2025年《自然》播客精选

嗨。

Hi.

我是本杰明。

Benjamin here.

快要和2025年说再见了。

It's almost time to say goodbye to 2025.

如果你一直关注这个自然播客，就会知道每到这个时候，我们都会回顾过去十二个月里在节目中报道过的某些故事。

And if you've been following the nature podcast for a while, you'll know that around about this time, we like to take a look back at some of the stories we've covered on the show over the past twelve months.

在本期播客中，团队成员每人将挑选一件他们在2025年制作的内容，并告诉我们为什么它让他们印象深刻。

In this edition of the podcast, members of the team will each be picking out something they made in 2025 and telling us why it stood out to them.

这次首先登场的是尼克·彼得里乔和他的选择。

Kicking things off this time around is Nick Petrichow and his choice.

今年我在回顾为《自然》报道过的那些故事时，决定选一个关于土豆的故事。

So I was looking back this year on the stories that I've covered for nature, and I decided to go with one all about potatoes.

因为土豆有着非常有趣的遗传学和历史背景，我们在本期播客中深入探讨了这些内容，而且在报道之前我并不知道很多事，比如，土豆的品种其实并不多。

And it's because they've got some really fascinating genetics and history that we delve into into this podcast and a lot of things that I didn't know before reporting on this such as, you know, there's not a lot of diversity in potatoes.

尽管土豆在餐盘上看起来差异很大，但它们的基因却非常相似。

A lot of potatoes are quite similar in terms of their genetics despite them looking quite different when they're on our plates.

此外，我在讲述中悄悄加入了一些小彩蛋，希望你们在听到时能会心一笑。

And also, I have slipped in a few references to something or another throughout, so enjoy them when you come across them.

来自4月16日的节目，以下是尼克2025年的亮点。

From the April 16, here's Nick's highlight from 2025.

首先，研究人员构建了一个名为泛基因组的基因集合，以了解这种普通土豆的遗传多样性。

First up on the show, researchers have been creating a collected group of genomes known as a pangenome to understand the genetic diversity of the humble potato.

这项努力有助于培育新的土豆品种，例如能够适应疾病或气候变化的品种。

This effort could help in the breeding of new potato varieties, such as those adapted to disease or climate change.

土豆的用途极其广泛。

Now potatoes are incredibly flexible.

你可以煮它、捣成泥，甚至用它来养活超过十亿人。

You can boil them, you can mash them, and you can even feed over 1,000,000,000 people with them.

但如果你想培育出一个新的品种，那就没那么容易了。

But if you want to make a new variety of them, that isn't so easy.

与栽培品种相比，马铃薯由于是四倍体，尤其难以处理。

So compared to the cultivars, potatoes are particularly difficult because of the tetraploid nature.

这是塞吉奥·图索，一位非常熟悉马铃薯及其不同品种或栽培种育种困难的遗传学家。

This is Sergio Tusso, a geneticist who's very familiar with the difficulties potatoes and the breeding of their different varieties or cultivars pose.

你看，马铃薯是四倍体，这意味着它拥有四套染色体，而你和我只有两套。

You see, the potato is tetraploid, meaning that instead of having two sets of chromosomes, like you and I do, potatoes have four.

因此，这使得与育种项目相关的问题特别困难，对吧？

So this makes it particularly difficult what is related to breeding programs, right?

所以，如果你想引入新的性状或特征，将它们整合到四个基因组拷贝中就非常困难。

So you want to introduce new traits or characteristics, then it's very difficult to put it in the four copies of the genome.

这意味着马铃薯的育种项目一直效果不佳，过去大约两百年里，我们主要一直在使用相同的品种。

So that means that the breeding programs in potato has not been very effective, and we have been mostly been using the same varieties in the last, let's say, two hundred years.

当你将两种不同的马铃薯亲本品种杂交时，很难控制后代会获得哪些基因，因此很难预测最终会得到哪些性状。

When you cross two different parent varieties of potatoes together, it's hard to control which genes you're going to get in the offspring, making it difficult to know what traits you might end up with.

这很重要，因为如果难以培育新品种，就可能使马铃薯难以应对新的挑战，比如新疾病或气候变化。

And that matters because if it's hard to breed new types, it could make it difficult to adapt potatoes to new challenges, like new diseases or climate change.

这很重要，因为

And that is important because

我想第一点是它很好吃，对吧？

I guess the first thing is that it's tasty, right?

我认为每个人都喜欢土豆。

I think everyone likes potato.

但更重要的是，它是全球十亿人的粮食来源。

But probably also very important that is the food for 1,000,000,000 people in the world.

因此，它是最重要的作物之一。

So it's one of the most important crops.

为了帮助这种美味且重要的作物更容易育种，塞尔吉奥和一组研究人员本周在《自然》杂志上发表了一篇关于不同欧洲土豆品种的泛基因组的研究，这本质上是多个基因组序列的组合，使研究人员能够了解这些品种之间的相似性和差异所在。

So to help this tasty and important crop become easier to breed, Sergio and a team of researchers are writing in Nature this week about a pan genome of different European potato varieties, essentially a combination of multiple genome sequences that allows researchers to get a sense of whether similar and where they're different.

通过这项研究，我们可以大致预测当今我们所消费的大多数品种所具有的多样性。

And from this, we can sort of predict what is the diversity that we find in most of the cultivars that we consume today.

结果发现，土豆品种在遗传上非常相似。

As it turned out, potato varieties are very genetically similar.

因此，该团队通过研究仅10个基因组，就捕捉到了这些欧洲马铃薯中约85%的遗传多样性。

So the team were able to capture an estimated 85% of the genetic diversity that exists in these European potatoes by looking at just 10 genomes.

这些基因组来自古老的马铃薯品种，它们实际上是当今许多马铃薯的祖先。

Those genomes came from old potato varieties that are essentially the parents of many present day potatoes.

这在一定程度上源于马铃薯独特的历史。

That's in part because of the potato's particular history.

尽管如今马铃薯遍布全球餐桌，但在数千年前，马铃薯仅在美洲种植，直到16世纪才由西班牙人引入欧洲。

Because while they appear on plates the world over now, for thousands of years previously, potatoes were only grown in The Americas before being brought to Europe by the Spanish in the sixteenth century.

这一小部分品种被不断杂交培育，最终形成了如今世界各地广受欢迎的丰富多样的美味块茎。

This handful of varieties were bread and bread and bread to create many of the huge variety of tasty tubers enjoyed around the world today.

这为团队在捕捉其大部分遗传多样性时带来了优势。

And this gave the team an advantage when it comes to capturing most of their genetic diversity.

如今欧洲种植的马铃薯品种大约有1700种，数量太多，无法全部组装测序。

There's something like 1,700 different varieties of potato grown in Europe today, and that's too many to assemble.

这是马铃薯泛基因组团队的另一位成员克雷格·邓特。

This is Craig Dent, another member of the potato pan genome team.

为了解决这个问题，他们回到了那些最初被带到欧洲的原始品种。

To overcome this, they went back to some of those original varieties brought over to Europe.

我们想，如果能更深入地追溯时间，或许能找到散布在这一群体中的不同DNA组合，但将它们集中在家族树的顶端附近。

We thought if we looked further back in time, we might be able to find the different sets of DNA that have been spread out amongst this population, but get them where they're a bit more concentrated up near the top of the family tree.

尽管这听起来很简单，但由于马铃薯复杂的四倍体遗传特性，这不仅让育种者感到困难，

And whilst that may sound straightforward, it was quite a challenge as that complicated genetic tetraploid nature has not only thwarted breeders.

也让遗传学家面临挑战。

It's made things hard for geneticists too.

这是塞尔吉奥。

Here's Sergio.

你可以把基因组组装想象成一个拼图游戏。

You can picture assembling a genome as a puzzle.

对吧？

Right?

你有许多不同的碎片，然后把它们拼合在一起。

So you have many different pieces, then you put them together.

但在这种情况下，你不是只有一层拼图，而是有四层，每层的图案都非常相似，很容易混淆。

But in this case, instead of having one, you will have four layers of the puzzle in which the figure of the puzzle is quite similar between them, and it's very easy to mix between them.

由于需要同时解决四个看起来非常相似的拼图，因此直到最近几年，科学家才成功组装出马铃薯基因组。

The complexity of having to solve four very similar looking jigsaw puzzles has meant there's only been in the last few years that a potato genome has been assembled at all.

在这种情况下，研究团队需要结合多个品种的基因组，以构建一个泛基因组。

In this instance, the team needed to combine the genomes of multiple varieties in order to make a pangenome.

但随着DNA测序技术的进步和一些巧妙的方法，团队最终成功实现了这一目标。

But with improvements in DNA sequencing and some clever techniques, the team managed it.

那么，马铃薯泛基因组告诉我们什么？

And so what does the potato pangenome tell us?

我们发现的第一件事是，当你观察DNA序列时，它们实际上差异极大，对吧？

The first thing that we found is that when you look at the sequences of DNA, they're actually super, super different, right?

因此，从序列层面来看，多样性极高，但这些多样性却体现在非常少的独特序列上。

So you have extremely high diversity at the sequence level, but actually, this diversity is contrast by the number of unique sequences, which is very, very low.

这听起来可能有点反直觉，但本质上意味着不同品种之间独特的DNA片段非常少。

Now that may sound a bit counterintuitive, but basically, it means that there are very few unique bits of DNA between the different varieties.

然而，当它们独特时，彼此之间差异非常大。

However, when they are unique, they are very different from one another.

塞尔吉奥认为，这表明马铃薯品种在美洲种植期间失去了大量独特性，可能是美洲原住民为了优良性状对它们进行育种所致，也可能是该物种杂交方式的某种特性。

Sergio thinks that this indicates that potato varieties lost a lot of their uniqueness when they were grown in The Americas, possibly from the indigenous peoples in The Americas breeding them for desirable traits, or it could just be a quirk of how this species intermixes.

此前人们认为，由于只有少数马铃薯品种被带入欧洲，这造成了遗传瓶颈，消除了独特性，使后续品种更加相似。

Previously, it was thought that because only a handful potato varieties were brought to Europe, this acted as a genetic bottleneck, removing uniqueness and making subsequent varieties more similar.

尽管研究团队在他们的研究中也看到了这种迹象，但看起来马铃薯品种在前往欧洲之前就已经失去了大量遗传多样性，尽管要全面了解马铃薯的历史，仍需开展更多工作。

And whilst the team do see signs of this as well in their research, it looks like potato varieties lost a lot of genetic diversity before the trip to Europe, although more work will have to be done to understand the history of the potato fully.

马铃薯基因组之间缺乏独特性可能意味着，通过传统栽培品种杂交来培育具有优良性状的新品种变得更加困难，因为可引入的新基因非常少。

This lack of uniqueness between potato genomes could mean it is even harder to breed new ones with desirable traits, as there's not many new genes that could be introduced, at least through conventional crossing of cultivated types.

但由于马铃薯品种如此相似，研究团队希望他们的泛基因组能够加速对未包含在他们研究中的品种的测序工作，他们已经用一种非常受欢迎的马铃薯进行了尝试。

But because potato varieties are so similar, the team hopes their pan genome can speed up the sequencing of varieties not included in their work, something they tried out with a very popular potato.

我们用来做这项研究的品种是 Burbank 薯片品种，麦当劳用它来做薯条。

And the cultivar that we took for that is this cultivar rice at Burbank that's used by McDonald's for the french fries.

你可能对这个品种很熟悉。

You might be familiar.

因此，我们选取了这个品种，仅使用一些相对廉价的测序技术，尝试重建其基因组，结果发现我们能够拼凑出其中很大一部分。

And so we took that cultivar and just using some relatively cheap sequencing, tried to reconstruct this genome, and we found we could put together a large part of it.

尽管快速且低成本地组装马铃薯基因组仍有一段距离，但研究团队正朝着这个方向努力。

Assembling genomes of potatoes very quickly and cheaply is still a way off, but that's the direction the team are moving in.

一旦实现这一目标，就有可能识别出你希望培育或通过基因工程引入新品种或现有品种中的特定性状。

Once that is possible, it could also be possible to identify specific traits that you'd want to breed or even genetically engineer into new or existing varieties.

这可能是确保我们培育出能抵抗新疾病以及未来更温暖环境的马铃薯的关键。

This could be key to making sure we have potatoes resistant to new diseases and the future warmer world they'll find themselves in.

一个悬而未决的问题是，研究团队未能捕捉到的马铃薯遗传多样性。

One outstanding question is the genetic diversity of potatoes that the team didn't capture.

他们估计，已涵盖了欧洲马铃薯约85%的遗传多样性，意味着仍有约15%未被本研究覆盖。

They estimate they got around 85% of the genetic diversity of European potatoes, meaning there's about 15% this work doesn't cover.

这可能包括过去五十年左右被引入现代马铃薯的大量DNA。

This may include a lot of DNA that's been brought into modern potatoes in the last fifty years or so.

在此期间，人们回到美洲的野生马铃薯中，试图寻找抗病性等有用性状，并将其培育到我们今天食用的马铃薯中。

During that time, people went back to the wild potatoes in The Americas to try and find useful traits like disease resistance and bred them into potatoes we eat today.

该团队正致力于填补这一空白，但尚不清楚这些剩余的马铃薯基因中可能发现什么。

The team are looking to fill that gap, and it's unclear what might be found in those remaining potato genetics.

克雷格本人对将来能发现全新的马铃薯基因世界感到兴奋。

Craig, for one, is excited to find out and about a whole new world of potato genetics in the future.

我们目前正处在马铃薯基因组学发展的浪潮之中。

We're kind of riding a wave of potato genomics right now.

两年前，首批四倍体马铃薯品种的基因组被公布。

Two years ago, the first potato genomes for these tetraploid cultivars were released.

我认为今年我们预计将有大约100个基因组发布。

And I think in this year, we're expecting a 100 to be released.

因此，这一领域正在迅速发展。

So it's really ramping up.

对于所有这些关于马铃薯特性的信息，我们究竟会发现什么，我目前还无法断言。

And what we're gonna find from from all that information about what makes a potato, I honestly can't say yet.

来自德国马克斯·普朗克植物育种研究所的克雷格·登特。

Craig Dent from the Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research in Germany there.

你还听到了来自德国路德维希-马克西米利安大学的塞尔吉奥·图索的发言。

You've also heard from Sergio Tusso from Ludwig Maximilian University, also in Germany.

要了解更多关于这项工作的内容，请查看节目说明，那里有他们论文的链接，你还能找到今年所有其他故事的链接。

To read more about the work, head over to the show notes for a link to their paper, where you'll also find links to all the other stories in this year's clip show.

接下来是莉齐·吉布尼带来的精选内容。

Next up is Lizzie Gibney with her pick.

细心的听众可能已经知道，2025年被定为国际量子科学与技术年。

Astute listeners out there might already know that 2025 has been the international year of quantum science and technology.

而《自然》杂志一直很高兴为您带来一些量子历史和破除误解的内容。

And, nature, we've enjoyed bringing you some quantum history, some myth busting.

我个人则提出了许多关于量子物理学对我们现实本质的启示的问题。

And personally, I've been asking lots of questions about what quantum physics tells us about reality.

但毫无疑问，对我来说，最精彩的时刻是在六月，我有机会前往德国一个名叫赫尔戈兰的小岛——对我们英语使用者来说，也叫海利戈兰岛。

But undoubtedly, for me, the highlight was in June when I got to go to this tiny German island of Helgoland or Heligoland to us English speakers.

那是为了参加今年规模最大的量子盛会，这场活动旨在纪念量子力学诞生一百周年。

It was for, well, the biggest quantum party of the year, an event that was designed to mark a hundred years of quantum mechanics.

在这一期节目中，我们将探讨这是否是一个真正的周年纪念。

And in the piece, we'll get into whether that's a legit anniversary or not.

但我要说的是，这确实是我参加过的最与众不同的会议。

But what I can say is that it really was just unlike any conference that I've been to before.

为了制作这期节目，本在会议间隙找我聊天，我们谈到了量子计算的最新进展，以及当一群诺贝尔奖得主被困在岛上时会发生什么。

For this piece, Ben grabbed me for a chat between sessions, and we covered everything from the latest in quantum computing to well, what happens when you trap a load of Nobel laureates on an island.

我非常享受这次经历，也希望你们能和我一起重温那段时光。

I thoroughly enjoyed it, and I hope you enjoy being taken back there too.

莉齐，你最近怎么样？

Lizzie, how are you doing?

我很好。

I am well.

我正受困于岛上的网络问题，但能与数百位量子物理学家为伴，我感到非常愉快。

I am struggling with island Internet issues, but thoroughly enjoying being surrounded by hundreds of quantum physicists.

所以你现在是在黑尔戈兰岛了。

So Heligoland is where you're at then.

为那些没去过的人描绘一下画面吧，因为这是一个位于德国西北海岸的小岛。

Paint pictures with words for those of us who haven't been there because this is quite a small island off the Northwest Coast Of Germany.

对吧？

Right?

没错。

That's absolutely right.

它位于北海的中心。

It's in the middle of the North Sea.

从汉堡乘渡轮到这里花了四个小时。

It was a four hour ferry to get here from Hamburg.

现在的天气非常美好，但来这儿的路上简直糟透了。

The weather is currently beautiful, but it was absolutely hellish getting here.

它非常小。

It's tiny.

我今天早上绕岛跑了一圈，大约只用了半小时。

You can run around it as I did this morning in about half an hour.

美丽的红色悬崖，栖息着众多本土海鸟。

Beautiful red cliffs full of native seabirds.

它真的孤悬于此。

It's really out here on its own.

这里平时大约有一千五百人，而我们现在有大约三百名量子物理学家。

There's about one and a half thousand people here normally, and we have about 300 quantum physicists.

所以目前物理学家与岛民的比例相当高。

So pretty high physicist to islander ratio at the moment.

我的意思是，这听起来像是一个举办量子物理会议的随机地点。

I mean, it sounds like potentially maybe a somewhat random place to hold a quantum physics conference.

但之所以在这里举办，背后有一个动人的故事。

But the story of why it's being held on this island, it's a beautiful one.

对吧？

Right?

确实如此。

It is.

让我带你们回到差不多一百年前的1925年，当时物理学家们正开始描绘原子的图景，试图理解层出不穷的实验结果，并将我们现在所知的量子力学整合起来。

So let me take you back almost exactly one hundred years to 1925 when physicists, you know, were starting to paint a picture of the atom and trying to understand lots of experimental results that had come out and trying to bring together what we now know as quantum mechanics.

维尔纳·海森堡是一位物理学家，当时年仅23岁，他来到了这座岛屿。

And Werner Heisenberg, was a physicist, he was then just 23 years old, he came to this island.

他是为了逃避严重的花粉热。

He was escaping from some extreme hay fever that he had.

据说，海风和缺乏树木——尽管现在这里有很多树，我知道——让他找到了一个适合躲避花粉热的好地方。

Apparently, the sea breeze and the lack of trees, although there are many trees here now, I know, made for a good place to escape with hay fever.

传说中说，我必须承认，这确实更像是个传说。

And the legend has it, and I have to say, I think it is quite a legend.

我们在第一晚听了一些历史学家的精彩演讲，他们说，事情可能并非完全如此，但无论如何，别让真相妨碍了故事。

We had some great talks from historians on the first night saying, it may not have been exactly like this, but, anyway, don't let the truth get away.

这是一个好故事。

It's a good story.

他睡不着觉。

He was unable to sleep.

他突然领悟到如何调和这些相互矛盾的数学预测与关于电子在原子周围状态的测量结果。

He had this kind of epiphany about how to reconcile these conflicting mathematical predictions with measurements about how the electrons are around an atom.

他意识到应该只关注可观测的部分。

And what he realized was to focus on just what's observable.

可观测的是电子处于不同能级时的状态。

And what's observable is when the electron is in different energy levels.

因此，他发明了一种数学方法，只关注电子的跃迁，而不是试图弄清电子在整个过程中的轨迹。

So he invented this kind of mathematics which just looks at the leaps that the electron makes rather than actually thinking we can ever figure out its trajectory the whole time.

我们只需关注我们真正知道的东西。

Let's just focus on what we do know.

他提出了一种称为矩阵力学的方法。

And he came up with a way called matrix mechanics.

这有点像用表格进行乘法运算，而不是仅仅在一条线上进行，这样就能完成这些计算。

It's a bit like you multiply in tables rather than just in a line, and that allows you to do these calculations.

所有这些都发生在这里。

So that all happened here.

当然，正如我们所知，科学很少是某一个人的贡献。

And, of course, as we know with science, it's very rarely actually just one person's contribution.

当他回到陆地后，与一群合作者一起将这一想法发展成一种正式的数学体系，也就是人们所说的量子物理的真正数学。

When he got back to dry land, he worked with a bunch of collaborators to actually kind of turn this into a formalism when they call it the real mathematics the quantum physics.

但本质上，这就是我们在这里的原因。

But, essentially, that's why we're here.

我们所有人都试图从赫尔戈兰岛上获得一点那种魅力，沾染一点那里的天才气息。

We're all trying to get a little bit of that zhuzh to rub off on us, a bit of genius from the island of Helgoland.

所以，正如你所说，这个岛上有着300名量子物理学家。

And so there's, as you say, 300 quantum physicists on this island.

那里的氛围如何？

And what's the vibe?

氛围非常好。

The vibe is great.

我认为每个人都非常高兴能来到这里。

I think everyone is so thrilled to be here.

一开始，每个人都很兴奋地登岸。

Everyone was ecstatic to get off the boat for a start.

一旦晕船的感觉消退，每个人都为能活着感到欣喜若狂。

Once the seasickness wore off, everyone was just thrilled to be alive.

我想，这里至少有四位诺贝尔奖得主，还有那些做出了非凡成就的人，他们都来了。

You know, we've got, I think, at least four Nobel laureates here and people who've done really, really phenomenal stuff, and they're all here.

由于会议的性质，我们基本上被困在这里了。

And because of the nature of the conference, we're pretty much trapped here.

所以他们就在身边，你可以去和他们交谈，会议结束后，大家就会一起去吃午饭。

So they're just around and you can go and talk to them and people just go off after, you know, conference session finishes and have some lunch together.

我猜，大家的期望是，这里能产生新的合作与突破。

And I guess the idea is that, hopefully, there are new collaborations and revelations being found here.

我的意思是，这确实是个好观点。

I mean, that's a good point.

所以我本来想问问，这次会议的主要议题是什么。

So I was gonna ask you what the kind of thrust of this conference is.

这是对过去的庆祝，还是一场提出新成果的学术会议？

Is it a celebration of the past, or is this an academic conference where new results are being put forward?

这100%是一场学术会议。

It is 100% an academic conference.

在我们出发前一晚于汉堡举行的会议晚宴上，组织者之一杰克·哈里斯称这是量子物理学的生日派对。

At the conference dinner the night in Hamburg before we all came out here, Jack Harris, one of the organizers, called it quantum physics' birthday party.

当然，作为一名物理学家，你希望在生日派对上听到什么？不就是听你的同事和朋友们分享他们最近在做什么吗？

And, of course, you know, what would you want as a physicist in terms of your birthday party but to hear from all of your colleagues and friends about what they're up to?

所以这里确实存在一些争论。

So there has been some debate.

我特别感兴趣、并且觉得在这个岛上非常契合的话题，就是量子力学的诠释问题。

It's something that I'm particularly interested in and which feels very fitting here on the island is discussion of interpretations of quantum mechanics.

众所周知，量子物理的数学体系非常有效，但令人惊叹的是，这些顶尖头脑在试图回归现实层面时，对它究竟意味着什么有着截然不同的理解。

So famously quantum physics, the maths works very, very well, but it's incredible to hear how some of these minds think very differently about what it actually means if we try and strip it back to the level of reality.

现在我们以一种直觉的方式进行讨论。

Now we talk in in an intuitive sense.

他们对此完全不同意。

They all completely disagree on that.

因此，我们有很多关于这方面的演讲，这些演讲多少回溯了过去一百年，因为一些争论与1925年时依然相同。

So we've had a lot of talks on that, which do hark back a little bit over the hundred years because some of the debates are still the same as they were in 1925.

我们还有许多其他讨论，例如那些致力于测量量子引力的人。

And we also have lots of other discussions, for instance, of people who are working towards trying to measure quantum gravity.

因此，光并不是连续的，而是以光子这样的微小包形式存在，那么引力究竟是怎样的呢？

So the fact that we don't have a continuous continuum of light, we actually have it in little packets in photons, and the idea was what is gravity actually like that?

引力是可以被量子化的。

It would be possible to quantize gravity.

所以人们正在朝这个方向努力。

So people are working towards that.

但还没有实现。

Not there yet.

还无法做出任何重大宣布。

Can't make any grand announcements.

但我们也有极其前沿的讨论，以及对这一领域在百年发展后所达位置的反思。

But we've got extremely cutting edge discussions as well as some of that reflection on where the field has got to after a hundred years.

当然，你是以全面报道的身份在场的。

Of course, you're there in a full reporting capacity.

当你在现场时，还有什么其他事情引起了你的注意？

What else has caught your eyes and ears when you've been on the ground?

嗯，我刚参加的一个会议其实非常有趣。

Well, a session I just came out from actually was really interesting.

有一位名叫马库斯·阿恩特的物理学家，来自维也纳大学，他正致力于观测量子叠加态，也就是你同时处于两个量子状态的情况。

It was a physicist called Marcus Arndt who's at the University of Vienna, And he's working at trying to observe quantum superposition, which is where you are effectively in two quantum states at once.

你永远不会直接看到这一过程发生，但你能看到它的结果，因为这些状态之间会产生干涉，然后你观测到最终状态。

And you never actually directly see that happening, but you see the results of it because you get interference between those states and then you observe the final state.

他正试图用越来越重的物体来做这个实验。

And he's trying to do it with ever, ever heavier things.

他已经用数千个钠原子组成的团簇完成了实验。

So he's done clusters of thousands of sodium atoms.

所以这就像金属团簇，而且它们变得越来越大。

So that's kind of like metallic clusters, and they're getting bigger and bigger.

他今天谈到的是朝着蛋白质、抗体方向发展的路径，这就是他们正在追求的方向。

And he was talking today about the path towards proteins, antibodies, and that's the trajectory that they're going towards.

是的，这个话题真的非常迷人。

And, yeah, that one was absolutely fascinating.

所以当我把一切纠缠在一起时。

So that's when I entangle what everything.

这是计划吗？

Is that the plan?

我之前谈过量子诠释，其中一个问题是：如果你被纠缠了，那会是什么感觉？

So I spoke about quantum interpretations before, and that is one of the questions is, like, if you were entangled, what would that feel like?

那会是什么感觉？

What would that be like?

根据你对量子物理的理解，有些人认为我们所生活的经典宏观世界与量子世界之间并不存在明确的界限。

Like, depending on how you view quantum physics, some don't think that there is a boundary between classical macroscopic world that we live in and quantum.

但问题是，一个系统能大到什么程度还能处于叠加态或纠缠态？

But the question is how big a system can you get to be in a superposition or or entangled?

我们真的不知道。

And we really don't know.

而根据你对量子物理学背后基本现实的理解，你可能会有不同的答案。

And depending on how you view the underlying reality behind quantum physics, you might have a different answer on that.

因此，他们正试图推动这一点。

And so that's something that they're trying to push.

这是一项可能帮助我们了解现实的实验。

It's an experiment that actually might help to tell us something about reality.

如果我们暂时谈谈现实，当然，量子物理无处不在。

Well, if we can talk about reality for a moment, of course, quantum physics is everywhere.

对吧？

Right?

你想想量子计算，例如，它在许多情况下被承诺为解决我们面临的各种领域问题的方案。

You think about quantum computing, for example, and it's, in many cases, been promised as the solution to solving many of the problems that face us in a variety of different fields.

关于这些技术的实用性，以及从X到Y的现实可行性，人们讨论得有多深入？

How much chat has there been about the practicality of things and maybe about the realistic nature of getting from x to y?

当然，解决这些问题总是需要很长时间，比如量子计算机。

Because, of course, solving these problems are always a ways with things like quantum computers.

是的。

Yeah.

哈佛大学的米沙·卢金做过一场关于量子计算的精彩演讲，他使用中性原子作为量子计算机中的量子比特。

There was a great talk on quantum computing from Misha Lukin who's at Harvard, and he's using neutral atoms as the quantum bits in his quantum computer.

他们在控制量子比特方面取得了相当令人印象深刻的成果，因为你希望量子比特之间能够相互通信，并且能够被移动。

And they had some quite impressive results in terms of how they control the qubits because you want them to be able to talk to each other and you want to be able to shift them around.

你还希望能够纠正它们的错误。

You want to be able to correct their errors.

量子计算中的一个巨大难题是，量子比特会自然地脱离量子态，从而破坏你的计算。

That's a huge issue in quantum computing is that you naturally have your qubits fall out of their quantum state, and that ruins your calculation.

因此，人们提出了这样一种思路：将所有量子比特连接起来，形成一个更稳定的宏观量子态，这被称为量子纠错。

So you do this idea where you kind of hook them all up together, and you make a big quantum state that's much more stable, and it's called quantum error correction.

他解释了这是如何运作的。

And he was explaining how that works.

当然，有一些非常实际的方法可以利用量子物理。

So there are some really practical, of course, ways of using quantum physics.

其中一件奇怪的事情是，它真的有效。

And that's one of the strange things is that it really works.

就像量子力学的数学已经无处不在了。

Like, the the maths of quantum mechanics is in everything already.

你知道吗？

You know?

这就是我们制造激光的方式。

It's how we make lasers.

这就是MRI机器能工作的原理。

It's why an MRI machine works.

它存在于晶体管中，而晶体管是普通计算机的核心。

It's in a transistor, you know, that is at the heart of just a normal computer.

量子物理已经无处不在了。

Like, quantum physics is absolutely everywhere already.

我们研究得越多，就越发现这似乎是真的——所有的方程式都成立，这正是为什么，我个人觉得，尽管如此，我们仍然不太明白背后究竟发生了什么，这令人着迷。

And the more and more we study it, the more just we know that that seems to be true, that all the equations work, which is why, personally, I then find it fascinating to know that whilst that is true, we still don't quite get what's going on.

利齐的旅行日志。

Lizzie's travel log there.

查看节目说明，获取有关她旅行的更多信息的链接。

Check out the show notes for a link where you can find out more about her trip.

在每周自然播客的中间，我们会插入几个简短有力的科学新闻，称为研究亮点。

In the middle of each week's nature podcast, we have a couple of short, sharp science stories known as the research highlights.

它们大多由丹·福克斯朗读，以下是他的部分。

More often than not, they're read by Dan Fox, and here he

他带来了一些他精选的亮点。

is with a couple of his standouts.

今年，我挑选了一些我认为适合作为今年假日礼物的研究亮点。

This year, I've picked some research highlights that I think would make for interesting gifts this holiday season.

一个能够引发化学反应的微型机器人和一些古老的中美洲雕像。

A tiny robot capable of triggering chemical reactions and some ancient Mesoamerican figurines.

研究人员开发出一种能够操控微小液滴的微型机器人。

Researchers have developed a tiny robot that can manipulate miniscule drops of liquid.

各个领域的科学家经常需要移动、分割或合并液滴。

Scientists in a range of fields routinely need to move, split or merge drops of liquid.

可以使用磁性技术来实现这一目的，但这些方法通常能力有限，或容易污染液滴。

Magnetic techniques can be used to do this but these methods typically have either limited capabilities or a tendency to contaminate the droplets.

为了解决这个问题，一个研究团队开发出了一款尺寸如铅笔橡皮擦大小的液滴操控机器人。

To address this a team developed a droplet manipulating robot about the size of a pencil top eraser.

为此，他们将磁性颗粒与糖晶体结合到一种柔性的软聚合物中。

To do this, they incorporated magnetic particles with sugar crystals in a flexible soft polymer.

溶解糖分后留下了孔洞，增加了聚合物的表面积及其吸附液滴的能力。

Dissolving the sugar left holes, increasing the surface area of the polymer and its ability to adhere to droplets.

最后，他们改造了表面，使这个微型机器人能够在磁场的远程控制下吸引液滴。

Finally, they modified the surface so that the tiny robot would attract droplets while being remotely controlled using magnetic fields.

研究人员展示了多种应用，包括将液滴聚集在一起，有时引发化学反应，以及将大液滴分裂成小液滴。

The researchers demonstrated various applications including bringing droplets together, in some cases starting a chemical reaction and splitting large droplets into smaller ones.

这种机器人可以控制微升级别的液滴，但未来的版本可能能够管理纳升级别的液滴。

This robot can control droplets at a microlitre scale but a future version might be able to manage nanolitre ones.

请在《纳米技术与精密工程》期刊上阅读这项研究的完整内容。

Read that research in full in Nanotechnology and Precision Engineering.

在如今萨尔瓦多的一座古代金字塔顶端，考古学家发现了五个木偶，这些木偶的脸部表情会根据观察者的视角呈现出微笑或怒容。

At the top of an ancient pyramid in what is now El Salvador, archaeologists have discovered five puppets with faces that either smile or scowl depending on the viewer's perspective.

这五个陶土人偶高度在十到三十厘米之间，可追溯至公元前400年左右。

The five clay figurines measure between ten and thirty centimeters tall and date to around 400 BC.

其中三个木偶甚至拥有可活动的头部，类似于现代玩偶。

Three of the puppets even have movable heads much like modern dolls.

这些木偶位于金字塔顶端及其朝向表明，它们可能被用于仪式，如葬礼仪式或公共庆典。

The puppets position on top of a pyramid and their orientation suggest they were used in rituals such as funerary practices or public ceremonies.

这些木偶的面部表情十分鲜明，会随着观察角度的变化而发生改变。

The puppets have striking facial expressions that shift depending on the angle from which they are viewed.

从上方看，它们似乎在笑；从平视角度看，它们显得愤怒或轻蔑；从下方看，它们则看起来害怕。

From above they seem to grin, from eye level they appear angry or disdainful and from below they look scared.

作者表示，这些木偶与其他中美洲国家发现的文物之间的相似性表明，该地区某些仪式和习俗是共享的，这挑战了该遗址古代居民文化孤立的观点。

The authors say that similarities between the puppets and artefacts found in other Central American countries suggest that some rituals and customs were shared across the region, challenging the view that the ancient inhabitants of this site were culturally isolated.

你可以在《古物》期刊上从任何角度查看这项研究。

You can view that research from any angle over at antiquity.

2025年又是科学界硕果累累的一年，我很荣幸能见证并报道过去十二个月中的高潮与低谷。

2025 has been another huge year for science, and I feel privileged to have been there to report on the highs and the lows of the last twelve months.

要为这期节目挑选一个故事，真的非常困难。

It was genuinely difficult to pick one story for this show.

我本可以选的太多了。

There were so many I could have chosen.

超密集人群的数学原理、人工智能如何帮助修复受损画作，或是研究人员3D打印出类似黄蜂的昆虫以研究动物拟态的演化。

The mathematics of super dense crowds, how AI can help restore damaged paintings, or the researchers who three d printed wasp like insects to learn about the evolution of animal mimicry.

这样的例子还有很多。

The list goes on.

但我选择的这个故事，如果被证明有效，将真正改变大量人群的命运。

But the story I've chosen is one that could, if it proves to be effective, make a real difference to a huge number of people.

当我第一次看到这篇论文时，我想，这种做法很不寻常，而这通常意味着背后有一个有趣的故事。

When I first saw this paper, I was like, that's an unusual approach to doing that, which is often a good sign that there's an interesting story to tell.

来自我们5月21日的节目，这是我在2025年的精选。

From our May 21 show, here's my pick of 2025.

首先，我们来讲一个关于如何提升抗蚊蚊帐预防疟疾传播能力的故事。

First up, we've got a story about efforts to improve the ability of anti mosquito bed nets to prevent malaria transmission.

疟疾当然是人类的一大祸患，每年有数百万病例，导致数十万人死亡，其中大部分病例集中在非洲。

Now malaria is, of course, a scourge of humanity with millions of cases seen each year, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, with the burden of cases disproportionately seen in Africa.

自2000年以来，人类在抗击疟疾方面取得了进展，大规模使用杀虫剂处理过的蚊帐是关键驱动力之一。

Progress in tackling malaria had been seen since the year 2000, with the mass use of insecticide treated bed nets being one of the key drivers.

这些蚊帐不仅能防止人们被叮咬，还能杀死落在上面的蚊子，从而降低进一步传播的风险。

These bed nets prevent people from being bitten and also kill any mosquitoes that land on them, lessening the risk of further transmission.

但这种防控策略也有其局限性，正如来自美国哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院的弗拉米尼娅·卡塔鲁查所解释的那样。

But this control strategy has its limitation as Flaminia Katarucha from the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health in The US explains.

杀虫剂在一段时间内效果很好。

Insecticides work very well for a while.

所以这些蚊帐在一段时间内确实受到很大影响。

So these bandnets are really affected for a while.

每次向人们分发新的蚊帐时，我们都会看到蚊子数量减少，随之而来的是疟疾病例的减少。

We see a decrease in the number of mosquitoes and a consequent decrease in the number of malaria cases every time new bandnets are given to people.

然而，过了一段时间后，蚊子开始发展出新的抗性机制，不再被杀死，这意味着它们在减少疟疾病例方面的效果丧失了。

However, after a while, mosquitoes, they start developing new mechanisms of resistance, so they're not killed anymore, which means that they lose efficacy in terms of their ability to reduce the number of malaria cases.

事实上，人们普遍认为，蚊子对杀虫剂的广泛抗性是疟疾病例减少陷入停滞的重要因素。

Indeed, widespread mosquito resistance to insecticides is thought to be an important factor in the plateauing in reductions of malaria cases.

因此，研究人员一直在尝试提出替代策略来应对这一问题。

And so researchers have been trying to come up with alternative strategies to get around it.

我们想，为什么不能摆脱‘必须杀死蚊子才能控制疟疾’这个观念呢？

We thought, why can't we, let's say, get out of this concept that we need to kill the mosquito in order to control malaria?

毕竟，蚊子本身并不会引起疟疾。

After all, mosquitoes don't cause malaria.

它们只是传播者。

They transmit it.

但致病原是疟原虫。

But the causative agent is the malaria parasite.

在人体内，我们用药物杀死疟原虫。

And in people, we kill malaria parasites with drugs.

那么，我们为什么不能对传播疟原虫的蚊子也采用同样的策略呢？

So couldn't we use the same strategy in the mosquitoes that transmit them?

这正是弗拉米尼娅和她的同事本周在《自然》杂志上发表的论文内容。

And this is what Flaminia and her colleagues have got a paper about in nature this week.

他们的方法本质上是用药物治疗蚊子，在疟原虫传播给人类之前将其杀死。

Essentially, their method involves treating mosquitoes for malaria using drugs to kill parasites before they can be transmitted to a human.

他们希望这些方法能整合到蚊帐中，以降低疟疾传播的可能性。

They hope that these could be incorporated in bed nets to reduce the chances of malaria being spread.

虽然治疗蚊子似乎是一种不寻常的做法，但该团队已证明这是可行的。

Now treating mosquitoes might seem like an unusual approach, but the team have shown it is a possibility.

在之前的研究中，他们证明了抗疟药物阿托伐醌能够在蚊子体内杀死恶性疟原虫——这是最致命且在非洲大陆最普遍的疟原虫种类。

In previous work, they demonstrated that the antimalarial drug atovaquone could work in mosquitoes to kill Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest species of malaria parasites and the most prevalent on the African Continent.

然而，阿托伐醌是一种用于治疗人类疟疾的药物，研究团队希望找到其他能发挥相同作用但未被临床使用的化合物。

However, atovaquone is a drug used to treat malaria in humans, and the team wanted to find other compounds that could do the same job but weren't used clinically.

这并不是一项容易的任务。

This wasn't an easy task.

当时没有已知化合物能针对蚊子阶段的寄生虫，因此我们必须进行筛选。

No compounds were known to target the parasite in the mosquito stages, so we had to perform a screen.

我们给蚊子喂食多种化学物质，然后测试它们对寄生虫是否有效。

We gave mosquitoes a number of chemicals, and then we tested whether they would be affected against the parasite.

当然，研究团队并不是随机选择这些化学化合物的。

Of course, the team didn't choose these chemical compounds at random.

相反，他们测试了那些在人体血液实验中已显示出潜力的化合物。

Instead, they tested ones that had shown promise in human blood experiments.

具体来说，这些化合物针对的是寄生虫生命周期中某个特定的无性阶段。

Specifically, these compounds targeted parasites at a certain asexual stage in their life cycle.

研究团队推测，这些化合物可能对寄生虫生命周期中另一个无性阶段有效，该阶段发生在雌性按蚊（特别是非洲撒哈拉以南地区疟疾最重要的传播媒介——冈比亚按蚊）的肠道中。

The team reasoned that these compounds might show efficacy against a different asexual stage of the parasite's life cycle, one that takes place in the guts of female mosquitoes, specifically Anopheles gambiae, the most important vector for malaria in Sub Saharan Africa.

令团队遗憾的是，这一寄生虫生命周期阶段尚无实验室模型。

Sadly for the team, there isn't a lab model for this stage of the parasite's life cycle.

因此，团队没有在培养皿中测试这些化合物的活性，而是手动对这篇论文中研究的81种化合物分别在活体蚊子上进行了测试。

So rather than test the activity of these compounds in a dish, the team had to manually test each of the 81 they looked at in this paper on live mosquitoes.

我怀疑我们总共处理了成千上万只蚊子。

I suspect that we did thousands and thousands of mosquitoes.

但我们把蚊子麻醉后，逐个施加这些化合物。

But we take mosquitoes, we put them asleep, and then we apply the compounds individually.

然后当它们苏醒后，我们将它们放入笼中，并用疟疾寄生虫喂食。

Then when they wake up, we put them in a cage and we feed them with malaria parasites.

几天后，寄生虫开始发育，我们便解剖其中肠——即寄生虫发育的部位，并计数寄生虫数量。

After a few days, parasites are developing, and then we dissect the midgut, which is where the parasites develop, and we count parasites.

其中一些化合物通过昆虫体内吸收，有效杀死了寄生虫。

Some of these compounds were absorbed through the insects' bodies and were effective at killing the parasites.

但团队需要测试这些有前景的化合物是否也能以更接近现实世界中昆虫接触药物的方式发挥作用，即当它们落在物体表面时通过腿部吸收。

But the team needed to test whether these promising compounds also worked in a way closer to how these insects would be exposed to drugs in the real world, namely through their legs when they land on something.

在这种情况下，团队使用了玻璃载玻片。

In this case, the team used glass slides.

当我们以这种方式测试这些化合物时，大多数都无效，因为蚊子的腿部覆盖着一层难以被许多化合物穿透的蜡质层。

When we tested the compounds in this way, most of them did not work because the mosquito legs are covered by a waxy layer that is not easily penetrable by many compounds.

因此，我们必须与化学家密切合作，对化合物的结构进行改造，使其更容易被蚊子吸收。

And that's where we had to do a lot of work in collaboration with chemists to modify the structure of compounds to make them more easily absorbed by the mosquito.

最终，团队开发出两种能通过蚊子腿部吸收的高效化合物。

Ultimately, the team developed two potent compounds that could be absorbed through mosquito legs.

这两种化合物分别靶向寄生虫线粒体内的两个不同位点，团队希望联合使用它们能降低耐药性产生的可能性。

These targeted two different sites within the parasites mitochondria, and the team hoped that using them in tandem will help lessen the chances of resistance arising.

但还有更多工作要做。

But there was more work to do.

我们有两种在玻璃载玻片上效果极佳的化合物，但这对我们帮助不大。

We had these two compounds that were very potent in glass slides, but that doesn't really help us.

我们希望将它们涂在更接近蚊帐的表面上。

We wanted to put them on surfaces that are more representative of mosquito nets.

因此，我们与材料科学家合作，将这些化合物附着在小型表面上，即使这些化合物被嵌入到与真实蚊帐非常相似的材料中，仍能保持完全活性。

And so for that, we work with material scientists that incorporated these compounds onto small surfaces, and these compounds retain full activity even when incorporated onto materials that are, like, very similar to actual mosquito nets.

这些化合物——弗拉米尼亚表示，它们合成简单且相对便宜——在被嵌入以类似真实蚊帐方式制备的不同塑料薄膜中一年后，仍能保持活性。

These compounds, which Flaminia says are straightforward to synthesize and relatively cheap, maintain their activity after a year when incorporated into different sorts of plastic film prepared in similar ways to how real bed nets are made.

这些化合物还对蚊子提供了持久的保护效果。

The compounds also provided a lasting protective effect in the mosquitoes.

我们发现，这种效果的持续时间相当长。

What we found is that the duration of the effect is quite long.

四天后，蚊子感染疟疾寄生虫的概率大大降低，这对于我们的控制策略来说非常有前景：蚊子今天叮咬，四天后才感染，但仍能完全防止感染。

And four days later, the mosquito would have a much reduced chance of becoming infected with malaria parasites, which is something that is very promising for our control strategy where a mosquito bites today and then she gets infected in four days and she would still be fully protected from infection.

弗雷德罗斯·奥库穆是英国格拉斯哥大学和坦桑尼亚伊菲卡拉健康研究所的疟疾生物学家。

Fredros Okumu is a malaria biologist at the University of Glasgow in The UK and The Ifikara Health Institute in Tanzania.

他并未参与这项研究，但对团队所展示的成果印象深刻。

He was not part of this research and was impressed with what the team have shown.

他说，这可能是一种有用的工具，有助于保持蚊帐的防护效果，为其他经济或医学预防方法（如疫苗）的开发争取时间。

He says that it could be a useful weapon to help bed nets maintain their impact, giving time for other economic or medical prevention methods like vaccines to be developed.

目前，经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐是我们控制病媒的最佳希望，但它们面临一个非常明确的挑战：从进化角度来看，我们知道我们最终会失败。

Insecticide treated bed nets are our best hope at the moment in terms of vector control, but they have a very clear challenge that from an evolutionary perspective, we know we will not win.

因此，我们必须找到一些方法来延缓这种失效，并尽可能长时间地维持蚊帐的防护效果。

So what we got to do is find options to delay that loss and preserve the efficacy of the impact of those bed nets as long as possible.

我认为，这个团队提供的正是我们可以用来实现这一目标的众多选项之一。

And I think this group are providing just one of the many options that we could use to do that.

而且他们是以非传统的方式在做这件事。

And they're doing it unconventionally.

我的意思是，大多数疟疾死亡发生在偏远农村地区，远离医疗设施。

I mean, most malaria deaths are happening in very rural places, far from reach of health facilities.

而他们说，蚊子仍然会飞到这些村庄。

And they're saying, well, mosquitoes still go to those villages.

那么，我们为什么非要等到这些人去诊所呢？

So why should we wait for these people in the clinic?

为什么我们不把诊所搬到蚊帐上呢？

Why don't we bring the clinic onto their bed net?

他们做得非常巧妙，而且似乎奏效了。

And they're doing it elegantly, and it seems to be working.

弗雷德罗斯表示，增强蚊帐的能力可以重新激发其双重效益——不仅保护蚊帐下的人，还能惠及更广泛的社区，这一点杀虫剂处理过的蚊帐通过杀死蚊子已经做到了，但如今因抗药性上升而受到阻碍。

Fredros says that boosting the ability of bed nets could reinvigorate their two pronged benefits, not just protecting the person under the net, but the wider community, something that insecticide treated nets do by killing mosquitoes, but are being hampered by the rise in resistance.

然而，他认为仍有必要深入研究这种做法最终的效果如何。

However, he thinks there remains important work to be done to investigate how well this approach ultimately works.

目前，我们还不能说它是100%有效的。

Right now, we can't call it 100%.

我们必须等待这些蚊帐在真实野外环境中接受检验，因为我们不知道还可能出现哪些其他问题。

What we have to do is to wait until these bed nets are tested in a real field setting because we don't know what other problems might arise.

但我绝不希望它只停留在实验室里，因为根据我对这篇论文的阅读以及这个团队以往的工作来看，这不仅是一种巧妙的做法，而且显然具有变革性。

But I would hate to see it just stay in the lab because from what I can read of this paper and from the work that this group has done before, it's not only an elegant way to do things, but it's also evidently very transformative.

我祝他们成功。

And I wish them well.

弗拉米尼娅表示，现实世界中的测试最近已开始，已在埃塞俄比亚和布基纳法索使用实际的蚊帐进行小规模试验。

Flaminia says that real world testing is something that has recently begun with a small trial using actual bed nets in Ethiopia and Burkina Faso.

该团队还致力于降低生产这些化合物所需的化学成本，并寻找加快开发和测试其他化合物的方法，以扩大可用化合物的储备。

The team are also looking to make the chemistry required to produce these compounds cheaper and come up with ways to speed up methods to develop and test other compounds to increase the pool available.

只有时间能证明这一策略是否能帮助减轻这种疾病的严重影响，但弗拉米尼娅希望它能成为防控工具箱中的重要一环。

Only time will tell whether this strategy will help reduce the terrible impact of this disease, But Flaminia hopes it can be an important tool in the armory.

不幸的是，这一策略并非能彻底消除全球疟疾的万能解药。

This strategy is not a silver bullet that will eliminate malaria from the world, unfortunately.

疟疾是一种非常复杂的疾病，我们已经用多种不同工具尝试根除它多年，但至今仍未成功。

Malaria is a very complex disease, and we have been trying to eliminate it for so long with many different tools and and still here.

因此，我认为这是一种能够通过直接针对寄生虫而非蚊子，从而在某些地区有效推动寄生虫消除的重要策略。

So I think that this is one strategy that can really contribute to bringing parasites to elimination in certain regions by targeting the parasite rather than the mosquito.

以上是弗拉米尼娅·卡塔鲁查的发言。

Flaminia Catarucha there.

您还听到了弗雷德罗西库莫的发言。

You also heard from Fred Rosicumo.

要阅读弗拉米尼娅的论文，请查看节目说明中的链接。

To read Flaminia's paper, look out for a link in the show notes.

让我们用在简报聊天中讨论过的一个故事来为今年的精选集画上句号。

Let's round out this year's clip show with a story we talked about in the briefing chat.

以下是夏琳妮·邦德尔带来的推荐。

Here's Sharmini Bundell with her pick.

为了这个充满善意的欢乐季节，我选了一个 admittedly 有些骇人的故事，不适合胆小的人。

For this wonderful season of cheer in Goodwill, I've picked an admittedly somewhat gruesome story, not for the faint of heart.

当本让我回去挑选一个故事时，我翻阅了我们过去的简报聊天记录，这个故事特别有趣。

When Ben asked me to go back and pick a story, I went through our old briefing chats, and this was such a fun story.

而且我喜欢一点考古学。

And I do like a bit of archaeology.

这个故事样样俱全。

And this one, it's got everything.

它有骨头。

It's got bones.