OB418：冰块与扣篮

如果不行，别害怕加大动力。

If it's not gonna work, you know, don't be afraid to add power.

是的，把动力加回去。

Yeah, just put power back in.

把动力加回去。

Put power back in.

但我想，能从机场附近另一个位置完成这个动作，确实能增强信心。

But it is, I can imagine it's confidence building to know that you can do that from another place near the airport, so.

10英里听起来对我来说简直像火星一样远。

10 miles sounds like it might as well be Mars to me.

当我想到10英里没有引擎时，我通常会想到直升机。

When I think about 10 miles of no engine, I typically think of the helicopter.

除非你处在六万英尺的高度，否则根本不可能。

And unless you are at like 60,000 feet, you're just not.

对。

Right.

AG在奇努克直升机双发失效时的第一次反应是直接透过舱顶往下看。

AG's first look when they lose both engines on the Chinook was straight down through the bubble.

透过你的脚底。

Through your feet.

那就是我们要去的方向。

That's where we're going.

我们完了。

We're done.

你为什么一直盯着正前方看？

Why why do you keep looking out straight ahead?

我们根本不可能去那里。

There's no way we could go there.

不行。

No.

不行。

No.

看看你脚之间的位置。

Look between your feet.

你看到那

You see the

你看到你双脚形成的窗口了吗？

do you see the window that your feet are making?

那就是你要去的地方。

That is where you're going.

是的。

Yeah.

哦，那是

Oh, that's

很奇怪。

funny.

来自超级广播台西erra Popup的二号机组，回应了上周的空中交通管制紧急广播。

Number two from supercaster Sierra Popup responding to the ATC audio of emergency last week.

OB，为什么ATC在紧急情况下会要求高度紧张的飞行员抄写一个数字，而不是直接询问飞行员的编号，以便在目标从雷达上消失几分钟后主动联系他？

OB, why does ATC ask highly stressed pilot in an of an emergency aircraft to copy down a number rather than asking for the pilot's number so ATC can call a few minutes after the target drops from radar?

好问题。

Great question.

这是个好问题。

That is a good question.

我不确定，我的意思是，飞行员报出自己的编号可能会更方便。

I don't I mean, I guess it would be easier for the pilot to recite his own number.

确实如此。

It would be.

这根本不需要动脑筋。

It would take no brain RAM.

对吧？

Right?

没错。

Right.

只要能脱口而出就行。

Just be able to spit it out.

我想是的。

I guess Right.

而且你也不用写下来。

And you don't have to write it down.

嗯。

Mhmm.

对。

Right.

好的。

Alright.

我们继续读吧。

Let's keep reading.

第一，听一下最近417航班的发动机故障紧急情况。

One, listening to the recent engine trouble emergency on 417.

飞行员似乎能够控制住无线电和头盔着火的情况。

The pilot seemed to have the radios and helmet fire under control.

所以抄录一个数字的任务并不算不合理，但在其他情况下，难道空管要求飞行员提供手机号码不是更好吗？

So the task of copying down a number wasn't unreasonable, but in some other case, wouldn't it be better if ATC asked for a pilot's cell phone?

我只需稍微留意一下就能报出自己的号码。

I can rattle off my own number with minimal attention.

那个安全坐在地面办公桌前的人，完全可以找到笔、纸和足够的注意力来抄录。

The guy safely sitting on the ground at a desk can find a pen, paper, and spare mental capacity to copy down.

你并不知道。

You don't know.

对这些整天坐在办公桌前的人来说，抄录一个陌生的十位数比我还容易，这简直太牵强了。

That's that's a stretch for some of these desk desk dwellers to copy down a strange 10 digit 10 digit number easier than I can.

我猜出于隐私考虑，我不希望自己的号码出现在LiveVTC上，但所有延长汽车保修服务的人早就已经拥有它了。

I suppose for privacy reasons, I don't want my number out there on LiveVTC, but all the extended car warranty people already have it anyway.

Sierra和Papa正在Billy Joel的C类空域等待，这里的工厂正在全部关闭。

Sierra and Papa waiting here at Billy Joel's Class Charlie, where they're closing all the factories down.

这是个很好的观点。

It's a good point.

我认为，在那次紧急情况下，管制员和飞行员都做得非常好。

I think it's probably, you know, the the controller and the pilot both did a really good job in that emergency.

结果很好。

It ended well.

我觉得管制员会进入某种节奏，然后就不知道接下来该做什么了。

I think the controller kind of falls into a rhythm of sorts and they don't know what to do next.

我真的想跟他们聊聊。

And it's like, you know, I really wanna talk to them.

我觉得他们没考虑到，这可能有点太多了。

I'm like, and they're not thinking through this, that it might be a little bit too much.

如果真是这样，他们本可以说：‘我记不下这个号码’，作为飞行员你其实也可以这么说。

And if it was, they'd say, no, I can't copy number down, which you could have said as a pilot too.

不，我现在有点担心这个。

No, I'm worried about that now.

不会那样做。

Not doing that.

是的。

Yeah.

我着陆后会想办法解决。

I'll figure it out when I land.

没错。

Exactly.

不过这是个好观点。

But good point though.

是的。

Yeah.

是的。

Yeah.

我认为把电话号码公布在频率上，这可能就是为什么联邦航空管理局永远不会在任何官方层面允许这种情况发生的原因。

I think that part about putting your phone number out on frequency is probably why the FAA is not gonna ever make that a thing that happens in any sort of official capacity.

是的。

Yeah.

我只是觉得，作为社会，我们已经不再把电话号码视为如此私密的信息了。

I I just feel like as a society, we've moved past that being such a private number.

比如，我不在乎。

Like, I don't care.

你可以拿走我的号码。

You can have my number.

如果我不认识是谁，我不会接，

I'm not picking up if I don't know who

但确实如此。

it is, but Well, true.

你知道的，反正我不在乎。

You know, like, don't care.

你可以拿去。

You can have it.

我的意思是，以前电话号码都登在电话簿里。

I mean, it used to be in the phone book.

对。

Right.

而且还会送到你家里。

And that was delivered to your home.

是的。

Yeah.

每个人的号码都在里面。

Everybody's number.

那本大黄页，你

The big it yellow You

你可以选择把你的号码从电话簿里删除，但 otherwise 它还是会出现在里面。

could have yours taken out of the phone book, but otherwise it's gonna be in there.

我不知道。

I don't know.

不知道。

Don't know.

我看这事不会发生。

I don't see that happening.

我喜欢这个想法。

I like the idea.

我只是觉得，这有点不一样。

I just, you know, it's something different.

所以要实施的话，至少得花二十年。

So that would take, like, at least twenty years to implement.

对。

So Right.

到那时，我们甚至都不会有电话号码了。

By then, we won't even have phone numbers.

没错。

True.

想想看，它们会直接在你脑子里。

Just think that they'll be in your head.

是的。

Yeah.

你头里的芯片会直接联系RH。

The chip in your head will just call RH.

连接我到RH。

Connect me to RH.

好的。

Alright.

高级的喷气式飞机音乐。

Fancy jet music.

继续。

Moving on.

好的。

Alright.

这期节目的主题，我正按照律师们要求我们读的方式朗读。

This week's show topic, I'm reading it just like the attorneys told us we must read it.

冰块会要你的命。

Ice can kill you.

不要在结冰条件下飞行。

Don't fly in icing conditions.

很好。

Good.

这很好。

That's good.

你想读这个吗？

You wanna read this one?

当然。

Sure.

这是来自企鹅德尔塔朱利叶斯的。

This is from Penguinot Delta Zulu.

怎么了，RHNAG？

What's up, RHNAG?

这里是皇帝舰长Delta Zulu。

Emperor captain Delta Zulu here.

很难想象上一次我发消息时，我还在ESCAC。

It's hard to imagine the last time I wrote in, I was only in ESCAC.

等一下。

Now hang on a minute.

我的意思是，这确实是一个崇高而重要的职位。

I mean, that is a a high and lofty position.

确实是。

It is.

真的没错。

It really is.

所以这不仅仅是。

So it's not only.

总之，已经很久没更新了，因为我觉得，在听了你四十六集节目之后，我对NASS的了解已经全面了。

Anyway, it's been forever because I felt, after listening to four sixteen 416 of your shows, I knew all there was to know about the NASS.

尽管我自认配得上成为荣誉控制器，但我错了。

And even though I deserved to be an honorary controller, but I was wrong.

在这个寒冷的十二月早晨，在披萨之都德尔塔，我意识到我的知识还存在空白。

On this cold December morning in the pizza capital Delta, I realized there was a gap in my knowledge.

更糟糕的是，我觉得这只企鹅从未出现在我的冰山上。

Even worse, I don't think this penguin was ever on my iceberg.

好吧。

Alright.

我们马上就会谈到这个。

We're gonna get to that.

但首先，我想知道披萨之都是哪里。

But first, I wanna know what the pizza capital is.

什么

What

是什么？

is that?

我们可能正在引发城市之间的某种战争，而自己却毫不知情。

We're probably starting some war between cities and we're unaware of it.

这是一个三角洲。

And it's a delta.

披萨之都三角洲。

Pizza capital Delta.

我觉得我可能会先惹上麻烦。

I think I'm gonna get in trouble first.

我先说一下，它应该在康涅狄格州的某个地方。

I'm just gonna throw out my first it's somewhere in Connecticut.

你这么认为吗？

You think so?

我觉得它在康涅狄格州的某个地方。

I think it's somewhere in Connecticut.

是的

Yep.

好的

Okay.

聊天窗口里看不到你们。

The chat, we can't see you.

自己想办法。

Figure it out.

我们不知道这是哪里。

We don't know where this is.

请放一下，等我们稍后进入聊天时再告诉我们。

Put it please tell us when we go into the chat later on.

好的

Okay.

这个问题很简单。

The question is pretty simple.

在寒冷的冬日里，持有私人仪表等级执照的飞行员该如何在塞斯纳172飞机上应对仪表飞行规则（IFR）？

How should a private instrument rated pilot deal with IFR in a one seventy two in a Cessna on these cold winter days?

我通常喜欢为长途飞行申请IFR。

I like filing for longer flights in general.

在冬天，我只在能见度良好的天气条件下才这么做。

And in the winter, I only do it on solid VMC days.

如果在我高度附近有零星的云层，且温度低于冰点，请求返航是相当简单的。

If there's a tiny cloud or two at my altitude and it's below freezing, it's fairly simple to ask for a turnaround.

但接着又出现另一片云，再一片，再一片，然后在五千到七千英尺之间形成一层云，我必须下降才能避开它。

But then there's another cloud and another and another and then a layer between five and seven, and I really need a descent to stay out of it.

在什么情况下，管制员会心里想：够了，到此为止？

At what point does a controller say to himself enough is enough?

这个人本来就应该按目视飞行规则（VFR）飞。

This guy should have just been VFR.

我们马上就会谈到这一点。

We're gonna get to that.

好的。

Okay.

这些通用航空飞行员在IFR条件下进行跨州飞行会让管制员感到厌烦吗？还是我应该继续申请IFR，但必须确保自己在整个飞行过程中都能保持在最低安全高度之上，远离那些结冰的云层？

Do these GA winner IFR cross countries get annoying for controllers, or should I continue to file but really make sure I know I can stay above the MVA and out of those icy clouds for my entire flight?

所有管制员都明白，结冰对小型飞机来说是致命的。

All controllers realize that ice is fatal to small planes.

即使我们处于IFR飞行状态，说实话，在冬季我们通常也不能进入云层。

And even if and even when we're IFR, excuse me, for the most part, we can't go in clouds in the winter.

对吧？

Right?

大多数管制员都知道这一点吗？

Do most controllers know that?

我想我们也会谈到这一点的。

I think we'll get we'll probably get to that too.

嗯。

Mhmm.

一旦我得到了这个问题的答案，我相信我的空管知识就终于完整了，直到我再看到远处那只高冷的企鹅慢慢游向我的冰山。

Once I have the answer to this, I'm certain my ATC knowledge will finally be complete until I see the next aloof penguin in the distance slowly swimming towards my iceberg.

这么多年了，我依然喜欢Obi。

Still loving Obi after all these years.

继续保持出色的工作。

Keep up the great work.

干杯，Delta Zulu。

Cheers, Delta Zulu.

好的。

Alright.

往下翻到下一页。

Scroll down to the next page.

就让我的大脑在这里蓝着吧。

Just my brain on in blue here.

我只是提出了一些观点。

I just put out some points.

我们来聊聊这些吧。

Wanna try to touch on these.

好的。

Okay.

然后回答他的问题。

And then answer his questions.

所以，好的。

So Okay.

你能不能简要地向一个完全不了解的人解释一下结冰条件？

Why don't you briefly explain icing conditions to someone who has no idea what we're talking about in general terms.

好的。

Okay.

是的。

So, yeah.

可能导致云中结冰或飞机表面积冰的条件，我想你可以区分一下。

The conditions that might lead to ice either in the clouds or accumulating on the plane, I guess you could make that differentiation.

哦，是的。

Oh, yeah.

你确实如此。

You do.

嗯。

Mhmm.

所以你需要的是可见的湿气。

So visible what what what you're gonna need is visible moisture.

所以你指的是空中的一些云层。

So you're talking some sort of cloud in the up in the air.

嗯。

Mhmm.

以及接近或低于冰点的温度。

And temperatures near or below freezing.

不一定非要冰冻。

It doesn't have to be freezing.

对。

Correct.

事实上，我遇到过的最严重的结冰通常发生在略高于

In fact, typically, worst icing that I've experienced is just a little above

嗯。

Mhmm.

略高于冰点的地方。

A little above freezing.

我想，那个云层中的水分是过冷液态水，这就是正在发生的情况。

And I guess the the moisture in the in that cloud is like super cooled liquid, I think, is what's happening.

是的。

Yeah.

这时，一架金属表面可能比周围空气更冷的飞机出现了。

And and enter stage right, an airplane with a metal surface that could be colder than that air.

对。

Right.

我们具备了冰层附着在飞机上的完美条件。

And we have the perfect conditions for adhering to said airplane.

是的。

Yes.

并破坏飞机的空气动力学性能。

And wreaking havoc on the aerodynamics of the plane.

彻底的破坏。

Absolute havoc.

一般来说，通用航空飞机中，有一些我们稍后会简要讨论。

So in general, general aviation airplanes, there are some we're gonna briefly talk about some.

有一些防冰和除冰装置，但大多数通用航空飞机无法在结冰条件下飞行。

There are some anti ice and some de icing out there, but for the most part, most general aviation airplanes cannot fly in icy conditions.

好的。

Okay.

你想谈谈区别吗？

Do you wanna talk about the difference?

你提到了除冰和防冰。

You said de ice and anti ice.

好的。

Okay.

防冰可以理解为防止冰在飞机表面形成的东西。

Anti ice is more think of it as something that prevents ice from even forming on the aircraft.

比如加热的表面、加热的机翼前缘、加热的螺旋桨、加热的风挡。

A heated surface, a heated wing leading edge, a heated propeller, a heated windscreen.

我不确定你是否配备过这些设备。

I don't know if you had any of those.

皮托管加热就是其中之一。

Pito heat is one of them.

这当然不是设计用来进入结冰条件的，但通常可以通过涡轮发动机的引气，或者某种我不知道的非涡轮飞机上的气动系统来产生热量，但你需要热量。

That's certainly not meant to go into icing conditions, but something that can get hot typically off of bleed air from a turbine engine or from some sort of I don't even know how they work on airplanes that don't have a turbine to generate that extra pneumatics of some sort, but you need heat.

你需要一个热源。

You need a source of heat.

我们的系统是电动的。

Ours were electric.

电动的，好的。

Electric, okay.

是的。

Yeah.

那属于防冰系统。

That would be anti ice.

除冰系统确实存在，听起来可能有些反直觉，但这种系统的工作原理是在某些老式涡轮螺旋桨飞机的机翼前缘上积累一定量的冰靴。

De ice, there are systems and it sounds counterintuitive, but the system works by accumulating some level of ice boots on the leading edge of wings on some older turboprop airplanes.

还有一些飞机仍然使用冰靴。

And there are some airplanes that still have boots.

它们会先积累一定量的冰，然后在除冰之前，必须让冰再积累一点。

They collect a certain amount of ice and before you can break it off, you have to let it accumulate a little bit.

然后你向这种冰靴内注入大量压缩空气，使其膨胀。

And then you send a bunch of pressurized air into this boot and it expands.

当你让表面膨胀时，就会把所有的冰震落。

And when you expand the surface, it sheds all that ice.

是的。

Yes.

飞机的认证就是允许这样做的。

And the aircraft is certified to do that.

所以是防冰和除冰。

So anti ice, de ice.

当你在地面，冬天乘坐航班时，如果正在下雪，他们通常会喷洒某种液体来清除飞机上的积雪。

When you're on the ground and you're getting in an airline in the wintertime and it's snowing, they usually spray something to get off, get the snow off of the plane.

那通常是粉红色的。

That's usually pink.

它是热的。

It's hot.

这是一种除冰液。

It's a de icing fluid.

当你做绕机检查时，飞机滴水滴一整天，真是恶心。

It's gross when you do a walk around, it's dripping off the plane for the rest of the day.

绿色的东西是防冰液。

The green stuff is anti ice.

它有一定的有效时间。

It has a certain amount of time.

它能附着在飞机表面。

It can adhere to the airplane.

它的设计是在起飞滑跑过程中脱落，或者现在飞机可以在空中使用自身的防冰加热系统和加热表面。

It's designed to shed during the takeoff roll, or now the airplane can use its own anti ice heat, heated surfaces in the air.

但在从除冰点前往跑道的过程中，它能防止额外的雪和冰在飞机上积聚。

But during the process of getting away from de icing at the pad to the runway, It prevents additional snow and ice from accumulating on the airplane.

这是防冰液，就是绿色的那种。

It's anti ice, the green stuff.

看起来很糟糕。

It looks terrible.

对。

Right.

好的。

All right.

律师说我们必须说这些内容。

The attorney said we have to say some of this stuff.

我们只需要说出来。

We just have to say it.

这其中有一部分是监管要求，需要被理解。

There's a regulatory piece of this that needs to be understood.

通用航空飞机没有获得结冰条件的批准，意味着不得有意飞入已知结冰区域。

There are no approval for icing conditions from general aviation airplanes means no intentional flight into known icing.

这不是一个判断问题。

It's not a judgment call.

这不是经验问题。

It's not experience.

你不可能在一架不能进入结冰环境的飞机上练出应对结冰的本事。

You don't get good at getting into ice in an airplane that can't go into it.

你根本就别去那种地方。

You just don't go there.

遇到结冰情况还继续飞行是违法的。

Encountering ice and continuing is not legal.

你必须掉头，必须脱离结冰区域。

You have to turn around, you have to get out of it.

你不能因为看起来没什么异常就继续飞在结冰环境中。

You cannot continue in it because it doesn't seem like it's doing anything wrong.

你的飞机操作手册中有明确限制，禁止在已知结冰条件下飞行或积累冰层。

Your pilot operating handbook has limitations that specifically prohibit flying in known icing conditions or accumulating ice.

这和其他飞机的限制条款是一样的。

And that would be just like any other limitation in your airplane.

因此，即使当时没有实际结冰，飞入结冰条件仍然违反了你的操作手册和限制规定。

And so flying in icing conditions, despite it not actually building up at the time is still violating your POH and your limitations.

别这么做。

Don't do it.

对。

Right.

所以，

So,

关于冰对机翼的影响，其实不需要很多冰就会产生问题，我们经常提到的一个例子就是霜。

as far as it as far as the ways that ice affects the wing and it and it not really taking very much at all, One of the things we always talked about was frost.

是的。

Mhmm.

那可能只是一层很薄的霜。

And it could be very thin layer of frost.

是的。

Mhmm.

从空气动力学角度看，机翼的形状可能没发生太大变化，但空气附着或不附着在机翼表面的方式却会受到极大影响。

And it if and aerodynamically, the shape of the wing really hasn't changed a whole lot, but the way that the air adheres to or doesn't adhere to the wing is impacted greatly.

已经发生过许多起事故，当时飞机正在起飞滑跑。

And there have been numerous accidents where they're on the takeoff roll.

机翼上有一层薄薄的霜，就足以造成问题。

There's a a light layer of frost on the wing, and that's all it took.

飞机无法起飞。

The plane would not fly.

它飞不起来。

It is not flying.

嗯。

Mhmm.

你绝对不希望在飞行中陷入这种状况。

You do not want to be in that situation while you are flying.

很糟糕。

It's bad.

非常糟糕。

It's very bad.

你有没有遇到过本不该在那个位置却偏偏在那里的情况？

Have you had any encounters where you should not have been where you are?

有。

Yes.

好的。

Okay.

因为直升机是需要你主动操控的，那种感觉是怎样的？

How did it feel on your because a helicopter, you're you're actively flying.

就像先驱者一样。

It's like the Forerunner.

你必须时刻不停地操作。

You have to do things all the time.

这对你当时的感受有什么影响？

What impact did it have on the way that felt?

你是一下子就注意到了，还是过了一阵才察觉？

Did you notice it right away or did it take a minute?

好的。

Okay.

没有。

No.

我们没有注意到。

We didn't notice it.

真正引起我们注意的是，我们开启了高度保持功能，在D型机上这是气压高度保持和俯仰姿态保持。

What really brought it to our attention was we had altitude hold on, which in the d model was barometric altitude hold and pitch attitude hold.

好的。

Okay.

好的。

K.

所以，基本上，一旦你设定好俯仰姿态，它就会根据空速保持该姿态。

So, basically, one once you have set a pitch attitude, it's going to keep that based on an airspeed.

明白吗？

Alright?

所以如果你设置了俯仰姿态，并且空速是120节，它就会保持在120节。

So if you set the pitch attitude and it's at a 120 knots, it's gonna stay at a 120 knots.

好的。

Okay.

开始发生的情况是，飞行员一侧的脚部加热系统，也就是使用空速的那一侧。

What started happening was the pedal heat for the pilot side, which is the side that utilizes the airspeed.

它使用飞行员一侧的空速作为俯仰姿态保持的依据。

It uses the pilot's side airspeed as its pitch attitude hold.

好的。

Okay.

那个皮托管开始结冰。

That pitot tube starts to ice over.

它跟不上了。

It can't keep up.

嗯。

Mhmm.

即使开启时，它也会融化你覆盖在上面的塑料罩子。

Even when it's on, and it will melt the covers, the plastic covers that you put over that.

如果你在地面长时间开启，它会把这些罩子融化。

If you leave it on on the ground, it will melt them.

如果你开启它，它还会灼伤你的皮肤。

It will also melt your skin if you turn it on.

会灼伤你的皮肤。

Will melt your skin.

它会引燃东西。

It will catch things on fire.

它非常烫。

It's extremely hot.

但冰仍然在不断积聚。

Yet still accumulating ice.

所以它开始结冰。

So it starts to freeze over.

飞机正在失去空速

The aircraft is losing airspeed

嗯嗯。

Mhmm.

然后说，嘿。

And says, hey.

我们需要加速。

We need to speed up.

它缓慢地、非常缓慢地增加俯仰角，不断增大俯仰角。

And it's slowly, very slowly increasing pitch, increasing pitch.

嗯嗯。

And Mhmm.

它悄悄地增加，而我没有注意空速。

It it crept in until and I wasn't looking at the airspeed.

我没有在操控飞行。

I'm not flying.

我不是负责驾驶的飞行员。

I'm not the flying pilot.

我坐在左边座位上，看着云层内部，我想是这样。

I'm over there in the left seat looking at the inside of a cloud, I guess.

我真的不记得了。

I don't remember really.

但那时我没有注意空速。

But it wasn't at the airspeed.

突然间，飞机开始抖动。

And all of a sudden, we're shaking.

整个飞机都在剧烈抖动。

The whole aircraft is shaking.

我当时想：这是怎么回事？

And I'm like, what is going on?

我开始查看仪表，发动机，一切看起来都正常。

And I'm looking I start looking at instruments, engine, everything is looking normal.

但我一看，我的空速大概是150多。

But I look and my airspeed is at like a 150 something.

是的。

Mhmm.

另一侧的空速却只有70左右。

And the airspeed on the other side is like at 70.

是的。

Mhmm.

我当时想：哇哦。

And I'm going, woah.

到底发生什么了？

What is happening?

于是我喊道：关闭高度保持，接管操纵，你来飞。

So I said, turn off the turn off altitude hold, take the controls, you know, fly.

因为根据我们剧烈晃动的情况，我觉得我的空速是正确的。

I because based on how we were shaking around, I felt like my airspeed was correct.

我说我们得开始减速了。

I said we gotta start slowing down.

嗯。

Mhmm.

我从座位上站起来，挺直身子，以便看清皮托管，结果发现管子末端结了一大团冰，像足球一样。

I got up in my seat, raised myself up so I could see the pitot tube, and it just was looked like a football of ice on the end of the tube.

嗯。

Mhmm.

然后我就想到，得看看冰还会在哪些地方堆积，比如靠近桨毂的叶片根部边缘，还有前支柱上。

And then that, you know, prompts me to look at the other places that it accumulates, and that's up towards the the root edge of the blades close to the hub and on the forward pylon.

这些是我们从驾驶舱里能看到的、最容易结冰的部位，对吧。

Those are about the only things we can see from the cockpit on the plane Right.

冰会积聚的地方。

Where ice would accumulate.

我的意思是，你得稍微前倾身子，抬头往后看。

I mean, you have to kinda lean forward in your seat and look up and back.

我们现在飞机的情况也是一样。

It's the same with our plane now.

我驾驶的飞机机头有一些地方很奇怪。

There's places in the nose of the airplane that I fly that it's weird.

就是飞机的机头。

It's the nose of the airplane.

你可能会以为那里会受到气流影响，但实际上有些气流停滞区容易积冰。

You would think it would be subject to aerodynamics, but there are dead spots of air that ice could accumulate there.

而且你不会看到那里有气流吹动之类的迹象。

And you don't see it blowing around or anything.

你能看到它。

It's, you could see it.

挡风玻璃雨刷器是个很好的观察点。

The windshield wipers is a great spot to look.

是的，没错。

Yeah, yes.

你能看到它附着在那里。

And you could see it adhere to that.

但你说得对，你得把自己放在一个不寻常的座位位置上，才能看到那些地方。

But you're right, you have to kind of put yourself in an unusual situation seat wise to see those places.

是的。

Yeah.

明白吗？

Okay?

是的。

Yeah.

所以它被遮住了。

So it was covered up.

嗯。

Uh-huh.

情况很糟。

It was bad.

好的。

Okay.

然后呢？

And then what?

现在你的任务是什么？

Now what's your mission?

摆脱它？

Get out of it?

是的。

Yes.

好的。

Okay.

摆脱它。

Get out of it.

好的。

Okay.

我们需要降低高度。

We need lower.

好的。

Okay.

因为顶部远远高于我们原本要飞的区域。

Because the tops were way above where we were gonna go.

我们无法飞出这片云层。

We're not getting out of this cloud.

是的。

Yeah.

我们必须飞出去。

We need to get out.

好的。

Okay.

公平地说，我申报了一个能让我们避开云层的高度，但他们不允许那样做。

Now in fairness to us, I had filed an altitude that would have kept us out of the clouds, but they wouldn't allow that to happen.

所以他们让我们爬升进了云层。

So they climbed us into the clouds.

我们开始结冰了。

We start icing up.

我说，我们需要下降。

I said, we need lower.

不行。

No.

我们做不到。

We can't.

我们不能下降。

We can't do lower.

我说我们得离开六千英尺，或者我们当时所处的高度。

I said we are leaving six or whatever we were at.

八千。

Eight.

我说我们现在从八千英尺降到六千英尺。

Said we are leaving eight for six right now.

好的。

Okay.

我们降到六千英尺了。

Got to six.

情况并没有好转。

It wasn't better.

我们要离开了。

We're leaving.

我得说我需要更低的高度。

I gotta I need lower.

我肯定没法降到五千或四千英尺。

Oh, I definitely can't get you five or four.

我们宣布紧急情况。

We're declaring an emergency.

砰。

Boom.

我必须离开这里。

I have to get out of this.

对。

Right.

我们要下降了。

We're gonna go down.

我们要么能控制住，要么控制不住

We're either gonna be under control or not under

控制。

control.

对。

Right.

好。

Okay.

是的

Yeah.

而且关键是

And the thing

在直升机上你最担心的是旋翼叶片上不均匀结冰

you worry about in the in a helicopter is asymmetric ice shedding

嗯

Mhmm.

你正在叶片上积聚冰层。

Where you're accumulating ice on the blades.

对。

Right.

然后其中一片叶片突然全部脱落冰层。

And then one of the blades sheds all the ice.

你就完全失去平衡了。

And you're wildly out of balance.

对。

Right.

你之前觉得已经够颠簸了？

You thought you were shaking before?

是的。

Yeah.

好吧。

All right.

所以让我再回顾一下这几件事，然后我们回答问题。

So let me review a couple more of these things and we'll answers questions.

即使对于经过认证可以进入此类环境的飞机，也不建议持续在这种环境中飞行。

Even professionally for aircraft that are certified to go into it, it's not treated as something you wanna continue in.

你可能会进入这种环境，但凭借飞机系统，你仍能安全脱离。

You can be in it and you can get out of it safely because of the aircraft systems.

但即便对于在结冰条件下经过认证的专业飞行员来说，他们也不会在其中停留太久。

But it's still something that even professional pilots with airplanes certified into icing conditions, they don't spend a lot of time there.

任务是尽快脱离这些条件。

The mission is to get out of those conditions as soon as possible.

有一些统计数据给人留下一种不公平的印象，似乎结冰并不那么危险，因为你很少看到结冰事故。

There are stats out there that sort of give the unfair picture that icing isn't that dangerous because you don't see a lot of icing accidents.

确实发生过一些，但数量不够多，以至于有些飞行员会想：我们为什么要这么担心这个问题？

There are some, but not enough where some pilots may think, why are we so worried about this?

低数字并不意味着它是安全的。

The low numbers do not mean that it's safe.

它只是说明大多数飞行员，就像你反馈中说的那样，都在避开这些情况。

It just means that most pilots like you said in your feedback are avoiding it.

他们不会进入这些条件中。

They're not going in those conditions.

在你的飞行训练初期，就应该非常明确地教导你避开这些条件。

And it should be taught very early on in your flight training to stay out of those conditions.

你也不是试飞员。

And you're not a test pilot.

请别向我们炫耀你的本事。

Please don't show us how cool you are.

别这么做。

Don't do it.

是的。

Yeah.

即使在，是的。

Even on yeah.

我的意思是，就像阿奇说的，即使那些设计上能应对一定程度结冰的飞机，如果系统失效了会怎样？

I mean, like Arch is saying, even on planes that are meant to take this, a certain level of icing, what happens if a system fails?

嗯。

Mhmm.

如果你的国王空勤飞机尾部的除冰靴无法看到，出了问题会怎样？

What happens if the boots on your King Air on the tail that you can't see

嗯。

Mhmm.

别充气。

Don't inflate.

糟糕。

Bad.

现在你陷入困境了。

And now you're in a bad way.

嗯。

Mhmm.

好吧，我们来讨论他的问题，从实际角度谈谈。

All right, let's get to his questions and talk about it from a practical standpoint.

冬季通用航空飞行，真的让人非常沮丧。

So winter general aviation flying, it is super frustrating.

我明白。

I get it.

我以前也遇到过这种情况。

I've been in that situation before.

我曾在东北地区完成了大量的飞行训练和教学，那里经常下雪，有时连续四五天都根本没法飞行。

I did a lot of my flight training and instructing up in the Northeast where it snowed and there were some nasty streaks like four or five days where you just weren't doing anything.

而更长的跨区域飞行，仅仅因为飞机根本无法安全穿越这种天气。

And longer cross countries, just based on the fact that airplane has no way to get through this safely.

天空之鹰飞机没有防冰或除冰装置。

There's no anti ice or de ice on the Skyhawk.

只有一个皮托管是不够的。

There's a pitot tube that is not enough.

所以较长的飞行任务根本无法规划，这与你无关。

So a longer flight is really unplanable and that's nothing against you.

这仅仅是事实：当你驾驶一架巡航速度约100节、可用高度约10,000英尺的飞机进行仪表飞行时，情况就是如此。

It's just the facts of life when it comes to IFR flying in an aircraft that's hovering around a 100 knots and has about 10,000 feet of altitude to work with.

在这种情况下，你能选择的绕行方案非常有限。

Your options are very limited on how to get around that.

但也许今天我们可以给你一些应对建议。

But maybe today we'll give you some ideas.

所以我有几个建议。

So I have a couple.

我知道你说你想进行多引擎或更长的飞行。

I know you said you wanted to do multi or longer flights.

这正是你应该真正开始锻炼自己提前规划天气能力的时候。

This is when you should really get into, you know, testing your ability to plan ahead for weather.

我周五不打算飞行，但现在是周一。

I'm not going flying on Friday, but it's Monday.

我会开始关注，看看我能否利用现有信息准确预测天气。

I'm gonna start looking and see how good I get at predicting the weather with the information that I have.

好吧，现在是周一。

Okay, it's Monday.

根据我看到的情况，我认为这就是我的判断。

I think this is what I think based on what I see.

这是ForeFlight中所有天气工具所显示的内容。

This is what all the tools say in ForeFlight, all the weather tools.

星期二，我再做一次预测。

On Tuesday, I'm gonna make another.

星期三，我再猜一次。

On Wednesday, I'm gonna make another guess.

我想看看随着接近实际日期，我的预测有多准。

I wanna see how close I was as I get closer.

现在是星期五了。

Now it's Friday.

那些冰冻层在哪里？

Where are those freezing levels?

天气预报说的和我预想的有什么不同？

Where did the weather say that it would be compared to what I thought?

你知道，我离自己原本认为可行的飞行条件有多接近？

You know, how close am I to what I thought was gonna be a doable flight?

冬天的时候多花点时间，把这项技能练精。

Spend the time in the winter getting really good at that.

好的。

Okay.

如果连续多日都是目视气象条件且无结冰，就去飞吧。

If a multi day stretch is truly VMC and ice free, go fly.

但你得为自己的灵活性得到回报。

But you gotta be rewarded for your flexibility here.

这种情况可能不会发生，你可能无法起飞，但你是否想讨论如何保持飞行熟练度并让每次飞行都有意义？

That may not happen and you may not be able to go, but you wanna talk about staying current and making the flights have some purpose?

是的。

Yeah.

关于刚才那一点，我想说不要让自己陷入被困在某地、必须回家的境地。

On that previous point, I would would say don't get yourself into a situation where you're stuck somewhere and you have get home it is.

比如，我真的必须回家。

Like, oh, I really need to get home.

现在你把自己逼到了角落，为了回家，你不得不在有风险的条件下飞行。

And now you're you've painted yourself in a corner where to get home, you're gonna fly in questionable conditions.

或者我得赶紧避开它们。

Or I have to skut run to stay out of them.

没错。

Exactly.

是的。

Yeah.

嗯哼。

Mhmm.

好的。

Alright.

所以你可以通过让飞行更有目的性来保持熟练，而不是

So you can stay current by making your flights purpose instead of

继续说。

Keep going.

是的。

Yeah.

与其在机场起降模式中做本地起降，不如申请仪表飞行规则飞往附近机场。

Instead of doing local touch and goes in the pattern, file an IFR and fly to a nearby airport.

吃顿午饭。

Have lunch.

做一次进近。

Shoot an approach.

也许顺序不是这样。

Maybe not in that order.

也许先做进近，然后再吃午饭。

Maybe shoot the approach first and then have lunch.

或者在飞机上吃午饭。

Or have lunch in the plane.

带个三明治，然后做一次进近。

Pack a sandwich and then shoot an approach.

但先做一次进近，再申请返航，然后再做一次。

But but shoot an approach and then file back and shoot another.

提交两个飞行计划。

File two flight plans.

走一遍取消的流程。

Go through the process of canceling.

也许这是一个非塔台机场。

Maybe it's a non towered.

也许不是。

Maybe it's not.

但请按照步骤，完整地执行一次IFR飞行，然后再执行另一次。

But go through the steps of, you know, the iteration of doing an an entire IFR flight and then doing another one.

猜猜怎么样？

And guess what?

你一天就能完成两次。

You get two in a day.

也许你做了个不错的三明治，味道很好。

And maybe you made a good sandwich, and it was good.

或者你找到了一个不错的午餐地点。

Or maybe you found a good place for lunch.

我不知道。

I don't know.

也许是因为

Maybe because

你申请了，可能是因为你进行了跨地区飞行，需要自己准备三明治。

you filed maybe because you went on a cross country, you need to pack your own sandwich.

我不知道。

I don't know.

申请两份飞行计划，并执行几次进近。

File put file two flight plans and shoot a couple approaches.

你不仅获得了飞行熟练度，还锻炼了实际决策能力。

You're getting some currency plus some real world decision making.

如果天气不好，就不要飞。

And if the weather isn't good, don't go.