在线百科全书，杠杆是指一种通用术语，用于描述任何能够放大收益和亏损的技术。
According to the Wikipedia Online Encyclopedia, leverage means well, it's a general term for any technique to multiply gains and losses.
实现杠杆的常见方式包括借款、购买固定资产以及使用衍生品。
Common ways to attain leverage are borrowing money, buying fixed assets, and using derivatives.
好的。
Okay.
所以是杠杆。
So leverage.
比如说，如果你。
Let's say, if you okay.
让我解释一下这个词。
Let me explain this word.
首先，杠杆是一种你用来控制某物的装置。
First of all, a lever a lever is something you would move in order to control something.
例如，你会拉动杠杆来操作一台机器。
So you, for example, pull a lever in order to operate a machine.
所以杠杆就像一条手臂，你拉这根手臂，它就能操作机器，这就是杠杆。
So a lever is like an arm, and you you pull the arm, and it and it operates the machine, a lever.
你可能会用杠杆来抬起什么东西。
And you would use a lever maybe to lift something.
例如，如果你需要更换汽车的轮胎，你会在车底下放一个叫千斤顶的工具，这是放在车底下的装置，然后你用杠杆上下压来抬起汽车。
For example, if you need to change the wheel on your car, you put something underneath the car called a jack, that's the tool that you put under the car, and then you use a lever to push down and up in order to raise the car.
明白吗？
Okay?
所以是杠杆。
So lever.
它让你在某种程度上，杠杆或千斤顶内部有个机械结构，能让你通过自己的动作获得更大的力量。
And it allows you to kind of there's a machine inside the lever or inside the jack, which allows you to gain more power, you know, from your movement.
对吧？
Right?
所以在金融领域，杠杆就是比如说，你借给别人一些钱，然后向他们收取利息。
So in finance, leverage is when let's say, for example, you lend someone some money and then you charge them interest.
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