火山学（火山）与杰丝·菲尼克斯

因此，即使是现代，火山泥流——也就是火山碎屑流——也极其危险。

So volcanic mudflows, lahars, are incredibly dangerous even in modern era.

这时我才意识到，作为一个国家，美国遍布着火山。

This is where I find out that America as a nation is rife with volcanoes.

我们这儿火山多得不得了。

We're just lousy with them.

有这么多火山。

So many volcanoes.

在美国的后院，我们拥有世界上第二多的火山数量。

Here in our backyard in The United States, we have the second highest number of volcanoes on the planet of any country.

真的吗？

Really?

我不知道这一点。

I didn't know that.

我的意思是，

I mean,

那夏威夷算不算在内？

does that that counts Hawaii?

是的。

Yep.

它包括阿拉斯加、夏威夷、俄勒冈、华盛顿、加利福尼亚、内华达、黄石地区或怀俄明州的黄石。

It counts Alaska, Hawaii, Oregon, Washington, California, Nevada, Yellowstone or Yellowstone in Wyoming.

我的意思是，整个美国西部，大多数州——我觉得很多州都有过火山活动的区域。

I mean, the whole Western US, most of the states well, I'd say a lot of the states have areas that we've had volcanic activity.

任何有温泉的地方，温泉都是地热的。

Anywhere you have hot springs, hot springs are geothermal.

所以它是由地下某处的岩浆房提供能量的。

So it is powered by a magma chamber somewhere underneath.

所以，如果你曾在科罗拉多州的格伦伍德斯普林斯享受过温暖的温泉，那就是地热的。

So if you've sat in a nice hot spring in Colorado in Glenwood Springs, for example, that's geothermal.

好的。

Alright.

我差点把提到格伦伍德温泉的这段内容删掉，因为它看起来太具体了。

I almost cut this reference to Glenwood Springs out because it seemed too specific.

然后我用谷歌图片搜索了一下，心想，这是什么地方？

And then I Google image searched it and was like, what?

这地方看起来真不错。

The place looks tight.

我想去。

I wanna go.

我们现在在哪里？

Where are we right now?

比如，我们的预警系统有多好？

Like, how good of a warning system do we have?

我们正在努力改进。

We're working on it.

好的。

Okay.

事情是这样的。

So here's the thing.

我们能做的科学研究，取决于我们有多少资金。

We can only do as much science as we have money for.

如果你家后院没有火山，你可能不会太关心火山喷发。

And if you don't have a volcano in your backyard, you might not be very concerned about volcanic eruptions.

比如说，如果你住在肯塔基州，这可能就不是你的优先事项。

Like, say, if you live in Kentucky, it might not be your priority.

现在有足够的火山学家吗？

Are there enough volcanologists out there?

你知道，人数是不少的，而且我希望还能更多一些。

You know, there there's a good number, and, you know, I wish there could be more.

但再说一遍，这全看资金从哪里来。

But, again, it's all about where you're gonna get the funding from.

这适用于任何科学领域。

That's like any science.

而且除非火山夺走了你家人的生命，否则情况并不会像你所想的那样。

And it's not as, like you know, unless a volcano has killed a family member.

比如，如果癌症夺走了你家人的生命。

Like, cancer has killed your family member.

对。

Right.

如果癌症夺走了你家人的生命，你就更有可能捐钱给癌症研究。

If cancer's killed your family member, you're going to be more likely to donate to cancer research.

但在火山夺走你家人的生命之前，你大概不会捐钱给火山研究。

But until a volcano kills your family member, you're probably not gonna donate for volcano research.

这是个非常好的观点。

That's a very good point.

所以我们不需要更多的火山去夺走更多人的生命。

So we don't need more volcanoes killing more family members.

这就是我的问题。

That's my problem.

所以这就是另一件事。

So that's that's the other thing.

这是我的矛盾。

This is my conflict.

对吧？

Right?

所以如果我听说火山喷发了，一方面我的第一反应是：天哪。

So if I hear about a volcano going off, my instinct on on one hand is to go, oh my god.

是的。

Yes.

这太惊人了。

That's amazing.

我想去看看。

I wanna go see it.

但另一方面，我又想：哦，不。

And then on the other hand, I go, oh, no.

我不禁想，有没有人正好在那场喷发的路径上。

I wonder if anyone's in the path of that eruption.

我真的希望没有人受到火山灰或有毒气体的影响。

I really hope no one's affected by the ash cloud or by the gases.

嗯哼。

Mhmm.

所以我总是处于矛盾之中，我的很多同事也一样。

So I'm constantly torn between, like and and a lot of my colleagues are the same.

我们真的很想亲眼看看大自然的威力。

Like, we really want we're like, we wanna see this nature in action.

但与此同时，我们又会说：哎呀，真糟。

Like and then at the same time, we're like, oh, ouch.

所以我们并不希望有人丧生，但又非常渴望获得更多数据。

So we don't really want people to die, but we totally want more data.

所以我们真的很想看到这些现象发生。

So we we wanna see this stuff happen.

而且，这很酷。

Plus, it's cool.

熔岩很酷。

Lava is cool.

火山喷发的景象令人惊叹。

Eruptions are amazing to witness.

我只是希望我们能更有效地将人们转移到安全地带。

And I just wish that there was a way that we could move people to safety more effectively.

所以这就是

And so that's what a

许多灾害预防工作所关注的。

lot of disaster preparedness works on.

好的。

Alright.

这是杰斯的公益公告。

Here's the PSA from Jess.

我来转达一下。

I'm gonna relay it.

显然，如果你住在南加州，你需要准备一个地震应急包。

If you live in Southern California, you need to have an earthquake preparedness kit, apparently.

你应该为家里的每个人至少准备五天的物资。

You should have five days worth of supplies minimum for every person in the household.

你应该制定一个计划，不仅是为自己，也要为你的宠物、孩子，或者任何你关心的重要的人考虑。

You should have a plan, not just for yourself, but for your pets or for your kids of anyone important who you care about dying.

我不知道。

I don't know.

你一周里任何一天会在哪里见面。

Where you're gonna meet on any given day of the week.

所以还要备好电池，备好食物。

So also have batteries, have food.

我得告诉你，我还没有准备地震应急包。

I will tell you, I do not have an earthquake preparedness kit yet.

我应该买一个。

I should get one.

我小时候在湾区长大，我们家有地震应急包。

I grew up in the Bay Area, we had one for earthquakes.

那是一个行李箱，里面有一加仑水，还有一些罐装青豆和罐装维也纳香肠。

And it was a suitcase that had a gallon of water and I think some canned green beans and some canned Vienna sausage.

因为香肠居然还有罐装的，这很奇怪，但我们确实有个香肠罐头，我们当时就想，不知道为啥。

Because it's weird that sausage even comes in cans, but we had a can of sausage, and we're like, I don't know.

就把这个放进地震应急包里吧。

Just put it in the earthquake kit.

所以为自己着想吧。

So do yourself a favor.

买一个地震应急包，再制定一个计划。

Get an earthquake kit and a plan.

好。

Okay.

说到成长和危险，杰斯对从事危险工作的家庭并不陌生。

Speaking of growing up and hazards, Jess is no stranger to a household that involved dangerous jobs.

这太疯狂了。

This is insane.

我父母都是联邦调查局特工。

My parents were FBI agents.

所以呢？

And so it's What?

是的。

Yeah.

因此，我选择从事火山研究，可能也没那么出人意料。

So the fact that I went into volcano research is probably not that out of left field.

就像我得做点酷的事，但又不能像特工那样。

It's like I had to do something cool, but like everything agents.

你能说说他们

Can you say what they

哦，是的。

Oh, yeah.

那到底是怎么回事？

What the deal was?

他们的情况是，我妈妈是联邦调查局最早一批女性特工之一，因为她是在七十年代加入的。

They were well, my mom was one of the first wave of female agents in the bureau because she joined in the seventies.

而我爸爸，你知道的，他是个律师。

And my dad, know, he was a lawyer.

当你加入联邦调查局时，你基本上要么是律师，要么是会计师，或者像专家那样的人。

When you joined the FBI then, you basically were a lawyer, an accountant, or like expert.

我妈妈是语言专家。

My mom was a language expert.

所以她会说西班牙语，从小就开始教我。

So she spoke Spanish, and she taught me when I was a kid.

而我爸爸则利用他律师的背景专精于某方面。

And my dad specialized with his lawyer background.

他负责白领犯罪案件，然后参与了一些打击帮派的任务，之后又转做网络安全工作。

He did white collar crime, and then he did a bit of gang task force work, and then he did cybersecurity.

而我妈妈是恐怖主义和外国反间谍领域的专家。

And my mom was a terrorism and foreign counterintelligence expert.

天哪。

Oh my god.

那他们对你的职业有什么看法？

So what do they think of your career?

是这样的，我妈妈就是那种会说‘宝贝，快从那个火山口出来’的人。

They are well, my mom is the one who was like, honey, get out of that volcanic vent.

你会受伤的。

You're going to get hurt.

然后我总是想说，嘿，妈妈，爸爸，你们上班都穿防弹背心，每天还配着枪。

And then I kind of always wanna say, hey, mom, dad, you guys took bulletproof vests to work and wore guns every day.

所以，你看，咱们得把这事儿放在合适的角度来看。

So, you know, let's let's just put it in perspective here.

但你知道，这完全取决于你感到舒适的是什么以及你擅长什么。

But, you know, it all depends on what you're comfortable with and what you're good at.

我父母都受过各种使用枪械的训练，我妈妈以前在我调皮时会说：‘我能让你消失。’

My parents are trained in using guns every which way, and my mom used to say when I would act up, she goes, I could make you disappear.

所以我一直是个乖孩子。

And so I was a good kid.

她是在开玩笑。

She was joking.

她根本不会那样做。

She would never do that.

对吧？

Right.

你知道的？

You know?

我说的是，我父母的威胁才叫厉害，而我的男朋友们都吓坏了。

It was I'm like, well, actually, my parents had good threats, and my boyfriends were all terrified.

那会

That would

有点吓人，但她妈妈太厉害了，我原谅她。

be kinda scary, but her mom's such a badass that she gets a pass from me.

说到让人起鸡皮疙瘩的事。

Speaking of goosebumpy things.

火山会呼吸。

Volcanoes breathe.

哦，这真吓人。

So Oh, that's creepy.

是的。

Yeah.

岩浆室实际上会充满然后根据情况释放岩浆。

The magma chambers actually fill and then release magma depending.

但岩浆，比如，它并不总是可见的。

But the magma, like, it's not always visible.

而当它在山顶不可见时，就意味着它正流向大海。

And when it's not visible in the summit, that means it's going out to the sea.

所以就像当它膨胀时，山顶的岩浆房正在填充，你就能看到山顶熔岩湖那里可见的熔岩。

So it's like when it would inflate, the magma chamber at the summit was filling, you could see the lava visible at the lava lake there at the summit.

嗯哼。

Mhmm.

然后当它收缩时，它就会排空，接着流向海洋。

And then when it deflates, it just kind of empties, and then it goes out to the ocean.

所以那被称为熔岩湖。

So that's called a lava lake.

可能有

There can

一个熔岩湖。

be a lava lake.

是的。

Yeah.

这其实就是字面意思，一个充满熔岩的湖泊。

It's basically what it exactly what it sounds like, a lake full of lava.

我能问个有点吓人的问题吗？

Can I ask a creepy horrible question?

当然可以。

Sure.

在火山里经常能找到人类遗骸吗？

How often are, like, human remains found in volcanoes?

因为我觉得，我们都同意，最惨的死法就是被扔进火山，或者自己跳进火山。

Because I feel like the the worst way to die, we've all agreed, is to get thrown into a volcano or to throw yourself into one.

说到这个，我就变得有点怪了。

This is where I get weird.

所以我其实已经决定，如果哪天我病重、老得动不了了，与其选择安乐死或协助自杀，我宁愿要求被扔进一座活火山里。

So I've actually decided that if, you know, if I become, like, incapacitated, I'm old, rather than doing, like, you know, euthanasia for myself, you know, assisted suicide, I would just request to be tossed in in an active volcano.

哦，绝对赞成。

Oh, hell yeah.

因为我确实有我的理由。

Because because I have reasons.

火山产生的气体，比如二氧化硫烟雾，实际上会非常、非常迅速地让你停止呼吸。

So the gases, the sulfur dioxide fumes that volcanoes produce will actually stop your breathing very, very quickly.

它们基本上会让你的呼吸道固化。

They will basically solidify your airways.

所以你会因此而死。

So you're going to die from that.

你会摔死的，如果我想的是基拉韦厄火山的话，因为我曾站在它的边缘往下看过那个熔岩湖，大概在我下方150英尺的地方，我当时就想这应该挺不错的，因为你反正会掉下去。

You're going to die from the fall if you're the one I think of is Kilauea because I've stood at the edge of it and looked down into the lava lake a couple like, a 150 feet below me and thought this would be pretty good because you're you're gonna fall.

所以你可能会在下落途中死于心脏病发作，因为太吓人了，但最终你会掉进一个温度超过1800华氏度、翻滚沸腾的熔岩湖里。

So you may die of a heart attack on the way down because you're terrified, but you're going to fall into an 1,800 degree plus roiling lake of molten rock.

所以你有三样东西会要你的命：毒气、坠落，或者熔岩本身。

And so you got three things there that are going to kill you, the gas, the fall, or the actual lava itself.

我就想，你死定了。

And I'm like, you're assured of dying.

天啊。

Oh god.

根本不会留下任何残渣。

There there will be no, like, leftovers.

不会有什么，你知道的。

There will be no, you know what?

我搞砸了。

I messed up.

事情没按预期发展。

It didn't work out right.

你完了。

You're done.

你之所以找不到人类遗骸，主要是因为所有扔进去的东西都会被分解。

So you don't find, like, human remains mainly because everything that you throw in is disintegrated.

有一次，我在基拉韦厄火山的熔岩流里弄丢了一把小刀。

Like, I lost a pocket knife in a Kilauea lava flow at one point.

这就在火山的侧面。

Like, this was on the side of the volcano.

它在流动，流过其他熔岩流，同时也流过一小片森林区域，当时它就在那里燃烧着一切。

It's flowing through you know, flowing over the other flows, and it's also flowing through a little forested area, and it was standing there, and it was burning it.

这些被称为kapuka，是夏威夷语。

Those are called kapuka, which is a Hawaiian word.

所以它当时正流经这些kapuka。

And so it was flowing through this kapuka.

这就像一条熔岩河。

And, you know, it's a like a lava river.

我有一张照片，是我用棍子戳熔岩，因为这太酷了。

I have a picture of me poking the lava with a stick because That's badass.

为了科学。

For science.

你知道的，你得用棍子去戳东西。

You know, you have to poke things with sticks.

而且那张照片挺酷的，我主要是想用棍子戳一下，结果棍子像预期的那样着火了。

Plus it was a cool picture, and I was like, I just mainly wanted to poke it on with with a stick, and the stick caught on fire as you would expect.

于是我把棍子扔了进去。

So I threw the stick in.

但后来我们穿过这片卡普卡，穿过灌木丛什么的，我当时把口袋刀夹在口袋里。

But then we were hiking through this Kapuka, like, kind of through underbrush and everything, and I had my pocket my pocket knife clipped in my pocket.

等我穿过去，发现刀不见了。

And when I got through, it was gone.

我当时就想，哦。

And I'm like, oh.

就像《周六夜现场》里杰克·汉迪说过的一句话：如果你在熔岩河里丢了钥匙，那就别找了，反正已经没了。

Like, there was a Jack Handy quote from Saturday Night Live where he said something like, if you lose your keys in a in a river of lava, you should just let them go, man, because they're gone.

是的。

Uh-huh.

而且我

And I

我当时想，天哪。

was like, oh my god.

我的小刀也遇到过同样的情况。

Had the same thing with my pocket knife.

我的刀就这么没了。

Like, my knife not coming back.

你根本找不到它。

You would never find it.

它就彻底消失了。

It would be just gone.

好的。

Okay.

所以这个问题我觉得每个人都很想知道。

So this is a question that I feel like is on everyone's mind.

行。

K.

《火山爆发》还是火山？

Dante's Peak or volcano?

好的。

Okay.

这很重要。

This is important.

这也很科学。

This is scientific too.

好吧。

Alright.

我的观点在这个情况下是科学的，但并不代表整个科学界。

My my opinion is scientific in this case, but it's not representative of the scientific community as a whole.

所以，是的，我得先做个免责声明。

So, yeah, I I have to say that disclaimer.

所以《火山爆发》有皮尔斯·布鲁斯南出演。

So Dante's Peak has Pierce Brosnan plus.

那挺好的。

That's good.

它稍微更科学一点，尽管你仍然不能开车冲进一个旧矿井来躲避火山碎屑流，是的，那行不通。

It was vaguely more scientific, although you still cannot drive a car into an old mineshaft to escape a pyroclastic flow or yeah.

就是行不通。

It just it doesn't work.

行不通的。

It doesn't work.

所以那部电影某种程度上也崩坏了。

So that one kinda breaks apart too.

但他们至少试图在《火山》中赋予它某种可信度的表象，比如拉布雷亚沥青坑不可能、也绝不会喷发，尤其不会喷出岩浆。

But they they at least tried to give it some sort of semblance of credibility in in volcano so that the tar pits the La Brea tar pits cannot and will not erupt, especially not with magma.

就像，沥青坑与我们获取石油的来源有关。

Like, the tar pits are related to what we get oil from.

就像，那是死去的恐龙骨骼。

Like, it's it's dead dinosaur bones.

你知道吧？

You know?

这是植物物质。

Like, it's plant matter.

你知道吧？

You know?

它不是它

It's not It's

完全是另一回事，是不同的东西。

a completely different It's a different thing.

就像说布丁和芝士蛋糕是一回事一样。

Like, it's different from It's like saying pudding is the same as cheesecake.

不是。

No.

对。

Right.

它们不是。

They're not.

它们是两回事。

They're two different things.

它们都是甜点。

They're both dessert.

它们是两回事。

They're two different things.

所以，你知道，就像火山和沥青坑，它们都是地上的洞，我想，但相似之处也就到此为止了。

So, you know, like like volcanoes and tar pits, they're both holes in the ground, I guess, but that's about where the similarity ends.

所以沥青坑呢，当它们你懂的？

So the tar pits, though, when they you know?

好吧。

Okay.

我们就假设它是火山活动造成的。

Let's say it was volcanic.

对吧？

Right?

如果洛杉矶的火山爆发了，那简直太棒了。

If a volcano were to erupt in LA, that'd be amazing.

但如果真的发生，你不能用新泽西路障（那些混凝土护栏）来阻挡熔岩，更不可能用公交车来阻挡。

But if it happens, you cannot stop lava with a Jersey barricade, those concrete barriers, and you definitely cannot stop it with a bus.

公交车无法阻挡熔岩流。

Buses do not stop lava flows.

我想在这里彻底澄清这一点。

I'd like to debunk that one here and once and for all.

而且确实如此。

And yeah.

我的意思是，公交车会被熔化。

I mean The bus would melt.

是的。

Yeah.

对吧？

Right?

我的意思是，它会被吞没。

Just be it would be eaten.

我的意思是，直接被吞掉。

I mean, just eaten.

而且，熔岩在冷却过程中会凝固，在夏威夷火山国家公园，有一块标志牌立在熔岩流覆盖的道路旁。

And the lava, because it's solidifying as it's cooling, there's a cool sign in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park by where lava flows overtook a road.

标志上写着‘禁止停车’，而它已经被埋得几乎只剩标志本身露在外面。

The sign says no parking, and it's buried, like, up almost to the sign itself.

整个标志的立杆都被好几英尺厚的熔岩流覆盖，只剩下那块写着‘禁止停车’的牌子露在外面。

Like, the whole the the stand for the sign, the pole is covered in, like, several feet of lava flows, and then there's just this sign sticking out that says no parking.

所以，你知道吗，那个金属杆现在已经变成岩石的一部分了。

So it didn't you know, it it the the metal pole is now part of the rock.

就像，哦

Like, it's Oh

我的天。

my god.

这些熔岩流足够冷却，你知道的，它仍然在里面。

Those flows were cool enough that, you know, it's it's still you know, it's in there.

但你知道，你往熔岩里扔的任何东西都会分解。

But, know, you anything else you toss into lava is gonna disintegrate.

但有趣的是人类遗骸。

But the cool thing is human remains.

因为我主修历史，所以我对任何与火山有关的人类互动都特别着迷。

Because I was a history major, so I geek out on any of the human interactions with the volcanoes.

你会在火山周围发现岩画。

You will find petroglyphs around, you know, volcanoes.

你会发现古代夏威夷人，也就是原住民夏威夷人，把死者埋在熔岩管里。

You will find that the ancient Hawaiians, native Hawaiians buried people in lava tubes.

也就是说，当熔岩流经后，留下了一个空的岩石管道。

So they were the where the lava had flowed through, and then there was this empty tube of rock.

他们就是在那里安葬逝者的。

That's where they buried their dead.

我的意思是，他们并没有那种可以埋葬人的大片土地。

I mean, they don't have like nice big dirt plots where you can put people in.

他们就是这么做的。

That's how they did it.

所以你不要进入熔岩管。

So you don't go into lava tubes.

如果你是夏威夷的游客，千万别这么做。

If you're a tourist in Hawaii, don't do it.

不要进入熔岩管，除非是那些在火山观测站附近为公众设置的。

Don't go in a lava tube, except for the ones that they've set up for the public, you know, near the volcano observatory.

那样是可以的。

That's okay.

这就像走过一个敞开的墓地吗？

Is it like walking through an open graveyard?

是的

Yeah.

这基本上是在亵渎别人的祖先遗骸。

It's basically desecrating somebody's ancient family members.

所以你不能这么做。

So you don't do it.

同样的事情也发生过。

And then the same thing.

在智利，有一座火山，人们可能听说过。

Well, in Chile, there's a volcano there that people may have heard about.

他们在那儿发现了被献祭的孩子的木乃伊遗体。

They found mummified remains of kids up there who were sacrificed.

他们基本上是被下了药，然后被带到山顶，因为那里海拔很高，他们因暴露在恶劣环境中而死亡，并被自然风干成了木乃伊。

And they were basically drugged and then led up to the summit because it's very high, and they died of exposure, and they were mummified.

但其中一人还被雷击中了，这太疯狂了。

But one of them was struck by lightning too, which was crazy.

但你会在火山和火山周围发现他们，但绝对不可能在火山内部。

But you you find them on volcanoes and around volcanoes, but definitely never in.

因为，我的意思是，熔岩会把你直接融化。

Because, I mean, the lava just melts you.

哇哦。

Wow.

所以，你的工作里也有类似人类学的部分吗？

So there's so is there, like, an anthropological, like, part of your job too?

从技术上讲，没有。

Not not technically.

但如果你要做什么的话，其实要看具体情况。

But if I if I were to like, depends on what you're doing, really.

因为我曾在世界各地许多地方工作过，所以我总是尽量尊重当地文化。

I because I've worked in so many places around the world, I try to be really sensitive to the local cultures.

你不想冒犯任何人长期持有的信仰，即使那个文化已经不复存在，主要是因为你可能会破坏某种历史遗迹。

You don't wanna be disrespecting somebody's long held beliefs, even if it's a culture that's no longer there, mainly because you could be ruining some sort of historical artifact too.

这一切都有助于我们理解周围的世界。

And it it all has value to understanding the world around us.

所以我喜欢学习一切知识。

So I love learning everything.

有些科学家更加专注和专业化。

And there are scientists who are more focused and more specialized.

但对我来说，如果我所在的地方有着当地人与火山长期互动的丰富历史，那就会让我觉得格外有趣。

But for me, I mean, if I'm in an area that has an extensive history of the locals interacting with the volcanoes, then it makes it extra interesting for me.

我喜欢了解山峰的历史名称。

And I like to learn the historic names of mountains.

比如俄勒冈州的火山口湖。

For example, Crater Lake in Oregon.

它原本叫马扎马山，我认为——当然如果我说错了请纠正，因为网上可以查到——

It was originally called Mount Mazama, and it was considered, I believe and somebody will correct me if I'm wrong because it'll be on the Internet.

马扎马山被当地原住民视为神灵，或是神灵的居所。

Mount Mazama was, I think it was considered a deity or the home of a deity by the local indigenous people.

但马扎马火山把一切都喷没了。

So but Mazama blew everything.

它把山顶炸飞了。

It blew its top off.

它几乎坍塌了，并发生了壮观的喷发。

Essentially, it collapsed and spectacular eruption.

你看到的那个巨大陨石坑，如果你从坑壁连线到原来的山顶，那就是马扎马火山原来的规模。

And it that that massive crater you see, like, if you actually were to draw a line from where the crater walls are up to a peak, like, that's how big Mazama was.

天啊。

Oh my god.

所以它以前要大得多。

So it was much bigger.

是的。

Yeah.

优胜美地也是这样吗？

And Yosemite is or not?

黄石公园。

Yellowstone.

而黄石公园本质上就是一个巨大的火山。

And Yellowstone is essentially just one big volcano.

哦，黄石公园，是的。

Oh, Yellowstone is yeah.

黄石公园太疯狂了。

Yellowstone's crazy.

那些就是超级火山。

That's those are supervolcanoes.

实际上它们就是被这么称呼的。

That's there's actually what they call them.

所以，你知道的，感谢BBC通过那部关于超级火山的伪纪录片普及了这个概念。

So, you know, thank you BBC for popularizing that with the supervolcanoes pseudodocumentary.

它虽然是虚构的，但里面确实包含了很多优秀的科学内容。

It was fictionalized, but it did have a lot of good science in it.

所以如果人们想看比《火山》或《末日崩塌》更准确但同样精彩的影片，不妨看看BBC的《超级火山》，那部真的很棒。

So if people wanna see something that's more accurate but still cool than than volcano or Dante's Peak, check out Super Volcanoes by the BBC because that is cool.

里面有很多扎实的科学内容，还解释了黄石公园有多么庞大。

They have a lot of good science in there, and it explains that Yellowstone is massive.

火山学家有一个叫做VEI的等级体系。

And volcanologists have a scale called the VEI index.

也就是火山爆发指数，最高达到8级。

It's the volcanic explosivity index, and it goes up to an eight.

而黄石火山的喷发等级是8级。

And Yellowstone erupts at an eight.

哇哦。

Woah.

而0级就是夏威夷式的喷发。

And zero is the Hawaiian eruptions.

不是。

No.

是的。

Yeah.

那是零级。

That's a zero.

圣海伦斯火山，我想——我看看，我忘了圣海伦斯火山的具体细节了，但它的级别相当低。

Mount Saint Helens was, I think and I'm gonna I see I forgot my Saint Helens trivia, but it was pretty low.

它大概是三级或四级。

It was, like, a three or four.

所以黄石公园是八级吗？

So And Yellowstone is an eight?

是的。

Yeah.

当圣海伦斯火山喷发时，人们不知道火山会从侧面横向喷发。

When Saint Helens Erupted, people didn't know that volcanoes could erupt laterally out the side.

哦，对。

Oh, right.

是的。

Yeah.

因为那简直就像一个弹射物喷出了火山灰。

Because it really it was almost like a projectile vomited ash.

山体滑坡引发了火山喷发。

A landslide triggered the eruption.

这是有记录以来最大的山体滑坡，基本上整块山体滑落，释放了原本积聚的压力，然后火山就喷发了。

So it was the largest landslide on record, and it basically a whole chunk of the mountain slid off, and it released the pressure on you know, that was going on, and then the eruption came.

所以要知道这一点。

So know that.

是的。

Yeah.

所以是山体滑坡引发了火山喷发，随后产生了火山碎屑流。

So it was a landslide that triggered the eruption, and then it produced pyroclastic flows.

太疯狂了。

It was crazy.

但在那之前，我们并不知道火山还能这样活动。

But until that point, we didn't know that volcanoes could do that.

顺便说一下，我查了一下。

Just a side note, I looked it up.

火山碎屑指的是与火山喷发产生的岩石碎片有关或由其组成的物质。

Pyroclastic means relating to or consisting of fragments of rock erupted by a volcano.

圣海伦斯火山也是一种层状火山，也叫复合火山，这意味着它由火山灰和熔岩的层状结构组成。

Mount Saint Helens is also a stratovolcano, which is also called a composite volcano, and this means that they're made up of strata or layers of ash and lava.

这类火山通常呈圆锥形，尖顶，是典型的火山形象。

These kind of volcanoes tend to be the conical, pointy, iconic ones.

它们也是最致命的。

They're also the most deadly.

一些层状火山的例子包括日本的富士山。

And a few examples of stratovolcanoes are Mount Fuji in Japan.

还有印度尼西亚的喀拉喀托火山。

There's Krakatoa in Indonesia.

意大利的维苏威火山。

Italy's Mount Vesuvius.

这些就像是明星级的层状火山。

These are, like, the celebrity stratovolcanoes.

好的。

Okay.

回到黄石公园。

Back to Yellowstone.

所以黄石公园是个八？

So And Yellowstone is an eight?

是的。

Yeah.

但我本来打算去黄石公园的。

But I was gonna go to Yellowstone.

你可以去。

You can go.

我的意思是，你当然可以去。

I mean, you can go.

所以关于死亡这件事是这样的？

So here's the thing with die?

不。

No.

这就是我告诉别人的。

So this is this is what I tell people.

我的意思是，如果你走进其中一个池子，比如超高温的池子，你可能会死。

I mean, you can die if you go in one of the pools, like the superheated Right.

别进那些池子，大家。

Don't go in those pools, people.

我可能会对一头驼鹿感到无聊。

I could get bored by a moose.

我的意思是，谁知道呢？

I mean, who knows?

是的

Yeah.

没错

Exactly.

所以更可能是被驼鹿顶伤。

So Or gored by a moose rather.

是的

Yeah.

或者无聊。

Or bored.

你知道的。

You know?

我永远不可能对驼鹿感到无聊。

I could never be bored by a moose.

前几天我刚和别人聊过骑驼鹿的事。

I was just talking about riding a moose the other day with somebody.

我不知道。

I don't know.

已经过去一周了。

It's it's been it's been a week.

但黄石公园本质上是一个破火山口。

But so Yellowstone is a is what's it's basically a caldera.

所以它是一个巨大的破火山口，就像冒纳罗亚火山的山顶，但更大。

So it's a giant caldera, like the like the summit of Mauna Loa, but bigger.

因此，地下有一个巨大、巨大、庞大的岩浆房。

And so it's a huge, huge, massive magma chamber underground.

破火山口很神奇，因为如果是古老的，人们可能根本不知道它在那里。

And calderas are crazy because if it's an old one, people might not even know it's there.

一个很好的例子是长谷破火山口，大多数人从未听说过它。

A good example is Long Valley Caldera, which most people have never heard of that.

他们不知道它是什么。

They don't know what it is.

是的。

Yeah.

那是在哪里？

Where is that?

就在加利福尼亚州的猛犸湖附近。

It's right near Mammoth in California.

哦。

Oh.

猛犸象附近有温泉。

And there are hot springs near Mammoth.

很多去那里滑雪的人会知道这一点。

Lot of people who've been up there skiing will know that.

长谷火山口曾发生过一次与黄石公园类似的大规模古代喷发，规模没那么大。

The Long Valley Caldera had an ancient massive eruption similar to Yellowstone, not quite as big.

如果你开车穿过那里，除非你查看路边的岩石，否则你不会知道自己身处一个火山口。

And if you're driving through it, you wouldn't know you're in a volcanic caldera unless you look at the rocks on the side of the road.

那层火山灰大约有30英尺厚，我觉得，你得知道你看到的是火山灰。

It is, like, 30 feet thick, I think, of ash that was deposited from the volcano, and you'd have to know you were looking at volcanic ash.

所以这很酷。

So it's it's cool.

当火山灰落下时，火山灰就是岩石。

When ash falls ash is rock when you're talking about volcanic ash.

它是被粉碎的岩石。

It's pulverized rock.

所以你有岩浆。

So you've got magma.

岩浆本质上就是岩石，而且是熔融状态的。

Magma is essentially the rock, and it's molten.

它就像一种塑性固体。

It's like a plastic solid.

所以它在地下。

So it's underground.

它非常热，所以会缓慢流出。

It's really hot, so it oozes.

当它在压力下积聚时，火山就会爆炸。

When it builds up under pressure, the volcanoes actually explode.

你知道吗？

You know?

但如果岩石碎裂成极其微小的颗粒，就成了火山灰，这正是导致飞机出问题的原因。

But if the rock breaks into tiny, tiny, tiny pieces, it's volcanic ash, and that is what causes airplanes to have problems.

几年前冰岛火山喷发时，之所以如此危险，就是因为那些细小的岩石颗粒会堵塞飞机引擎。

And, you know, when the Icelandic volcano erupted a few years ago, that's why it was such a hazard is you've got fine rock particles that will jam your plane engines.

绝对不行。

Oh, hell no.

你也不能吸入这些物质。

And you can't breathe that in.

比如，如果你在火山灰密集的喷发区域附近，最好用一块布捂住口鼻，因为你真的会吸入这些细小的岩石颗粒，它们会损伤你的肺部。

Like so, you know, if you're if you're around an ash rich eruption, you wanna put a bandana on because it actually will you know, you'll you'll breathe in this fine rock, and that will shred your lungs.

就像你

Like, you

你不希望那样。

don't want that.

那为什么奇努特鼠一定要在火山灰里洗澡呢？

Well, why the hell do chinchillas have to bathe in volcanic ash?

奇努特鼠是从哪儿学来这个习惯的？

Where where did chinchillas get this idea?

是的。

Yeah.

你知道吗？

You know what?

这跟它们的生存环境有关。

It's just about their environment.

它们适应了环境，而它们在南美洲的原产地周围就有那种极其细腻的火山灰。

They're adapted to the environment, and there's that really fine ash that is around where they're from in South America.

所以它们是非常酷的动物。

So they're really cool animals.

我喜欢，我以前养过一只。

I like I used to have one.

真的吗？

Really?

那你养的那只也需要在火山灰里打滚吗？

And did you have to did it have to roll around in volcanic ash?

是的。

Yep.

那是磨得很细的浮石，就像，我们称之为多孔的，但本质上就是多孔结构，或者说是小气孔，像气泡一样。

It's finely ground pumice, which is, like, really it's it's what we call it vesicular, but it basically vesicles or, like, little air holes, like air bubbles.

当气体被困在岩石中时，就会形成气孔。

And so when gas is trapped in rock, it forms vesicles.

所以如果你有高度多孔的岩石，我们就叫它浮石。

So if you have really highly vesicular rock, we call it pumice.

而这就是你用来搓脚的浮石。

And and that's what the pumice stones that you use on your feet or whatever.

是的。

Yep.

如果你拿到真正的浮石，它其实就是来自火山的一块岩石，你用它来

They're actual like, if you get a real one, it's an actual rock from a volcano that you're using to

磨掉死皮。

scrub your dead skin off with.

谁想得到呢？

Who knew?

我还有个关于流行文化中火山的问题。

I have another pop culture volcano question.

好的。

Okay.

你看过《头脑特工队》前面那个奇怪的皮克斯短片吗？

Did you see that weird Pixar short that was before Inside Out?

是的。

Yes.

那到底是什么鬼东西？

What the fuck was that?

我当时就想，好吧。

I'm like, okay.

所以呢，有一个巨大的男性火山，他非常孤独，然后突然间，旁边冒出一个年轻火热的火山。

So there's, like, a big man volcano who's really lonely, and then suddenly, like, a hot young volcano erupts next to him.

好吧。

Alright.

有一部皮克斯的短片叫《火山情》，天哪，它真让我大受震撼。

So there is a short by Pixar called Lava, and boy, howdy, did it ruffle my feathers.

它讲的是一位渴望爱情的火山。

It is about a horny volcano who really wants a woman.

他整个短片里都孤独地老去，变得越来越邋遢，却无比渴望一位火热的女性。

And he just hangs out getting older and grosser the entire short, and he's thirsty as hell for a hot lady.

她终于从海底喷发出来，然后他们幸福地生活在一起。

And she finally erupts from the ocean floor, and then they live happily ever after.

你就别激动了，老兄。

And it's like, just chill out, dude.

你的生活挺好的。

Your life is fine.

你的生活挺好的。

Your life is fine.

我们为什么非要告诉每个人，他们都需要一个伴侣呢？

Why do we have to teach everyone that they need a life partner?

你可以在海洋里当一座火山，但我抱歉。

You can be a volcano in the ocean, but I'm sorry.

如果你参加婚礼没有伴，你就是个垃圾。

If you don't have a plus one to a wedding, you're a piece of shit.

我不这么认为，火山熔岩。

I don't think so, volcano lava.

而且，我住在洛杉矶。

Also, I live in Los Angeles.

我可不想看到一座火山在寻找更年轻、更火辣的Instagram模特级别的另一座火山。

I don't need to see a volcano looking for a younger, hotter Instagram model equivalent of another volcano.

我走到哪儿都能看到这种事。

I see it everywhere I go.

我在白宫都能看到这种事。

I see it in the White House.

我们火山不需要这个。

We don't need it in volcanoes.

而且，如果她在他旁边喷发出来，我觉得他们可能来自海底同一个岩浆房。

Also, if she sprouts up next to him, I feel like they've come from the same magma chamber, perhaps, under the seafloor.

这是否意味着他只是爱上了他的连体双胞胎，但对方要年轻得多得多？

Does that mean that he's just fallen in love with his conjoined twin, but who is much, much younger?

我不知道。

I don't know.

我理解俯冲带会导致拉贾尼火山。

I get that subduction leads to a Rajani.

我们都知道这一点。

We know that.

但我不愿想象这座火山会勃起，还需要在别人身上摩擦。

But I don't wanna think about this volcano having a chub and needing to rub it on someone.

我不需要这种想象。

I don't need that.

我不喜欢这样。

I don't like it.

皮克斯，我爱你。

Pixar, I love you.

你总是让我感动落泪，虽然有点难受，但我很享受这种感觉。

You make me cry all the time, and it hurts, and I love it.

至于这部作品，如果你是制作人员之一，我很抱歉，因为你很可能真的是个很好的人。

This one, and if you worked on this, I'm sorry because you're probably legitimately a really good person.

这对我来说根本就是个失误。

This it just was it was a miss for me.

好吧。

Alright.

所以当它们不唱着要找点乐子的时候，火山听起来像什么？

So when they're not crooning about getting some tail, what are volcanoes sounding like?

我从来没想过这个问题。

I had never thought about this.

杰斯加入了一位来自爱达荷州博伊西的科研人员杰夫·约翰逊，他们录制了一些火山的声音。

Jess had joined a research scientist named Jeff Johnson from Boise, Idaho, and they recorded some volcanoes.

他们录下了几段火热的音轨。

They laid down some hot tracks.

所以当你用次声波录制火山时，必须把音调提高，我们才能在播放时听到。

So when you when you record a volcano in infrasound, then have to bump it up so we can hear it in the playback.

我们来听一些

And we listen to some

在回放时，就好像火山在说话，它的内部在倾诉。

of the playback, and it's like the volcano goes, and its guts are talking.

听起来像恶魔吗？

Like, Does it sound like a demon?

是的。

Yeah.

真的，真的就像那样。

Actually, it really, really does.

就像你想象中火山在岩浆房深处发出的声音，就是那样的。

Like, exactly what you think a volcano sounds like deep inside its magma chamber, it sounds like that.

天啊。

Oh god.

太棒了。

That's great.

但在地表也是这样，还有一个很酷的事实，除非你亲自站在熔岩湖上方，否则你不会知道这一点。

But at the surface too, this is another cool fact that unless you go stand above a lava lake, you won't know this.

但它听起来就像有人在敲锤子，一个巨大巨大的锤子。

But it sounds like a guy banging a hammer, like a big, big, big hammer.

听起来像金属碰撞的声音。

It sounds like crashing metal.

而实际上这是岩石在破裂，但你完全可以理解古希腊人和古罗马人为什么会想象出法乌斯和伏尔坎这样的神，他们躲在地下，像铁匠一样敲打工具。

And what it is is the rocks breaking, but it sounds like you can totally see where the ancient Greeks and Romans got Faustus and Vulcan, guys who were underground banging out tools on a forge.

如果你想知道谁是海斯托法索法斯之类的，顺便去谷歌一下。

If you're like, who's Haestophasophas or whatever, FYI, Google that also.

他是希腊的火神、冶金神、火山神，也是众神的铁匠。

That is the Greek god of fire, metallurgy, volcanoes, and he was the blacksmith of the gods.

所以显然，他是一位既是神又是众神铁匠的存在。

So apparently, he was a god who was also a blacksmith to the gods.

我不知道这到底是怎么运作的。

I don't know I don't know how that works.

我不清楚他们有没有工会，或者神明真的需要工作吗？

I don't know if they had unions or do gods even need jobs?

这就像，是的。

It'd be like, yeah.

我是火山之神。

I'm a I'm the god of volcanoes.

我不需要给别人打铁门当副业。

Like, I don't need to be working on anyone's iron gates as like a side hustle.

Anyway，Hesaphasophis。

Anyway, Hesaphasophis.

这是希腊语的发音。

It's the Greek pronunciation.

听起来就是这样。

It sounds like that.

真的吗？

Really?

是的。

Yep.

所以确实有一个真实存在的地方来源。

So there's a legit place that came from.

为什么听起来像金属声呢，我想知道？

Why does it sound metallic, I wonder?

你知道，这可能和气体以及岩石之间的比例有关，或者类似的原因。

You know, it's it's probably has something to do with the gas and, you know, the rock ratios to each other or something.

你知道的吧？

You know?

我不是声音专家，所以这里可能有声学专家知道这个问题的答案。

I'm not a sound expert, so there's probably a soundologist in here who knows the answer to that.

但当我第一次站在熔岩湖上方时，我和其他的科学家们都在那里，对他们中的一些人来说，这也是他们第一次站在那里。

But the other scientists and I, when we were standing above the lava lake was for my first time standing there, and for some of them, it was their first time standing there too.

我们坐在那里，心想，这太棒了。

And we're sitting there going like, this is amazing.

我们正在聆听一座火山的声音。

Like, we're hearing a volcano.

而且不只是简单的逃跑。

And not just, you know, run.

这是一次喷发。

It's an eruption.

你实际上听到的是岩石破裂和小型爆炸的声音。

But you're actually hearing the sound of rock breaking and and small explosions.

那次旅行真的非常有趣。

And and that that trip was really interesting.

那是基拉韦厄火山山顶的第一次前往，当时目前正在发生的新的喷发刚刚开始。

That first trip to the summit there of Kilauea when the new eruption that's going on right now had first started.

我在喷发开始后大约一个月就到了那里。

I I was there, like, a month after the eruption began.

所以那时正是设置摄像机和其他设备的最佳时机。

So I was prime time for, you know, setting up cameras and things.

因此，我协助在火山观测站安装了第一个俯瞰熔岩湖的网络摄像头。

So I helped set up the the first webcam that was overlooking the lava lake there at the volcano observatory.

我是参与这项工作的团队一员。

I was part of a team doing that.

我们当时的负责人蒂姆，他现在在HBO，蒂姆·奥尔。

And our boss for that, Tim, he's at the h HBO now, Tim Orr.

他是一位很棒的科学家。

He's a great scientist.

我们当时坐在那里工作，开始架设摄像机，还戴着安全帽。

You know, we're sitting there working, and we're starting to set the camera up and wearing hard hats.

我们当时穿着亮橙色的高能见度衬衫和工作靴。

And we're wearing high visibility shirts that were bright orange and work boots.

而且我们还有一个呼吸器。

And you we had a respirator.

我们当时并没有戴着呼吸器。

We weren't wearing the respirators.

它们就挂在我们的脖子上。

They're hanging around our neck.