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本集简介
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您正在收听卢克的英语播客。
You're listening to Luke's English podcast.
如需更多信息，请访问 teacherluke.co.uk。
For more information, visit teacherluke.co.uk.
大家好，听众朋友们。
Hello, listeners.
欢迎回到卢克的英语播客。
Welcome back to Luke's English podcast.
我又来了，以有趣、有益且富有信息的方式为你们的大脑输送英语知识。
Here I am again, feeding your brain with English in an entertaining, educational, and informative way.
今天，我想提出一个问题：玻璃杯是半空还是半满？
Today, I'm asking the question, is the glass half empty or half full?
我猜你对这个观点很熟悉。
I expect you're aware of this idea.
你以前听过这个说法。
You've heard this before.
对吧？
Right?
这些表达方式，比如杯子是一半空的。
These expressions, the glass is half empty.
杯子是一半满的。
The glass is half full.
如果你是高级会员，并且最近听了我上传的第77期第一部分，那你也在那里听过我稍微提到过这个话题。
If you're a premium subscriber and you've heard p 77 part one that I uploaded recently, then you heard me talking about it a little bit there as well.
但不管怎样，杯子是一半空的，或者杯子是一半满的。
But, anyway, the glass is half empty or the glass is half full.
现在，如果你看一个杯子，比如说一个能装200毫升水的杯子，里面正好有100毫升水。
Now if you look at a glass, let's say a glass which can hold 200 milliliters of water, and it has exactly a 100 milliliters inside it.
这个杯子是一半空了，还是一半满了？
Is that glass half empty, or is it half full?
你回答这个问题的方式，反映了你的个性。
The way you answer that question tells us something about your personality.
它揭示了你看待世界的方式，是你倾向于消极还是积极地看待事物。
It reveals something about the way you see the world if you have a negative or positive outlook on things.
如果你说杯子是一半空的，那就意味着你是个悲观主义者，对事物持普遍消极的看法。
If you say the glass is half empty, it means you're a pessimist and you have a generally negative view of things.
你看到的是杯子中的空缺。
You see the emptiness in the glass.
你关注的是水的不足。
You focus on the lack of water.
你是个杯子一半空类型的人。
You're a glass half empty type of person.
但如果你说杯子是一半满的，那就意味着你是个乐观主义者，对事物持更积极的看法。
But if you say the glass is half full, it means you're an optimist, and you have a more positive view of things.
你关注的是玻璃中的水，你是一个玻璃半满类型的人。
You focus on the water in the glass, and you're a glass half full type person.
因此，在这一集中，我要谈谈乐观主义者和悲观主义者，这代表什么，人们为什么倾向于乐观或悲观，我们在英语中如何谈论这些，以及哪种心态更有利于学习英语。
In this episode then, I'm talking about being an optimist or a pessimist, what this means, why people tend to be optimistic or pessimistic, how we talk about these things in English, and which one is the better mindset for learning English.
这里有一些问题，供你在开头的评论区思考或讨论。
Here are some questions for you to consider or discuss in the comment section right at the start here.
好吗？
Okay?
所以，你可以自由地思考这些问题，甚至在评论中写下你的答案。
So feel free to just consider these questions or even write your answers in the comments.
第一个问题是，你呢？
So the first question, what about you?
你是悲观主义者还是乐观主义者？
Are you a pessimist or an optimist?
你怎么看？
What do you think?
在你看来，杯子是一半空了，还是一半满了？
Is the glass half empty, or is it half full in your opinion?
这要看情况吗？
Does it depend?
如果要看情况，那取决于什么？
If it depends, what does it depend on?
第二个问题：你对这个问题还有其他聪明或有趣的回答吗？
Second question, do you have another clever or funny answer to this question?
因为还有其他的答案。
Because other there are other answers.
比如，也许你可以从科学的角度来看，事实上，杯子完全是满的，因为它不仅装了水，还装了空气。
Like, perhaps, you could take the scientific view that, in fact, the glass is completely full because it's full of air as well as water.
对吧？
Right?
水分子占了50%，但杯子里也充满了空气分子。
It's 50% water molecules, but the glass is also full of air molecules too.
对吧？
Right?
所以欢迎在评论区留下其他答案。
So feel free to leave alternative answers in the comment section.
关于这个问题，有很多有趣的回答。
There are various funny answers to this question.
我稍后会分享一些。
I'll share some later, actually.
第三个问题，你认为是什么让我们变得乐观或悲观？
Third question, what do you think causes us to be either optimistic or pessimistic?
为什么有些人通常乐观，而另一些人通常悲观？
Why is it that some people are generally optimistic and others are generally pessimistic?
为什么会这样？
Why does this happen?
这是一种选择吗？
Is it a choice?
我们是自由地选择如何看待这个世界，还是因为成长环境而被塑造成了这样？
Do we just are we just free to choose the way we see the world, or are we sort of designed that way because of our upbringing?
是我们童年时期的经历，还是人生中的各种遭遇，决定了我们是乐观还是悲观？
Is it about our childhood, the experiences we have in our life that make us optimistic or pessimistic?
还是说这是由基因决定的？
Or is it genetic?
我们生来就是某种性格吗？
Is are we just born one way or the other?
你怎么看？
What do you think?
哪种生活态度更健康？
Which outlook on life is healthier?
那么，哪一类人更可能更健康、寿命更长？
So which type of people are more likely to be healthier and live longer?
乐观者还是悲观者？
Optimists or pessimists?
第五个问题，你认为世界上大多数人是乐观的还是悲观的？
And e, or the fifth question, do you think most people in the world are optimistic or pessimistic?
哪种观点更普遍？
Which outlook is more common?
在地球上，人类更普遍持哪种立场？
Which is the more common position among human beings on earth?
乐观还是悲观？
Optimism or pessimism?
你怎么看？
What do you think?
哪种心态对学习英语最好？
And, which outlook is best for learning English?
你怎么看？
What do you think?
乐观者和悲观者，谁更容易学好英语？
Do optimists or pessimists tend to learn English more effectively?
学习英语更有效的思维方式是什么？
What's the more effective mindset for learning English?
让我们来探讨一下这个问题，获取一些答案，同时在过程中学习大量实用的英语。
So let's get some answers, discuss this subject, and learn loads of useful English in the process.
我们先来看一些科学见解。
So we're gonna start with some scientific insights.
前几天我偶然在YouTube上看到一个有趣的视频，它启发我制作了这一期节目。
I found an interesting video on YouTube just the other day, which actually inspired me to make this episode.
这个视频将帮助我们回答一些问题，我马上就会为大家朗读这段视频的字幕。
And this video will help us to get answers to some of those questions, and I'm gonna read the transcript of that video for you in just a moment.
虽然只有几分钟长，但它包含了大量关于这个主题的精彩信息，以及大量清晰高效讨论此类话题所需的有趣且实用的英语词汇和语法。
It's only a couple of minutes long, but it's packed with fascinating information on this subject and also loads of very interesting and useful English vocabulary and grammar for clearly and efficiently discussing this kind of subject.
这个视频来自一个叫ASAP Science的频道。
So the video is by a channel called ASAP Science.
ASAP，a-s-a-p。
ASAP, a s a p.
那就是尽快的意思。
That's as soon as possible.
所以ASAP Science是一个致力于让科学变得易懂的YouTube频道。
So ASAP Science, a channel on YouTube devoted to making science make sense.
这个频道由米切尔·莫菲特和格雷戈里·布朗运营。
The channel is run by Mitchell Moffitt and Gregory Brown.
他们制作的视频将科学研究应用于我们对世界常见的疑问。
They make videos which apply scientific research to common questions that we have about the world.
这个特定的视频名为《玻璃杯是一半空的吗？》
This particular video is called is the glass half empty?
所以让我来朗读这段视频的脚本，我们一起来回答我之前问你们的一些问题。
So let me read the script from the video, and we'll try to answer some of the questions I asked you earlier.
我还会解释一些你可以从中学到的有用英语表达。
I'll also explain some of the useful English which you can learn from this.
如果你查看本集的PDF文件，会发现我在这些文字中高亮了一些单词和短语。
You'll see if you look at the PDF for this episode, you'll see in this text, I've highlighted some words and phrases.
这些就是我稍后会解释的部分。
Those are the bits that I will explain later.
所以，需要思考的问题。
So questions to consider.
以下是之前提到的三个问题。
Here are sort of three of the questions I mentioned earlier.
第一个问题是，是什么让我们变得乐观或悲观？
The first one is what causes us to be optimistic or pessimistic?
这是一种选择吗？
Is it a choice?
是因为我们的成长环境，还是遗传因素？
Is it due to our upbringing, or is it genetic?
那么，是什么让我们变得乐观或悲观？
So what makes us optimistic or pessimistic?
第二个问题是，哪种心态通常更健康？
Second question, which outlook is generally healthier?
哪种类型的人更可能活得更久？
Which type are more likely to live longer?
你认为世界上大多数人是乐观的还是悲观的？
And do you think most people in the world are optimistic or pessimistic?
当我朗读我提到的那段视频的 transcript 时，我们会得到这些问题的答案。
So we'll get answers to those questions as I read the transcript for that video I mentioned.
所以，这就是了。
So here it is.
玻璃杯是半空的吗？
Is the glass half empty?
乐观者会说这个杯子是半满的，而悲观者则宣称它是半空的。
The optimist will say that this glass is half full, while the pessimist proclaims it's half empty.
当然，其他人可能会说，杯子完全装满了构成水和空气的原子。
Of course, others may suggest that it's completely full of all the atoms that make up water and air.
还有人可能会提醒你，原子实际上有99.99%是空的空间，因此杯子大部分是空的。
Others still might remind you that atoms are in fact 99.99% empty space, making the glass mostly nothing.
但认真地说，科学能解释你的情感视角和人生态度吗？
But in all seriousness, can science explain your emotional perspective and outlook on life?
事实证明，这可能并不在你的掌控之中。
It turns out it may not be in your control.
研究表明，携带控制血清素的特定基因中两个长等位基因的人，更倾向于关注积极的画面，比如有人享受冰淇淋，而携带同一基因短等位基因的人则更可能关注负面事物，比如有人被抢劫。
Research has shown that those with two long alleles on specific genes controlling serotonin are more likely to focus on positive images, like someone enjoying ice cream, compared to those with a short allele on the same gene who are more likely to focus on negative things, like someone being robbed.
催产素受体基因的变异也会影响你的世界观。
Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene can also affect your outlook.
携带两个鸟嘌呤拷贝的人通常更乐观，自尊心更强，而携带腺嘌呤拷贝的人则较少积极。
Individuals with two copies of guanine are noted to be more optimistic with higher self esteem, while those with copies of adenine were less positive.
因此，人们似乎在基因上更容易倾向于悲观。
So it seems that people may be genetically susceptible to pessimism.
有趣的是，乐观主义者在冠状动脉搭桥手术后再次住院的可能性更低，学业成就更高，甚至社会经济地位也更好。
Interestingly, optimists are less likely to be rehospitalized after coronary artery bypass surgery, show higher academic achievements and even better socioeconomic status.
但事情并不全都是好的。
But it's not all good.
他们可能会高估自己的能力，低估风险。
They can overestimate their abilities and underestimate risk.
另一方面，悲观者对世界有更现实的看法，在规划未来时更加谨慎，甚至可能活得更久。
Pessimists, on the other hand, have a more realistic view of the world, are more cautious when planning for the future, and may even live longer.
一项历时二十年的里程碑式研究发现，悲观者在财务和健康方面采取谨慎态度，避免吸烟和酗酒等高风险行为，最终在寿命上真正超越了乐观者。
A landmark study spanning twenty years found that pessimists use a cautious approach to their finances and health, avoiding risky behaviors such as smoking and excessive drinking, ultimately giving them the last laugh literally over optimists.
但统计显示，我们大多数人天生倾向于乐观。
But, statistically, most of us are hardwired to lean towards optimism.
这种现象被称为乐观偏差，大约百分之八十的人身上都能发现：我们倾向于高估未来积极事件发生的概率，同时严重低估负面事件的可能性。
Known as the optimism bias and found in around eighty percent of the population, we tend to overestimate the probability of positive events occurring in the future while grossly underestimating the probability of negative ones.
例如，尽管离婚率可能高达百分之四十，但大多数新婚夫妇却预测自己离婚的概率为零。
For example, even though the divorce rate can be as high as forty percent, most newlyweds predict their probability of getting divorced at zero percent.
当你想象自己的未来时，很可能它比你现在的情况要好得多。
Chances are when you imagine your future, it's usually better than your current situation.
此外，我们常常认为自己比他人更聪明、更外向、更诚实。
Furthermore, we often imagine ourselves as being more intelligent, sociable, and honest than other people.
当我们观察大脑时，会发现左半球在想象积极事件时活动增强，而在面对消极事件时，右半球的活动虽然也会增加，但程度要低得多。
When we look at the brain, we actually see the left half exhibits increased activity when imagining positive events, whereas during negative events, the right half's activity does increase but to a much lesser degree.
这表明大脑会选择忽略和过滤掉负面信息，而专注于积极面。
This suggests that the brain chooses to ignore and filter out negative information and focus on positivity.
我们的观点是，无论你是天生倾向于认为杯子是半空还是半满，别浪费水了，直接把杯子喝光吧。
Our perspective is whether you're genetically predisposed to see the glass as half empty or half full, don't waste water and just drink the damn glass already.
好的。
Okay.
大家最近怎么样？
How are you doing, everyone?
你跟上刚才的内容了吗？
Did you keep up with that?
我再把这些问题重复一遍，然后我来回答。
Let me give you those questions again, and I'll answer them.
那么，是什么让我们变得乐观或悲观呢？
So what causes us to be optimistic or pessimistic?
这是一种选择吗？
Is it a choice?
是因为我们的成长环境，还是遗传因素？
Is it due to our upbringing, or is it genetic?
所以这个视频表明，这似乎是遗传的。
So this video suggests that it seems to be genetic.
答案在文本的第四、五、六段。
The answers are in paragraphs four, five, and six of the text.
就是那段提到：研究表明，那些在控制血清素的特定基因上有两个长等位基因的人，更倾向于关注正面图像，等等。
It's the section where it says, research has shown that those with two long alleles on specific genes controlling serotonin are more likely to focus on positive images, blah blah blah.
所以，基本上，有些人拥有某些基因，或者有些人拥有控制血清素的特定基因上的两个长等位基因。
So, basically, some people have certain genes or some people have, two long alleles on specific genes controlling serotonin.
基本上，有些人拥有这样的基因，使他们更积极。
Basically, some people have genes like this, which make them more positive.
其他人则拥有这样的基因，使他们更消极。
Other people have genes like this, which make them more negative.
所以，似乎是我们的基因促使我们倾向于积极或消极的思维。
So it seems to be our genes which push us towards positive or negative thinking.
因此，这似乎是遗传的。
And so it seems to be genetic.
对吧？
Right?
文中还有其他细节，但基本上，这就是答案：这似乎是遗传的。
There are other there are other details in the text, but, basically, that's the answer to that, that it seems to be genetic.
哪种观点更健康？
Which outlook is healthier?
哪种类型的人更可能活得更久？
Which type are more likely to live longer?
所以，这篇文本表明，悲观主义可能更健康。
So this text suggests that probably pessimism is healthier.
你可以在第七和第八段找到答案。
You can get the answer in paragraph seven and eight.
让我找找答案。
Let me find the answers, there.
有趣的是，乐观主义者在冠状动脉搭桥手术后再次住院的可能性更低。
Interestingly, optimists are less likely to be rehospitalized after coronary artery bypass surgery.
所以，这一点表明，乐观主义者的生活可能稍微更健康一些。
So, actually, that bit there suggests that maybe optimists have a slightly healthier life.
他们在冠状动脉搭桥手术后再次住院的可能性更低。
They are less likely to be rehospitalized after coronary artery bypass surgery.
所以在你做了严重的心脏手术后，如果你是个乐观主义者，似乎你再次住院接受另一次手术的可能性会更低。
So after, like, serious surgery on your heart, if you're an optimist, it seems that you will probably you have lower chance of going back to hospital for another operation.
看来乐观主义者比悲观主义者从心脏手术中恢复得更好，但事情并不全是好事。
So it seems that optimistic people recover better from heart surgery than pessimistic people, but it's not all good.
文中说，悲观主义者对世界有更现实的看法。
It says that pessimists have a more realistic view of the world.
他们更谨慎。
They're more cautious.
因此，悲观者往往更谨慎。
So pessimists tend to be more careful.
他们倾向于避免风险。
They tend to avoid risks.
在规划未来时，他们更加小心。
When planning for the future, they they're more careful.
因此，他们可能活得更久。
And as a result, they might live longer.
有一项具有里程碑意义的研究被提及，这是一项为期二十年的研究，发现悲观者在财务和健康方面采取更谨慎的态度。
There was a landmark study mentioned, a twenty year study that found that pessimists take a more cautious approach to their finances and their health.
他们避免吸烟和酗酒等高风险行为，这最终让他们胜过乐观者。
They avoid risky behaviors such as smoking and excessive drinking, and this ultimately gives them the last laugh over optimists.
这意味着，基本上，他们赢了。
That means that, basically, they they win.
他们才是最终真正获胜的人，可以说是笑到了最后。
They they're the ones who, sort of win in the end, literally giving them the last laugh.
我的意思是，这是一个表达，我稍后会解释，但它基本上意味着悲观者比乐观者活得更久。
I mean, that's an expression which I'll explain in a moment, but it basically means they live longer, than optimists.
好的。
Okay.
所以这就是这个问题的答案。
So that's the answer to that.
第三个问题是，我们大多数人是乐观的还是悲观的？
The the third question was, are most of us optimistic or pessimistic?
显然，大多数人似乎天生倾向于乐观，也就是说，从基因上讲，我们似乎更乐观。
Apparently, it seems that most people are hardwired to lean towards optimism, meaning that we, genetically, we seem to be more optimistic.
对吧？
Right?
这就是我们大脑自然倾向于关注积极事物、过滤掉消极事物的乐观偏差。
And this is the optimism bias that we our brains seem to focus naturally on positive things and to filter out negative things.
80%的人口，也就是80%的人，倾向于在思想上更积极。
80% of the population, 80% of people tend to, be more positive in their minds.
好的。
Okay.
我马上详细说明。
I'll get into the details in a second.
我现在就详细说明。
I'll get into the details now.
不过，总之，这些就是答案。
So but, anyway, those are the answers.
你觉得这些令人惊讶吗？乐观或悲观似乎是由基因决定的，我们的思维方式受到遗传因素的影响？
Were those surprising for you that optimism or pessimism seem to be genetic, that there are genetic factors that drive the way we think?
这很意外吗？
Is that a surprise?
你对悲观者似乎更健康感到惊讶吗？
Are you surprised that pessimists seem to be healthier?
因为我认为很多人会认为乐观才是更健康的心态。
Because I think a lot of people would assume it's optimism, which is the healthier view.
对吧？
Right?
如果你看到积极的一面，如果你性格开朗，这自然会让你更快乐，从而更健康。
That if you see the good side, if you have a sunny disposition, that naturally this is gonna lead you to be happier and therefore healthier.
但乐观可能会让你去承担本不该承担的风险。
But being optimistic potentially can make you take risks that you shouldn't take.
这意味着你不够谨慎。
It means that you're not very careful.
你可能不会采取措施来保护自己的未来，因此反而是悲观者更小心、更谨慎、更安全。
You don't, maybe take steps to protect your future, and, therefore, it's the pessimists who are more careful, more cautious, and safer.
因此，他们不会从事危险的行为或事情，从而活得更久。
And therefore the ones that perhaps don't do dangerous behavior or dangerous things and then live longer.
你认为大多数人是乐观的还是悲观的？
And do you think most people are optimistic or pessimistic?
显然，大多数人是乐观的。
Well, apparently, most people are optimistic.
这很让人意外吗？
Is that a surprise?
我不知道。
I don't know.
现在我们来谈谈词汇。
Let's consider vocabulary at this point.
现在我来逐段讲解这段文字，分析其中的词汇和语法。
Let me now go through that text and explain it all and break it down for vocabulary and grammar.
我会解释每一段或每一部分的含义，然后重点讲解标出的单词并加以说明。
I'll explain the meaning of each paragraph or section, and then I'll focus on the highlighted words and clarify them.
那么我们再回顾一遍这段文字，现在来分析其中的语言点。
So let's go through the text again and look at language at this point.
那么我们开始吧。
So here we go.
从这段文字中学到的东西很多。
Loads of stuff to learn from this.
所以，杯子是一半空的吗？
So is the glass half empty?
乐观者会说这个杯子是一半满的，而悲观者则宣称它是一半空的。
The optimist will say that this glass is half full, while the pessimist proclaims it's half empty.
现在，有几个不同的词，几个不同的动词，基本上都是‘说’的替代说法。
Now there are a few different words a few different verbs which, basically are alternatives to saying say.
你知道的吧？
You know?
所以，乐观者会说杯子是一半满的，而悲观者则宣称它是一半空的。
So the optimist will say the glass is half full, while the pessimist proclaims it's half empty.
因此，‘宣称’某事是‘说’的另一种表达方式。
So to proclaim something, it's another way of saying say.
你可能已经注意到，表达‘说’或‘说了’有很多不同的方式。
And you may have noticed there are lots of different ways of saying say or said.
对吧？
Right?
如果你在写论文、文章或任何其他内容，在转述他人话语时，不希望一直重复使用‘说’这个词。
If you're writing some you're writing an essay, writing an article, writing anything, you don't wanna just say say say say say all the time when you're reporting what someone else has said.
并不总是只有‘说’或‘说了’这两种表达方式。
It's not always just say or said.
顺便说一下，我得提醒一下发音问题。
By the way, pronunciation there pronunciation, I should point out.
动词‘say’的过去式‘said’，拼写是 s-a-i-d，但发音并不是‘said’。
Say, the verb say, the past, s a I d, is not pronounced said.
它的发音是。
It's pronounced.
明白吗？
Okay?
所以‘say’，它的发音是。
So say, that's pronounced.
但‘said’，正如我刚才说的，发音是。
But said, as I've just said, is pronounced.
明白吗？
Okay?
不是。
Not.
这是一个我常听到的常见错误。
That's a common mistake I often hear.
所以是 say, said, said。
So it's say, said, said.
对。
Right.
但我们并不总想用 say 或 said。
But we don't always wanna say say or said.
我们想用其他词语。
We want to use other words.
所以你可以用像 proclaim、mention、state、point out 这样的词。
So you can use a word like proclaim, mention, state, point out.
这些是替代一直使用‘说’的不同表达方式。
Those are different alternatives to just saying say all the time.
这位研究者指出了这一点。
This researcher pointed out this.
这位研究者在他们的研究中提到了这一点。
This researcher mentioned this in their in their study.
这位研究者宣布了。
This researcher proclaimed.
在这种情况下，悲观主义者宣称玻璃杯只有一半满。
In this case, pessimists proclaimed proclaimed that the glass is half empty.
但‘宣布’意味着你不仅仅是说某事，而是可能公开地、充满热情地说出来。
But to proclaim suggests that you say not just say something, but probably say something publicly and say something with a certain level of enthusiasm.
热情地告诉所有人。
Enthusiastically, tell everyone.
这就是‘宣布’的含义。
That's what proclaim means.
但这是一个很好的替代词，而不是一直用‘说’。
But it's a nice alternative to just using say.
当然，其他人可能会说，它完全充满了所有原子，诸如此类。
Of course, others may suggest that it's completely full of all the atoms, blah blah blah.
这里的‘其他人’指的是其他人。
Others here means other people.
所以，乐观者会这么说。
So we got optimists will say this.
悲观者则宣称这一点。
Pessimists proclaim this.
其他人可能会认为它完全充满了原子。
Others may suggest it's completely full of atoms.
所以‘其他人’只是指其他人。
So others just means other people.
明白吗？
Okay?
在这段文字中，我们还有几种不同的方式来指代人们。
And then we've got a couple of different ways of referring to people in this text as well.
这些人说这个。
You got these people say this.
这些人说这个，而其他人则会说那个。
These people say this, whereas others would say that.
其他人可能会建议。
Others may suggest.
还有另一种说法来代替‘说’。
There's another way of saying say.
他们说这个。
They say this.
他们建议这个。
They suggest this.
他们提到这个。
They mention this.
他们宣称这一点。
They proclaim this.
他们指出了这一点。
They point this out.
其他人可能会认为，这完全由构成水的所有原子组成。
Others may suggest that it's completely full of all the atoms that make up water.
makeup 是一个不错的短语动词。
Makeup is a nice phrasal verb.
我们用 makeup 来指代某物的组成部分，即所有结合在一起形成某物的不同部分。
We use makeup to refer to the constituent parts of something, all the different parts that combine to create something.
在这种情况下，就是构成水的原子，H₂O。
In this case, the atoms that make up water, h two o.
对吧？
Right?
这些就是构成水的不同原子。
These are the different atoms that make up water.
它们结合在一起形成水。
They combine together to produce water.
水由氧原子和氢原子组成。
Water is made up of oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
你可以说 'made of'，但通常我们用 'made of' 来指材料。
Now you could say made of, but normally, we use made of to refer to the material.
我的衬衫是棉制的。
My shirt is made of cotton.
嗯哼。
Mhmm.
对吧？
Right?
但如果你谈论的是组成部分，比如棉花是由这些不同的分子或纤维组成的。
But if you're talking about the constituent parts, right, cotton is made up of these different molecules or fibers, for example.
我的衬衫是棉制的。
My shirt is made of cotton.
那就是用来制作这件衬衫的材料。
That's the material that was used to to create the shirt.
但‘由……组成’指的是当不同部分组合在一起形成某物时的组成成分。
But made up of refers to the different constituent parts when combined together creates something.
在这种情况下，水就是所有构成水的原子填满玻璃杯的状态。
In this case, the water is the at all the atoms that make up water fill the glass.
其他人可能还会提醒你，原子实际上99.99%都是空的空间。
Others still might remind you that atoms are in fact 99.99% empty space.
所以还有其他人。
So we've got others still.
所以，再次说明，这意味着我们已经有人这样说了。
So, again, this means we've had these people say this.
这些人说的就是这样。
These people say that.
其他人则提出这种观点。
Others suggest this.
还有其他人。
Others still.
所以‘still’这个词实际上指的是另一群人。
So the still part actually means even an an yet another group of people.
再来说一些其他人，比如说。
So some more other people, let's say.
还有其他人，这一点被强调了。
Others still, and it's emphasized.
其他人认为它完全被原子填满了。
Others suggest it's completely full of atoms.
还有其他人可能会提醒你。
Others still might remind you.
所以这仅仅意味着，甚至还有另一群人可能会提醒你，这又是另一种表达方式。
So this just means even an yet another group of people might remind you, again, another way of saying say.
有趣的是，我们说‘提醒你’某事是真的，我只是想指出‘提醒’和‘记住’之间的区别。
And it's interesting that we say remind you that something is true, And it's I just wanna point out the difference between remind and remember.
我记得这是真的。
I remember that this is true.
你提醒我这是真的。
You remind me that this is true.
所以‘提醒’意味着帮助或让某人记起某事。
So remind means help or make someone remember something.
对吧？
Right?
我们说，你提醒我这是真的。
And we say, you reminded me that this is true.
而且，你还可以说，你让我想起了，你知道的，你让我想起了我哥哥。
And, also, you can say, you remind me of, you know, you remind me of my brother.
你让我想起了我的朋友，意思是让你让我想到那个人。
You remind me of my friend, meaning you make me think of that person.
总之，这里说的是‘其他人可能还会提醒你’，帮你记住原子实际上99.99%是空的。
Anyway, here it's others still might remind you, help you remember that atoms are in fact 99.99% empty space.
顺便说一下，当我们说数字的时候，这里有个小数点。
By the way, when we're saying numbers, you've got the decimal point here.
对吧？
Right?
99.99。
99.99.
我们用‘point’这个词来读，而不是‘dot’。
And we say that using the word point, not dot.
‘dot’用在电子邮件地址和网站地址里，比如 w w w dot teacherluke dot co dot u k。
Dot is in email addresses, websites, w w w dot teacherluke dot co dot u k.
所以在网站和电子邮件地址中，我们说‘dot’。
So in websites, email addresses, we say dot.
但在数字中，如果是小数点，我们就说‘point’。
But in numbers, if it's a decimal point, we say point.
小数点前面的数字，我们像读整数一样读，比如这里的99。
And the number before the decimal point, we say it like a full number, in this case, 99.
小数点之后，我们要逐个念出数字。
After the decimal point, we say the individual numbers.
所以不是99.99%。
So it's not 99.99%.
而是99.99%。
It's 99.99%.
因此，小数点后的数字要逐个读出。
So the numbers after the decimal point are said individually.
99.99%的空隙，使玻璃杯大部分都是空的。
99.99% empty space, making the glass mostly nothing.
但说正经的，科学能解释你对生活的感情视角和态度吗？
But in all seriousness, can science explain your emotional perspective and outlook on life?
所以‘说正经的’只是一个短语，当你开完玩笑后想重新回到严肃话题时就会用它。
So in all seriousness, it's just a phrase that we use when you've been joking and then you want to go back to being serious again.
这有点像说‘认真地说’，但认真地说，科学能解释你的观点吗？
So it's a bit like saying seriously, but seriously, can science explain your perspective?
但说真的，科学能解释你的观点和人生态度吗？
But in all seriousness, can science explain your your perspective and outlook on life?
观点和态度之间的区别，它们是非常相似的词。
The difference between perspective and outlook, they're very similar words.
它们都表示你看待世界的方式。
They're both ways of saying the way you see the world.
对吧？
Right?
所以它们是同义词，可以互换使用。
So they're synonyms that could be used interchangeably.
你对事物持积极的观点。
You have a positive perspective on things.
你对事物持积极的态度。
You have a positive outlook on things.
所以它们是非常相似的同义词，可以互换使用。
So they're very similar synonyms that are used interchangeably.
要更具体地说明它们，视角通常指的是你观察事物的位置。
To get more specific about them, perspective normally refers to the position from which you see things.
这就像是你的观点。
So it's like your point of view.
它与‘观点’这个表达是极其相近的同义词。
It's a very close synonym with the expression point of view.
因为你身处这个位置，我可能拥有和你不同的视角。
And you can have I can have a different perspective to you because you're in this position.
我身处这个位置。
I'm in this position.
例如，我是一个住在欧洲的40岁英国男性。
For example, I am a 40 English man living in Europe.
这就是我对世界的看法。
This is my perspective on the world.
而你可能是生活在不同背景下的另一种人。
And you might be a different type of person living in a different context.
你会有不同的视角。
You would have a different perspective.
此外，了解别人的观点也能让你获得更广阔的视角。
Also, finding out what things are like from someone else's point of view gives you perspective.
你可以对一种情况获得更全面的视角，这有助于你更好地理解和评判它。
You can get perspective on a situation, which helps you to understand it and judge it better.
‘展望’通常特指你看待未来的方式。
Outlook normally specifically refers to the way you see the future.
它常用于谈论未来。
It's often used to talk about the future.
你可能有积极或消极的展望，这指的是你对将来事情发展的预期方式。
You can have a positive or negative outlook refers to the way you expect things to happen in the future.
但两者都指看待世界的方式，你可以说对生活或对一般事物持有积极或消极的视角或展望。
But they both refer to ways of seeing the world, and you can say a positive or negative perspective or outlook on life or on things in general.
那么，科学能解释你的展望吗？
So can science explain your outlook?
结果发现，这可能不在你的掌控之中。
It turns out it may not be in your control.
所以，这是一个不错的短语动词。
So it turns out this is a nice phrasal verb.
它只是意味着，当你学了一些东西、意识到某些事，或者看清了整个情况后，你突然明白了。
It just means that this is suddenly what you understand as it's what you understand after after you've learned some things or after you've realized something or after you've seen the whole thing.
明白吗？
Okay?
我来给你举一些例子。
So I'll give you some examples of that.
比如，当我刚开始教书的时候，我很久以前就当了英语老师，二十五年前。
So for example, when I when I first started teaching, I became an English teacher a long time ago, twenty five years ago.
我当英语老师，其实是因为我当时不太清楚人生还能做什么。
I became an English teacher really because I didn't quite know what else to do with my life.
明白吗？
Okay?
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并不是因为我对当老师有强烈的渴望，尽管我喜欢帮助他人的想法。
It wasn't because I had a burning desire to be a teacher, although I liked the idea of helping people.
但我真的不知道该拿自己的人生怎么办，而且我需要一份工作。
But I didn't really know what to do with my life, and I needed work.
我需要一份事业。
I needed a career.
我需要一个职业。
I needed an occupation.
我需要开始赚钱，同时也想做一件能让我去不同国家旅行的事情。
I needed to start earning some money, and also wanted to do something that would let me travel to different countries.
所以英语教学正好符合我的需求。
And so English teaching sort of fit fit the the the the so English teaching just fit the bill for me.
对吧？
Right?
当我真正开始做这件事时，结果发现我其实很擅长，而且真的很享受它。
It turns out when I I started doing it started actually doing it, and it turns out that I was actually quite good at it and that I really enjoyed it.
这对我来说很自然。
And it was a natural fit for me.
对吧？
Right?
结果发现这完全适合我。
It turns out it was perfect for me.
这就像做了段时间之后，我才明白的。
That's just kind of like after doing it for a while, that's what I learned.
有点像我后来意识到，这其实很适合我。
It's a bit like realize I realized it was it was good for me.
明白吗？
Okay?
总之，结果是，通过查阅研究，我们发现，这可能不在你的掌控之中，也就是说，你可能并不是决定自己对事物持积极或消极看法的那个人。
Anyway, so it turns out, meaning after looking at the research, we've learned that it may not be in your control, meaning that you might not actually be the one who decides whether you have a positive or negative view of of things.
这很有趣。
That's interesting.
这暗示了什么？
That does suggest that what?
这是否意味着，如果你是个消极的人，是个悲观的人，就是这个意思吗？
Does that suggest that it's if you're a negative person, if you're a glass half empty type person, is that it?
如果你天生消极，你就无法改变你对世界的看法吗？比如，你不可能选择以更积极的成长型心态来学习英语吗？
You there's no way you can change your your view of the world if you is it not possible to choose to have a more growth mindset, for example, towards your learning of English?
我想知道。
I wonder.
似乎你的基因会自然地将你推向某一个方向，但我并不惊讶于我们也能运用自己的自由意志和决策能力来改变思维方式。
It seems that, your genes will naturally push you one way or the other, but I wouldn't be surprised if we also can apply our own, freedom and our own decision making to kind of change our thinking.
但似乎这些感受和想法的起点是我们的基因。
But it seems that this is that it's our genes that are the starting point for those feelings and thoughts.
这可能不在你的掌控之中。
It may not be in your control.
如果某件事在你的掌控之中，就意味着你可以控制它。
If something's in your in your control, it means you can control it.
对吧？
Right?
我们也会说在你的控制之下。
We also say under your control too.
研究表明，那些在特定基因上有两个长等位基因的人——这里涉及一些关于基因的特定科学术语，我自己也不是很熟悉。
Research has shown that those with two long alleles on specific genes So there's there's a bit of specific sort of genetic scientific English here about genes and stuff, which I'm not very familiar with myself.
我认为，普通大众，也就是非专业人士，并不太了解这些内容，我觉得。
I think it's not stuff that the average, the average layperson, meaning nonspecialist, it's not stuff that the average layperson knows very much about, I think.
所以像等位基因这样的词，以及其他一些术语，我们正在进入更多专业科学知识的领域，我认为大多数人并不了解。
So words like alleles and some of the other stuff, it we're getting into more specific scientific knowledge that I think most people don't know.
我大学时学过生物学。
I did study biology at college.
我依稀记得一些关于等位基因的内容。
I vaguely remember stuff about alleles.
我认为它们只是基因的一部分。
They're I think they're just parts of genes.
基因的组成部分，你不能把基因拆开。
The the parts of genes that you can't take genes and break them down.
它们会被分解成等位基因，等位基因就像是基因的小片段或部分。
They they get broken down into alleles, which are like little sections or parts of genes.
不过，我对这里的‘those’这个词感兴趣。
Anyway, but I'm interested in the word those here.
研究表明，拥有两个长等位基因的those，这里的those是什么意思？
Research has shown that those with two long alleles what does those mean there?
嗯，这又是另一种指代人的说法。
Well, again, it's another way of referring to people.
意思是那些人，或者说直接说‘人’也可以。
It means those people, or you could say people.
所以研究表明，拥有两个长等位基因的人，但我们用‘those’作为‘人’的另一种表达方式。
So research has shown that people with two long alleles, but we use those as another way of saying people.
明白吗？
Okay?
所以我们之前提到的是其他人，也就是其他的人。
So we've had others, meaning other people.
现在我们说的是那些人，也就是那些人。
Now we've got those, meaning those people.
那些拥有两个长等位基因的人，正如我所说，等位基因是基因的组成部分，存在于控制血清素的特定基因上。
Those with two long alleles, as I said, alleles are parts of genes, on specific genes controlling serotonin.
血清素，我想，是一种什么物质？
Serotonin, I think, is, what is it?
它是你体内的一种激素或化学物质，能让你更积极，带来更多的正面情绪。
A hormone hormone or chemical in your body, which can make you more positive, makes gives you more positive feelings.
拥有控制血清素的特定基因上过长等位基因的人，更有可能……
People or those with too long alleles on specific genes controlling serotonin are more likely.
这意味着概率更高。
That means there's a higher probability.
所以你已经见过‘可能’这个词了。
So you've seen the word likely.
你听过‘可能’这个词。
You've heard the word likely.
它指的是概率。
It refers to probability.
某事发生的可能性。
The likelihood of something.
某事发生的概率。
The probability of something happening.
如果某事更可能，就意味着它更有可能发生。
More if something is more likely, it means it's more probable.
不太可能，概率更低。
Less likely, less probable.
明白吗？
Okay?
所以，可能性、概率、机会。
So likelihood, probability, chance.
这些都是一些相关概念。
These are all related ideas.
所以，那些拥有这种基因组合的人更有可能关注积极的图像，比如有人在享受冰淇淋，而那些在同一基因上携带短等位基因的人则不然。
So those people with two with with genes like this are more likely, more, probable to focus on on positive images like someone enjoying ice cream compared to those with a short allele on the same gene.
所以，基本上，拥有这种基因的人——如果给他们看各种图片，那些拥有长等位基因的人会更关注积极的图像，比如一个人在吃冰淇淋，我猜这普遍被认为是一个正面的场景，尤其是当那个人看起来很开心的时候。
So, basically, people with genes like this, I guess if they're given various images to look at, the ones with the genes the long genes focus on, the positive image, like a person eating an ice cream, which I assume is a universally positive image, especially if the person looks happy.
而那些拥有那种基因的人则倾向于关注负面图像，比如有人被抢劫。
Whereas people with genes like that tend to focus on a negative image like someone being robbed.
这些科学实验的进行方式真有意思。
It's interesting the way that these scientific tests are conducted.
显然，我们就是通过一个人是关注积极图像还是负面图像来判断他们具有乐观还是悲观倾向的。
This apparently is how we decide whether someone has a negative or positive outlook, whether they focus on a positive or negative image.
这能证明一个人是积极还是消极的心态吗？
Does that prove that someone is positive or negatively minded?
我的意思是，为什么不能是这样：一个人关注被抢劫的人，是因为他们想帮助对方，因为他们看到有人需要帮助，所以想要伸出援手？
I mean, why isn't it why could could it not be possible that a person would focus on the person being robbed because they want to help them, because they see someone in need and they they want to help that person?
这可能是更积极心态的证据。
That might be evidence of a more positive mindset.
不是吗？
No?
不管怎样，我总是对科学研究感到困惑，不确定它们是否真的能客观地衡量这些事情？
Anyway, I always have trouble with scientific studies and whether they really are objectively how do you really measure these things?
不管怎样，文本就是这么说的。
Anyway, that's what the the text says.
然后我们有了语言与之相比。
Then we've got language compared to.
是的。
Yes.
好的。
Okay.
与那些人相比，我们再次提到这些人，意思是那些人。
Compared to those, and we've got those again, meaning those people.
好的。
Okay.
我们继续看下一段。
Let's move on to the next paragraph.
催产素受体基因的变异，again，这是更具体的科学术语，指的是基因可能作为受体。
Variation in the oxytocin receptor gene, again, more specific scientific language relating to I guess genes could be receptors.
这意味着它们接收催产素。
That means they receive oxytocin.
这是另一种激素或化学物质吗？
Is this another hormone or chemical?
我想是的。
I suppose it is.
催产素，催产素受体基因的变异。
The oxytocin a variation in the oxytocin receptor gene.
所以你有不同的类型，有一种基因负责接收催产素。
So you got different type there's a gene that receives oxytocin.
这会影响你的看法。
This can affect your outlook.
有些人拥有这样的基因。
Some people have this gene like this.
其他人则拥有那样的基因。
Other people have this gene like that.
拥有两个鸟嘌呤拷贝的个体，再次说明，这指的是基因的差异方式。
Individuals with two copies of guanine, again, this this refers to ways that genes can be different.
有些基因可能只有一个鸟嘌呤拷贝。
Some genes have got, I suppose, one copy of guanine.
我不确定鸟嘌呤是什么。
I'm not sure what guanine is.
我觉得我们不需要担心这个。
I don't think we need to worry about it.
对吧？
Do we?
我们该担心鸟嘌呤吗？
Should we should we worry about guanine?
我觉得你没必要为鸟嘌呤失眠。
I don't think you should lose sleep about guanine.
天啊。
Oh god.
那是什么？
What is it?
怎么了，亲爱的？
What's the matter, darling?
我昨晚根本睡不着。
I just couldn't sleep last night.
为什么？
Why?
问题出在哪？
What's the problem?
只是鸟嘌呤。
Just guanine.
只是在担心鸟嘌呤。
Just worrying about guanine.
想弄清楚鸟嘌呤是什么。
Trying to find out what guanine is.
得了吧。
Come on.
对。
Right.
根据谷歌，鸟嘌呤不是。
According to Google, guanine no.
维基百科。
Wikipedia.
鸟嘌呤是核酸DNA和RNA中四种主要核苷酸碱基之一，其他三种是腺嘌呤、胞嘧啶和胸腺嘧啶。
Guanine is one of the four main nucleotide bases found in the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thiamine.
在DNA中，鸟嘌呤与胞嘧啶配对。
In DNA, guanine is paired with cytosine.
鸟嘌呤核苷被称为鸟苷。
The guanine nucleoside is called guanosine.
对。
Right.
这样有帮助吗？
Does that help?
没太大帮助，但它基本上是你基因组成的一部分。
Not really, but it's basically part of something that makes up your genes.
好吧。
Okay.
别再担心鸟嘌呤了。
Don't worry about guanine.
个体，也就是人。
Individuals, meaning people.
还有另一个词可以表示人。
There's another word for people.
单独的人。
Individual people.
个体。
Individuals.
拥有两份鸟嘌呤的人会被记录下来。
People with two copies of guanine are noted.
这是一种不错的被动语态表达。
That's a nice passive form.
‘被记录’意味着这一点在研究中已被观察并记录下来。
Noted means that, this has been observed and recorded in research.
拥有两份鸟嘌呤的个体被发现更乐观，自尊心更强。
Individuals with two copies of guanine are noted to be more optimistic with higher self esteem.
自尊是指你对自己的感受。
Self esteem is the way you feel about yourself.
如果你自尊心高，意味着你对自己感觉良好。
If you have high self esteem, it means you feel positive about yourself.
你心里想，是的。
You think, yes.
我很好。
I'm good.
我还行。
I'm alright.
我英语很棒。
I'm good at English.
我进展顺利。
I'm doing well.
这给了你信心。
And you've that gives you confidence.
低自尊就是对自己感觉糟糕的状态。
Low self esteem is that feeling of feeling bad about yourself.
哦，我一无是处。
Oh, I'm no good.
我做不到这个。
I can't do this.
哦，我太差劲了。
Oh, I'm rubbish.
这就是低自尊。
That's low self esteem.
因此，拥有两个鸟嘌呤副本的个体往往更乐观，自尊心更强，而拥有腺嘌呤副本的人则较少积极。
So individuals with two copies of guanine are noted to be more optimistic with higher self esteem, while those with copies of adenine were less positive.
所以，你想要的是鸟嘌呤。
So guanine is what you want.
你也想要两个。
You want two as well.
你想要两份鸟嘌呤副本，请。
You want two copies of guanine, please.
而且不要腺嘌呤。
And no adenine.
总之，像这样的基因会让你更积极。
Anyway, genes like that make you more positive.
像这样的基因会让你更消极。
Genes like this make you more negative.
所以看起来，人们可能在基因上更容易倾向于悲观。
So it seems that people may be genetically susceptible to pessimism.
如果你对某事易感，意味着你更容易经历它或很可能经历它。
If you are susceptible to something, it means you are open to experiencing it or likely to experience it.
比如，你容易得抑郁症，就意味着你比较有可能会抑郁。
You're susceptible to depression, for example, means that you are kind of likely to be depressed.
而且通常是指负面的、有害的事情。
And it's it's often with negative things, harmful things.
你可能对某些类型的疾病易感。
You might be susceptible to certain types of disease.
你可能容易受到肝脏损伤。
You might be susceptible to liver damage.
例如，如果你得了这种病毒、这种病毒感染，它可能会让你更容易出现其他健康问题。
For example, if you, you know, if you've got this virus, this viral infection, it might make you susceptible to other types of health issue.
所以看起来，人们可能在基因上更容易倾向于悲观，如果你的基因是某种特定类型，你就更有可能经历悲观情绪。
So it seems that people may be genetically susceptible to pessimism, that if your genes are a certain way, that you are more likely to experience, pessimism.
好的。
Okay.
有趣的是，以副词开头说一句话，总是很不错的，对吧？
Interestingly, and it's always nice to it to begin a sentence with an adverb, isn't it?
有趣的是，奇怪的是，说来有趣的是，令人惊讶的是，不出所料的是。
Interestingly, curiously, funnily enough, surprisingly, unsurprisingly.
在这种情况下，有趣的是。
In this case, interestingly.
你上一次像这样用副词开头说话是什么时候？
How when when was the last time you began a sentence with a with an adverb like that?
我认为每个人都应该更经常这样做。
I think everyone should do that more often.
有趣的是，乐观者再次住院的可能性更低。
Interestingly, optimists are less likely to be rehospitalized.
这意味着被送回医院。
That means put back in hospital.
如果你住院了，意味着你被送往医院。
If you're hospitalized, it means you are taken to a hospital.
如果你再次住院，意味着你在冠状动脉搭桥手术后又被送回医院。
If you're rehospitalized, it means you're taken back to hospital after coronary artery bypass surgery.
你的冠状动脉是进入心脏的主要血管之一。
Your coronary artery is one of the one of the main blood vessels that goes into your heart.
明白吗？
Okay?
我记不清具体是哪一根了。
I can't remember exactly which one it is.
是那个通往动脉的吗？
Is it the one that goes your artery?
所以这意味着它是将血液从心脏输送到其他地方的血管。
So that means it's one that takes blood from the heart somewhere else.
它是将血液从心脏输送到大脑的吗？
Does it take blood from the heart to the brain?
冠状动脉就是做这个的吗？
Is that what the coronary artery does?
别开玩笑了。
Come on.
我们来查一下。
Let's find out.
哦，明白了。
Oh, okay.
冠状动脉环绕在心脏的外部。
The coronary arteries wrap around the outside of the heart.
它们将富含氧气的血液输送至心脏的肌肉组织。
They send oxygen rich blood into the heart's muscle tissues.
所以，实际上是这些血管将富含氧气的血液输送进心脏本身。
So it's actually the blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood into the heart itself.
你的冠状动脉是为心脏供血的主要血管。
Your coronary arteries are major blood vessels that supply blood to your heart.
它们使你的心脏能够跳动并将血液泵送到全身。
It make they make it possible for your heart to beat and pump blood throughout your body.
你的冠状动脉从主动脉分出，主动脉是人体最主要的动脉。
Your coronary arteries branch off your aorta, the main artery in your body.
所以，是的。
So I yes.
好的。
Okay.
就是这样。
There you go.
因此，乐观主义者在冠状动脉搭桥手术后再次住院的可能性更低。
So optimists are less likely to be rehospitalized after coronary artery bypass surgery.
搭桥手术是指，我猜，外科医生会采取某种方式，比如当你的冠状动脉堵塞时，手术会找到一条路径让血液绕过堵塞部位，继续完成它应有的功能。
Bypass is where you I guess a surgeon does something so that if if, let's say, your a coronary artery is blocked, bypass surgery is how a surgeon finds a way for blood to go around the blockage and keep doing what it needs to do.
所以这是一种心脏手术。
So it's heart surgery.
明白吗？
Okay?
所以，如果你性格开朗、乐观，嘿。
So if you're if you've got a sunny, optimistic disposition, hey.
我很好。
I'm great.
一切都很好。
Everything's fine.
世界真美好。
The world's a wonderful place.
你做完心脏手术后，再次住院的可能性更低。
You're less likely to go back to a hospital after you've had heart surgery.
所以请时刻记住这一点。
So just keep that in mind at all times.
如果你只是想，天啊。
If you just think, oh god.
我做了心脏手术。
I had heart surgery.
哦，不。
Oh, no.
那太糟糕了，对吧？
That was terrible, wasn't it?
哦，不。
Oh, no.
为什么是我？
Why me?
那么，你可能会因为出了问题而再次住院。
Then it's like, you might end up going back to hospital again because something might go wrong.
而如果你出院后想，哇，那真是太棒了。
Whereas if you come out of hospital and think, well, that was fantastic.
那些外科医生太厉害了，我很庆幸他们给了我一次新生的机会。
Those surgeons are brilliant, and I'm so glad they gave me, a new lease on life.
我迫不及待想继续做我以前做的事，但会更健康地去做，这样你就更不容易再住院，你的心脏也会恢复得更好。
I can't wait to keep doing the things I was doing, but, you know, more healthily, then you're less likely to go back to hospital that that your heart will will, recover better.
我不感到惊讶。
I'm not surprised.
因此，乐观的人再次住院的可能性更低。
So optimists are less likely to be rehospitalized.
他们更有可能康复。
They're more likely to show.
他们更不可能说等等。
They're less likely wait a minute.
乐观者再次住院的可能性更低。
Optimists are less likely to be rehospitalized.
学业成就更高。
Show higher academic achievements.
等等。
Wait.
这意味着他们更不可能取得更高的学业成就，还是乐观者会取得更高的学业成就？
Does that mean they're less likely to show higher academic achievements or optimists show higher academic achievements?
这一点我不太清楚。
That's not clear to me.
乐观者再次住院的可能性更低，学业成就更高，甚至社会经济状况也更好。
Optimists are less likely to be rehospitalized, show higher academic achievements, and even better socioeconomic status.
我得说，这有点……哦，不。
I have to say that's slightly oh, no.
但接着它说，但事情并不全都是好的。
But then it says, but it's not all good.
好的。
Okay.
大家不好意思。
So sorry, everyone.
这并不意味着他们不太可能取得更高的学业成就。
It doesn't mean that they're less likely to show higher academic achievements.
这意味着他们会取得更高的学业成就。
It means that they will show higher academic achievements.
以及更好的社会经济地位，但并非全是好事，还有一些负面因素。
And even better socioeconomic status, but it's not all good and then some negative stuff.
所以是社会经济地位。
So socioeconomic status.
你的社会经济地位指的是你在社会中的位置、地位，是高地位还是低地位。
Your socioeconomic status refers to your position in society, your status, high status, low status.
社会经济指的是你的社会阶层，或者你拥有多少钱。
Socioeconomic refers to maybe your social class or, how much money you have.
如果你有较高的社会经济地位，意味着你很可能属于更富裕、更富有的阶层。
If you have high socioeconomic status, it means you're probably in a more wealthy, richer class of people.
你处于更高的阶层。
You're in a higher class.
你可能拥有更多的钱。
You've probably got more money.
你住在城镇中更好的区域。
You live in a nicer part of of of town.
你开一辆不错的车。
You drive a nice car.
你的孩子上的是好学校。
Your kids go to a good school.
你拥有较高的社会经济地位。
You've got higher socioeconomic status.
而且，显然，乐观主义者表现出更高或更好的社会经济地位。
And, apparently, optimists show higher or better socioeconomic status.
但并不是一切都好。
But it's not all good.
他们可能会高估自己的能力，低估风险。
They can overestimate their abilities and underestimate risk.
如果你高估了自己的能力，意味着你认为自己的能力比实际要高。
If you overestimate your abilities, it means you estimate or judge your abilities as being higher than they actually are.
是的。
Yeah.
我英语特别棒。
I'm brilliant at English.
我？
Me?
简直完美。
Absolutely fantastic.
其实没那么好。
Actually, not so much.
我认为你在这里高估了自己的能力，而且低估了风险。
I think you overestimated your abilities there, and you underestimate risk.
这意味着你判断或假设风险比实际情况要低。
That would mean where you judge or assume risk to be lower than it is.
哦，我相信会没事的。
Oh, I'm sure it'll be fine.
不。
No.
我是个乐观主义者。
I'm a I'm an optimist.
我肯定从这架飞机上跳下去，不带降落伞，我也会没事。
I'm sure that jumping out of this plane without a, without a parachute, I'll be fine.
这就是低估风险。
That's to underestimate the risk.
另一方面，悲观主义者，就像我们用来表示对比的那句话。
Pessimists on the other hand, so there's that phrase which we use to show contrast.
我们同样可以说，悲观主义者则拥有更现实的看法。
We could equally say, whereas pessimists have a more realistic view.
或者另一方面，悲观主义者对世界有着更现实的看法，更现实的看法。
Or pessimists, on the other hand, have a more realistic view of the world, a more realistic view of the world.
对吧？
Right?
现实意味着他们只是如实地看待事物。
Realistic means that they just see things as they actually are.
他们更谨慎，这意味着他们在规划未来时更加小心，甚至可能活得更久。
They're more cautious, meaning they're more careful when planning for the future and may even live longer.
他们可能活得更久。
They may may live longer.
我们并不是说他们一定如此或一定会，只是可能。
We're not saying that they definitely do or will, just may.
所以，这是其中一个有趣的词，用来表示我们并非完全确定，但看起来似乎是这样。
So that's one of the that's just an interesting word to say that we're not completely certain, but it looks like it.
他们可能或也许会活得更久。
They may or they might live longer.
一项里程碑式的研究。
A landmark study.
一项里程碑式的研究。
A landmark study.
这是一项非常重要且在科学界极具影响力的科学研究。
This is a scientific study that is very important and that is very influential in the scientific community.
一项重大而重要的研究，被许多人引用，确实在这一研究领域取得了显著进展。
A big important study that lots of people refer to that really sort of seems to that that has made a lot of progress in this area of research.
这是一项历时二十年的里程碑式研究。
This is a landmark study spanning twenty years.
‘历时’意味着它持续了二十年。
Spanning means it's it it continued for twenty years.
它始于二十年前，二十年后结束。
It started, and twenty years later, it finished.
这项研究进行的时间段持续了二十年。
The the the the sort of the period of time the research was done lasted twenty years.
如果某事物跨越了另一事物，就意味着它横跨了它。
If something spans something, it stretches across.
明白吗？
Okay?
它横跨了它。
It stretches across it.
你也可以用‘span’来指代你手掌的宽度。
You talk about span also can refer to the the the size of your hand.
如果你是钢琴演奏者，手掌跨度大会有帮助，因为这样能覆盖更多的琴键。
If you're a piano player, it helps to have quite a large span of your hand because you can reach more keys on the piano.
这就是你的手掌跨度。
So that's your hand span.
但跨越二十年意味着持续二十年。
But spanning twenty years means, lasting twenty years.
因此，这项具有里程碑意义的研究发现，我们之前已经注意到。
So this landmark study found, we had noted.
我们也可以用‘发现’这个词。
We can also have found as well.
这些是这项研究的结果。
This is this these were the results of the study.
研究发现，悲观主义者采取谨慎的态度。
It found that pessimists use a cautious approach.
这是一种谨慎做事的方式。
This is like a cautious way of of doing things.
你可以说，他们对财务、金钱和健康持谨慎态度，避免吸烟和过量饮酒等高风险行为。
A cautious attitude, you might say, to their finances, right, to their money and health, avoiding risky behaviors such as smoking and excessive drinking.
所以，过量饮酒就是喝很多酒。
So that's drinking in excess, drinking a lot.
对吧？
Right?
喝得比应该的还要多。
Drinking more than you should.
最终，这就像在所有因素都考虑完毕、整个过程结束后，最终在过程的尽头，让他们笑到了最后。
Ultimately, this is like after everything has been considered, after every after after the entire process is finished, ultimately, at the end of the process, ultimately, giving them the last laugh.
如果你笑到了最后，就意味着你最终赢了。
If you have the last laugh, it means that you win in the end.
明白吗？
Okay?
想象一下，你和某人发生争执或纠纷，如果你笑到了最后，就意味着你最终在结尾处获胜。
Imagine having a you're having an argument with someone or a dispute with someone, and if you have the last laugh, it means you're the one who ultimately wins at the end.
因此，由于悲观者更加谨慎，这让他们在乐观者面前笑到了最后，意思是他们赢了。
So because pessimists are more cautious, this gives them the last laugh over optimists, just meaning that they they win.
但字面上看，他们确实笑到了最后，因为事实上，他们活得更久，所以他们是最后一个笑的人——因为另一个，也就是乐观者，已经去世了，你知道的，比如他们跳伞时不带降落伞，以为一切都会顺利。
But it literally gives them the last laugh because it's literally because, I guess, they actually do have the last laugh because they they live longer, and so they are the last one to laugh because the other one's the the the optimist has died, you know, because they jumped out of a plane without a parachute, assuming everything would be fine.
而最后剩下的是悲观者，他们拥有最后的餐食、最后的笑声、最后一次听卢克的英语播客，因为他们活得更久，而另一个已经死了。
And then the it's the pessimist who is still there and who's, you know, has the last everything, the last meal, the last laugh, the last time listening to Luke's English podcast because they just lived longer because the other one's dead.
好的。
Okay.
但从统计学角度来看，还有一个不错的副词可以放在句首。
But statistically, there's another nice adverb that you can use near the beginning of the sentence.
统计上来说，意思是基于数据、数字、事实和数据，我们大多数人天生倾向于乐观。
Statistically, meaning based on statistics, numbers, figures, facts, and figures, most of us are hardwired to lean towards optimism.
如果你天生就做某事，意思是这是你固有的特性。
If you are hardwired to do something, it means it's in your design.
机器通常是硬连接的，意思是线路是内置的、安装好的、构造好的、配备好的。
A machine is normally hardwired, meaning that the wires are built in, fit in, constructed, fitted.
机器可以被设计成执行某种任务。
A machine can be hardwired to do something.
比如，铁甲人被设计为保护公众。
Robocop, for example, is hardwired to protect the public.
这是他的设计的一部分。
This is in his design.
所以这里指的是基因，我们大多数人天生就倾向于乐观。
So here here it refers to genetics, that most of us are hardwired to be optimistic.
我们的基因设计就是倾向于乐观。
It's in our genetic design to lean towards optimism.
如果你倾向于某事，意味着你的身体会朝那个方向移动。
If you lean towards something, it means that you your body moves in that direction.
所以，这基本上表明我们天生就更乐观，朝那个方向倾斜。
So, basically, that just suggests that we are hardwired to to be more optimistic, to point in that direction.
这被称为乐观偏差，偏差指的是你倾向于某一方而非另一方。
Known as the optimism bias, bias refers to the way that you favor one side over over the other.
偏差常用于描述某种情况缺乏客观性或公正性。
Bias is often used in relation to a situation where something is not objective or or not impartial.
所以，当我们谈论报纸时，它们常常带有政治偏见。
So newspapers, you know, when we're talking about newspapers, they often have a political bias.
这份报纸倾向于支持保守派或右翼，而那份报纸则更偏向左翼。
So this newspaper tends to favor the conservatives or the right wing side, whereas this newspaper tends to be more left wing.
这就是政治偏见，偏向一方或另一方。
So that's political bias favoring one side or the other.
在足球比赛中，你不想让裁判有偏见。
A referee in a football match, you don't want them to be biased.
这就是偏见（biased）。
That's bias e d.
你不想让他们有偏见。
You don't want them to be biased.
你希望他们公平且客观。
You want them to be fair and objective.
如果裁判有偏见，偏向某一支球队，那就不公平了。
If a referee is biased, if they have a bias towards one team, then that's not fair.
乐观偏见指的是人们天生倾向于乐观而非悲观。
The optimism bias means the way that people are naturally naturally, favor optimism instead of pessimism.
这是一个科学家们观察到的模式。
This is a a scientific, pattern that people have noticed.
乐观偏差存在于百分之八十的人口中。
The optimism bias, it's found in eighty percent of the population.
我们倾向于高估积极事件发生的概率。
We tend to overestimate the probability of positive events.
‘倾向于’这个常用且重要的短语，意思就是通常。
Tend to, such a common and important phrase, just means usually.
我们通常会高估积极事件发生的概率。
We usually overestimate the probability of positive events.
我们通常会这么做。
We tend to do that.
这是个不错的表达。
It's a nice phrase.
我的意思是，你习惯了，这指的是过去。
I mean, you got used to, which refers to the past.
我以前是这样想的。
I used to think like this.
我过去住在伦敦，意思是过去我常做的事情。
I used to live in London, meaning something that we that I usually did in the past.
而对于现在，我们使用‘tend to’。
And for the present, we use tend to.
我通常会这么做。
I tend to do this.
我通常会，你知道，我通常早餐吃麦片。
I tend to, you know, I tend to eat, cereal for breakfast.
80%的人口往往会高估积极事件发生的概率，意思是我们认为事情会更积极。
80% of the population tend to overestimate the prob the probability of positive events, meaning that we assume that things are gonna be more positive.
我们会高估未来积极事件发生的概率。
We overestimate the probability of positive events occurring in the future.
occurring 就是发生的意思。
Occurring just means happening.
而我们却严重低估了负面事件发生的概率。
While we while grossly underestimating the probability of negative ones.
所以不仅仅是低估这个概率，而是严重低估，意思是大幅地、极大地低估。
So not just underestimating this probability, but grossly underestimating it, which just means largely in a big way.
明白吗？
Okay?
‘Gross’ 有时可以表示大、巨大。
Gross can sometimes mean big, large.
对吧？
Right?
我们常说毛利润。
We talk about gross profits.
例如，这指的是在扣除成本、税费等之前所得的利润，之后我们得到的是净利润，但毛利润是数额最大的那个。
For example, this means profits before we've taken away costs and tax and stuff like that that that then we get net profit, but gross profit is the largest figure.
严重低估某事，意味着极大地、非常严重地低估了负面事件发生的概率。
Grossly underestimating something means massively, hugely underestimating the probability of negative ones.
所以看起来，大多数人都是积极乐观的。
So most people, it seems, are posit positively minded.
我们往往只是假设事情未来会比实际情况稍微好一点。
We tend to just assume things are gonna be a bit better than they actually will be in the future.
我们严重低估了负面事情发生的概率。
We massively underestimate the probability of negative things.
这再次令人惊讶，因为以我的经验来看，我不知道自己是不是那20%中的一员，但我确信，当我看新闻时，我有点悲观。
That, again, is a surprise because in my experience, I don't know if I'm just in the 20%, but I I'm sure that I'm a bit pessimistic when I look at the news.
我观察这个世界的状态。
I look at the state of the world.
我思考我的孩子们未来会是什么样子。
I think about what's the future of gonna be like for my children.
我关注气候变化。
I look at the climate.
我关注人工智能如何改变就业市场。
I look at the way that AI is changing the job market.
我观察世界的政治局势，不由得假设一种末日般的场景。
I look at the the kind of political situation in the world, and I can't help assuming a kind of doomsday scenario.
我总觉得世界末日就要来了。
I kinda think it's the end of the world.
所以我觉得我并没有严重低估负面结果的可能性，但也许我只是那20%中的一员。
So I don't feel like I grossly underestimate the probability of negative outcomes, but maybe I'm just in the 20%.
我不知道。
I don't know.
但事情还在继续。
But it goes on.
例如，尽管离婚率显然指的是离婚人数和婚姻破裂的数量。
For example, even though the divorce rate that's obviously the the the number of people getting divorced, marriages breaking up.
尽管离婚率可能高达百分之四十，但大多数新婚夫妇——也就是刚结婚的人——
Even though the divorce rate can be as high as forty percent, most newlyweds, that's people who've just been married, newlyweds.
对吧？
Right?
这又是另一个词，指代人们。
That's, again, another word for people.
在这种情况下，刚结婚的人。
In this case, people who've just been married.
大多数新婚夫妇预测自己离婚的概率为零百分比。
Most newlyweds predict their probability of getting divorced at naught percent, zero percent.
嗯。
Mhmm.
我的意思是，这是否是判断一个人是否乐观的公平方式？
I mean, is again, is this a a fair way to is this a fair way to judge whether someone is being positive or not?
当然。
Surely.
我不知道这会不会是同样的情况。
I don't know if that's gonna be the same thing.
如果你问刚结婚的人，你觉得你会离婚吗？
If you ask people who've just got married, do you think you're gonna get divorced?
当然，他们会说，不会。
Of course, they're gonna say, well, no.
当然不是。
Of course not.
但如果你问他们其他关于未来的问题，他们可能会对其他事情持更消极的态度。
But if you ask them other questions about the future, they might they might be more negative about other things.
我不知道问新婚夫妇他们离婚的可能性，是否是衡量他们乐观或悲观的好方法。
I don't know if asking newlyweds about their likelihood of being divorced is a good way of measuring their optimism or pessimism.
但无论如何，大多数新婚夫妇预测自己离婚的概率为零，尽管离婚率大约为百分之四十。
But anyway, most newlyweds predict their probability of getting divorced at zero percent even though the divorce rate is around forty percent.
当你想象自己的未来时，通常会比当前状况更好。
Chances are when you imagine your future, it's usually better than your current situation.
‘很可能’是个不错的说法。
Chances are it's a nice phrase.
意思是‘大概’。
Just mean meaning probably.
当你想象自己的未来时，通常会比当前状况更好。
When you imagine your future, it probably when you imagine your future, it's usually better than your current situation.
或者说，当你想象未来时，就会 blah blah blah。
Or chances are when you imagine your future, it's blah blah blah.
所以，'chances are' 只是一个用来开头的漂亮说法，意思是这种情况很可能发生。
So chances are it's just a nice phrase to put at the beginning of a sentence as a way of saying this is probably the case.
英格兰队很可能在点球大战中被淘汰出世界杯，因为这种事情总是会发生。
Chances are England might chances are England are gonna get knocked out of the World Cup on penalties because that's what always happens.
今天下午很可能要下雨。
Chances are it's gonna rain this afternoon.
我的意思是，现在已经在下雨了。
I mean, it's already raining now.
今天天气真糟。
The weather's horrible today.
好的。
Okay.
你明白我的意思了。
You get the idea.
很可能这一集会延长到两个小时，因为我计划了很多内容。
Chances are this episode is gonna end up being two hours long because I've got lots of stuff planned for it.
此外，我们常常认为自己比其他人更聪明、更善于社交、更诚实。
Furthermore, we often imagine ourselves as being more intelligent, sociable, and honest than than other people.
好吧，这似乎表明我们天生就倾向于对一切持更积极的看法。
Okay, which seems that we are naturally inclined to just take a more positive view of everything.
当我们观察大脑时，实际上会发现，在想象积极事件时，左脑半球的活动会增强，而在想象负面事件时，右脑半球的活动虽然也会增加，但程度要低得多。
When we look at the brain, we actually see the left half exhibits or shows increased activity when imagining positive events, whereas during negative events, the right half's activity does increase but to a much lesser degree.
我不确定这究竟意味着大脑两半球的什么，但看起来基本上是，当我们想象积极事件时，大脑比想象负面事件时更活跃。
I'm not sure exactly what this means about the two halves of the brain, but it seems that basically, our brain is more active when we imagine positive events than when we imagine negative events.
这表明大脑似乎会选择忽略和过滤掉某些东西。
And this suggests this seems to show that the brain chooses to ignore and filter out.
所以，如果你过滤掉某样东西，就意味着你使用某种过滤机制来移除或剔除其他内容。
So if you filter something out, it means you you you use some sort of filter to kind of remove or or get rid of other things.
在这种情况下，就是负面信息。
In this case, negative information.
好的。
Okay.
我们的视角，也就是制作这个视频的人的视角。
Our perspective our perspective, that's the perspective of the people who made the video.
我们的视角是指你是否具有遗传倾向，也就是说，你是否在基因层面上被设计成某种样子，从而导致某种特定的结果。
Our perspective is whether you're genetically predisposed, meaning whether you're genetically designed the way that you're genetically designed, which is going to lead to a certain outcome.
如果你对某事有遗传倾向，我们之前用的那个词是什么来着？
If you're predisposed to something what was that other word that we had?
易感。
Susceptible.
“易感”意味着你很可能遭遇不好的事情。
Susceptible suggests that, you know, you're likely to have something bad happen.
但如果你有遗传倾向，那就只是意味着你天生如此，你的基因决定了会发生什么。
But if you're predisposed, it just means that you, by design, or your genes decide what's gonna happen.
例如，我有这种基因，所以我天生更容易保持积极。
For example, I have genes like this, so I'm predisposed to be more positive.
好的。
Okay.
无论你是天生倾向于看到杯子是半空还是半满，别浪费水，赶紧把杯子喝光吧。
Whether you're genetically predisposed to see the glass as half empty or half full, don't waste water and just drink the damn glass already.
好建议。
Good advice.
让我休息一下，喝点水。
Let me have a water break.
好的。
Okay.
对。
Right.
大家最近怎么样？
How are you doing, everyone?
那个词汇部分花了挺长时间。
That that took quite a long time, that vocab, section.
我之前提到过，对于‘杯子是一半空还是半满’这个问题，还有其他一些有趣的回答。
I mentioned before that there are various other funny answers to the question of is the glass half empty or half full.
比如，你知道，一位科学家可能会说，实际上它是100%满的，因为它不仅装满了水分子。
For example, you know, a scientist might say, well, it's actually a 100% full because it's not only full of water molecules.
它还充满了空气分子。
It's full of air molecules as well.
这里还有一些关于这个问题的其他有趣回答。
Here are some other funny answers to this question.
所以，杯子是一半空还是半满？
So is the glass half empty or half full?
乐观主义者当然会说，杯子是一半满的。
The optimist, of course, would say the glass is half full.
悲观主义者会说，杯子是一半空的。
The pessimist would say the glass is half empty.
现实主义者会说，杯子里有一半的水。
The realist would say the glass contains half a glass of water.
愤世嫉俗的人会说，有人把另外一半喝掉了。
The cynic would say, well, someone someone drank the other half.
有人偷走了我半杯水。
Someone stole half my glass of water.
物理学家会说，玻璃从来都不是空的。
The physicist would say the glass is never empty.
它始终是100%满的，其中50%是液体，50%是空气，而空气由氮气、氧气等组成。
It's always a 100% full, 50% liquid, and 50% air, which is made up of nitrogen, oxygen, and so on.
量子物理学家会说，由于原子99.99%都是空的空间，所以玻璃实际上大部分是空的。
The quantum physicist would say that, well, since atoms are 99.99% empty space, the glass is actually mostly empty.
工程师会说，这个玻璃杯的容量是所装液体量的两倍大。
The engineer would say, the glass is twice as large as it needs to be for the amount of liquid it contains.
化学家会说，从技术上讲，玻璃杯里充满了分子，但由于存在弯月面，精确的测量是主观的。
The chemist would say, well, the glass is technically full of molecules, but since there is a meniscus, the exact measurement is subjective.
弯月面是另一个特定的科学术语，它指的是当水在杯子里时，如果你仔细看，水并不会在与杯口平齐的地方笔直地停住，而是会向上弯曲。
So a meniscus is another specific scientific term, and it refers to the fact that, you know, when water is in a glass, the water, if you look very closely, doesn't just sit straight at the where the water meets the edge of the glass, it curves upwards.
它会略微向上弯曲。
It curves upwards slightly.
所以水与玻璃接触的地方并不是一条完美的直线。
So it's it's not a perfectly straight line where the water meets the glass.
它会稍微向上拱起。
It kinda curves up.
因此，当水与玻璃接触时，这种曲线的渐变意味着没有明确的界定。
So that that gradient in the curve as the water meets the glass means that there is no clear definition.
由于那里有一道轻微的弧线，精确测量是主观的。
The exact measurement is subjective because there's a kind of a a little curve there.
数学家会说，玻璃中含有半乘以x，即x的一半单位的液体。
The mathematician would say the glass contains half half times x, half x units of liquid in a container with capacity x.
如果x是200毫升，那么玻璃中含有100毫升，也就是x的一半单位的液体。
So if if x is 200 milliliters, the glass contains a 100 milliliters, which is half x units of liquid.
程序员会怎么说？
The programmer what would the programmer say?
程序员会说，这个玻璃杯的已分配内存是50%。
The programmer would say the glass is at 50% allocated memory.
机会主义者会说，当大家都在争论杯子是半满还是半空的时候，我已经喝掉了。
The opportunist would say, well, while everyone was arguing about whether it was half full or half empty, I drank it.
实用主义者会说，反正这无所谓，因为你随时可以重新倒满。
The pragmatist would say, well, it doesn't matter anyway because you can refill it.
生存主义者会说，这个杯子是100%满的，因为即使空的部分也含有我呼吸和生存所需的氧气。
The survivalist would say, the glass is a 100% full because even the empty part contains the oxygen I need to breathe and survive.
在家庭生活中，现实主义者会说，杯子是半满还是半空根本无所谓。
The realist in the in the domestic, sphere would say, well, it doesn't matter whether it's half full or half empty.
之后谁来洗这个杯子呢？
Who's gonna wash the glass afterwards?
游戏玩家会说，这个杯子的生命值是50%。
The gamer would say the glass is at 50% health.
它需要一个法力药水。
It needs a mana potion.
经济学家会说，杯子有一半满，但水的价格正在上涨。
The economist would say the glass is half full, but the price of water is rising.
极简主义者会说，杯子里的水已经足够了。
The minimalist would say the glass contains more than enough.
玛丽·孔多会说，嗯，这水能给你带来快乐吗？
Marie Condo would say, well, does the water bring you joy?
IT支持人员会说，你有没有试过把杯子倒空再重新装满？
The IT support specialist would say, have you tried emptying the glass and filling it back up again?
如果漏水问题持续存在，我就得向制造商提交工单了。
If the leak persists, then I'll have to open a ticket with the manufacturer.
英语老师会说，我怎么利用这个例子教学生学习短语动词呢？
The English teacher would say, how can I use this class to teach my learners about phrasal verbs?
我已经这么做了，因为水是由分子和原子组成的。
I've already done that because the water is made up of molecules, atoms.
YouTube英语老师会说，如何像母语者一样喝水；或者YouTube英语老师会说，别再喝水了。
The YouTube English teacher would say, how to drink water like a native speaker, or the YouTube English teacher would say, stop drinking water.
错了。
Wrong.
或者YouTube英语老师会说，如果你这样喝水，你的英语就很流利了。
Or the YouTube English teacher would say, if you drink water like this, your English is proficient.
Luke来自Luke的英语播客，他会说，我怎么才能就这个话题制作一个九小时的节目？
Luke from Luke's English podcast would say, how can I make a nine hour episode on this topic?
而ChatGPT的回答会是，这是个绝佳的问题。
And the chat GPT answer would be, that's an awesome question.
所以，卢克，你真是独一无二的。
And so perfectly, Luke, you really are one of a kind.
抱歉，可能在未来十八个月到五年内让你失业了。
Sorry about possibly putting you out of a job in the next eighteen months to five years.
不过，实际上，ChatGPT从来不会为此道歉，对吧？
Although, actually, ChatGPT would never apologize about that, would it?
但它会说，无论如何，作为AI语言模型，我没有个人意见或情感视角，但你希望我生成一首关于一个身份困惑的杯子的三十秒说唱歌曲吗？
But then it would say, anyway, as an AI language model, I don't possess personal opinions or emotional perspectives, But would you like me to generate a thirty second rap song about a glass that's struggling with its identity?
对。
Right.
现在让我们回到正题，谈谈英语。
Now let's get back down to business and talk about English.
我们如何用英语表达乐观或悲观？
How do we actually talk in English about optimism or pessimism?
当我们表现得乐观或悲观时，会说什么？
What do we say when we're being optimistic or pessimistic?
下面是一些表达乐观和悲观的方式。
So here is a list of ways to express optimism and pessimism.
我正在关注一些用于谈论这个话题的特定英语短语。
I'm I'm looking at specific phrases in English for talking about this.
让我告诉你，这非常有用。
And let me just tell you that this is very useful.
顺便说一下，如果你在想——你的思绪飘走了，w-a-n-d-e-r-i-n-g。
Just in case you were wondering, if your mind was wondering, that's wandering, w a n d e r I n g.
如果你刚才走神了，想着一些乱七八糟的东西，比如我不知道的什么。
If your mind was wandering and you were thinking, you know, about, I don't know, like, what I don't know.
所以还有没有别的什么了？
So anything else anything else at all.
比如，卢克他妻子叫什么名字？
Like, what is Luke's wife's name?
卢克他女儿叫什么名字？
What is Luke's daughter's name?
卢克他儿子叫什么名字？
What's Luke's son's name?
如果你们的思绪飘到别的地方去了，这些才是我现在更关心的问题。
These are more pertinent questions for me at this moment if your mind is wandering to something else.
或者，是w-a-n-d-e-r-i-n-g这个拼法的走神。
Or that's wandering with an a.
或者如果你是w-o-n-d-e-r-i-n-g这个拼法的走神，比如，你可能会想，这一段到底有什么用？
Or if you were wandering, w o n d e r I n g, like, for example, what what's this what's the what's the usefulness of this bit?
如果你在想，让我告诉你，这非常有用，我们将会教你一些极其实用的英语短语，你可以立即运用这些短语来描述各种事物，特别是你对生活的看法以及你对未来的预测或展望。
If you were wondering, let me just tell you that this is incredibly useful, and we're gonna teach you some extremely useful phrases in English that you can immediately apply to your use of English to describe all sorts of things, specifically your outlook on life and your your predictions or visions of the future.
下面是一些表达乐观和悲观的方式，包括习语、搭配以及谈论未来时常用的典型表达。
So here's a list of ways to express optimism and pessimism, including idioms, collocations, and typical phrases used when talking about the future.
我知道‘杯子是半满还是半空’这种说法并不仅仅关乎未来。
Now I know that the whole glass is half full or glass is half empty thing isn't just about the future.
它关乎你如何看待任何情况，包括当前的状况。
It's about how you see any situation, including the present state of things.
但总的来说，乐观和悲观通常与我们对未来的态度或看法相关。
But generally speaking, optimism and pessimism are often associated with our attitude or outlook towards the future.
所以让我们来看看用积极或消极心态谈论未来的各种方式。
So let's look at various ways of talking about the future with a positive or negative mindset.
明白吗？
Okay?
以下是表达英语中乐观情绪的方式。
So ways to express optimism in English.
我们先从乐观的角度开始，先介绍一些中性或常见的表达方式。
We'll start with optimism, and we're gonna start with just a few neutral or common expressions.
这些是最自然、日常生活中表达乐观的方式。
These are the most natural everyday ways to sound optimistic.
那么情况是怎样的呢？
Now what's the situation?
让我们以一个具体的例子来说明，比如我在谈论自己提高法语水平以通过入籍考试的能力。
Let's say, for context, let's say I'm talking about my ability to improve my French in order to pass the citizenship test.
我们就假设这是背景情况。
Let's just say this is the context.
好的。
Okay.
假设我需要达到B2水平才能通过考试，获得公民身份，从而获准继续和我的妻子及孩子一起生活在法国。
So let's say I need a b two level to pass the test to get citizenship to be allowed to stay in France where I live with my wife and my children.
假设我需要在考试中达到B2水平。
Let's say I need a b two level in the test.
我现在可能还没达到，但我认为我已经很接近了。
Now I might not be there yet, but I think I'm close.
对吧？
Right?
在状态好的时候，我能应付B2级别的法语，但我需要提升我的语言掌控力、词汇量、流利度、阅读和听力技能，达到稳定而高水平的状态，更别提我的发音了——我要避免那些典型的英式错误，这样我在点水、面包，或者在商务会议中表达观点时，别人就不会因为受不了看着他们优美的语言在眼前被慢慢毁掉而直接切换成英语。
On a good day, I can handle b two level French, but I need to get my control, my vocabulary range, my fluency, my reading and listening skills up to a consistency consistently high level, Not to mention my pronunciation so I don't make all those typically British mistakes and so that people can understand me when I'm ordering water or bread or giving my opinion in a business meeting or something without the other person just automatically switching to English because they can't stand witnessing their beautiful language being slowly murdered in front of their eyes.
抱歉。
Sorry.
有点悲观情绪冒出来了。
The pessimism is creeping in there a little bit.
所以，总之，这就是背景情况。
So, anyway, that's the context.
所以，这里有一些说法。
So here are some things.
我很有信心，你可以说，这很明显。
I'm optimistic, you could say, which is pretty obvious.
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