53. 与弟弟讨论语法

另一个问题是，for 和 since 有什么区别？

Another one is what's the difference between for and since?

这是一个学生经常问的问题。

That's a question that students ask all the time.

for 和 since 有什么区别？

What's the difference between for and since?

在什么语境下？

In what context?

所以我做过某事 for，也做过某事 since。

So I have done something for and I have done something since.

for？

For?

for。

For.

F o，是的。

F o, yeah.

嗯，我已经做了十年了？

Well, I've been doing something for Ten years?

是的。

Yeah.

我已经做了十年了。

I've been doing something for ten years.

我一直在做，从……开始。

I've done I've been doing something since.

1992年，你明白吗？

Nineteen ninety two thousand, you see?

是的，从2000年开始。

Yeah, since 2000.

那么for和since之间有什么区别？

So what's the difference between four and since?

当你想描述时间长度时，就会用for。

Well you say four when you're about to describe the the length of time Right.

你一直在做某事，是的。

That you have spent doing something Yeah.

自从”设定了你开始的时间。

Since sets the date that you started.

是的。

Yeah.

没错。

Exactly.

对。

Yes.

这就是区别。

That's the difference.

完美。

Perfect.

是的。

Yeah.

你很不错。

You're quite good.

好的。

Okay.

这彻底推翻了你的理论。

That blew your theory out of the water.

不。

No.

不。

No.

不。

No.

这只是很有趣。

It's it's just interesting.

我没有理论。

I don't have a theory.

对。

Right.

再来一个。

Here's another one.

明白吗？

Okay?

这是一个经典的例子。

This is a classic one.

说‘好吧’有什么区别？

What's the difference between saying okay.

这是条件句。

This is conditionals.

说‘如果我……你会得到这个’，因为这很简单。

What's the difference between saying if I and you'll get this because this is easy.

如果我买了一张彩票，我就中了彩票；如果我买一张彩票，我会中彩票。

If I had bought a lottery ticket I would have won the lottery and if I bought a lottery ticket, I would win the lottery.

有什么区别？

What's the difference?

我想

I want

谈论过去和谈论未来。

to talk about the past and I to talk about the future.

对。

Right.

好的。

Okay.

是的。

Yeah.

说得对。

Spot on.

完全正确。

Nailed it.

是的。

Yeah.

好的。

Okay.

我得给你一个特别难的。

I need to give you a really difficult one.

我会翻到书的后面。

I'll go to the back of the book.

好的。

Okay.

介词。

Prepositions.

对吧？

Right?

我们来讨论一下你想要什么？

Let's go for what do you want?

我们来学形容词和介词吧。

Let's have adjective and prepositions.

形容词加介词，对吧？

Adjective plus preposition, right?

介词是学习者最难掌握的部分，它们是一些小词，比如 of、to、at、in，

Which is prepositions are the thing that learners have the most difficulty with and they're little words like of, to, at, in,

还有，好吧。

and Okay.

来吧。

Come on.

就像这样。

Like that.

用一个问题。

With a question.

好的。

Okay.

所以你只需要完成这个句子。

So you just gotta you just gotta complete the sentence.

等一下。

Wait a minute.

等等。

Wait.

等一等。

Wait a second.

我觉得你应该把这段剪短一点。

I think you should edit this down.

是的。

Yeah.

好的。

Okay.

行吧。

Alright.

我们开始吧。

Here we go.

我来给你一个句子。

I'm gonna give you a sentence.

你得把介词放在空格的正确位置上。

You gotta put the preposition in the right place in in in the gap.

明白吗？

Okay?

我对你送我的礼物感到非常高兴。

I was delighted with the present you gave me.

我感到高兴，你送我的礼物。

I was delighted, the present you gave me.

介词是‘with’吗？

With?

是的。

Yes.

干得好。

Well done.

太棒了。

Brilliant.

我不知道我

I don't know I

我刚想到一个主意。

just had an idea.

每当你答对了，我就这么做。

Whenever you get anything right, I'm gonna do this.

明白吗？

Okay?

好的。

Alright.

这是下一个。

So here's the next one.

这太糟了。

This is bad.

你帮我买东西，真是太好了。

It was very nice of you to do my shopping for me.

非常感谢你。

Thank you very much.

的？

Of?

的？

Of?

但我不知道

But I don't know

为什么是‘的’。

why it's of.

我没法告诉你背后的规则。

I couldn't tell you the rules behind that.

我就知道那就是那样。

I just know that's what it is.

你为什么总是对父母这么粗鲁？

Why are you always so rude to your parents?

你不能对他们好一点吗？

Can't you be nice to them?

对。

To.

对。

To.

是的。

Yes.

干得好。

Well done.

你能不能别做

Can you not do

那个？

that?

好吧。

Okay.

但为什么对父母好就是好的呢？

But why is it nice to be nice to the parents?

因为是他们把你养大的，而且你

Well, because they brought you up and, you

知道，是他们把我们养大的

know, they brought us up

为了圣诞节。

for Christmas.

我的意思是，我们为什么用‘对’这个词？

I mean, why do we use the word to?

好要对

Nice be nice to

父母。

the parents.

因为你有点儿，我不知道。

Because you're sort of I don't know.

是的。

Yeah.

你在给予他们一些东西。

You're giving something to them.

你是在为他们的利益做点什么，我想，或者为他们做点什么。

You're kind of it's doing something for their benefit, I suppose, or something towards them.

为他们做点什么。

Something towards them.

对他们好。

Being nice towards them.

去

To be

在家里的时候。

at the home there.

对你父母好。

Nice at your parents.

是的。

Yeah.

去看，就像是朝他们看去。

To to look at is like to look towards them.

不是吗？

Isn't it?

是的。

Yeah.

但那我不知道。

But that's I don't know.

是的。

Yeah.

我可以告诉你。

I can tell you.

事实上，不可能为这件事制定一条规则。

The fact is that it's impossible to create a rule about it.

事实上，你只能学会有些词会和另一些词搭配使用。

In fact, you just got to learn that some words go with other words.

你必须明白，对别人好是件好事。

You just gotta know it's nice be nice to someone.

你必须学会‘nice to’这个搭配。

You just have to learn nice to.

所以他们必须看到词语以小组合的形式共同出现。

So they have to see words existing together in little partnerships.

学习它们如何一起工作。

Learn how they work together.

就是这样。

That's it.

就像一起学习两个词，而不是单独学一个词。

Just like learning two words together, not just one on its own.

所以就是这样。

So that that's it.

实验到此结束。

That's the end of the experiments.

你从中学到了什么吗

What have you learned anything from

这次经历？

this experience?

没有。

No.

没有。

No.

我只是希望你能从这次经历中有所收获，毕竟让我显得很蠢。

I just hope that you get something out of this, of making me look stupid, basically.

不。

No.

我觉得你答对了不少问题，对吧？

I think you got quite a few questions right, didn't you?

是的。

Yeah.

好的。

Okay.

不过还是恭喜你。

Well, congratulations anyway.

我现在要给你一个证书，显示你获得了两个证书。

I'm gonna give you a certificate now, which just shows that you've oh, two certificates.

一个证明你完成了课程。

One to show that you completed the course.

老兄。

Mate.

证书。

The certificate.

我可以拿这个吗

Can I have this

口香糖？

bit of chewing gum?

是的。

Yeah.

你可以拿走这口香糖。

You can have the chewing gum.

第二个证书呢，这是我喜欢给节目所有嘉宾的小证书。

And and the second certificate, just something I like to give to all the guests that I have on the program.

这是一张小证书，证明你曾出现在《卢克英语播客》的一集中。

It's a little certificate just proving that you appeared on an episode of Luke's English podcast.

非常感谢你前来，希望很快能再见到你。

So thanks very much for for coming, and I hope to see you soon.

非常感谢。

Thanks very much.

Luke的英语播客由

Luke's English podcast is brought to

Brigoli口香糖和

you by Brigoli Chew and

Casaillero Del Diablo葡萄酒赞助。

Gum and Casaillero Del Diablo wine.

那很不错。

That was good.

好了，各位。

Okay, folks.

我现在想做的是，解释一下我在与我兄弟的对话中提到的一些语法点。

What I would now like to do is just explain some of the grammar points that I spoke to my brother about during that conversation.

我问他了一些关于语法几个方面的问题，看看他能否回答，我想你们可以看到，重点是，我想说，母语者出人意料地并不理解或并不真正了解语法规则。

I asked him some questions about a few areas of grammar to see if he could answer them, and I think you can see there that the point is, I guess, that native speakers surprisingly don't understand or don't really know the rules of grammar.

他们不知道像现在完成时这样的术语，甚至不知道形容词或名词这样的词。

They don't know terms like present perfect or even words like adjectives or nouns.

他们真的不清楚这些术语的含义。

They they don't really know what those terms mean.

所以当你在学校学习这些内容时，某种程度上你比他们更善于表达，因为你懂得如何描述语言，而母语者却做不到这一点。

So when you're studying all that stuff at school, you're in a way more articulate than they are because you know how to describe the language, and native speakers don't know how to do that.

这相当有趣。

That's quite interesting.

但母语者能凭直觉判断什么是正确的，什么是错误的。

But native speakers know what's right and what's wrong by instinct.

他们只是在童年时期无意识地学会了这些，长大后知道某些东西是错的，却说不清为什么错，只是知道它错了。

They just sort of they learn it as children without thinking about it, and then when they get older they know that something is wrong, but they don't know why it's wrong, they just know it's wrong.

你小时候学习自己的语言时也是如此。

It's the same for you when you're learning your language as a child.

这对我们学习英语意味着什么？

What does that tell us about learning English?

你可以这么说，有些人可能会认为，英语学习者不必担心学习语法规则，而应该多听、多读英语，通过大量接触语言，自然而然地学会什么是正确的、什么是错误的。

Well, you could say that some people might say it means that learners of English shouldn't worry about learning the rules of grammar, that instead they should just try to listen to a lot of English, to read a lot of English, and by doing that, see and hear the language so much that they just learn what's right and wrong just by frequency.

因此，例如，他们知道人们会说某些话，仅仅是因为他们以前听过太多次了，他们之所以知道什么是正确的、什么是错误的，是因为他们听和读了很多英语，逐渐对英语中常见的各种模式有了感觉。

So they know, for example, that people will say things just because they've heard it said so many times before, and they they know what's right and wrong just because they have heard and read the language a lot, and they've started to learn, started to get a sense of all the patterns that you find in English.

也许这是对的。

Maybe that's true.

也许这是一种很好的学习方式。

Maybe that's a good way to learn.

或者，英语学习者应该学习语法规则，至少要研究语言模式，并通过练习来理解什么是正确的、什么是错误的。

Or maybe learners of English should study the rules or at least study the patterns and do practice exercises in order to understand what's right and what's wrong.

我认为两者结合才是最好的方法：你需要学习语言，需要通过测试和练习来检验自己，同时也需要结合大量的语言输入，即多听多读。

I think it's a combination of both, that you need to study the language, you need to test yourself with it, you need to do exercises, but also you need to combine that with high exposure, so lots of listening and lots of reading.

你接触的语言越多，就越能培养出对语言的直觉。

And so the more you see of the language, the more you start to develop a feel for it.

这就是我的观点。

That's that's my opinion.

但无论如何，我和我哥哥讨论的一些内容，我觉得还是应该向你澄清一下。

But nevertheless, some of the the things that I discussed with my brother there, I think I should just clarify for you anyway.

所以我第一个问他的是：名词、形容词和动词之间有什么区别？

So the first thing I asked him was, what's the difference between a noun, an adjective, and a verb?

他其实答不上来，但正如你可能知道的，名词是用来给事物命名的词。

He couldn't really answer the question, but as you may know, a noun is a word which is used to give something a name.

我们用的像桌子、椅子、猫这些词都是名词。

We use things like, you know, a table, a chair, a cat.

这些都是名词。

Those are all nouns.

它们可以是复数或单数形式。

They can be plural or singular.

比如三只猫。

Three cats, for example.

它们可以是可数或不可数的。

They can be countable or uncountable.

如果是可数的，你就可以数出来。

If they're countable, you can you can count them.

比如，三个桌子。

For example, three, you know, tables.

桌子是可数名词，因为你可以说一个、两个或三个桌子，但像‘糖’这样的词就不可数。

A table is a countable noun because you can say one, two, or three tables, but a word like sugar isn't countable.

我们通常只说‘一些糖’，因为它是由无数微小的糖粒组成的一个整体，因此是不可数的。

Instead, we just say some sugar, so it's like a a mass of tiny little granules of sugar that together makes something uncountable.

它们也可以是抽象的，比如那些你实际无法触摸或感知的事物的名字。

They can also be abstract, for example, the names of things you can't actually touch or feel.

像‘爱’这样的概念既是名词也是动词，但你说‘你所需要的只是爱’时，它就是一个名词，属于抽象名词，而且是不可数的。

So concepts like love is noun, it's also a verb, but you could say all you need is love in that sense it's a noun, it's an abstract one there, and it's uncountable.

这就是名词。

That's nouns.

显然，名词可以非常复杂。

Obviously the nouns can be very complex.

它们也可以是更大的短语，比如名词短语。

They can be larger kind of, phrases, you could say, like a noun phrase.

比如，移动电话技术就是一个名词短语，你可以用它来作为句子的开头。

Like, for example, let's see, like mobile phone technology is a is a kind of noun phrase, and you can use that as the start of a sentence.

移动电话技术正在迅速发展。

Mobile phone technology is developing very quickly.

所以名词有时也可以由多个词组成。

So nouns can also be sometimes a number of words together.

对，下一个词类是形容词。

Right, the next one is an adjective.

形容词是我们用来描述名词的词。

Well, an adjective is a word we use to describe a noun.

它用来描述名词，比如我们会说：这食物很美味。

It's used to describe a noun, so we'd say for example, the food was delicious.

对吧？

Right?

所以 'delicious' 描述的是食物。

So delicious describes the food.

食物怎么样？

How was the food?

它很美味。

It was delicious.

当然你也可以这样说：美味的食物。

You can also say delicious food like that of course.

所以这是一个形容词。

So that's an adjective.

下一个词是动词，动词是表示动作的词。

And then next one was a verb, and the verb is the doing word.

这些词用来表达某种行为。

These are words we use to express sort of actions.

比如 play、eat、go，这些都是动词。

So like play, eat, go, for example, verbs.

我们还有一些小的动词短语，比如短语动词，这是动词与其他词的组合。

And we also have little verb phrases, which are things like phrasal verbs, and that's a verb in combination with other words.

短语动词很难，因为有些很容易，有些则很难。

And phrasal verbs are difficult because some well, some of them are easy and some of them are difficult.

容易的那些很好理解，因为它们的意思与原动词非常相似。

The easy ones are easy to understand because the meaning is very similar to the original verb.

所以如果你在说，哦，让我们看看。

So if you're talking about oh, let's see.

go on，比如go on，意思是继续。

Go on, like go on, meaning continue.

这很容易理解，因为我们知道go的意思。

It's fairly clear what that means because go we know what go means.

go on就是继续前进，不要停下，持续下去。

Go on just means go and don't stop going, continue.

所以这个相对容易。

So that's fairly easy.

但有些短语动词很难，比如‘give up’，意思是放弃。

But some of them are difficult like if you take the expression give up, give up meaning to quit.

这不太容易理解，因为‘give’这个词，我们通常会想到，比如给某人一份生日礼物。

That's not quite so easy because the word give, you know, we think, well, give give a give someone a a birthday present.

但在这个语境中，‘give up’的意思和‘give’完全不一样，这就让它变得非常难懂。

But in this sense, give up has a completely different meaning to give, which makes it very difficult.

事实上，作为英语学习者，你必须去学习这些短语动词。

And the fact is, as learners of English, you just have to learn phrasal verbs.

你得努力去记忆它们，因为每一个都是独特的，有自己独立的意思，只是由几个词组合而成。

You just have to try and learn them because they're all unique words with their own meanings, just a combination of a few words.

所以，那是我问弟弟的第一个问题。

So that's that was the first thing I asked my brother.

下一个问题是关于现在完成时和一般过去时的。

The next thing was about present perfect and past simple.

我们知道现在完成时。

So we know present perfect.

其中一个实际上是你在学习英语时最常学到的语法点之一。

One of the actually, is one of the most common bits of grammar that you study when you're learning English.

现在完成时当然就是have加过去分词，或者has加过去分词。

Present perfect, of course, is like have plus a past participle or has plus a past participle.

比如，我曾经住在日本。

Like I have lived in Japan, for example.

她吃过披萨。

She has eaten pizza.

明白吗？

Alright?

而一般过去时，显然人人都知道，比如我住在日本，她吃了一块披萨。

And past simple, obviously everyone knows, I lived in Japan, she ate a pizza, for example.

所以这两者的区别相当大，是每个人都在学习的内容。

So the difference, well that's quite a big one and it's something that everyone's studying.

现在完成时和一般过去时的区别在于，我们用一般过去时来谈论过去已完成的动作，但时间范围很重要。

So the difference between past simple and present perfect, basically we use past simple to talk about a finished action in the past, but the time period is important.

而使用过去时，我们通常会表达一种与行为的疏离感。

And we tend to, with past simple, express a kind of distance from the act.

所以这本质上是一种时间上的距离，意味着动作发生在一段已经结束的时间段内。

So there's a distance in time, basically, which means that the action happened in a finished time period.

我住过，比如说，我没吃，而是喝了一杯咖啡。

I lived well, let's say I ate no, I drank a coffee.

这很可能暗示你昨天喝了咖啡，或者上周喝了咖啡，或者在早餐时喝了咖啡。

It's pretty probably suggests that you drank a coffee yesterday or you drank a coffee last week or you drank a coffee during breakfast.

对吧？

Right?

所以它发生在一段已经结束的时间里。

So it's like in a finished time.

现在完成时用于描述发生在未结束时间段内的已完成动作，因此与现在有联系。

Present perfect is used to describe finished actions which happened in an unfinished time, so there's a connection to now.

这是最重要的事情。

It's the most important thing.

所以基本上，你可能会说，比如：我今天已经喝了三杯咖啡，而今天还没结束。

So basically, you might say, for example, I have drunk three cups of coffee today, and today is not finished.

所以你可以这么说：我今天已经喝了三杯咖啡。

So you can say I've drunk three cups of coffee today.

这个时间段总是与现在相连的。

The time period is always connected to now.

这比听起来稍微复杂一点，但这是基本的区别。

It's a bit more complicated than that, but that's the sort of basic difference.

说实话，如果我要解释现在完成时和一般过去时，我得录一整个全新的播客，我完全可以这么做。

To be honest, if I was to explain present perfect and past simple, I'd need to record a completely new podcast, and I could do that.

我可能会，我可能会这么做。

I might, I might do that.

一般过去时和现在完成时。

Past simple and present perfect.

下一个话题是第二和第三条件句。

The next one was about second and third conditionals.

所以我们知道第二条件句的例子是，比如说，如果我买了一张彩票，我就会中奖。

So we know the second conditional would be, for example, let's see, if I bought a lottery ticket, I would win the lottery.

这不是个很好的例子，因为你不一定能中奖。

Not a very good example because it's not definite that you'd win.

所以如果我，嗯。

So if I okay.

比如说，如果我走出去，我不会。

Let's say if if I if I went outside, I no.

不会。

No.

不会。

No.

好的。

Okay.

如果我努力学习，我就会通过考试。

If I studied hard, I would pass the exam.

所以你在谈论未来，但我们却使用过去时，比如'studied'。

So you're talking about the future, but we use past tense like 'studied'.

如果我现在学习——我们在谈论过去，其实是在谈论未来。

If I studied now we're talking about the past, we're talking about the future.

我们知道这是未来，因为我们用了'if'。

And we know it's the future because we've said 'if'.

所以'if'加上过去时实际上用来描述一种不真实的未来。

So 'if' plus a past tense is actually used to describe a kind of unreal future.

因此，你使用过去时并不是为了在时间上制造距离，而是为了在现实性上制造距离。

So you use the past tense not to create distance in time, but to create distance in reality.

从这个意义上说，这是一种不真实或假设的未来，因为你并不认为它现实。

In this sense, it's an unreal or hypothetical future because you don't think it's realistic.

所以如果我努力学习，我就会通过考试，但我不会努力学习，因为我并不想。

So if I studied hard I would pass the exam, but I'm not going to study hard because I don't want to.

对吧？

Right?

所以把这个和第一类条件句比较一下。

So compare that with a first conditional.

如果我努力学习，我会通过考试。

If I study hard, I will pass the exam.

如果后面用现在时，虽然还是在谈未来，但这里我们认为这是一个现实的未来。

Present tense after if, still talking about the future, but here we think it's a realistic future.

所以这里没有与现实的距离，我们认为它是真实的。

So there's no distance from reality, we think it's real.

而且后面跟着的是'will'。

And it's followed by 'will'.

如果我努力学习，我会通过考试。

If I study hard I will pass the exam.

就是这样。

So that's it.

这是一种具有明确后果的确定性未来。

It's like a definite future with its definite future consequence.

第三条件句谈论的是过去，在条件从句中我们使用'had'加过去分词，而在主句中则是'would have'加过去分词。

The third conditional talks about the past, and there we use 'had' plus a past participle in the 'if' clause, and in second clause you'd have 'would have' and a past participle.

比如说，考试是上周举行的，而我失败了，你可以说：'如果我当时备考了，就能通过考试了。'

So let's say that the exam was last week and I failed, you could say 'if I had studied for the exam I would have passed'.

对吧？

Right?

事实上，我没有备考，也没有通过。

The fact is I didn't study and I didn't pass.

但假如我备考了，这里我们使用'had studied'，看起来像是过去完成时。

But if I had studied now here we're using 'had studied' and that's like it looks like past perfect.

但它实际上并不是过去完成时。

It's not actually past perfect.

它只是看起来像，但它的作用是表示与过去现实的疏离。

It just looks like it, but it's used to create distance from reality in this sense in the past.

所以我们从过去简单时态'I didn't study'，再退一步，用看似过去完成时的'If I had studied'，然后在第二部分用'I would have passed'，再次指代一个过去的后果。

So we go from past simple I didn't study, and we go one tenth back to what looks like past perfect If I had studied, and then in the second part I would have passed, again to refer to a past consequence.

这一切都非常复杂，老实说还有点无聊，但你还是得学。

It's all very complicated and to be honest rather boring, but you kind of have to learn it.

我可以专门做一期播客，完全讲条件句，因为这个话题太广泛了。

Again, I could do a completely separate podcast all about conditionals because it's such a big topic.

我最近和我弟弟聊的最后一 topic 是介词，如果你在学英语，你肯定知道介词。

The last thing I talked about with my brother was prepositions, And if you're learning English, you'll know about prepositions.

它们非常、非常难。

They're very, very difficult.

它们是我们用来连接名词、动词和形容词的小词。

They're the little words that we use to connect nouns and verbs and adjectives together.

你会发现介词总是和别的词搭配，但并没有一套合理的规则能解释这些搭配。

And you find that prepositions are linked to other words, and there isn't really a decent set of rules to explain these links.

事实上，你只能死记硬背。

The fact is you just have to learn them.

你必须记住，我们说 'to be nice to someone'。

You just have to learn that we say to be nice to someone.

nice to 这些词是搭配使用的。

Nice to, those words go together.

你只能记住这一点。

You just have to learn that.

你得记住它。

You have to remember it.

而且还有很多动词与介词、名词与介词、形容词与介词的搭配组合。

And there are lots of combinations of verbs and prepositions, nouns and prepositions, and adjectives and prepositions.

实际上有那么多列表，你只能多留意这些搭配，然后努力记住它们。

And there there are so many lists really that it's just a case of noticing them and then trying to remember them.

你应该意识到，介词是与其他词相关联的，然后把这些词组当作独立的意义单元来学习。

What you should do is realize that prepositions are linked to other words, and then see these word combinations as separate units of meaning that you should learn.

所以你不是只学单词，比如 consist，而是要学习整个表达 consist of。

So you don't just learn the the word, for example, consist, but you learn the expression consist of.

对吧？

Right?

好的。

Okay.

比如，一个汉堡，一个巨无霸由面包、蔬菜、牛肉和奶酪组成。

So a hamburger, a a a Big Mac consists of bread, salad, beef and cheese, for example.

所以‘consists of’这些词总是连在一起使用。

So consists of, those words always go together.

基本上就是这样。

So that's basically it.

这些就是我和我兄弟讨论的内容。

Those are the things I discussed with my brother.

我希望，如果你是英语学习者，你对语法规则的理解比我的兄弟更好，那样的话你应该为自己感到自豪。

I expect if you're a learner of English, you understood the rules of grammar a little bit better than my brother did, in which case you should feel quite good about yourself.

记住，你正在学习英语的语法，而且实际上你掌握得比大多数母语者还好。

Remember, you're you're learning the grammar of the English language, and you're learning the grammar actually better than most native speakers.

干得好！

So well done you.

本期播客到此结束。

That's the end of this podcast.

希望你们觉得有趣。

I hope you found it interesting.

我就说这些了。

That's all from me.

再见。

Bye.

再见。

Bye.

再见。

Bye.

再见。

Bye.

再见。

Bye.

谢谢收听这一期节目。

Thanks for listening to this episode.

你可以在Facebook上搜索“Luke's English podcast”找到我。

You can find me on Facebook by searching for Luke's English podcast.

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你将定期收到我制作的高级节目，内容包括故事、词汇、语法和发音教学，以及一贯的幽默与乐趣。

You'll get regular premium episodes with stories, vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation teaching from me, and the usual moments of humor and fun.

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Plus, with your subscription, you will be directly supporting my work and making this whole podcast project possible.

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