第090期……尼采篇一：上帝已死，船长摩根亦然

感谢所有在Patreon上支持这个节目的朋友们，网址是 patreon.com/philosophize this。

Thanks to everyone out there that supports the show on Patreon, patreon.com/philosophize this.

也感谢在PayPal上自愿打赏支持往期内容的朋友们，还有每一位留下评论、写评价、帮助维持这种哲学对话的人——真的特别感谢。

Thanks to the people that contribute what they want for the back catalog of the show on PayPal, and thanks to everyone out there who's leaving a comment, leaving a review, helping to keep philosophical conversations like this going between people.

没有你们，这一切根本不可能实现。

Could never do this without you.

今天的这一集，是我们关于尼采的大型系列的第一期。这个系列会帮我们打下坚实的基础，以便之后讨论其他存在主义者，最终目标是能回头以更清晰的视角，去理解西蒙娜·德·波伏娃在《模棱两可的伦理学》中的深刻洞见。

Today's episode is the first in a pretty big series on Friedrich Nietzsche, a series that'll give us a solid foundation to talk about some other existentialists, the ultimate goal being that we circle back around and have the perspective necessary to understand the genius of Simone de Beauvoir in her work, The Ethics of Ambiguity.

所以我觉得，这个系列最好的起点，是聊聊尼采对‘作为一个人是什么感觉’的一个观察。

So I think the best place to begin this series is to talk about an observation that Nietzsche made about what it's like to be a human being.

但要理解他的立场，咱们先达成一个共识吧。

But to understand where he's coming from, let's all just agree on one thing.

有些关于你我、关于每个人存在的事，其实没人会真的搞混。

There are certain things about your existence, my existence, everyone's existence that nobody really gets that confused about.

这些事，普通人根本不会失眠，因为答案早就被他们从小到大所处的日常世界一遍遍强化了。

Certain things that the average person doesn't really lose sleep over because, well, there's an answer that's reinforced by the default everyday existence that they were born into.

比如，普通人可不会半夜一点还纠结：我为啥长了眼睛？

For example, the average person's probably not sitting around agonizing until one in the morning about why they have eyeballs.

对吧？

Right?

为啥呢？

Why?

我这眼睛，俩装在黏糊糊液体里的小球，嵌在头骨里，到底是为啥？

Why do I have these eyeballs, these marbles coated in this viscous fluid embedded into my skull?

为啥？

Why?

我为啥非得不停地眨眼睛？

Why must I I blink incessantly?

因为不眨眼睛眼睛会干啊，笨蛋。

Well, it's to keep your eyes from drying out, silly.

得让眼睛保持湿润才行。

You gotta keep them moist.

你这傻瓜。

You fool.

你还不明白吗？

Don't you understand?

我们保持眼睛湿润，到底是为了啥？

What are we keeping them moist for?

图个啥？

What what purpose?

为啥？

Why?

根本没人这么想。

Nobody's doing that.

但你想想，这还不是我们对自身存在习以为常的唯一一件事——为啥长耳朵、为啥有手、为啥要呼吸。

But the interesting thing to think about is that this isn't the only thing that we just sort of take for granted about our existence, why we have ears, why we have hands, why we breathe.

对普通人来说，这些东西的功能都显而易见。

For the average person, there's a very obvious function that each of these things serve.

当他们开始自我反省时，会发现自己的眼睛其实是在构建一幅粗糙的世界地图，帮他们找方向。

And when they find themselves doing a personal inventory, they see that their eyes create a crude map of the world that helps them navigate it.

他们意识到，耳朵的作用是帮人保持平衡。

They they see that their ears help them stay balanced.

还能听见背后悄悄逼近的捕食水牛。

They they help them hear predatory buffalo sneaking up behind them.

这些东西的功能太明显了，普通人根本不会拼命去追问它们为什么存在。

The obvious function that these things serve makes these sorts of questions not really something the average person is desperately searching for an answer to.

但尼采会问：普通人真正一直在找答案的问题是什么？

But Nietzsche would ask, what is a question that people are often searching for an answer to?

有没有哪个问题，几乎每个人一生中都会问上一回？

What's a question that it seems like practically everybody asks at some point in their life?

我的人生到底有什么意义？

Well, what's the meaning of my life?

宇宙的意义又是什么？

What's the meaning of the universe?

我的人生在浩瀚宇宙中究竟扮演着什么角色？

What role does my life play in the grand scheme of things?

每个人都会问这些问题。

Everyone asks these things.

有这么多人忍不住去想这个问题，恰恰说明，这答案不像‘眼睛是干嘛用的’那样显而易见、随手就能明白。

And just the fact that there's so many people out there that find themselves asking this question, that just goes to show that there isn't some easy or obvious answer to that question that the average person can quickly harness, like when they question what the purpose of their eyeballs are.

尼采会说，我们生下来可没自带什么内置答案，能直接解答这些疑问。

Nietzsche would say, it's not like we're born with some sort of innate knowledge that gives us the answer to these questions.

也不是上帝在405号公路边上挂了块巨幅广告牌，把答案写得清清楚楚。

It's not like god put up a a billboard along the 405 that makes the answer to this stuff perfectly clear.

既然这么多人一出生就面对这种没有明显答案的处境，尼采会问：按理说，大多数人不都应该默认对宇宙持虚无态度吗？

And with so many people born into this condition where there is no obvious answer, Nietzsche would ask, shouldn't you expect to see the vast vast majority of people with a nihilistic outlook on the universe just by default?

可为什么事实不是这样？

Why is it not that way?

为什么相反，绝大多数人反而坚信，自己的人生注定有某种意义？

Why is it practically the inverse where the vast majority of people do believe that their life has some sort of preordained purpose?

而那些虚无主义者，就是一群坐在食堂角落里，又丧又压抑的人。

And the nihilists nihilists are just this sad, depressing group of people in the corner of the cafeteria.

他们生活中总少不了黑指甲油。

Black nail polish seems to be a big part of their life.

这问题挺有意思的，对吧？

It's an interesting question, isn't it?

幸运的是，尼采觉得自己找到了答案。

Now luckily, Nietzsche thought he had an answer to it.

他说，大多数人之所以不陷入虚无主义，是因为当你长大成人、开始追问生命意义的时候，历史上人们其实一直有别的选择。

He said that the reason why most people are not nihilistic is because when you come of age in this world and you start asking these questions about what the purpose of your life is, historically speaking, people have always had another choice.

当你被卷入这场人生游戏，思考存在的本质时，选项一就是虚无主义。

When you find yourself a contestant on this game show and you're thinking about the nature of existence, door number one is nihilism.

尼采认为，历史上你总还有选项二，或者他所说的成百上千种‘真实世界理论’中的某一种。

Nietzsche would say that, historically, you've always had door number two or some variation of the hundreds and hundreds of what he calls true world theories that are out there.

咱们来聊聊这些‘真实世界理论’吧。

Let's talk about these true world theories.

那是什么？

What are they?

其实咱们以前在哲学里见过这些。

Well, we've seen them before in philosophy.

还记得柏拉图说的那个超验的理念世界吗？

Remember Plato and his transcendent world of forms he describes?

简单回顾一下。

Quick recap.

有一天柏拉图在研究几何，突然悟到了一件事。

Basically, Plato's studying geometry one day, and he realizes something.

在数学里，我们完全可以想象出一个完美的三角形——一个三边绝对相等、内角总和正好是180度的完美图形。

In the world of mathematics, it is possible to imagine the idea of a perfect triangle, the concept of a perfect triangle, a perfect three sided figure that has internal angles that all add up to a 180 degrees.

对吧？

Right?

这就是‘三角形’这个概念最纯粹、最完美的体现。

The absolute perfect representation of what it means to be a triangle.

我们每个人心里都能想象出那个完美的三角形。

We can all picture that perfect triangle in our minds.

换句话说，我们能靠理性去理解这个完美的三角形的概念。

In other words, we can use our capacity to reason to grasp the idea of that perfect triangle.

但这个完美的三角形，真正在现实世界里存在吗？

But does that triangle actually exist anywhere out there in the world?

我们根本不可能在周围到处看到这种完美的三角形。

We certainly don't see that perfect triangle all around us.

要是有个探险家深入丛林，带队去找呢？

What if some explorer led an expedition deep into the jungle?

他会发现一个发着光的、完美的、理想中的三角形，就像约柜一样吗？

Would they come across some glowing, perfect, ideal triangle like it's the Ark of the Covenant?

不会。

No.

实际上，我们天天看到的，都是些近似三角形的东西。

What really happens is we see things that are triangles all around us all the time.

比如房子的屋顶，或者一片披萨。

You know, roof of a house, piece of pizza.

但这些都不是完美的三角形。

But these things aren't perfect triangles.

它们只是有点像我们心中‘三角形’那个概念的样子。

They just sort of resemble what it means to be triangle.

它们只是对‘三角形’这个理想概念的不完美体现。

They are imperfect representations of that ideal concept of triangle.

柏拉图觉得，世界上所有东西都是这样。

Plato thought everything in the world was this way.

比如说，你看着一棵盆栽树，紧接着又看到一棵巨大的红杉树。

For example, for some reason, you can look at a bonsai tree, and then right after that, you can look at a giant redwood tree.

虽然它们看起来天差地别，但你就是能感觉到它们之间有种共同的东西。

And even though the two of them look extremely different from each other, for some reason, there's something similar about them that you're communicating with.

你是在认出那种让它们都算作‘树’的共性。

You're recognizing something that makes them both trees.

就是那种‘树性’，一种根本的特质，让这两者尽管长得天差地别，却都还是树。

It's treeness, some essential property that makes both of those things trees despite looking so different.

就像披萨是对完美三角形的 flawed 反射一样，盆栽树也是对‘树之为树’这个理想形态的 flawed 反射。

The same way there's an ideal perfect form of a triangle that a piece of pizza is a flawed reflection of, a bonsai tree is a flawed reflection of an ideal form of what it means to be a tree.

如果你信柏拉图，那接下来自然就得出：世上万物都是粗劣的映射。

Now what follows from that if you're Plato is that everything in the world is a crude reflection.

每样东西都不过是它那个理想形态的不完美体现。

Everything is an imperfect representation of some ideal form of that thing.

柏拉图想，为什么不把这些理想形态集中起来，虚构一个他叫作‘理念世界’的领域呢？

Plato thought, why not encapsulate all of these ideal forms into a hypothetical realm that he called the world of forms.

那时候听起来这名字还挺靠谱的。

Seemed like a pretty good name at the time.

但你仔细想想，柏拉图这话其实暗含了什么？

But think of what Plato's implying here.

他说，我们所处的这个世界，其实不过是个表象世界。

He's saying that the world that we live in is really just a world of appearances.

这个世界就是一堆粗糙、不完美的投影，全是那些理想形态的翻版。

It's a cacophony of crude, flawed reflections of these ideal forms.

我们所处的这个世界，不过是那个更真实的、靠理性才能触及的‘理念世界’投下的影子。

This world is but an earthly shadow of a more real world that can be accessed by reason called the world of forms.

关键来了。

Now here's the point.

这个理念世界，就是尼采所说的‘真世界’理论里的那个真正的世界。

This world of forms is what Nietzsche would call the true world of this particular true world theory.

所以我们生活的这个物质世界、表象世界，就退居二线了。

So the other world that we live in, this earthly physical world of appearances, that becomes secondary.

记住这一点，待会儿好对比。

Now remember that as a point of comparison.

咱们再来看尼采提到的另一个‘真世界’理论的例子。

Let's talk about another example of one of these true world theories that Nietzsche mentions.

咱们挑个更贴近日常生活的例子来说。

Let's do one that we're all a little bit more practically familiar with.

新约圣经以及现代众多基督教诠释所推崇的世界观。

The worldview ascribed by the New Testament and dozens of modern interpretations of Christianity.

和柏拉图类似，基督教也认为存在着两个截然不同的世界。

Now comparable to Plato, Christianity also talks about there being two distinct worlds that exist.

一个是肉身的世界，也就是我们生活的这个尘世，它就像一场道德考验，你得在这充满坎坷的短暂人生里挣扎前行，还得说服自己相信耶稣真的治好了麻风病人。

There's the world of the flesh, this earthly realm that's sort of like an ethical obstacle course, you know, your behavior when navigating these slings and arrows of this mortal existence and whether you can convince yourself to believe that Jesus cured the lepers.

而你最终的命运，取决于你在另一个更重要的世界里能否获得一席之地——那就是天堂。

That ultimately determines your fate in this other world that exists, the world that's much more important, the one we're all trying to earn a spot in, heaven.

你想想看，这两个世界之间是什么关系？

I mean, think about the relationship between these two worlds.

你本质上是个永恒的灵魂，只是暂时寄居在这具身体里，经历一场试炼，最终总会走向另一个世界。

You are, in actuality, an eternal spirit, an eternal spirit that is just temporarily inhabiting this body as a test only to inevitably pass on to that other world.

你在这世上最多活个七八十年，运气好的话，剩下的全是永恒。

You spend seventy, eighty years tops if you're lucky in this world and an eternity in the other world.

这个短暂的尘世充满了你不喜欢的东西：痛苦、死亡、诱惑、焦虑、抑郁。

This temporary earthly world is filled with all sorts of stuff you don't like, suffering, death, temptation, anxiety, depression.

这些东西在那个世界里根本不存在。

Those things don't even exist in this other world.

有一件事是肯定的。

One thing's for certain.

只要你能赢得进入那个世界的资格，你在现世经历的一切，都完全无法与等待着你的神之荣耀相比。

Nothing you experience in this earthly world could ever compare to the majesty of god that awaits you in this other world if you're able to earn your spot in it.

尽管这个物质世界有这么多缺陷，我们真正该关注的，还是天堂。

Heaven is ultimately the world that we should be focusing on despite all the apparent shortcomings of this physical world.

在尼采的这套‘真实世界’理论里，天堂才是真正的世界。

Heaven is the true world in this true world theory to Nietzsche.

我们再看一个类似的例子。

Let's look at one more of these.

印度教，或者某些佛教流派。

Hinduism or certain types of Buddhism.

就像海浪只是海洋的暂时显现，把海浪看成和海洋分离的东西，那完全是错的。

You know, in the same way that a single wave is just a temporary manifestation of the ocean and that it would be wrong for someone to classify a wave as being separate from the ocean somehow.

不是。

No.

它就是海洋本身。

It it is the ocean.

从这个角度看，我们每个人就像浪花，不过是某种更宏大存在——无论是梵、宇宙整体，还是灵界——的短暂显现，看你信哪种说法。

In that sense, we too as individuals are kinda like waves, temporary manifestations of something else, of Brahmin or of the totality of the universe or the spirit realm, whichever particular one you may subscribe to.

说到底，个体的自我是一种幻觉。

Bottom line is the individual self is an illusion.

宇宙中的一切，归根结底都是同一个整体。

Everyone and everything in the universe is ultimately one.

我们只是这片更大海洋的不同浪花罢了。

We're just different manifestations of this larger ocean.

尼采会说，就像基督教的天堂、柏拉图的理念世界一样，这种世界观里也出现了同样的模式。

Now Nietzsche would say, just like in the heaven of Christianity, just like in the Platonic world of forms, the same motifs begin to emerge in this worldview.

对吧？

Right?

有两种截然不同的现实。

There are two distinct realities.

其中一种是低级的。

One is inferior.

一种是幻象，我们这一生的任务就是超越这个表象世界，进入另一个真实的世界，抓住真正的自我。

One is an illusion, and it's our job in this life to transcend this world of appearances and access this other reality where we can grab hold of our true self.

在那个世界里，自我的问题就变得不那么重要了。

Now in that world, the problems of the ego become secondary.

有些东西是我们必须超越的。

There are things that we need to overcome.

摆脱你出生时就身处的幻象世界，才能进入这种‘真实世界理论’所描述的真正世界。

To rise above the world of illusions that you were born into is to access the true world of this particular true world theory.

历史上，这种‘真实世界理论’有成百上千种之多。

Now there are hundreds, if not thousands, of these true world theories that have been created throughout history.

顺便说一句，不只是哲学和宗教在搞这套东西。

And by the way, it's not just philosophy and religion that are guilty of creating them.

你可以通过追求某种马克思主义的乌托邦，或者某种种族主义的乌托邦，其实任何东西都行。

You could do it by looking to some Marxist utopia that you wanna bring about, some racist utopia, really anything.

更深层的意思是，尼采会说，这些所谓‘真实世界理论’之间有这么多相似之处，根本不是巧合。

The deeper point is that Nietzsche would say that it's not at all a coincidence that there are so many fundamental similarities between all of these true world theories.

简直就像一套固定模板。

It's almost like a formula.

我们所生活的这个世界，有些地方就是让我们特别不满意。

There's something about this world that we're actually living in that we don't like.

为了让自己好受点，我们就编出一套‘真实世界理论’，说这个世界只是暂时的，或者只是幻象，真正该关注的是另一个世界。

So to make us feel better about it, we manufacture one of these true world theories that say that this world is only temporary or this world is only an illusion, that there's some other world out there that we should really be focusing our attention on.

别管这个世界了。

Don't worry about this world.

反正它也一塌糊涂。

It's messed up anyway.

在尼采看来，这些‘真实世界理论’全是人类自己造出来的。

To Nietzsche, these true world theories are human inventions.

这是一种常见手段，人们用它来满足各种心理需求。

They're a common tactic that people use to satisfy various psychological needs that human beings often have.

有人可能会反问：真的吗？尼采这么说？

Now some people would say back to this, really, Nietzsche?

真的？

Really?

历史上成千上万的人，都只是为了填补心理空虚，才编出这些东西？

Thousands of different people throughout history have all just manufactured these to fill a psychological void?

他们居然全都想到了一模一样的东西？

They all happen to have arrived at the exact same idea?

尼采会说，没错，就是这样。

Well, Nietzsche would say, yeah.

他们确实都这么做了。

They have.

这是每个人都会面对的普遍问题。

This is a universal problem that all human beings face.

你再想想，还有哪些人类共同面对的问题？

Think of any other universal problem that people face.

想想看，有没有哪个普遍问题，人类发明了某种东西来解决它？

Think of a universal problem that we've manufactured some invention to solve.

能举个例子吗？

What's an example of that?

老是搬重东西。

Carrying a lot of heavy stuff around.

对吧？

Right?

这很明显吧。

It seems clear.

不管你祖先最后在哪儿定居，想在这儿活上几千年，估计都没几个人喜欢整天扛着一堆重物到处跑。

No matter where your particular ancestors decided to hunker down and try to survive for a few thousand years, chances are they didn't like carrying around a bunch of heavy stuff all the time.

那他们是怎么解决的？

So what did they do?

每一群人都想出了自己独特的办法来解决这个问题。

Well, each group of people came up with their own creative way of solving that problem.

轮子、滚木头、马车、人力车、牲口拉货，等等，花样可多了。

The the wheel, rolling things on top of logs, carts, wagons, rickshaws, animals, you name it.

说到底，背重物是人人都头疼的事，每个文化都各自想出了不太一样的解决办法。

Point is having to carry around a bunch of heavy stuff was a universal human problem, and every culture came up with their own slightly different way of dealing with it.

尼采就问过：还有什么是人类共同的难题？

Here's Nietzsche saying, what's another universal human problem?

对啊。

Oh, yeah.

我这一生的意义到底是什么？

What is the meaning of my life?

这些所谓‘真实世界’的理论，就跟马车、推车差不多。

These true world theories are kinda like carts and wagons.

它们都是人类想出来的聪明点子，用来应对我们人人都会遇到的问题。

They're clever human inventions that solve a universal problem that we're all faced with.

尼采说，意识到这一点其实没什么新鲜的。

Now Nietzsche says being able to recognize that that's the case, it's nothing new, really.

我的意思是，早在他之前，人们早就明白这些所谓‘真实世界理论’本质上都差不多。

I mean, people have obviously known long before him that these true world theories are pretty much all the same thing.

他说，这些理论能延续这么久，是因为科学家和哲学家们在反驳它们时，往往没用对方法。

He says the reason it's been able to go on for so long is because scientists and philosophers haven't always had the best strategy when it comes to refuting these true world theories.

他提到，通常的情况是，有人会提出一个证明上帝存在的论证。

He says what typically happens is somebody will come out with a proof of god's existence.

对吧？

Right?

比如安瑟伦或者阿奎那，就会搞出一套证明来。

Anselm or Aquinas will come out with some proof.

过去，哲学家们总是挑这些论证里的前提假设的毛病。

And in the past, philosophers would just point out all the assumptions they're making.

他们想证明，这根本不是能铁证上帝存在的决定性论据。

They would illustrate that it's not in fact a knockdown argument that god exists.

可他们一做完这个，就完事了。

And then once they did that, they were done.

他们压根儿没往相反的方向走。

They certainly didn't go in the opposite direction.

他们也没去证明上帝不存在。

They don't prove that god doesn't exist.

科学和哲学处理归纳问题时，本来也不是这么干的。

It's not really what science or philosophies in the business are doing anyway with the problem of induction.

我不确定你能不能证明上帝不存在。

I don't know if you can prove that god doesn't exist.

尼采的意思是，过去这种做法，总让那些相信这些‘真实世界理论’的人有话说：行吧。

What Nietzsche is saying is that in the past, this has always allowed someone who believes in one of these true world theories to say, okay.

安瑟伦的上帝存在证明站不住脚？那又怎样？说不定还有别的证明，能支持我的世界观呢。

Well, Anselm's proof of god's existence didn't hold up, but that doesn't mean there isn't another proof out there that justifies my worldview.

他们根本没推翻我信的东西。

They they certainly haven't disproven what I believe.

尼采这次是换了个角度来处理同一个问题。

This is Nietzsche taking a slightly different approach to the same problem.

他根本不是想去证明上帝不存在。

He's not in the business of proving that god doesn't exist.

他甚至都没说这些‘真实世界’理论不可能为真。

He's not even in the business of saying that it's impossible for one of these true world theories to be true.

他只是想让你明白：人们之所以编出这些故事，其实是出于一种非常真实的动机——让自己对那些糟糕的现实好受一点。

All he's saying is understand the very real incentive that people have for inventing a story that makes them feel better about certain unfortunate realities.

他说，一旦你意识到这一点，一旦越来越多的人开始明白这个道理，某种不可避免的事情就会发生。

He says that once you're made aware of this fact, once more and more people become aware of this fact, something happens that is inevitable.

他用了一句哲学史上最著名的话来表达这个观点。

He says it in one of the most famous lines in the history of philosophy.

他说：‘上帝死了。’

He says, quote, god is dead.

上帝确实死了，而我们就是凶手。

God remains dead, and we have killed him.

我们这些杀死了所有杀人者的人，该怎么安慰自己？

How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderer of all murderers?

世上曾经最神圣、最崇高的东西，如今在我们的刀下血流殆尽。

What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives.

谁来替我们擦去这身血迹？

Who will wipe this blood off us?

哪里才有足够的水，能让我们洗净自己？

What water is there for us to clean ourselves?

什么样的赎罪庆典才够格？

What festivals of atonement?

我们得创造出怎样的神圣之物来弥补？

What sacred gain shall we have to invent?

这件壮举的分量，难道不是大到我们承受不起吗？

Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us?

难道我们自己必须先变成神，才配得上这桩事？

Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it?

引文结束。

End quote.

现在听听这里的语气。

Now just listen to the tone there.

这跟大多数人第一次听到时的预期完全不一样。

Not what most people expect when they first hear it.

听起来根本不像尼采坐在那儿，乐呵呵地拍手叫好。

It really doesn't sound like Nietzsche sitting around, you know, gleefully clapping his hands.

看我干了什么。

He he look what I did.

不是的。

No.

根本不是。

No.

他是带着遗憾说这些话的。

He's saying this stuff regretfully.

他不是真在说某个神明死了。

He's not literally talking about the death of some deity.

他在说，人类追求客观道德的这种努力正在崩塌。

He's talking about the death of humanity's pursuit for some objective morality.

他说，想想过去，每当你困惑人生的意义，或者该怎么做才对的时候——

He says, look in the past whenever you've had questions about what the meaning of your life is or how you should be acting.

历史上，你总能随手拿到一套现成的答案，来解决所有这些让人煎熬的问题。

Throughout history, you've always had one of these stock ready made answers to all of life's agonizing questions.

但随着世界越来越科学化，普通人更容易接受教育，批判性思维更强，再加上心理学的发展揭穿了这些所谓‘终极真理’的真面目，我们实际上已经造就了一个世界：一个理智的人，几乎不可能再相信这些‘终极真理’了。

But with the world becoming more scientifically literate, with the average person having better access to education, better critical thinking skills, with people becoming more and more aware of advancements in psychology that show these true world theories to be what they are, we have created a world, in effect, where it has become next to impossible to be a reasonable person while also believing in one of these true world theories.

他说，现在想靠这些老办法来解决人类的困惑，越来越难了。

He's saying it's becoming harder and harder for somebody to be able to use these inventions that solve this human problem.

越来越难让人说服自己：相信一个人曾走在水面上、死了、三天后复活，这居然还说得通。

It's becoming harder and harder for somebody to be able to convince themselves that it's a reasonable proposition to just decide to believe that a guy walked on water, died, and came back three days later.

尼采对这一切意味着人类的未来会怎样，感到极度恐惧。

And Nietzsche is terrified about what this means for the future of humanity.

我相信咱们都能理解他的意思。

I'm sure we can all understand where he's coming from.

你想啊，要是某天早上醒来，所有帮我们搬重物的发明全都不灵了，那会怎么样？

I mean, just imagine if you woke up one day and all of the things that we have that carry heavy stuff for us stopped working.

就想象一下，那些工具突然全罢工了。

Imagine if those inventions just stopped working.

车全不能开了。

No more cars.

卡车、马车、火车，统统失效。

No more trucks, wagons, trains.

啥都用不了了。

Nothing worked anymore.

再想象一下，偏偏我们还没法再发明出新的东西来解决这个问题。

Now imagine for some reason we were incapable of inventing something new that deals with this problem.

那在这种世界里，我们只能接受一个现实：天天扛着这些重物，就是生活没法改变的宿命。

Well, in that world, we would all have to come to accept that carrying around all this heavy stuff all the time is just an unfortunate reality of our life.

就像这个假设的世界一样，我们现在每个人都得背负一个存在性的重担，一个我们都得学会接受的事实。

Well, similar to this hypothetical world, here's an existential heavy burden that all of us have to carry around now, something we all need to learn to accept.

说起来容易，做起来难。

Easier said than done.

尼采最终认为，能坦然接受自己真实处境的人，远比那些能说服自己相信某种‘真实世界’理论的人活得更好——这不仅关乎个人，更因为这类理论本质上会让人对现实世界中的种种问题变得麻木。

Now Nietzsche ultimately thought that someone who accepts the reality of their existence is much better off than someone who can manage to convince themselves of one of these true world theories, not only on a personal level, but also just because he thinks that these theories by their very nature breed complacency about what's going on in the world you live in.

比如，有人干了件极其恶劣的事，却逍遥法外。

For example, somebody might commit some horrible crime and get away with it.

他可能做了些可怕的事。

They might do something terrible.

而那些相信‘真实世界’理论的人可能会说：‘别担心，老天爷迟早会收拾他的’，然后该干嘛干嘛。

And a believer in one of these true world theories might say, well, lord will take care of them eventually and then move on about their day.

当然，这么想确实能让你当下好受点，但你要是错得离谱，老天根本不会管他呢？那会怎样？

Now, certainly, that makes you feel better in the moment, but just think of what you're doing if you're wrong about the lord taking care of him one day.

你想想，这后果得多严重。

Think of what's happening.

有人就在你眼前被欺负、被占便宜。

Somebody is being wronged or taken advantage of right in front of you.

你却不挺身而出，不去为信念发声，也不去让这个世界变得更好，反而只是两手一摊。

And instead of standing up for what you believe in, potentially making the world a much better place, you just kinda throw your hands up in the air.

算了，这世界我不管了。

Oh, well, forget this world.

上帝的安排总是玄妙嘛，估计就是这样。

Lord works in mysterious ways, I guess.

我干脆躺平，等着哪天被柯克船长用传送器接上天堂。

I'll just kick back and wait to get beamed up into heaven one day by a good old Captain Kirk up there.

对吧？

Right?

他说，这可不是推动进步的好办法。

Not the best recipe for progress, he's saying.

当你读到那句话——‘上帝已死’，上帝依然死了——的时候，你明白吗？

Now when you're reading that quote, you know, god is dead, God remains dead.

我们杀死了他。

We have killed him.

你可能会觉得尼采是在针对亚伯拉罕宗教的上帝，就是那个父权制的男性神明。

One thing that you might think is that Nietzsche is unfairly picking on the god of the Abrahamic religions, you know, the the patriarchal god is a man.

我们杀死了他。

We have killed him.

表面上看是这样，但其实这只是他表达观点的方式。

It may seem that way, but it's really just his way of articulating the point.

别搞错了。

Make no mistake.

他反对的是所有这些所谓‘真实世界’的理论。

He takes issue with all of these true world theories that have been laid out.

事实上，他可能更害怕那些世俗版的‘真实世界’理论，因为这些理论往往没有道德根基。

In fact, you could possibly say that he's even more scared of the secular true world theories because oftentimes, they aren't grounded with any sort of moral agenda.

我说的意思是，他在这句话里并不仅仅针对基督教，但可以说，基督教在尼采心里确实有特殊的位置。

What I'm saying is he's not picking on Christianity exclusively in that quote, but let's just say Christianity in particular has a very special place in Nietzsche's heart.

他觉得基督教就像个专属俱乐部，人人都想加入，还能捞到一堆额外好处。

He sees Christianity as this exclusive club that people like to join that gives its members all these fringe benefits.

首先，你就能带着一种道德优越感，到处俯视你遇到的每一个人。

For one, you get to walk around with a sense of moral superiority over everyone you meet.

这感觉可真不错。

That's pretty great.

你还能低头叹气，慢慢摇头，一副惋惜的样子。

You get to look down at the ground, frown, and shake your head slowly back and forth.

别闹了。

No.

别扯了。

No.

只要有人做了你不会做的事，你就能立马来这一套。

You can do that whenever somebody acts in a way that you wouldn't act.

但尼采会说：你瞧瞧你们奉为至宝的这套道德准则。

But Nietzsche would say, look at this moral code that they think is so great.

那到底是什么呢？

What is it really?

尼采管这叫奴隶道德。

Nietzsche calls it slave morality.

他说，当基督徒就意味着你成了羊群中的一员。

He says that becoming a Christian means you become a member of a herd.

大家都变得一模一样：善良、安静。

They all become the same sort of well meaning, quiet.

不想把事情闹太大。

Don't wanna rock the boat too much.

我对自己目前的处境充满信心，一脸茫然，跟他们一模一样。

I'm confidently optimistic about the situation that I'm in person with the same sort of glazed over look in their eyes.

但尼采认为，真正剥夺他们个性、把他们变成羊群的，是这套道德准则本身。

But Nietzsche thinks it's the code that they follow that ultimately removes them of most of their individuality and turns them into members of this herd.

同时，这套准则还把他们所有的缺点都合理化，说成是美德。

All the while, it justifies every shortcoming they have as people and deems it to be virtuous behavior.

我来解释一下他的意思。

Let me explain what he means.

尼采说，当你想成为真正的自己、过上理想生活时，嫉妒是你能拥有的最强大的动力之一。

Nietzsche says that one of the most powerful forces you can ever have on your side when it comes to being the person you truly want to be or living your dream life is envy.

在尼采看来，嫉妒是一种极其强大的力量。

Envy is a powerful force to Nietzsche.

嫉妒就是你看到别人拥有你没有的东西。

What envy is is you looking at somebody else and realizing that they have something that you don't have.

我也想要那个。

I want that.

他凭什么有，我却没有？

Why does he get to have that and I don't?

尼采会问，为什么我们通常觉得嫉妒是件坏事？

Nietzsche would say, why don't we typically think of envy as such a bad thing?

如果我们想成为最好的自己，嫉妒其实是最有用的工具之一。

It's one of the most powerful tools we have if we wanna become the best version of ourselves that we can.

想想嫉妒到底是什么。

Think of what envy is.

当你感到嫉妒时，这就像一束瞬间的聚光灯，照在你真正想要却还没拥有的东西上。

When you feel envious, that is an instantaneous spotlight cast on something that you really want and don't currently have.

这其实是你理想中的自己和当下自己的鲜明对比。

It's a contrast between the person you would most like to be and the person you are right now.

当你在电视上看到别人的身体，嫉妒他们的身材，盯着他们的肚子，那简直像波罗的海一样平滑。

When you look on the TV and you envy somebody else's body, you you look at their stomach, and it looks like the Baltic Sea.

全身都泛着光泽。

It ripples everywhere.

这时候，尼采会说，你没必要讨厌那个人。

When you do that, Nietzsche would say, you don't have to hate that person.

你完全可以欣赏他们。

You could admire them.

你可以把这种嫉妒感当成指南针，指引你去关注那些真正需要提升的方面。

You can use that feeling of envy as guidance, guidance to direct you towards what areas you should be focusing on if you wanna improve as a person.

如果你羡慕某个有钱人那辆特别豪华的车，

If you envy some really fancy car that a rich person has.

可别因为人家有你没有，就抄起砖头砸了车窗，

You don't gotta throw a brick through the window just because they have something you don't.

你可以把这份羡慕变成动力，拼了命去努力，让自己也买得起这辆车，

You can use that envy as motivation, motivation to work as hard as you possibly can to turn that car into a reality for you.

你看，羡慕其实挺棒的，因为它特别私人化，

See, envy is really cool because it's highly personalized.

这完全是你自己心里生出来的，

You created yours.

你从来不会羡慕别人拥有你根本不在乎的东西，

You never envy someone for something that you don't want.

它始终反映的是你理想中的自己和当下真实的自己之间的差距，

It's always the discrepancy between the person you'd most like to be and the person you are right now.

从这个角度说，我们羡慕什么，其实特别能说明我们是谁。

And in that sense, what we're envious about can teach us a lot about who we are.

尼采说，该给的肯定得给到位。

Now Nietzsche says, let's give credit where credit's due.

基督教特别擅长的一件事，就是让你否定那些天生的嫉妒心，还让你觉得软弱和被动才是美德。

One thing Christianity is really, really good at is teaching you to reject all these natural feelings of envy and get you to believe that weakness and passivity is a virtue.

尼采会说，基督徒也是人，跟咱们没啥两样。

Nietzsche would say, Christians Christians are human beings just like everyone else.

对吧？

Right?

他们跟别人一样，心里也有那种冲动。

They feel the same urge as everybody else feels.

只是他们不付诸行动罢了。

They just don't act on them.

他们也想发财、成功，过上挥霍无度的生活。

They too wanna go out and be super rich and successful and live in excess.

他们也想跟那些他们觉得特别棒、特别漂亮的人谈恋爱。

They too wanna hook up with people that they think are amazing and gorgeous.

他们也想被人喜欢，拥有好多朋友和仰慕者。

They too wanna be well liked and have tons of friends and admirers.

但他们不承认自己其实也有这些欲望，也不肯说是因为自己懒、不够聪明，或者运气差才没得到，反而把这些欲望当成邪恶的，然后把不追求这些当成一种美德。

But instead of acknowledging all the urges they have and admitting that the reason they don't have them is because they were lazy or weren't clever enough or just got unlucky in life, instead of acknowledging those urges, their strategy is to reject them, make them evil, and then make it into a virtue to be the kind of person that doesn't go out there and try to do these things.

他指出基督教有各种方式，把他认为是懦弱的性格特质，都包装成当好基督徒的标志。

He points out all sorts of various ways that Christianity turns what he sees as weak character traits into being a good Christian.

如果你不够勇敢，很难鼓起勇气去跟陌生人搭话，或者不敢表达自己的想法，别担心。

If you aren't that courageous and you have a really hard time mustering up the nerve to talk to someone new or to put your ideas out there, don't worry.

温柔的人必承受地土。

The meek shall inherit the earth.

如果你想要比现在更富有、更成功，别担心。

If you wanna be more rich and successful than you are now, don't worry.

骆驼穿过针的眼，比财主进神的国还容易。

It is more likely for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of god.

如果你想要很多朋友和仰慕者，也别担心。

If you want tons of friends and admirers, don't worry.

那些与人对立、却与神站在一起的人，将会得到七倍的回报。

Those who stand in opposition to their fellow man but in alignment with god will be rewarded sevenfold.

尼采会说，宽恕、谦卑、顺从这些所谓的美德，不过是为消极被动开脱，把你变成羊群中的一员，而不是独立的个体。

Nietzsche would say, these virtues of forgiveness and humility and obedience and all the rest of them, all they are is a way to justify passivity and turn you into a member of a herd rather than an individual.

现在可能有人要说了，行吧，尼采。

Now some of you might be saying, okay, Nietzsche.

你倒是挺能唠叨的，老说别人怎么活。

You sure are doing a lot of yammering about how everyone else is living their life.

那你呢？你干了啥？

What are you doing?

我该怎么做？

What should I be doing?

我到底该干嘛？

What what should I do?

就直接躺平，陷进虚无的深渊里吗？

Just sink down into a nihilistic depression?

整天想着一切都没意义？

Constantly think about how meaningless everything is?

你希望我这么过日子？

Is that what you want me to do?

非得每天哭到眼线糊满我那苍白的脸？

Forcing myself to cry every day so that guy liner rivers down my pasty white cheeks?

你真想要我这样？

Is that what you want from me?

简短的回答是：别扯了。

Well, the short answer to that is no.

长的答案嘛，全在下一期里。

The long answer is in the form of the entire next episode.

不过我觉得更值得聊的，不是尼采说我们该做什么，而是他说我们绝对不该做什么。

But I think a really interesting thing to talk about is not what Nietzsche thinks we should be doing, but something he thinks we shouldn't be doing.

如果我们真想在这世上活得开心，尼采认为有一件事绝对不能碰——喝酒。

If we truly wanna be happy in this world, one thing Nietzsche thinks we should never do is drink alcohol.

要理解这个，咱们先聊聊喝酒的利与弊。

Now to understand them, let's talk for a second about the pros and cons of drinking alcohol.

想象一个维恩图，两边各列一栏。

Picture a a Venn diagram, two lists.

你觉得这两栏能列多长？

How long would each of those lists be?

咱们好好想想。

Let's think about it.

喝酒的好处都有啥？

What are the pros of drinking?

顺便说一句，我说的喝酒，可不是指晚饭时喝半杯霞多丽，然后窝在壁炉边睡十二小时那种。

And by the way, when I say drinking, I'm not talking about, you know, half a glass of chardonnay at dinner, and then you you curl up by the fire and you sleep for twelve hours.

不是那种。

No.

你根本不是人。

You are not human.

明白吧？

Okay?

你没资格谈这个。

You don't get to have this conversation.

我说的是大多数人和酒精的关系。

I'm talking about the way most people have a relationship with alcohol.

你喝酒是为了有点感觉，或者干脆喝醉。

You drink to feel buzzed or to get drunk.

你为什么不喝橙汁？这总有个原因吧。

There's a reason you're not drinking orange juice.

对吧？

Right?

那好处是什么呢？

So what are the pros?

大概一到一个半小时，你会感觉特别爽。

Well, for about an hour, hour and a half, you feel really good.