鸮形目研究（猫头鹰）第一部分，与R.J. Gutiérrez一起

但正如我们刚才所做的那样，把这些表象拆开，你就会看到猫头鹰的真实面貌——一种为征服黑夜而进化的鸟类。

But as we have just done, pull those things apart, you start to see what an owl is really like, which is a bird that has evolved to conquer the night.

所有的猫头鹰都是夜行性或晨昏活动的吗？有没有白天活动的猫头鹰？

Are all owls nocturnal or crepuscular or are there daytime owls?

有白天活动的猫头鹰。

There are daytime owls.

有一些猫头鹰在黄昏和清晨捕猎，属于晨昏性活动。

There are these crepuscular evening and morning hunting owls.

大多数猫头鹰是夜行性的。

The majority of owls are nocturnal.

比如穴居猫头鹰和短耳猫头鹰，它们主要在白天活动；而鸣角鸮和大角鸮则在傍晚和清晨花费大量时间捕猎。

So like burrowing owls and short eared owls, they're primarily diurnal and screech owls, great horned owls spend quite a bit of their time in the evening and early morning hours hunting.

但其余大部分猫头鹰都是夜行性的。

But most of the rest of the owls are nocturnal.

当我刚搬到现在这个社区时，我之前曾住在洛杉矶一个繁忙区域的公寓里。

When I first moved to my neighborhood Well, first, I had lived in an apartment in a busy part of LA for a while.

但当我搬到这所房子时，我们周围有了更多的自然环境。

But when I moved to this house, we had much more nature.

我找到了一根羽毛，仔细一看，发现它是一根猫头鹰的羽毛，因为边缘有一些锯齿状的结构。

And I found a feather, and I looked at it closely, and I realized it was an owl feather because it had little sort of a serrated edge.

我兴奋得不得了，果然，我们这里有一对大角鸮，晚上能一直听到它们的叫声。

And I freaked out so excited, And sure enough, we have a pair of great horned owls, and you can hear the at night, all at night.

这太棒了。

It's so great.

我非常喜欢它们。

I love them.

我们经常见到它们。

We see them all the time.

但你能解释一下它们为什么这么安静吗？

But can you explain a little bit about how they're so quiet?

因为它们有时会从我身边飞过。

Because one will fly right by me.

你听不到任何声音。

You can't hear a sound.

所有的猫头鹰都有这种特性吗，还是一部分才有？

And do all owls have that or only some?

几乎所有猫头鹰的飞行都是静音的。

Virtually all owls have silent flight.

那些没有这种特性的猫头鹰是捕食鱼类的种类，比如Catupa属和一些雕鸮，例如黑脚鱼鸮，这是世界上最大的猫头鹰。

Now, the ones that don't are the ones that hunt fish, like in the genus Catupa and some buboes, like the Blackison's fish owl, the world's largest owl.

所以这些是重达十磅的大家伙。

So these are 10 pound chunkers.

如果你还想了解更多，我推荐你阅读另一位鸮形目专家所著的精彩著作《东方冰原的猫头鹰：寻找并拯救世界上最大的猫头鹰》，作者是乔纳森·C·斯莱特博士。

And if you are thirsty for more info, I would like to direct you toward the wonderful book by another Strigiformeologist titled Owls of the Eastern Ice, a quest to find and save the world's largest owl by doctor Jonathan C.

斯莱特曾是洛克伊的学生。

Slat, who was a grad student of Rocky's.

我之所以如此兴奋地邀请洛克伊来参加这档节目，是因为乔纳森在书中提到了他曾与洛克伊一起进行野外考察。

And one reason I was so thrilled to get Rocky on this show is that Jonathan wrote about doing fieldwork with him.

所以乔纳森写道，他在亚洲进行野外考察时，他的向导此前从未见过罗基。

So Jonathan writes about some fieldwork that he was doing in Asia, and he writes that his guide on the trip had not met Rocky before.

但根据他过去与外国人的交往经验，他知道大多数外国人都体弱、娇生惯养，无法忍受昆虫群的侵扰、厕所里的虫子，以及厕所里成群的昆虫。

But his past experiences with foreigners had taught him that most were doughy, pampered, and unable to bear the discomfort of the insect swarms, the cat holes, and the insect swarms at cat holes that awaited them.

乔纳森继续说，我向向导保证，罗基反而从各种痛苦中获得一种病态的愉悦，并将不适视为最好忽略的对手。

Jonathan continues, I assured the guide that Rocky took a perverse pleasure in suffering of all kinds and viewed discomfort as an adversary best ignored.

然而，疑虑依然存在，直到他们见面时，罗基粗糙的双手和KT结实的体格让向导明白，他们二人早已习惯户外的艰苦生活。

Still, doubts lingered until they met when Rocky's rough hands and KT's ropey physique showed him they were a pair accustomed to an honest life outdoors.

六十多岁的罗基看起来像一只雪鸮，身材矮小，眼睛大大的，头上披着一头白发。

Rocky, in his sixties, resembled a snowy owl, short with large eyes under a mop of white hair.

KT年纪和罗基相仿，身材瘦小，沉默寡言，但观察力极强。

KT was about Rocky's age, slight, quiet, and highly observant.

所以，是的，你可以买一本乔纳森·斯拉特写的《东方冰原的猫头鹰：寻找并拯救世界上最大的猫头鹰》。

So, yes, you can pick up owls of the Eastern Ice, a quest to find and save the world's largest owl by Jonathan Slatt.

我们会在网站上提供这本书的链接。

We'll link it on our website.

你可以了解这些最大猫头鹰的全部信息，即濒危的毕氏鱼鸮，它甚至可以自豪地宣称自己近两米的翼展。

You can learn all about these largest owls, the endangered Blackiston's fish owl, which is allowed to brag about its nearly two meter wingspan.

翅膀的宽度跟你爸爸一样高。

Wings as wide as your dad is tall.

不是我。

Not me.

不是你网上的爸爸，而是那种真正的硬汉爸爸。

Not your Internet dad, but, like, a real man dad.

因为鱼听不见你，所以没必要保持安静。

There's no premium on being silent because the fish can't hear you.

它们要么从水面上方的栖木上俯冲而下，要么像毕氏鱼鸮那样经常沿着岸边行走、跳上岩石，然后跃入水中抓鱼。

They drop down either from the perch above the water onto there, or like the blackfish owl will oftentimes walk along the edge of the shore or jump on rocks and then jump into the pool and grab the fish.

回到你的观察，这其实非常出色。

Getting back to your observation, which is wonderful, actually.

谢谢。

Thank you.

猫头鹰有一些特殊的适应性特征。

Owls have a couple of adaptations.

其中之一就是，正如你所注意到的，它们的翅膀边缘有锯齿状结构。

One is that, as you noted, they have these serrated edges.

这是由于它们失去了大多数鸟类都有的、被称为羽小钩的小结构，这些结构原本用于将羽毛的羽轴牢牢锁在一起。

That's caused by the loss of these little hooks that are called barbules that most birds have that actually keep the feather rachy locked together.

而它们已经失去了这些结构。

And they've lost that.

因此，人们认为这使得猫头鹰能够无声飞行，但也有假说认为，这种结构实际上是为减少翅膀后方的湍流而演化出来的。

And so people have thought that that gives the owls a silent flight, but there's some hypotheses that it actually has evolved to reduce the turbulence behind the wing.

此外，它们的飞羽表面还覆盖着天鹅绒般的结构，而这才是真正降低它们发出声音的关键特征。

And then they have another adaptation with these velvety structures over the tops of their flight feathers that in fact is the one that's reducing the sound that they're making.

关于这一点，你可以阅读2017年的论文《促进猫头鹰无声飞行的翅膀特征》，其中引用了大量关于猫头鹰隐蔽飞行的研究。

And for more on this, you can please enjoy the twenty seventeen paper features of owl wings that promote silent flight, which cites plenty of other research into owl stealth.

论文还指出，这些鸟类宽大的翅膀通过允许它们缓慢飞行，从而有助于降低噪音。

And it notes that the large wings of these birds contribute to the noise reduction by allowing slow flight.

翅膀前缘的锯齿状结构和类似天鹅绒的表面不仅有助于降噪，还能提升空气动力学性能。

And the serrations on the leading edge of the wing and that velvet like surface have an effect on noise reduction, and they also boost aerodynamic performance.

它还指出，羽毛内侧的边缘以及翅膀后缘的锯齿状结构能够降低噪音。

And it notes that the fringes at the inner feather veins as well as the fringed trailing edge of the wing reduce noise.

所以这是这两个因素的综合作用。

So it's a combo of those two factors.

就像自然界中所有酷炫的特性一样，工程师们自然会想：我们也能做到吗？

And like everything that is cool in nature, of course, engineers are like, how can we do that too?

但要完全掌握这项技术，可能需要大约六千万年的时间。

But it it might take, like, around sixty million years to get it dialed.

这两项适应性特征，加上它们接近猎物的方式——或者在你的情况下，它们会从你身边飞过前往别处——通常会先弹射起飞，然后滑翔。

Those two adaptations coupled with the way they actually approach a prey, or in your case, they would fly by you to go another place, they often launch themselves and then glide.

它们不会像普通鸟类那样不停地拍打翅膀飞行。

They don't do the typical bird flapping and moving.

当然，在长途飞行时它们会拍翅，但在捕猎或攻击时，它们会不拍翅地接近目标。

They will, of course, when they're flying distances, but when they're hunting or attacking something, they come in without flapping.

所以它们的湍流减少了，声音也降低了，而且它们限制了翅膀的运动。

So their turbulence is being reduced, their sound is being reduced, and they're restricting their movements of their wings.

因此它们在飞行时几乎无声无息。

So they're virtually silent in flight.

我知道很多人会说：‘我听到猫头鹰从我身边飞过。’

I know a lot of people say, Well, I heard an owl fly by me.

他说：‘不，你没听到它们。’

He says, No, you didn't hear them.

你听到的是它们落在树枝上时，树枝上下晃动的声音。

What you heard was when they landed on the branch, and the branch is going up and down.

但那才是你真正听到的声音。

But that's what you heard.

仔细想想，这些动物完全可以从你身边飞过，而你却听不到任何动静。

When you think about it, these things can go right past you and you will not hear them.

它们是利用这一点来悄悄接近猎物的吗？

And are they using that to sneak up on prey?

它们能凭借那双巨大的香肠般的眼睛，看到啮齿动物和其他黄昏或夜间活动的动物在奔跑，然后直接俯冲下来抓取吗？

Are they able, with their giant huge sausage eyes, to see rodents scurrying and other crepuscular or nocturnal animals, and they're just swooping down and picking them up?

这是很多猫头鹰捕猎的方式吗？

Is that how a lot of owls hunt?

我们通常称它们为‘停栖突袭型’捕食者。

Well, we call them mostly perch and pounce predators.

当我观察它们捕猎时，你会看到它们非常专注地盯着某样东西。

When I watch them attack prey, you'll see them look very intently at something.

当然，我们经常用老鼠来引诱它们飞下来，以便我们能够捕捉到它们。

Of course, we often use mice to get them to come down where we can catch them.

这基本上就像在观看它们捕猎一样。

It's basically like watching them hunt.

但这其实是人为的，因为我们把食物放出来了。

It's artificial though because we're putting some food out.

但它们常常会专注地凝视，有时还会晃动头部来聚焦目标。

But they'll often look intently and sometimes bob their head to focus in on what it is.

一旦它们确认目标，就会立即扑向猎物，冲下来并伸展爪子抓住它。

Once they realize, they just launch themselves, come in and then extend their talons and grab them.

但它们也可以更换位置。

But they can also relocate.

所以如果它们听到声音并以为看到了猎物，但由于植被遮挡等原因无法清晰聚焦，就会飞到另一个栖木上，换个角度再观察。

So if they hear something and they think they see it and maybe they can't really focus on it because of the obstruction of vegetation or whatever, they'll fly to a different purge and then get another view of it.

一旦它们确信能抓到猎物，就会发动攻击。

And once they're confident that they can catch this thing, they make the attack.

我们在用老鼠喂猫头鹰的研究中发现，有些个体似乎更喜欢从地面捕猎，而另一些则偏好从树枝或树干上捕食。

We've noticed in doing these studies feeding mice to owls that some of them seem to prefer taking prey off the ground, others from branches or the size of the trees.

因此，我们称这种现象为个体对某种特定猎物形成搜索图像。

So we call this phenomenon when individuals get a search image for a particular type of prey.

你想要什么？

What do you want?

你想要什么？

What do you want?

现在，当然了，观察猫头鹰的饮食时，它们吃的东西很多，但有些似乎特别擅长或更喜欢从树上、灌木丛或地面上捕捉猎物。

And now, of course, owls, when you look at their diet, they're eating lots of things, but some of them seem to be very adept at or prefer to take animals off of trees or off of bushes or off the ground.

它们在如何进行捕猎方面有自己的偏好。

They have their own preferences for how they might go about doing this.

我得问一下，这种野外工作是什么样的？

And I got to ask, what's that fieldwork like?

你身上带着一袋活老鼠吗？

Do you have a pouch full of live mice?

是死老鼠吗？

Are they dead mice?

你是把它们扔到田野里吗？

Are you toss them in a field?

你是把死老鼠挂在树上吗？

Are you sticking a dead mouse on a tree?

你到底是怎么弄清楚这些的？

How do you figure that out?

我们通常使用活老鼠来喂养它们，因为我们之前用过那种从玩具店买来的小老鼠玩具，拖着它当诱饵。

Well, what we do is usually use live mice to feed to them because we have had lures, that little toy store mouse that we pull along.

但它们似乎能分辨出什么是真实的，什么是假的。

But they seem to know the difference between something that's real and not real.

因此，埃里克发现，把活老鼠放出去后，它们就会飞下来捕捉。

And as a result, Eric figured this out, putting live mice out there and then they'll come down to catch it.

随着时间推移，我们发展出了各种不同的方法。

Over time, we've developed different sorts of techniques.

首先是NIST网，然后埃里克发明了捕获杆。

First, NIST Nets and then Eric developed a capture pole.

接着我们又制作了套索杆和各种捕捉装置，比如诱捕盘等等。

And then we made noose poles and various devices to catch them, pan traps, whatnot.

但现在发现，最简单的方法就是直接用手抓它们。

And now it turns out the easiest thing to do is just catch them by hand.

什么？

What?

怎么做？

How?

你把老鼠放下去，它们会过来抓老鼠，你就直接抓住它们的脚。

You put the mouse down, they come for the mouse and just snatch them by the foot.

它们是不是很生你的气？

Are they so mad at you?

当你抓到猫头鹰时，它们经常会发出咔嗒声，这非常有趣。

It's really interesting that when you catch an owl, they often will bill click.

它们会把喙快速合上。

They pop their bill together.

这是一种激动的示警行为，也可能是一种威胁展示。

And that's sort of an agitation display and maybe even a threat display as well.

所以我们发现，如果你观察一对猫头鹰，这正是它们让人觉得如此可爱的原因之一：它们常常紧挨着一起栖息，然后互相梳理羽毛。

So one of the things that we realized, if you watch a pair of owls together, and this is one of the things that makes them so adorable to people, is that they often roost right next to each other and then they'll alloprene.

那是什么意思？

What does that mean?

这意味着它们会互相梳理羽毛。

So that means that they preen each other.

所以它们会飞上去，梳理彼此的脸部。

So they'll get up there and they'll preen their face.

我们想，要是我们也这么做会怎样？

We thought, you know, what if we did that?

你知道，我们就只是轻轻梳理它们的小脸之类的地方，因为它们当时还在咔嗒咬嘴、挣扎着想逃走，但你一开始给它们梳理脸部，它们就安静下来了。

You know, we just preen their little faces and stuff like that because they're just bill snapping and struggling and trying to get away and then just go like that and you just start aloe preening their face.

很快，它们就放松了。

Pretty soon they just relax.

它们只是觉得，哦，这感觉真舒服。

They just think, Oh, this feels so good.

这正是它们在做的事，因为我们认为，互相梳理羽毛具有几种功能。

That's exactly what they're doing because you're simulating Well, we think it's alloprinting serves a couple of functions.

一是加强伴侣之间的纽带，二是帮助维持羽毛，因为猫头鹰很难自己梳理脸部的羽毛，它们没法抓挠那里。

One is reinforcement of the pair bond between the pair and also its feather maintenance because an owl can't really maintain its feathers very well on its face, they can scratch and so forth.

当它们的伴侣为它们梳理面部、整理羽毛时。

When they get the mate preening their face, fix up the feathers and so forth.

大多数猫头鹰是一夫一妻制吗？还是完全取决于物种？

Are they mating for life, most owls, or is it totally dependent on the species?

哦，来个悬念。

Oh, a little cliffhanger.

别走开，广告后揭晓猫头鹰的爱情故事。

Stay tuned until after the break to find out about owl romance.

但在那之前，让我们为洛克西热爱的事业捐款——国际猫头鹰中心，位于明尼苏达州的休斯顿。

But first, let's donate to a cause that Rocky loves, which is the International Owl Center, which is in Houston, but Houston, Minnesota.

它们的使命是通过教育和研究，为猫头鹰创造一个更美好的世界。

And their mission is to make the world a better place for owls through education and research.

它们还在三月举办国际猫头鹰节。

And they also have an international owl festival in March.

去年，洛克西和约翰·斯特拉特曾作为演讲者出席，他们的网站上还有大量关于猫头鹰、鸟类康复人员的资源，甚至还有一个世界猫头鹰名人堂，用以表彰那些为改善猫头鹰生存环境做出杰出贡献的猫头鹰和人类。

Rocky and John Stratt were speakers last year, and they have a bunch of resources on their site about owls, bird rehabbers, even a World Owl Hall of Fame, which brings public recognition to the owls and humans that have done great things to make this world a better place for owls.

你可以在 internationalowlcenter.org 上了解更多。

You can find out more at internationalowlcenter.org.

所以我为这个举杯，同时也捐款支持。

So I'll toast to that and also donate to that.

感谢本节目的赞助商。

Thank you to sponsors of the show.

好的。

Okay.

我刚刚问了Rocky。

So I had just asked Rocky.

大多数猫头鹰是一夫一妻制，还是完全取决于物种？

Are they mating for life, most owls, or is it totally dependent on the species?

对于大多数物种，我们其实并不清楚。

Well, for most species, we really don't know.

但看起来大多数物种都会保持长期的配对关系。

But it appears that most species maintain a long term pair bond.

我不会说它们是一生相伴的，因为它们确实会分开。

I wouldn't say mate for life because they do in fact divorce.

哦。

Oh.

医生。

Doctor.

看着我，孩子。

Look at me, son.

这不是你的错。

It's not your fault.

医生。

Doctor.

它们会离开一个伴侣，去找另一个伴侣。

They'll leave a mate and go to another mate.

很可能，如果它们繁殖失败，其中一个伴侣就会离开，去寻找另一个巢穴。

It very well might be that if they're failing to nest, one mate will leave and try to find another nest.

这仍需更全面地调查。

That still needs to be investigated more fully.

但我们所知的少数每年都不与同一配偶交配、而是寻找新伴侣的鸟类之一，是穴居猫头鹰。

But one of the few that we know does not mate, annually seems to find new mates, is a burrowing owl.

每年都会寻找新的伴侣。

Will seek out new mates each year.

那些鸟巢是什么样的？

What are those nests like?

在我们意识到大多数仓鸮喜欢这种巢箱之前，我们就安装了一个猫头鹰巢箱，而我们当时已经有一些大角鸮了，所以对猫头鹰来说已经足够了。

We put up an owl box before we realized that mostly barn owls like those, and we already had some great horned, we were good to go on the owls.

现在，大角鸮会停在猫头鹰巢箱的顶部，从那里俯冲和栖息。

So now the great horned owls sit on top of the owl box, and they do their pounce and perch from there.

但这些猫头鹰大多拥有什么样的巢？

But what kind of nests do a lot of these owls have?

它们是在树洞里找巢吗？

Are they finding a hole in a tree?

它们是用树枝筑巢的吗？

Are they building them out of sticks?

它们是找其他废弃的巢吗？

Are they finding another abandoned nest?

我知道鸽子不擅长筑巢，因为如果它们在悬崖上，根本不需要筑得好。

I know pigeons suck at nesting because they don't really need to be good at it if they're on a cliff.

那猫头鹰呢？

But what about owls?

是的。

Yeah.

猫头鹰不会自己筑巢。

Owls don't build their own nests.

哦。

Oh.

你的观察是正确的。

Your observation is correct.

但它们会寻找多种不同类型的巢。

But they will seek several different kinds of nests.

正如你所指出的，它们会寻找并使用老鹰等猛禽的废弃巢穴，以及乌鸦的巢穴。

As you noted, they will find and use old abandoned raptor nests, nests of ravens.

它们有时会在树杈处筑巢，那里堆积了大量杂物。

They will sometimes nest in the crotch of a tree where there's accumulated debris.

它们会在巫婆扫帚状的植物丛中筑巢。

They will nest in witches' brooms.

它们会在大的树洞中筑巢。

They'll nest in big cavities.

如果一棵树的顶部被折断，就像原始森林中的情况，许多老树因疾病或真菌而变得虚弱，一场风暴就会将树顶折断。

If a tree is broken off at the top like an old growth forest, a lot of times older trees get weakened by disease or fungus and a windstorm will break the top of the tree.

经过十到十五年的腐烂，那里会形成一个浅浅的凹陷，它们就会在那个凹陷中筑巢。

And ten or fifteen years of rotting, there's a shallow depression there, and they will nest inside that depression.

有时候我也在凹陷处筑巢。

Sometimes I nest inside a depression sometimes.

我还以为Rocky只是在开玩笑，但巫婆的扫帚真的是存在的。

Also, I thought Rocky was just being cute, but a witch's broom is a real thing.

我之前根本不知道这个。

I did not know this.

当一棵树感染了病原体或出现异常生长时，它会长出一团奇怪的卷曲小枝条。

And when a tree has a pathogen or some wonky growth, it can grow this clot of weird little curly branches.

它们看起来就像鸟巢。

They look like a bird's nest.

以至于猫头鹰用它们那像香肠一样的眼睛看到后，会说：‘嘿，没错。’

So much so that owls see it with their sausage eyes, they say, hell, yeah.

我现在就住在那里。

I live there now.

它们不会添加任何材料。

And they don't put any kind of material.

它们只是把蛋直接下在现有的地方。

They just whatever's there, they just lay their eggs on

它。

it.

而且，

And,

当然，大雕鸮和其他一些猫头鹰会像这些鸽子一样在悬崖上筑巢。

of course, great horned owls and some other owls will nest in cliffs just like these pigeons will.

但鸽子通常会建一个简陋的小巢。

But the pigeons usually build a little flimsy nest.

它们不是出色的筑巢者，但确实会筑巢，而猫头鹰则不会。

They're not great nest builders, but they do build a nest, whereas the owls don't.

在你的情况中，正如你提到的，我在想，也许盒子上的洞口对大雕鸮来说不够大。

And in your, your, your situation, as you mentioned that I was thinking, well, maybe the size of the hole in the box is not big enough for a grain horned owl.

这是一个可能性。

That's a possibility.

通常，不同猫头鹰的活动范围会重叠吗？还是说一个地方只要一对猫头鹰就够了？如果不同物种的猫头鹰在一起，它们会互相捕食吗？

Typically, will you have owls that overlap in range, or are they like one pair of owls is enough for one place, or will they start eating each other if they're a different species?

我们可能在谈论两件不同的事，但让我们按顺序来讨论。

We might be talking about two different things, but let's take these in order.

所以，如果你说的是同一物种，成对的个体可以相邻分布，家园范围也会有少量重叠。

So if you're talking about the same species, there can be adjacency in pairs and some small overlap in the home range.

但在它们的家园范围内，有一片区域是被保卫的，我们称之为领地。

But they have inside that home range is an area that is defended and we call that the territory.

这是一个专属区域。

And that's an exclusive zone.

如果它们知道有其他猫头鹰夫妇靠近，就会驱赶它们，不许进入这片领地。

So they will exclude any other owl pair from coming in into that territory if they know they're there.

鸣叫的一个目的就是宣告领地，告诉别人：别进来。

And that's one of the purposes of hooting is to announce the territory and to tell people, stay out of here.

这是我的地盘。

This is my place.

走开。

Leave.

滚开。

Get out.

但还有一个关于不同猫头鹰物种的问题。

But then there's the other question about different species of owls.

我们对此进行过研究，发现那些生活在同一栖息地的猫头鹰（即同域分布的物种），只有在食物不同或体型差异明显时才能共存，这表明它们在营养级或觅食方式上存在某种差异。

And we have done research on this and we find that owls that are syntopic, that is occurring in the very same habitat, can only coexist if they're eating different foods or they're different body sizes, which suggests that there's something going on with the trophic level or the way they forage.

因此，它们的体型必须有足够的差异，才能在同一个栖息地中共存。

So they have to be big enough difference in size for them to coexist in the same habitat.

但很多时候，体型小的猫头鹰会冒险出现在大型猫头鹰的栖息地中，因为它们可能会被吃掉。

But a lot of times, the little owls are taking their chance being in the habitat of the bigger ones because they'll get eaten.

是的，我本来想说，对它们来说，小猫头鹰就像小火鸡一样。

Yeah, I was going to say, like little Cornish game hens to them.

人们应该安装猫头鹰箱吗？

Should people put up owl boxes?

如果有人想在院子里吸引猫头鹰，最好的方法是什么？

If someone wants to have an owl in their yard, what's the best way to do it?

这 again 取决于你住在哪里。

Again, it depends on where one lives.

但在郊区，如果树木足够多，通常会有一些小猫头鹰，比如侏儒猫头鹰或鸣角鸮，你可以吸引它们在那里栖息。

But very often in suburban areas, if there are sufficient trees, there's often small owls around like pygmy owls or screech owls, and you can entice them to live there.

而对于这些小型猫头鹰来说，树洞常常是限制因素。

And very often, holes are a limiting factor for these small owls.

因此，安装巢箱很可能吸引它们前来。

So putting up nest boxes, you very well might attract now.

当然，如果你住在乡下，可能会吸引各种各样的猫头鹰。

And of course, if you live out in the country, then there's all kinds of owls that you might be able to attract.

因此，可以安装更大的或中等大小的巢箱等等。

And therefore, can put larger boxes or medium sized boxes and so forth.

但你必须小心，因为如果你把可能互相捕食的猫头鹰安置得太近，可能会适得其反。

But you have to be careful about this because you put owls in proximity that liable to eat each other, you might be doing something counterproductive.

所以，在吸引猫头鹰时要谨慎选择目标。

So be careful about what you're trying to attract.

你应该把巢箱安装在树上，还是放在独立的杆子上更好？

Should you mount the box to a tree, or is it better on a freestanding pole?

大概还是安装在树上比较好。

Probably anywhere on a tree.

但无论你把它放在杆子上还是树上，通常最好加装某种屏障，防止浣熊或其他动物顺着杆子爬上来偷袭。

But if you put it on a pole or on a tree, it's often helpful to place some kind of a barrier that a raccoon or other animal can't go up the pole to get it.

因为如果浣熊能爬上杆子或树，把爪子伸进去抓走小猫头鹰当晚餐，它一定会这么做。

Because if a raccoon can climb up a pole or a tree and reach its little paw inside and grab an owlet for dinner, it'll do that.

可怜的小猫头鹰。

Poor little baby owls.

猫头鹰是好父母吗？

Are owls good parents?

它们是非常称职的父母。

They are wonderful parents.

这是关于猫头鹰的一点。

And this is one thing about owls.

它们在雄性和雌性之间有着明确的分工。

They have a strong division of labor between the male and the female.

通常，雄性猫头鹰比雌性更小。

So typically, the male owl is smaller than the female.

关于这种反向性二态性——雄性较小、雌性较大——有许多假说。

There's lots of hypotheses about why there's this reverse sexual dimorphism, the males being smaller and the females being larger.

无论如何，雄性主要负责提供食物。

Be that as it may, the male is primarily the provider of food.

它们外出觅食、捕捉猎物，然后带回给坐在巢中的雌性。

They go out and forage and catch prey, bring them back to the female who's sitting on the nest.

雌性在产卵后，主要独自孵蛋并照顾幼鸟，而雄性则为它提供食物。

And the female, basically, after she's laid the egg, she incubates them by herself and primarily broods the young, and the male brings her food.

短尾王。

Short king.

她只在排便、梳理羽毛或外出接收猎物时才会离开巢穴。

She only leaves the nest to defecate and to do feather maintenance and the like, or come out and receive prey.

扎克·佩里，我是威斯康星大学的同事，他有一位研究生叫西恩娜·祖鲁。

Zach Perry, one of my colleagues that I work with at the University of Wisconsin, he had a graduate student, Sienna Zulu.

西恩娜会爬到这些树上，在巢里安装夜视摄像头，以确定猎物是什么。

And Sienna would climb up these trees and put a night camera on the nest and would determine what the prey was.

在这段视频中，你首先看到一只雄性猫头鹰飞来降落，放下一只林鼠，然后另一只雌性猫头鹰从别处飞来进入巢中。

And in this particular video, you first see a male owl coming in and landing and depositing a wood rat, and then the female coming from somewhere else and going into the nest.

接着你看到小猫头鹰探出头来。但通常情况下，雄性会带着猎物来到巢边，发出轻柔的叫声或鸣叫，雌性就会从巢中出来，雄性飞到她身边，她从他口中接过猎物，然后返回巢中。

And then you see the little baby pop up its But normally what happens is the male will arrive at the nest with a prey item, and he'll give a soft call or a hoot, and the female will come out of the nest and then he'll fly over to her and she takes it from him and then she goes back in.

由于幼鸟太小，无法自己处理猎物，雌性会把猎物撕成小块喂给它们。

And because the young are too small to really handle the prey, she'll tear it apart and feed them bits.

那些它们无法吃掉的部分，比如头骨，她就直接丢到巢外。

And the things that they can't eat like the skull, she just pops them down.

给妈妈的外卖，床上早餐，新鲜的死老鼠。

A delivery for mom, breakfast in bed, fresh dead rodents.

当你有毛茸茸的小猫头鹰在尖叫时，每一天都是母亲节。

When you've got fuzzy tiny screaming owlets, every day is Mother's Day.

什么共同育儿？

What co parenting?

有一次，我有个项目负责人正在加利福尼亚南部的圣贝纳迪诺山脉领导一个项目，名叫比尔·拉海。

So one time, I had a project leader who was leading one of the project in Southern California in the San Bernardino Mountains, Bill Lahay.

他给我打电话说，我想给你看看这个鸟巢。

And he called me up and he said, I want to show you this nest.

他说，这只雌鸟已经整整两周没有离开过巢了。

He said, This female has not moved off the nest for like two weeks.

我说，这挺奇怪的。

And I said, That's pretty weird.

因为通常当我们想确认是否有鸟巢时，会给雄鸟喂一只老鼠，看它会不会把老鼠带回巢，然后我们跟着它穿过森林找到巢穴。

Because oftentimes when you feed the male a mouse to try to determine whether or not they have a nest because the male will take the mouse the nest and you chase them through the forest while they find to the nest.

这就是我们定义鸟巢的方式。

And that's how we define the nest.

但这只雌鸟并没有这么做。

Anyway, this female wasn't doing that.

所以我们过去看了看，能看见那只雌鸟的头，只有头顶部分，还有它那断裂树顶上翘起的尾巴。

So we went out and looked at it and you could see the female's head, just the top of her head and this broken top tree and her tail sticking up.

我们绕着它走来走去，仔细观察了又观察。

And we walked around and looked at this and looked at this.

我对他说，你应该爬到旁边那棵树上，往里看看到底发生了什么。

And I said, you ought to climb this adjacent tree and just look in there and see what's going on.

于是比尔，作为经验丰富的攀树专家，迅速爬上了树，往里一看，说：‘我觉得它可能死了。’

So Bill, being an expert tree climber, he scrambles up the tree and looks in and he says, I think she's dead.

我说：‘是的。’

I said, Yeah.

于是他爬下来，戴上攀树刺钉，又爬上了那棵断顶的树。

So he came back down and he put some climbing spurs on and went up this broken top tree.

他伸手进去，发现那只雌鸟已经死亡，蛋就躺在它的胸脯上。

And he reaches in there and this female had died and the egg was in her breast.

换句话说，我们推测，它是在等待期间饿死的。

So in other words, she starved to death, we think, while waiting for the thing.

她如此顽强，嗯，这正是我们所推测的。

She was so tenacious to Well, this is what we're speculating.

她不愿意放弃孵化那枚蛋。

She didn't want to give up incubating that egg.

如果那年食物匮乏，雄鸟无法为她带来食物，她就尽可能坚持下去，但最终为时已晚。

And so if it was a bad year and the male couldn't bring her nest, she just hung on as long as she could, and then it was too late.

但另一种可能是她得了某种疾病，或发生了其他状况，但看起来她只是因饥饿而死，因为她已经严重消瘦。

But the alternative, of course, is if she got some disease or something happened to her, but it didn't look like anything other than she had starved to death because she was emaciated.

所以这真的很令人难过，但这也印证了你的观点——它们是称职的父母。

So it was really it was sort of sad, but it but it gets to your point about being, you know, good parents.

我的意思是，它们是非常坚韧的父母。

I mean, they are tenacious parents.

它们会悉心照顾自己的幼崽。

They will take care of their young.

正如我们在《海獭学》这一集中提到的，那期节目深刻揭露了海獭的行为：一只母海獭可能已濒临死亡，因为她正在哺乳已经足够大、可以自己觅食的幼崽，但幼崽仍不断回到乳头吸吮。

So as we mentioned in the Lutrinology episode, which was a devastating expose on otter behavior, A mother otter might be on the brink of death because she's nursing offspring who are old enough to forage on their own, and they just keep going back to the teat.

这事本来轮不到我操心，但我真的被那些水獭幼崽气到了。

And this is none of my business, but I'm pissed at those otter children.

另外，下周我们会继续探讨斑点猫头鹰的生态，以及全球哪些猫头鹰是最濒危的物种。

Also, next week, we're gonna talk more about spotted owl ecology and which owls in the world are the most threatened.

不过现在大家该怎么知道自己家附近有没有住猫头鹰呢？

But how can you know right now if you are neighbors with an owl?

是不是如果在某个区域发现了猫头鹰的食丸，就说明这附近有猫头鹰的巢穴？

Do you know you've got an owl nest around if you see pellets in a certain area?

还有，为什么它们和其他鸟类不一样，非得吐出一团混着绒毛和骨头的东西呢？

And, also, why do they, unlike all these other birds, have to of barf up a clot of lint and bones?

如果你发现了食丸，这不一定代表附近有猫头鹰的巢穴，因为猫头鹰可能在别处筑巢，只是来这个栖息点停留，在那里吐出食丸。

If you find pellets, that does not necessarily mean that there's an owl nest nearby because an owl could be nesting somewhere else and roosting there and depositing pellets at the roost.

另外插一句，鸟巢是它们给自己的雏鸟保暖、喂食的地方。

And a nest, side note, is where they warm and they feed them babies.

但栖息点可以是它们白天喜欢打盹、放松休息的附近地点。

But a roost can be a nearby spot that they like to nap during the day, just generally chill.

通常意味着巢穴就在附近，但不一定特别近。

Usually means that the nest is somewhere in proximity, but not necessarily all that close.

还有就是，正如你提到的，关于这些粪团。

And the other thing is about these pellets, as you mentioned.

于是我开始想，研究粪团叫什么来着？

So I started thinking about, what do you call it when you study pellets?

不知道。

Don't know.

因为你知道有粪便学，对吧？

Because see there's scatology, right?

就是研究粪便的学科。

Whether it's the study of feces.

我开始试着查清楚，看了很多书，搜了很多资料，但都没找到相关信息。

And I started trying to figure this out, reading books and looking things up and couldn't find anything about it.

我想你或许可以叫它‘呕吐学’，因为它们会把粪团吐出来。

I guess you could call it barfology, where they're barfing these pellets up.

对我来说是肯定的。

It's a yes for me.

但让我先退一步说，鸟类会吐出超过300种不同物种的粪便团。

But let me back up one second here, is that pellets are cast by over 300 species of birds.

哦。

Oh.

所以这并不仅限于猫头鹰。

So it's not restricted to owls.

很多很多物种都会这样，但猫头鹰吐出的粪便团似乎最大、最显著。

So lots and lots of species do this, but the owls seem to form the biggest massive ones.

结果发现，鸟类的胃分为两部分。

And it turns out that the avian stomach has two parts.

其中一部分是像我们胃一样的腺体部分。

And one is a glandular part like our stomach.

它们称之为前胃。

They call it proventriculus.

另一部分是肌胃，也就是我们所说的砂囊。

And then the other part is the ventriculus, which is what we think of as the gizzard.

所以你有一个真正的胃，还有一个叫做砂囊的研磨器官。

So you have this real stomach and then this grinding organ called the gizzard.

所有柔软的部分会在胃部被消化分解，然后移动到砂囊中被进一步磨碎。

And all the soft parts get sort of digested and broken down in the stomach part and then move over to the gizzard where it's more finely ground up.

以猫头鹰为例，它们胃酸的pH值比猛禽要高。

Well, in the case of the owl, it turns out that the pH of their stomach acids is higher than a raptor, for example.

比如猛禽的pH值大约是1.8左右，而猫头鹰的pH值大约是2.5。

So a raptor is like a pH of 1.8 or something like that, and an owl is like 2.5.

而更高的pH值意味着酸性更弱。

And higher pH, remember, means it's a weaker acid.

这听起来有点让人困惑，我知道。

Confusing, I know.

但这个差异已经足够大，导致它们无法消化那些大骨头、毛发和其他类似物质。

But that's enough of a difference that they cannot digest these big bones, the hair and all that sort of stuff.

而许多典型的猛禽能够消化大部分骨头。

Whereas many of the typical raptors, they digest a lot of the bones.

它们仍然会吐出食团，但会消化一些小骨头。

They still cast pellets and stuff, but they'll digest some of the small bones.

猫头鹰则不会这样。

The owls don't do that.

因此，在软组织被消化并移向砂囊的同时，那些无法被分解的不可消化部分会被推到胃的顶部，并在那里压实。

And so as the soft parts are being digested and moved to the gizzard, the other undigestible parts that can't be broken down are pushed to the top of the stomach and sort of compacted there.

一旦消化过程完成，这些物质会形成一个小垫状物，看起来像一小坨粪便，具体大小取决于猫头鹰的体型——猫头鹰越大，食团也越大。

Then once the digestion process is completed, it is formed this little mat that looks like a little turd, depending on the size of the owl, the bigger the owl, the bigger the pellet.

然后它们会把食团吐出来。

Then they upchuck them.

它们会呕吐出来。

They barf them up.

医生。

Doctor.

美味。

Delicious.

医生。

Doctor.

人们推测，制作并吐出这个粪球所需的时间可能与它们摄入的餐食大小有关。

People have speculated that this is a constant The time it takes them to make this pellet and regurgitate it is probably related to the size of the meal that they get in there.

实际上我认为，在某些情况下，如果他们的粪球已经形成，而你此时提供一只猎物，我见过它们先看看猎物，然后开始吐出粪球，接着再下来吃你刚放出来的那只。

And I actually think that in some circumstances, if their pellet is already formed and you offer them a prey, I've seen them actually look at the prey and then start up chucking a pellet and then come down and get the one that you just put it out.

它们就像是在说：让我腾点空间。

They're like, let me make a little room.

但它们无法立即形成新的粪球。

But they can't form it immediately.

它们基本上是在说：好了，咱们赶紧开始吧。

They're basically saying, well, you know, let's get their show on the road here.

我可以问一些听众的问题吗？

Can I ask you some questions from listeners?

你还好吗？

Are you doing okay?

我知道我占用了你不少时间。

I know I've kept you.

不。

No.

我我

I I

我有的是时间，你尽管说。

got I got all the time you want.

好的。

Okay.

太棒了。

Amazing.

我太喜欢这个了。

I love this.

所以去问有远见的人一些模糊的问题。

So ask visionary people blurry questions.

再次非常感谢R。

And thank you so much again to R.

J。

J.

感谢Rocky Gutierrez不仅参加本周的节目，下周也会继续参与。

Rocky Gutirez for being on, not just this week, but next week as well.

我们会有第二部分。

We'll have part two.

节目说明中提供了链接，可以了解更多关于Rocky的信息，当然我们也会在网站上发布更多研究内容。

We have links in the show notes to find out more about Rocky, and, of course, we post more research on our website.

网址是allywar.com/ologies/strigiformology。

This will be at allywar.com/ologies/strigiformology.

下周我们将回归，解答你们所有关于猫头鹰的有趣问题，比如议会、谷仓、横斑鸮，是否应该对你的猫头鹰朋友呼啸，预兆、民间传说，不该在院子里放什么，一起让侦探和鸟类学家都困惑的凶杀案，还有更多内容。

Next week, we are back with all of your juicy owl questions like parliaments, barns, barred owls, if you should hoot at your owl friends, omens, folklore, what not to put in your yard, a homicide case that has baffled detectives and ornithologists alike, and so much more.

所以请继续关注，下周回来收看第二部分。

So stay tuned and come back for that part two next week.

我们在蓝鸟上也有Ologies的Instagram账号。

And we are at Ologies on Instagram at blue sky.

我在两个平台上都是Allie Ward。

I'm at Allie Ward on both.

Smologies是更短、更适合孩子的节目，可在任何播客平台收听。

Smologies are shorter kid friendly episodes available wherever you find podcasts.

只需搜索Smologies，拼写为s m o l o g I e s。

Just search Smologies, s m o l o g I e s.

Ologies的周边商品有托特包、T恤和帽子，可在ologiesmerch.com购买。

Ologies merch has totes and shirts and hats at ologiesmerch.com.

感谢在patreon.com/ologies上支持本节目的赞助者。

Thank you to patrons at patreon.com/ologies for supporting the show.

他们还能优先购买现场活动的门票，这也是每月一美元加入的另一项福利。

They also get first dibs on tickets for live events, which is another perk for a dollar a month if you join.

也要感谢 Erin Talbert，她负责管理 Ologies 播客的 Facebook 群组。

Thank you also to Erin Talbert who admins the Ologies podcast Facebook group.

Evelyn Malik 负责制作我们的专业字幕文本。

Evelyn Malik makes our professional transcripts.

Kelly Ardwyer 负责维护网站。

Kelly Ardwyer does the website.

夜间与日间节目排期制作人是 Noel Dilworth。

Nocturnal and diurnal scheduling producer is Noel Dilworth.

我们的细致入微的运营总监是 Susan Hale。

Our eagle eyed managing director is Susan Hale.

负责剪辑的两位是 Jake Chaffee 和首席剪辑师 Mercedes Maitland，来自 Maitland Audio。

The pair of editors sharing the branch is Jake Chaffee and lead editor, Mercedes Maitland of Maitland Audio.

Nick Thorburn 创作了我们的主题音乐。

Nick Thorburn, who did out the theme music.

如果你坚持听到最后，我知道我可能会告诉你一个秘密。

And if you stick around until the very end, you know, I might tell you a secret.

不管你想不想听，我都要告诉你一个秘密。

I will tell you a secret whether you want to or not.

这周的秘密是：每当我需要通过SD卡从录音设备向笔记本电脑传输文件时，我都得用一个转接器。

And this week, it's that whenever I have to transfer files via an SD card from my recording device onto my laptop, I have to use a dongle.

对吧？

Right?

因为2025年的生活已经够难了。

Because life isn't hard enough in 2025.

但还有一个小秘密。

But a little secret.

我通常直接把转接器拔出来，从不正经点弹出图标。

I usually just rip the dongle out without properly hitting the eject icon.

我知道总有一天这会毁了我，但到目前为止我都侥幸逃过了。

And I know one day this is gonna ruin my life, but I've gotten away with it thus far.

所以，你可以安慰我，告诉我这没关系，也可以狠狠吓唬我一下，让我改掉这个习惯。

So feel free to either, like, soothe my soul and tell me it's fine, or you can scare me straight on this one.

提前感谢你。

I appreciate it in advance.

好的。

Okay.

下周会有更多OWLs和Rocky。

More OWLs, more Rocky next week.

太棒了。

It's so good.

好的。

Okay.

再见。

Bye bye.

厚皮病学。

Pachydermatology.

掌纹学。

Palmiology.

神秘动物学。

Cryptozoology.

岩石学。

Litology.

纳米技术。

Nanotechnology.

气象学。

Meteorology.

猫头鹰真美。

The owls are beautiful.