176. Grammar: Verb Tense Review

这种情况并不常见。

It's not very common.

那是将来完成进行时的被动语态。

That was future perfect continuous passive.

所以，这种时态确实是存在的，各位。

So it does exist, ladies and gentlemen.

这个时态确实存在，只是我们很少用。

That that tense does actually exist, but we don't use it very much.

我会被听了整整十年。

I will have been being listened to for ten years.

没错。

Right.

就这些了。

That's that's it.

我的这个小例子和自我说明到此结束。

That's the end of my little example thing, explanation of myself.

我们来看看你刚才听出了多少种时态和动词形式。

And let's see how many of the tenses and verb forms you noticed in that.

说实话，刚才很多内容都是即兴发挥的。

A lot of that was improvised, to be honest.

你 probably 能听出来，因为我讲得有点啰嗦，但确实有一大半是临时想到的。

You could probably tell because of the slightly rambling way that I delivered it, but a lot of that was improvised.

你能分辨出我用了哪些时态吗？

So can you, you know, could you tell which tenses I was using?

现在我们来一一梳理一下。

Let's go through them now.

接下来我要回放这段录音，看看自己到底用了哪些时态。

What I'm now gonna do actually is review this recording, and I'll see which, you know, tenses I use.

我会挑出几个例子，解释每个时态的用法，试着对比它们，希望能印证你已有的理解，甚至让你对这些时态的用法有新的认识。

And I'll pick out some examples, and then I'll explain the tenses, and I'll kind of try and compare them, and hopefully, sort of confirm what you already know and maybe even give you a bit of new insight into the way some of these tenses are used.

明白吗？

Okay?

所以一会儿就会发生这些事。

So that's what's gonna happen in just a moment.

好的。

Okay.

没错。

Right.

咱们重新开始吧。

Let's let's get started again.

咱们来点实际的。

Let's get down to brass tacks.

咱们聊聊细节。

Let's get down to the details.

咱们深入具体的内容。

Let's get down to the nitty gritty.

我刚刚回顾了刚才说的那些内容，并做了一些笔记。

Now I've just been through a lot of what I just said, and I've written some notes.

我写了一些例子。

I've written some examples.

我基本上把之前说过的内容摘了出来当例子。

I've basically taken out examples of things I said.

接下来我们来看这些时态和动词形式，好吧。

And so we're gonna look at these tenses, alright, and these verb forms.

一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时，还有 used to do 和 get used to doing 的区别。

Present simple tense, present continuous, past simple, past continuous, used to do versus get used to doing.

现在完成时，老朋友了。

Present perfect, our old friend.

现在完成时。

Present perfect.

现在完成进行时。

Present perfect continuous.

过去完成时。

Past perfect.

过去完成进行时

Past perfect continuous.

情态动词表达过去，我举个小例子

Modal verbs to talk about the past, a little example of that.

接下来是将来时，我们会讲到‘be going to’和用现在进行时表示将来

Then the future, and we'll be talking about going to and using the present continuous to talk about the future.

用‘will’表达将来，第一条件句，将来进行时，还有将来完成时——等等，将来完成条件句？没有这说法

Talking about the future using will, first conditional structures, future continuous, and future perfect future perfect conditionals no.

在条件句中用将来完成进行时，更别提将来完成进行时的被动语态了，这有点荒谬，还有将来时的情态动词用法

Future perfect continuous in a conditional structure, no less, and future perfect continuous passive, which is a bit ridiculous, and also modal verbs for the future.

明白吗

Okay?

这对我来说会是个挑战

So this is gonna be a challenge for me.

明白吗

Okay?

对你来说这也是个挑战，因为你得全程集中注意力。

It's gonna be a challenge for you as well because you've got to try and focus throughout this.

想象一下，你就像马里奥，或者《塞尔达传说》里的林克。

Remember, you're like Super Mario, let's say, or or or Link from The Legend of Zelda.

你就是在一堆难懂的内容里寻找钻石。

You're just trying to find diamonds in all of this challenging stuff.

想象你在打游戏，这部分就像关底Boss。

Imagine if you if you imagine you're playing a computer game, imagine that this bit is like the end of level boss.

明白吗？

Okay?

如果你能打败这个语法Boss，就能获得一颗代表英语成就的闪亮钻石。

And if you can defeat the end of level grammar boss, then you will be rewarded with a solid diamond of English achievement.

明白吗？

Okay?

好了。

Right.

那我们开始吧。

So let's get started.

首先，一般现在时。

First of all, present simple.

来吧，这还用说吗？

Well, it's come on.

很明显，对吧？

It's pretty obvious, isn't it?

这个我们都懂。

We all know this one.

如果你连一般现在时都搞不懂，那我下面用更复杂的表达来解释它的时候，你肯定更听不懂。

I mean, if you don't understand present simple, you're not gonna understand the complicated language that I would use to describe the present simple.

我们都知道，它用来描述一些普遍的事实，或者日常的、经常发生的事情。

I mean, we know it's used to talk about, you know, general facts or sort of regular things, things we do every day or regularly.

明白吗？

Okay?

如果跟现在进行时对比一下，可能更有帮助。

If we compare it to present continuous, that's probably a little bit more useful.

那我们直接进入现在进行时。

So let's move straight on to present continuous.

我刚才说了，其实，这里有个好例句可以对比这两种时态。

I said things like in fact, okay, here's a good sentence to to compare the two.

我教英语，但目前我在一所大学授课。

I teach English, but I'm teaching at a university at the moment.

所以我教英语，而且现在正在大学里上课。

So I teach English, and I'm teaching at a university at the moment.

好了。

Alright.

很明显，'我教英语'是现在简单时。

So, obviously, I teach English is present simple.

'我现在在大学授课'是现在进行时。

I'm teaching at a university at the moment is present continuous.

明白了吗？

Alright?

好的。

And okay.

我们在学校学的，或者你平时学到的，大概是说现在进行时用来描述此刻正在发生的动作。

So what we learn at school or what you learn at school probably is that present continuous is used to describe an action which is in progress at this particular moment now.

比如，我正坐在椅子上。

For example, I am sitting on a chair.

我们正在学英语，诸如此类的情况。

We are learning English, that kind of thing.

这没错。

And it's true.

它确实可以用来描述正在发生的事，但也可以用来表达眼下暂时性的状况。

It is used to talk about things happening right now, but it's also used to talk about, for example, temporary situations at the moment.

清楚了吗？

Okay?

所以我举的例子是，我教英语。

So my example was I teach English.

这是个长期的事。

That's a permanent thing.

这是我的终身职业。

That's my permanent vocation.

这是我的事业。

That's my career.

这就是我平时做的事。

That's what I do.

我教英语。

I teach English.

但最近这段时间，也就是一般意义上的现在，我在大学教英语。

But these days or at this general time now, this kind of temporary general period now, I'm teaching English at a university.

不是指此刻此刻。

Now not right now.

我的意思是，我现在在家，但现阶段我通常是在大学教英语。

I mean, I'm at home now, but generally at this time in my life, I'm teaching English at a university.

所以我们用一般现在时来描述生活中持久不变的事，比如固定工作；用现在进行时来描述当前正在发生的临时情况。

So we use present simple to talk about permanent things in our lives, like your permanent job, and present continuous to talk about temporary situations or temporary things going on in your life at the moment.

明白吗？

Okay?

比如说，我现在在大学工作，你知道的，我来自伦敦，但目前住在巴黎。

For example, at the moment, I'm working at a university at the you know, I'm from London, but at the moment, I'm living in Paris.

所以现在、当前、这几天、此刻——这些时间词通常都和现在进行时搭配使用。

So at the moment, currently, these days, right now, these are all time expressions we use with present continuous.

你可能对这套语法还有更多了解。

You you might know some more details of this grammar.

比如，你知道吗？说到火车或公交时刻表时，我们也会用一般现在时。

For example, you might know that, you know, train timetables when we're talking about, you know, train or bus timetables, we use the present simple as well.

比如，火车早上六点整发车。

The train leaves at 06:00 sharp, for example.

这说的是将来吧？

Now that's in the future, isn't it?

六点。

06:00.

没错。

It is.

你想象一下，明天六点，那不永远都是将来吗？

Just imagine it's 06:00 tomorrow, then it's always gonna be in the future, isn't it?

火车六点开。

The train leaves at six.

别磨蹭了。

Come on.

快点，不然要迟到了。

Hurry up or we're going to be late.

所以这种情况下，我们用一般现在时来表示将来。

So there, we're using present simple to talk about the future in that case.

我们接着聊一下过去式的基础知识。

Let's move on to past simple basic stuff.

我们知道，用过去式是讲某个单一的、已经完成的动作，而且发生在过去某个确定的时间段里。

We know that with past simple, we talk about single events, single finished actions in a finished period of time.

这点非常重要。

That's very important.

当然，我们用过去式来描述一系列事件的先后顺序。

And all obviously, we use past simple to talk talk about basic sequences of events.

比如，我先做了这个，然后做了那个，接着又做了别的，再做这个，就是这样。

First, I did this, then I did this, then I did that, then I did that, then I did this, for example.

明白了吗？

Alright?

我刚才说的是，我曾经在西伦敦住了很多年。

So what I said was, I lived in West London for a long time.

注意一下，这里我用‘for’搭配了过去式。

Now we can note there that I'm using for with past simple.

而且我们知道，对吧，'for' 经常和其他时态一起用。

And we know, don't we, that for is often used with another tense.

听众们，你们知道是哪个时态吗？

Which tense is it listeners?

我们通常和 'for' 搭配使用哪个时态？

Which tense do we often use for with?

你们肯定知道，是现在完成时。

Well, you'll know it's present perfect.

比如，我在这里住了六个月了。

I've lived here for six months, for example.

显然，用现在完成时的时候，我们会用别的表达时间的方式。

Obviously, with present perfect, we use another time expression.

我们用的词有几个，但最常见的还有 'since'。

We use a few, but typically, we also use since.

明白吗？

Okay?

for 和 since。

For and since.

我待会儿再回来说这个。

I'll come back to that.

但用过去时的时候，我们也会用 for，来表示某个动作在过去持续了一段时间。

But with past simple, we also use for, okay, to talk about a period that an action occurred in the past.

对吧？

Right?

我曾经在西伦敦住了很多年。

I lived in West London for a long time.

明白了。

Okay.

我们再回到连续完成的动作这个概念。

Back to the idea of a sequence of finished actions.

刚才我说过，我爸爸升职了，这是个被动语态的例子。

Here, I said, my dad was promoted, that's a passive one.

他不是自己升职的，是别人给他升的。

He didn't promote himself, someone else promoted him.

所以我爸是他上司提拔的，我想是这样。

So my dad was promoted by his boss, I expect.

我爸升职后去了米德兰兹工作，我们就搬过去，在那儿住了好多年。

My dad was promoted and got a job in the Midlands, so we moved there and stayed there for many years.

我去利物浦上大学，在那儿住了四年，之后又搬回沃里克郡。

I went to university in Liverpool and lived there for four years, and then I moved back to Warwickshire.

明白吗？

Okay?

所以是搬了、住了、去了、住了、又搬了。

So moved, stayed, went, lived, moved.

明白吗？

Okay?

这些都是按顺序发生的、已经完成的事情。

These are all sort of finished things that happened in a sequence.

所以是过去简单时，过去简单时，过去简单时。

So past simple past simple past simple.

很好。

Fine.

接下来是过去进行时，这个很经典，对吧？

Next, we have past continuous, which is just it's a classic, isn't it?

它不是一种很经典的动词形式吗？

Isn't it a classic verb form?

过去进行时。

Past continuous.

这是我最喜欢的时态之一。

It's one of my favorites.

你知道为什么吗？

You know why?

你知道我为什么这么喜欢过去进行时吗？

You know why I love past continuous so much?

我的意思是，显然我们都喜欢一般过去时。

I mean, obviously, we we all love past simple.

这是每个人最爱的时态。

It's everybody's favorite.

一般过去时就像可口可乐，对吧？

I mean, past simple is like is like Coca Cola, isn't it?

它就是那种人人都天天用的基础表达。

It's just a standard thing that everyone uses every day.

但过去进行时就不一样了，那才真正有意思、有活力。

Past continuous though, that's when things get a little bit more interesting and dynamic.

它没过去完成时那么让人糊涂，也没那么多余。

It's not as confusing and possibly unnecessary as past perfect.

这是个经典实用的日常时态，对吧？

It's a good old standard work a day verb tense, isn't it?

我们经常用它来讲故事。

And we use it often to tell stories.

讲故事的时候特别重要，因为它能帮我们理清事件的先后顺序，也能铺垫出其他事情发生的背景。

It's really important in telling stories because it allows us to sequence events, and it allows us to establish situations in which other stuff happens.

你想想，讲故事的时候，通常都是先交代背景，再讲之后发生的主要事情。

You know, if you're telling a story, a basic thing that you do is you explain the situation first, and then you talk about some of the main things that happened after that.

所以当你描述背景时，我们经常用过去进行时，对吧？

So if you're explaining the situation, often we use past continuous, don't we?

没错。

We do.

比如我买吉他的时候，正住在日本。

I was living in Japan when I bought a guitar, for example.

明白吗？

Alright?

或者我爱上一位艺伎的时候，正住在日本。

Or I was living in Japan when I fell in love with a geisha.

就是这样。

Alright.

那根本不是真的。

It's not true.

根本没这回事。

It never happened.

她根本不是艺伎。

She wasn't a geisha.

所以你用过去进行时描述当时的背景，再用一般过去时讲述在这个背景下发生的主事件。

And so you described the situation at the time with past continuous and then used past simple to describe the main events that happened within that context.

那我刚才说的是什么？

Now what did I say?

我是这么说的：我住在伦敦的时候，突然想到了一个点子——为英语学习者做一档超棒的播客。

I said things like this, it was while I was living in London that I came up with the idea to launch an amazing podcast for learners of English.

所以，我住在伦敦的时候。

So it was while I was living in London.

那就是我当时想到创办《卢克英语播客》这个点子的背景。

So that was the context at the time that I came up with the idea to to launch Luke's English podcast.

所以讲故事的时候，我们要用过去进行时来描述背景或当时的情况。

So to describe the the context or the situation, we use past continuous when you're telling a story.

我们也可以更具体地用它来安排一系列事件的先后顺序。

We also can use it more specifically to sequence individual events.

比如，我们会用过去进行时来说明某件事正在进行，是你之前已经开始的，然后被另一件事打断了。

So we'd use past continuous to talk about something, let's say something that was in progress that you'd started before, and that was interrupted by something else.

明白吗？

Okay?

你还记得那个例子吗？

Do you remember the example?

我说过，我正走在街上，这时候有个男人走过来找我。

Well, I said, I was walking down the street and this guy came up to me.

我正走在街上，这时候有个男人走过来找我。

I was walking down the street and this guy came up to me.

你可以想象一下这个场景，就像一幅漫画，我正走在街上。

So if you imagine like a cartoon of this, you imagine me walking down the street.

我在这儿巴黎的街上散步，感觉特别惬意。

I'm just having a lovely time walking down the street here in Paris.

我刚来这儿不久。

I'm new here.

真美啊。

Wow.

是不是特别舒服？

Isn't it lovely?

你看，埃菲尔铁塔就在那儿。

Look, there's the Eiffel Tower.

小心点，前面有狗屎。

Oh, watch out for that dog poo.

在巴黎真是一种享受。

Oh, it's lovely being in Paris.

我想我该点杯咖啡了。

I think I might order a coffee.

就是这种事。

You know, that kind of thing.

我正走在街上，突然有个人朝我走过来。

I was walking down the street when suddenly a guy came up to me.

好的。

Alright.

我当时正走在街上。

So I was walking down the street.

这算是一段较长的过程。

It's like a long action.

这事其实从那人找我之前就开始了，然后被他突然打断了。

It started before the guy came up to me, and it was interrupted by this guy who came up to me.

明白吗？

Alright?

那个找上我的人，算是一下子的事。

The guy came up to me is considered a short quick thing.

所以一个长时间的动作被一个突然的短动作打断，这种事其实挺常见的，对吧？

So you got a long action which is interrupted by a quick action, and that's really common, isn't it?

比如说，我正看电视呢，突然电话响了。

You know, For example, I was I was watching television and suddenly the phone rang.

哎，出什么事了？

Oh, what's going on?

哦，是电话响了。

Oh oh, it's the telephone.

你知道的，就是个意外。

You know, a surprise.

真是个意外。

What a surprise.

我正走在街上，一不留神踩到一坨狗屎。

I was walking along the street when suddenly I stepped in a dog turd.

天哪。

Oh god.

就是一些最基本、最简单的东西。

You know, basic simple stuff.

我们接着往下说。

Let's move on.

没错。

Right.

接下来我们要讲的是以前常做的事。

Next thing we have used to do.

我过去常做，逐渐习惯做，也慢慢适应了做这件事。

I used to do it and to get used to doing it, also to be used to doing it.

这部分我以前讲过，各位。

Now I've covered this before, ladies and gentlemen.

事实上，我觉得我在《卢克英语播客》第三期里就分析过，我爸爸以前常说起他小时候复活节时的那些乐子。

In fact, I believe I dealt with this in episode three of Luke's English podcast in which I analyzed some of the language that my dad used to talk about his childhood fun that he used to have at Easter time.

咱们现在再回头看看。

Let's go back to it now.

那是差不多173集之前的事了，你要是不记得，我也能理解。

That was something like a 173 episodes ago, so I'll forgive you if you don't remember that.

所以，'used to do'、'get used to doing' 和 'be used to doing' 这几种说法。

So used to do and to get used to doing or to be used to doing something.

这两种表达是完全不同的结构，区别很大，但大家经常搞混。

Now these are two distinct verb forms and they're different, completely different, but people get them mixed up all the time.

其中一种是 'I used to do something'。

One of them is I used to do something.

比如说，我以前住在日本。

For example, I used to live in Japan.

明白吗？

Alright?

另一种是 'be used to doing'，注意这里要加 -ing。

And then I am used to doing, that's an I n g.

也就是 'be used to doing' 或者 'get used to doing'。

So that's be used to I n g, or get used to I n g.

我现在已经习惯住在这里了。

I am used to living here now.

意思是以前可能很难，但现在你已经适应了。

That means that when it it was difficult before, but now you are accustomed to it.

现在感觉轻松多了，一切都挺好的。

Now it's kind of easy and everything's okay.

对吧？

Right?

比如以前特别难，因为我不会说当地语言，但现在我慢慢适应了。

So for example, it used to be quite difficult because I couldn't speak the language, but I'm getting used to it now.

所以‘used to’其实有三种用法。

So two uses of used to, in fact, three there.

‘used to’有两种完全不同的用法。

Used to used in two ways, two totally different ways.

‘It used to be quite difficult’意思是过去经常很难，但现在不是了。

It used to be quite difficult difficult means that it was regularly difficult in the past, but it's not anymore.

明白吧？

Alright?

我现在慢慢适应了，意思是我在逐渐习惯这件事。

And then I'm getting used to it now means I'm I'm gradually becoming accustomed to it.

现在变得越来越容易了。

It's becoming easier.

明白吧？

Alright?

我以前抽烟。

Another example, I used to smoke.

我以前抽烟，但后来戒了。

I used to smoke, but then I gave up.

对吧？

Right?

所以我过去经常抽烟，但后来就不抽了。

So I smoked regularly in the past and then I stopped.

我现在已经慢慢适应说法语了，也就是说，说法语变得越来越轻松了。

And I'm I'm getting used to speaking French now, meaning that it's becoming easier and easier to speak French.

你会看到完全不一样的东西。

You see totally different things.

事实上，你可以说，我现在已经习惯住在巴黎了。

In fact, you could say, I am used to living in Paris now.

我已经习惯住在这里了。

I'm used to living here.

挺好的。

It's fine.

你知道，我现在已经不会再有文化冲击了。

You know, I'm I'm not experiencing culture shock anymore.

我重新找回了感觉。

I'm back in my element.

我又成了自己地盘上的主人。

I'm the master of my domain again.

好吧？

Alright?

行了。

Okay.

我们接着讲现在完成时。

Let's move on to present perfect.

现在完成时。

Present perfect.

老朋友，老对手。

Our old friend, our old enemy.

咱们一路走来，经历了不少，对吧，现在完成时？

We've been through so much together, haven't we, present perfect?

想想咱们打过的多少场仗。

Think of all the battles that we've had.

想想咱们经历过的多少困难。

Think of all the struggles that we've experienced.

现在完成时就像一位身经百战的老兵。

Present perfect is like a battle hardened war veteran.

你明白我的意思吧？

You know what I mean?

因为我们每个人都跟现在完成时打过仗，还有它的好搭档——现在完成进行时。

Because we've all done battle with present perfect, and present perfect friend, present perfect continuous.

这两个搭配起来可真是威力无穷，我觉得你肯定同意。

These two form quite an almighty combination, I think you'll agree.

没错。

Right.

咱们来深入聊聊现在完成时的核心要点。

Let's get down to the real nitty gritty of present perfect.

来，我们看一下。

Now, let's see.

现在完成时最关键的一点是，它讲的是过去发生的事，但和现在有联系。

The main thing for present perfect is that we're talking about a past event which has some connection to now.

这就是关键。

That's the main thing.

过去的事，但跟现在有关。

Past past with connection to now.

明白吗？

Alright?

我们总是在学校学到，或者说大家普遍认为，现在完成时表示一个从过去开始、一直持续到现在的动作。

And what we always learn and what you always learn at school or it seems what everyone seems to say about present perfect is that it's a past event which started in the past and continues now.

我老是听人这么说。

That's the thing I always hear people say.

比如说，现在完成时，对吧？

You know, I say, okay, present perfect.

谁能解释一下现在完成时是什么意思？

Who could explain what present perfect is?

总有人会说，我觉得它是一个从过去开始、到现在还在继续的动作。

And someone always goes, well, I think it's a past event, a past an action that started in the past and still continues now.

然后你就想，这其实并不完全对，是吧？

And you go, well, it's not exactly true, is it?

我总结出三种用法，或者说三种解释，来说明现在完成制到底是个啥。

There are sort of three I I've come up with three sort of uses of the present perfect or three rules or explanations of what the hell it is.

明白吗？

Okay?

核心就是过去的事情和现在有联系。

The main thing being past event with a present connection.

明白吗？

Okay?

这个过去和现在的联系，其实可以有三种理解方式。

Now that past event and present connection can be interpreted in three ways.

明白吗？

Alright?

第一种是，没错。

First way is yes.

对。

Yes.

没错。

It's true.

也许这个事件是从过去开始，一直持续到现在。

Maybe the event started in the past and still continues now.

比如，我在这里住了一年。

For example, I've lived here for a year.

明白吗？

Okay?

或者，我在这里住了一年了。

Or I've been living here for a year.

没问题。

Fine.

清楚了吗？

Okay?

是从过去开始，到现在还在继续。

Started in the past, still going on now.

明白吗？

Alright?

这样的话，过去和现在之间的联系就是这个动作还在持续。

In that case, the connection between the past and the present is that the action is is ongoing.

明白吗？

Alright?

我在大学工作已经七个月了。

I've I've worked at the university for seven months.

对吧？

Okay?

没错。

Right.

那这个例子呢？

But how about this example?

那这个例子呢？

How about this example then?

我登过埃菲尔铁塔。

I've been up the Eiffel Tower.

我去过巴黎圣母院。

I've visited Notre Dame.

我去过莎士比亚书店。

I've been to Shakespeare And Company.

我喝过好多美味的法国葡萄酒。

I've tried lots of delicious French wine.

在这些情况里，这些事都已完成，对吧？

Now in all of those cases, those actions are all finished, aren't they?

我现在不可能还站在埃菲尔铁塔上。

I'm not still up the Eiffel Tower.

我也不可能还站在巴黎圣母院外头惊叹不已。

I'm not still standing outside Notre Dame going, wow.

你看那个。

Look at that.

挺不错的。

That's nice.

挺旧的。

That's old.

我也没一直待在莎士比亚书店看书，也没一直喝着美味的法国葡萄酒，虽然我真希望现在还在那儿。

And I'm not still in Shakespeare and Company looking at books, and I'm not still drinking delicious French wine, although I wish I was.

没有。

No.

那些事都过去了，但和现在还是有联系的。

All of those things are finished, but they are connected to now.

怎么说？

How?

因为它们都是我住在巴黎时的经历的一部分。

Because they're all part of my my experience of living in in Paris.

明白吗？

Alright?

实际上，从更广的角度来看，这些都融入了我整个人生的经历，你知道的，我这一生的体验。

In fact, you could say as a lot in a larger way, they're part of my experience in my whole life, you know, my whole life experience.

所以我们说的是那些发生在未结束时间段里的事情。

So we're talking about events, finished events that took place within an unfinished period of time.

在这个例子中，未结束的时间段就是我整个人生，或者我在巴黎的这段时光。

In this case, the unfinished period of time is my whole life or my time here in Paris.

明白吗？

Alright?

并不是说这些行为还在继续，而是说它们发生在一个仍然在进行的时间段里，你知道的。

So it's not that the action is still occurring, it's that the action took place within a period of time which is still active, you know?

我在法国的这段时间。

My time here in in France.

我常举的一个例子是约翰·列侬和保罗·麦卡特尼。

Now, an example I often give is is like John Lennon and Paul McCartney.

现在录这段话的时候，幸运的是保罗还健在，但不幸的是约翰·列侬已于1980年去世。

Now, at the time of recording this, Paul thankfully is still alive, but unfortunately, John Lennon died in 1980.

所以你可以说，约翰·列侬一生写过不少经典歌曲，或者简单地说，没错。

So you could say John Lennon wrote some great songs in his life, Or just simply, yeah.

对。

Yeah.

这很好。

That's that's good.

约翰·列侬一生写过不少经典歌曲。

John Lennon wrote some great songs in his life.

这里得用一般过去时，因为约翰·列侬的一生已经结束了。

Now we have to use the past simple there because John Lennon's life is unfortunately finished.

那是一个已经完结的阶段。

It's a finished period of time.

但另一方面，你可以说保罗·麦卡特尼一生创作了很多非常棒的歌曲。

But on the other hand, you could say Paul McCartney has written some really great songs in his life.

他现在还活着，所以你能用现在完成时。

Now he's still alive, that's why you can use present perfect.

明白吗？

Okay?

所以，已完成的动作，但时间还没结束。

So finished actions, unfinished period of time.

这就是为什么我们会说，‘我今天咖啡喝得有点多了’。

That's why we say things like, I've drunk a bit too much coffee today.

明白吗？

Okay?

这说的是‘今天’这一天。

So that's in today.

你不会说，‘我昨天咖啡喝得太多了’。

Now you wouldn't say, I've drunk too much coffee yesterday.

对。

No.

你不能这么说，因为昨天是已经结束的时间段，要用一般过去时。

You can't do that because yesterday's a finished period of time, past simple.

明白吗？

Alright?

结束的时间段，用一般过去时。

Finished period of time, past simple.

上上周、上个月、去年、我小时候、今天早上醒来时、我遇到林戈·斯塔尔的时候，都是这样。

Last last week, last month, last year, when I was a kid, when I woke up this morning, when I when I met Ringo Starr.

明白吗？

Okay?

这些全都用一般过去时。

All of those past simple.

未结束的时间段，比如今天、这周、这个月、今年，你知道的。

Unfinished time, today, this week, this month, this year, you know.

比如说这个月，我已经录了很多期播客了。

For example, this month, I've already recorded lots of podcasts.

这个月我已经录了很多播客。

I've already recorded lots of podcasts this month.

所以就是这样。

So there it is.

在未完成的时间段里，完成的动作。

Finished finished things in unfinished period of time.

这是第二个用法。

That's the second one.

第三个是过去发生的动作，但对现在有影响。

And the third one is a finished action with an effect on the present.

过去动作，影响现在。

Finished action, present effect.

就像过去行为在当下留下的痕迹。

Like evidence of of that that past action on on the present.

比如我喝了太多咖啡，所以现在特别亢奋。

So for example, I've drunk too much coffee, so I'm feeling really hyperactive.

明白吧？

Okay?

咖啡都喝完了，但现在还有影响。

So the coffees are all finished, but there's a present effect.

影响就是我体内还有咖啡因，所以特别亢奋，你知道的。

That's the the effect is I've got caffeine running through my body, and I'm hyperactive, you know?

你也可以这么说：想吃点东西吗？

So you could also say, would you like something to eat?

不用了，谢谢。

No, thanks.

我 already 吃过午饭了。

I've already had lunch.

我 already 吃过午饭了。

I've already had lunch.

不用了。

No.

谢谢。

Thanks.

我刚吃过饭。

I've just eaten.

明白吗？

Okay?

也就是说，食物还在肚子里。

So that means the food is still inside.

你现在还不饿，这就是现状。

The present effect is you're not hungry.

对吧？

Yeah?

你想吃点东西吗？

Would you like something to eat?

不用了。

No.

谢谢。

Thanks.

我刚吃过饭。

I've just eaten.

我之前提到过一些和现在完成时搭配的时间表达。

We I I mentioned before time expressions that are used with present perfect.

我们有 for 和 since。

We've got for and since.

这些是经典用法，对吧？

Those are the classics, aren't they?

没错。

They are.

是的。

Yeah.

现在完成时时间表达里的经典之选。

The golden classics of time expressions with present perfect.

当然，你们知道，'for' 用来表示一段时间，'since' 则用来表示某个时间点。

And you will know, of course, that we use for with a period of time and since with a point in time.

比如，自从某个时间、某个日期、某个时刻，自从九月，自从2012年。

So for example, since a time, since a date, since a moment, since September, since 2012.

明白吗？

Okay?

六个月，五分钟。

For six months, for five minutes.

明白吗？

Okay?

好长时间。

For ages.

好的。

Okay.

不错。

Good.

我们用现在完成时的时候，也常用‘已经’。

We also with present perfect, we also use already.

我早就做完了。

I've already done it.

那你那件事做完了吗？

So have you done that thing yet?

还没。

No.

我早就做完了。

I've already done it.

你明白吧？

You know?

没。

No.

谢谢。

Thanks.

我已经吃过了。

I've already eaten.

要来点咖啡吗？

Would you like some coffee?

不用了。

No.

今天我已经喝了九千杯了。

I've already had 9,000 cups today.

谢谢。

Thank you.

好的。

Alright.

我们还会用‘just’。

We also have just.

我刚吃过。

I've just eaten.

谢谢。

Thanks.

我们用‘just’来强调这件事刚刚发生。

And we use just to emphasize that the the event very recently happened.

过去的事情和现在有关联的另一种情况，就是那件事发生得非常近。

That may be another connection between a past event and the present is that the past event happened very very recently.

比如，我刚吃过饭。

I've just eaten, for example.

当然，还有‘ever’和‘never’这些词。

There are others ever and never as well of course.

‘ever’通常用来谈论你一生中的经历。

So ever is often used when you're talking about your whole life experience.

你去过纽约吗？

Have you ever been to New York?

比如就是这样。

Yeah, for example.

是的，我去过，但从来没去过新奥尔良。

Yes, I have, you know, but I've never been to New Orleans.

明白了。

Okay.

谈到人生经历时，经常用‘ever’。

Life experience is often often with ever.

可能还有别的用法。

There's probably more.

比如说到现在为止，我已经说了大概四十分钟了。

There's like so far, you know, I've I've been talking for about forty minutes so far.

明白了。

Okay.

我相信还有其他的用法。

So I'm sure there are others.

总之，现在完成进行时。

Anyway, present perfect continuous.

现在有个情况，关于现在完成进行时和现在完成时，有时候这两种时态都可以用。

Now there's a thing with present perfect continuous and present perfect, and that's that sometimes they can both be used.

比如，我在这里住了两年，用现在完成进行时和现在完成时都说得通。

For example, I've been living here for two years, and I've lived here for two years, they both work.

我们来看看。

But let's see.

我们之前举过例子，我上过埃菲尔铁塔。

We had the example, I've been up the Eiffel Tower.

我参观过巴黎圣母院。

I've visited Notre Dame.

我喝过不少好酒。

I've drunk lots of nice wine.

明白吗？

Okay?

这是现在完成时。

Present perfect simple.

那么现在完成进行时就是：我最近做了很多脱口秀。

Then present perfect continuous would be, I've been doing lots of comedy.

我参加了好多场演出。

I've been doing lots of gigs.

我一直在大学工作。

I've been working at the university.

我一直在录制这个播客的节目。

I've been recording episodes of the podcast.

这中间有什么区别呢？

What's the difference there?

比如，用现在完成时，我去过埃菲尔铁塔，就一次。

Well, present perfect, I've been up the Eiffel Tower just once.

对吧？

Right?

你只是想强调那是一次完成的经历。

You're just emphasizing that it was one completed thing.

而我说‘我一直在做很多脱口秀’，重点在于这是个重复发生或持续很久的动作。

Whereas I've been doing lots of comedy, we're emphasizing that it's a repeated action or maybe a long action.

我说‘我一直在大学工作’，意思是这事儿持续很久或者反复发生，跟‘我去过巴黎圣母院’这种一次性经历完全不同。

I've been working at the university suggests that it's like a repetitive, repeated, or long thing, unlike I've I've visited Notre Dame, which was one single action.

我有时候会举一个有点荒谬的例子，但确实能帮人稍微理解一下。

Now an example I sometimes use is a little bit ridiculous, but it does kind of explain it a little bit.

我举的例子是：‘我摔断了腿’和‘我一直在摔断腿’。

The example I use is I've broken my leg and I've been breaking my leg.

你不会说‘我一直在摔断腿’，因为这听起来太离谱了。

Now you wouldn't say I've been break I've been breaking my leg.

确实不会，毕竟这事儿太荒唐了。

You wouldn't because it's ridiculous.

那为什么荒唐呢？

Why is it ridiculous?

因为你不可能一次又一次地摔断腿，对吧？

Because you wouldn't break your leg again and again and again, would you?

不会。

No.

或者你肯定不会这么慢地把自己的腿弄断。

Or or you you certainly wouldn't break your leg very, very slowly.

你今天都干了些什么？

What have you been doing today?

哦，我一直在慢慢弄断腿，因为我是个受虐狂。

Oh, I've I've been slowly breaking my leg because I am a masochist.

不会。

No.

你不会这么做的。

You wouldn't do that.

你会问：你这是怎么了？

You'd say, what happened to you?

对。

Yeah.

我没断过腿。

I've I've broken no.

我今天不能来学校了，因为腿断了。

I can't come to school today because I've broken my leg.

明白了。

Okay.

所以你看，我腿确实断了。

So we can see I've broken my leg.

一件事，一个对现在有影响的动作。

One thing, one single action with a present effect.

说‘我一直在断腿’很奇怪，因为没人会反复这么做，也不会持续很久，对吧。

I've been breaking my leg is really strange because you wouldn't do it repeatedly or over a long period of time, you know.

你干嘛了？怎么了？

Why are you oh, what's what's wrong?

你为什么哭？

Why are you crying?

我没哭。

I'm not crying.

我只是在切洋葱。

I've just been cutting onions.

我在做千层面。

I'm making a lasagna.

这句话来自一首歌，我待会儿可能放给你听。

That's from a song which I might play you later on.

好的。

Okay.

现在完成时。

Present perfect.

现在完成进行时。

Present perfect continuous.

好了。

Done.

现在有个问题，就是现在完成进行时有时候用在事情刚结束的时候。

Now there is an issue with present perfect continuous, which is sometimes it's when things are just recently finished.

我刚把房间刷完了。

I've painted the room.

我一直在刷房间。

I've been painting the room.

这其实跟刚才我说的是一回事。

That's that goes back to what I just said really.

我刚把房间刷完了。

I've painted the room.

全都弄好了。

It's all done.

搞定了。

Finished.

完成了。

Completed.

我一直在刷房间。

I've been painting the room.

这其实是在强调你断断续续地做了这件事。

It's like you're emphasizing that you've been doing it sort of repeatedly.

可能还没做完。

Maybe it's not finished.

好的。

Alright.

过去完成时。

Past perfect.

过去完成时其实没我们想的那么必要，但用得还挺多的。

Past perfect, which is less necessary than we expect, although it is actually very regularly used.

有些情况其实用一般现在时就够了。

There are some instances when past perfect could just be present.

有些地方我们用过去完成时，其实用一般过去时就行。

There are some instances when we use past perfect, we could just use past simple.

明白吗？

Alright?

但有时候为了理清事件的先后顺序，还是得用过去完成时。

But sometimes it's kind of necessary to establish a sequence of events.

好的。

Okay.

我说了，就是那时候我决定当英语老师。

I said, that's when I decided to become an English teacher.

我那时候已经大学毕业了，正在酒吧打工，日子没什么起色。

I'd finished university, and I was working in a pub, not really going anywhere.

我那时已经大学毕业了。

I had finished university.

所以那时候，也就是2001年，我住在父母家，刚大学毕业。

So at that time, back in 2001, I was I was living at my parents' house, and I had finished university.

我之前说过，过去进行时这个很适合讲故事的时态，常用来交代故事开头的背景。

Now I said earlier on that past continuous, that useful storytelling tense, is used to establish a situation at the beginning of a story.

我们还用过去完成时来交代背景，对吧？

We also use past perfect to establish the backstory, don't we?

所以呢，我那时候已经大学毕业了，正在酒吧工作，日子也没什么起色，于是决定当英语老师。

So, you know, I'd finished university and I was working in a pub and I wasn't really going anywhere, so I decided to become an English teacher.

我说的‘我已大学毕业’，就是在描述过去之前的过去。

So I'd finished university is describing like like the past in the past.

我们说的是2001年，而在这之前，我已经大学毕业了。

We're talking about 2001, and before that period, I had finished university.

好的。

Okay.

我们来看一下。

Let's see.

我到派对的时候，大家都已经走了。

When I arrived at the party, everybody had left.

我到派对的时候，大家正要走；而我到派对的时候，大家刚走。

When I arrived at the party, everybody was leaving, and when I arrived at the party, everybody left.