第092期……尼采第三部分：查拉图斯特拉如是说

谢谢收听这一期节目。

Thanks for listening to this episode.

如果你想第一时间收到新节目的更新，或者偶尔收到一些值得读的哲学好书推荐，就去Instagram关注我们吧，账号是PhilosophizeThisPodcast，一个词连着写。

If you want updates on when new episodes are released as well as occasional philosophical recommendations of good stuff to read, follow the podcast on Instagram at Philosophize This Podcast, all one word.

好了。

Alright.

所以，当你跟别人聊尼采的哲学时——更具体点说，就是他那六七本构成核心思想的著作——人们通常喜欢把他的整个体系概括成一句话：尼采一生都在试图让我们重新审视自己在三大核心领域里的根本假设。

So whenever you're talking to somebody about Nietzsche's philosophy, well, I guess, more specifically, the six or seven books that make up the main body of his philosophy, a common way that people like to sort of package it all together and break it down is to say that what Nietzsche is trying to do all throughout his work is he's trying to get us to rethink all the fundamental assumptions that we're making about three major parts of our thinking.

第一，我们对神和宗教的看法。

Number one, our thoughts about God and religion.

这部分我们在尼采第一期就聊过，讲了那些所谓的‘真实世界理论’，在尼采看来，其实都是人类为了填补内心对意义的空虚而发明出来的聪明把戏。

Talked about that on Nietzsche part one when we talked about these true world theories and how they are ultimately to Nietzsche, clever human inventions to fill an intrinsic psychological void for meaning.

第二，我们对人性的理解。

Number two, our thoughts about human nature.

这部分是尼采第二期的内容，我们讨论了权力的世界，探讨了‘做一个人’到底意味着什么，以及我们为什么做自己做的事。

That was Nietzsche part two when we talked about the world of power, what it means to be a human being, and why we do what we do.

第三点，也是最后一点，人们常说尼采想让我们重新思考的，其实是我们都非常熟悉的一个概念。

Well, the third and final area that people commonly say, Nietzsche is trying to get us to think about, is a concept that we're actually all very familiar with.

就是认为宇宙中的一切，最终都能被归入两个极其宽泛的类别：善与恶。

It's the idea that everything in the universe can ultimately be classified as being part of one of two extremely broad categories that we like to call good and evil.

一件事要么是善的，要么是恶的。

Something is either good or it's evil.

你所能想到的任何事、任何事件、任何人类行为，只要仔细分析，都能把它归到‘善’或‘恶’这两大类里。

Everything, every event, every example of human behavior that you can point to, if we look at it closely enough, we can determine which one of these two columns it falls under, good or evil.

所以尼采要找他最重要著作的主角时，选了那个发明‘善恶对立’概念的人，这再合适不过了。

So it's only fitting that when Nietzsche's looking for the main character for what many consider to be his seminal work, he gets the guy that invented the concept of good versus evil.

没错。

That's right.

确实有这么一个人，就一个家伙。

There there was a guy, a single guy.

不用说，他活在很久很久以前。

And needless to say, he lived a a very long, long time ago.

有些历史学家说，早在公元前9000年就出现了。

Some historians say as early as 9,000 BC.

也有人觉得他没那么古老，但不管怎样，他是个波斯先知，叫琐罗亚斯德，朋友们都管他叫查拉图斯特拉。

Some say he lived a lot more recently, but either way, he was a Persian prophet that went by the name of Zoroaster, or as his friends like to call him, Zarathustra.

查拉图斯特拉跟当时其他人不一样，别人一看到世间发生的事——比如海神发怒、战神显灵——就归结为是某个神的旨意，可他把整个体系简化成了两个对立力量的斗争：一边是阿胡拉·马兹达，智慧与善的主宰，另一边是安格拉·曼纽，毁灭与恶的灵体。

Now Zarathustra, contrary to almost everyone else living around this time in history, instead of just looking out at stuff that happens in the world and whether it's the god of the sea or the god of war, instead of just attributing whatever happened as being the will of whichever god in the pantheon of gods corresponds to the action, Zarathustra, he simplified the whole system down into a battle between what he called Ahura Mazda or the lord of wisdom and goodness and Angra Mayenu or the spirit of destruction and evil.

当然啦，毕竟这事太古老了，关于具体年代和解读，各种说法多得是。

And it should be said that, like anything from this long ago, there's a lot of different theories about the dates and the readings of all this stuff.

但大多数历史学家都认为，查拉图斯特拉是第一个明确提出善恶二元对立的人。

But as far as most historians are concerned, Zarathustra is the first person to ever articulate this famous dichotomy of good versus evil.

我们今天聊的尼采那本书，叫《查拉图斯特拉如是说》。

Now Nietzsche's book that we're talking about today is called Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

很多人觉得，尼采写这本书，其实是在延续查拉图斯特拉的思想。

And there's a lot of people that would say that what Nietzsche thinks he's doing when he's writing this book is he's writing the continuation of Zarathustra's work.

你想想，要是查拉图斯特拉晚生几千年，活到尼采那个时代，信息更充分，他迟早也会明白：所谓善与恶，不过是人类为了简化世界而发明的概念，根本不存在什么宇宙级的、天定的善恶之分。

You know, if only Zarathustra had been born just a few thousand years later, if only Zarathustra had been born into the time of Nietzsche when better information was available, the natural conclusion that he would have arrived at eventually is that these concepts of good and evil are nothing more than an invention by human beings to simplify things and that there is no such thing as a cosmically ordained good or evil.

换句话说，尼采就像他觉得柏拉图借苏格拉底之口、保罗和新约作者借耶稣之口那样，也是借查拉图斯特拉之口在写作。和那两个例子一样，他想让同时代的人反思自己的生活方式，进而走向更好的方向。

In other words, Nietzsche, just like he thinks Plato did through the mouth of Socrates, just like he thinks Paul and the authors of the New Testament did through the mouth of Jesus, Nietzsche's writing a book through the mouth of Zarathustra, and much like the other two examples, he's trying to get the people of his time to question the way they live their life and hopefully move on to something better.

但要完整理解尼采描绘的这幅图景，我觉得我们最好先简单聊聊《查拉图斯特拉如是说》开篇发生了什么。

But to get the whole picture that Nietzsche's painting, I think it'd be useful for us to at least briefly talk about what happens at the beginning of Thus Spoke Zarathustra.

事情是这样的。

Here it goes.

故事从查拉图斯特拉开始，他是这本书的主角，也是尼采的代言人，一个特别了不起的人。

Story begins with Zarathustra, main character of the book, voice of Friedrich Nietzsche, and an all around great guy.

故事一开始，我们看到查拉图斯特拉正站在一座山顶上。

We find Zarathustra at the beginning of the story on top of a mountain.

他之所以在山顶，是因为他刚在那里独自生活了整整十年。

He's on top of a mountain because he just spent the last ten years of his life there.

传说当查拉图斯特拉三十岁那年，他做了件再正常不过的事——

The story goes that when Zarathustra turned 30 years old, he, well, he did what any self respecting person would have done.

他决定搬到山顶的洞穴里，彻底隐居，静心思索生命的意义。

He decided to live in a cave on top of a mountain in complete solitude, contemplating the meaning of life.

好消息是，这十年根本没白过。

Now the good news is this ten years was far from a waste of time.

至于扎拉图斯特拉对世界的理解，他上山苦思十年的法子，效果出奇地好。

When it came to Zarathustra understanding the world better, his strategy of moving up to the mountains and thinking about stuff for ten years actually worked pretty well.

简直好得不得了。

In fact, it worked so well.

他在书里说得明明白白。

He makes it clear in the book.

这些年积累的智慧，反而成了他的负担。

All this wisdom that he had acquired over the years, it began to burden Zarathustra.

他越来越扛不住了。

It starts to become too much for him.

于是有一天，他决定不再把满脑子的智慧锁在山顶，而是下山去，把这些东西带给山脚下小镇里的人们——那个小镇在故事里叫‘杂色牛’。

So one day, he decides that instead of Bogart and all the wisdom on top of this mountain of his, he's gonna hike down the mountain and try to spread it around to some of his fellow human beings that live in the town at the base of the mountain, a town in the story that's called Motley Cow.

乍一听，这名字像支重金属乐队，但其实它暗藏双关。

Now at first glance, that may sound like some sort of bovine hair metal band, but there's actually a double meaning to the name.

‘Motley’这个词源自柏拉图《理想国》里用来贬低民主政体的词，柏拉图对民主可没什么好印象。

Motley is a translation of a word used in Plato's Republic to denounce the democratic state, which he's not exactly a huge fan of.

而‘cow’呢，代表尼采眼中绝大多数人就像一群盲从的牲畜。

And cow is referring to how Nietzsche sees the vast majority of people as members of a herd.

把这两个词一合，就成了‘Motley Cow’。

Combine the two and you get motley cow.

于是他从山上下来了。

So he descends down the mountain.

他到了那个小镇。

He gets to the town.

他看见一群人围在一起，看各种街头表演。

He sees crowds of people standing around watching all different kinds of street performers.

说白了，就是他们那个时代的Netflix。

You know, essentially, Netflix for their generation.

他注意到一群人正围着一个走钢丝的表演者。

He hones in on a particular crowd of people that are watching this tightrope walker.

在表演者上台开始表演之前，现场一片寂静。

And before the performer can get up and actually do his act, it's quiet.

一群人围在那儿，等着看演出。

There's a crowd of people standing around waiting for a show.

查拉图斯特拉心想：这不就是现成的听众吗？

Zarathustra thinks, well, here's a captive audience.

这可是个绝佳的机会，能把我山顶上悟到的那些道理，讲给我的同胞们听。

What a fantastic opportunity for me to tell my fellow human beings all the great stuff I learned on top of the mountain.

于是他站到人群前，说：‘看啊，我教你们超人。’

So he gets up in front of the crowd, and he says, quote, behold, I teach you the overman.

超人，才是大地的意义。

The overman is the meaning of the earth.

让你们的意志说：超人应当成为大地的意义。

Let your will say the overman shall be the meaning of the earth.

我恳求你们，我的兄弟们，忠于大地，别相信那些跟你们谈什么来世希望的人。

I beseech you, my brothers, remain faithful to the earth, and do not believe those who speak to you of otherworldly hopes.

他们就是毒药，不管自己知不知道。

Poison mixers are they, whether they know it or not.

他们是厌弃生命的人，连自己都在腐烂，让大地都感到厌倦，那就让他们走吧。

Despisers of life are they, decaying and poison themselves of whom the earth is weary, so let them go.

我教你们超人。

I teach you the overman.

人是某种必须被超越的东西。

Man is something that shall be overcome.

你为超越自己做了什么？

What have you done to overcome him?

到目前为止，所有生物都创造了超越自己的东西。

All beings so far have created something beyond themselves.

你难道想成为这股洪流的退潮，反而倒退成野兽，而不是超越人类吗？

And do you want to be the ebb of this great flood and even go back to the beast rather than overcome man?

猴子对人来说算什么？

What is the ape to man?

一个笑柄，或者让人难堪的耻辱。

A laughingstock or a painful embarrassment.

而人之于超人，就该是这样一个笑柄，或一种痛苦的羞耻——这就是我的话。

And man shall be just that for the overman, a laughingstock or a painful embarrassment, end quote.

于是，查拉图斯特拉站起身，面对他的同胞们。

So Zarathustra stands up before his fellow human beings.

他给他们来了一段中场休息时的更衣室动员演讲，可他们怎么回应他？

He gives them this halftime locker room motivational speech, and what do they do to him?

他们嘲笑他。

They laugh at him.

他们嘲笑他。

They laugh at him.

他们真觉得他这一套是故意演出来的，一场精心设计的表演。

They actually think the whole thing is some kind of elaborate act that he's putting on.

他们觉得他就像那个走钢丝的街头艺人，纯粹在给他们演喜剧呢。

You know, they think he's a street performer just like the tight walker, and he's just doing some kinda comedy show for them.

别忘了，尼采写的是小说。

Now remember, Nietzsche's writing this as a work of fiction.

他故意让听众完全听不懂查拉图斯特拉在说什么。

He chose for the audience to not have any idea what Zarathustra's talking about.

他这么写，是因为他预感到，自己的哲学在像莫特利牛这样的小镇上，普通老百姓听了会是什么反应。

And the reason he did it this way is because he's sort of foreshadowing how he thinks his philosophy is gonna go over to just your run of the mill person living in, you know, Motley Cow, Nebraska.

也就是说，大概率没人能懂。

Meaning, they're probably not gonna get it very much.

更别提当真了。

Probably not gonna take it seriously.

就像苏格拉底时代的雅典人，就像耶稣时代的那些人，有些思想实在太超前了，大多数人根本接不住。

Much like the people living in Athens during the time of Socrates, much like the people living during the time of Jesus, sometimes ideas are just so far ahead of their time, most people out there probably aren't gonna get it.

这正是尼采预料到的，他无所谓。

This is what Nietzsche's anticipating, and that's fine.

但另一方面，咱们也得替那些人说句公道话。

But on the other hand, let's be fair to the people.

明白吧？

Alright?

你真能怪他们听不懂查拉图斯特拉这话吗？

Can you really blame them for not understanding what Zarathustra's talking about in that quote?

他压根就没用大白话来讲他的意思。

I mean, he's not exactly using plain English to describe his point.

我是说，你瞧。

I mean, I look.

你看。

Look.

我每天都在读哲学。

I read philosophy every day.

要是有个陌生人跑来跟我扯什么‘超人’，

Some dude comes up to me on the street and starts talking about an an overman.

这到底啥意思啊？

What does that even mean?

他好像觉得人人都懂‘超人’这个词似的，到处乱用。

He's he's throwing around this word overman like everybody's heard it.

就好像我二十年前就该从青蛙科米那儿学会了一样。

Like like, I should have learned it from Kermit the frog twenty years ago.

要不是我以前听说过，我真不知道他在讲啥。

I seriously wouldn't even know what he was talking about if I hadn't heard of it before.

所以我现在想做的，就是比他当时那个即兴发挥讲得清楚点——他那时候，跟在山上自言自语了十年差不多，根本没准备好跟人交流。

So I guess my goal right now is to try to do a little bit better job of unpacking Zarathustra's worldview than he did in that moment on the spot when he really wasn't that far removed from talking to himself on top of a mountain for the last ten years.

这话说得在理。

I mean, makes sense.

查尔斯·曼森肯定不是什么演讲高手。

Charles Manson probably isn't the greatest public speaker.

那咱们还是来聊聊‘超人’吧。

So So let's talk about the overman.

我觉得可以从这点说起：在尼采看来，人生就是一场永不停歇的追求。

I guess a good place to start is to say that, to Nietzsche, life is a constant pursuit.

其实，这是一种不断挣扎的过程，目标是达到他所说的‘超人’状态。

Actually, a a constant struggle towards a state of being that he calls the overman.

有些人管它叫‘超人’（Ubermensch）。

Some people say Ubermensch.

也有人直接叫它‘超级人类’。

Some people say Superman.

还有人瞎起哄，叫它‘海瑞曼’。

Some people say Hireman.

我倒喜欢管它叫‘完全性别流动的高等直立灵长类’——当然，我这么讲可不是在暗示你属于哪个物种，老兄。

I like to refer to it as the ascended completely gender fluid bipedal primate, though it would never be so insensitive as to infer your species, man.

但我懂你的意思。

But I understand.

要真做到我这么前卫，这小小播客可没那么多时间耗。

To be as progressive as I takes far too much time for a a little podcast like this.

咱们还是都当个正常人吧。

So let's all just be adults.

咱们就叫它‘超人’吧，重点是理解尼采想表达的这种精神。

Let's call it the overman and understand the sentiment behind what Nietzsche's talking about.

那这种不断追求成为超人的过程，到底是什么呢？

So what is this constant pursuit towards becoming the overman?

尼采觉得，你们每一个人，其实所有出生过的人，只要持续地成长，这辈子都会经历三个重要的发展阶段。

Well, Nietzsche thinks that every single one of you, every single person that's ever been born for that matter, if you continually progress as a human being, you're gonna go through three big stages of development throughout your life.

第一个阶段，是当骆驼。

The first stage is being a camel.

第二个阶段，是当狮子，第三个阶段，是当孩子。

The second stage is being a lion, and the third stage is being a child.

咱们来聊聊人生这三个阶段。

Let's talk about these three stages of life.

我们每个人生下来，都是骆驼。

All of us are born camels.

在尼采看来，99.9%的人，最后都会带着骆驼的身份死去。

And to Nietzsche, ninety nine point nine percent of people are going to die camels.

他们一辈子都停滞不前，一直陷在骆驼这个阶段里走不出来。

They're gonna spend their entire lives stagnant, locked in this stage of being a camel.

尼采把人生第一个阶段比作骆驼，是因为仔细观察大多数人和世界相处的模式就会发现，大家都把自己活成了任劳任怨的驮兽，硬生生扛下所有重担。

And the reason he refers to the first stage of life as resembling a camel is because when you take a close look at most people and the way they interact with the world, they carry themselves as though they are willful beasts of burden.

你可以想象一下咱们身边最普通的那种「骆驼」的一天是什么样的。

Think of a day in the life of your average friendly neighborhood camel.

他们一整天都在忙活什么呢？

What do they do all day?

那这些人一辈子都逃不出骆驼的状态，

Well, people come up to them.

总有别人把一大堆沉重的包袱甩到他们背上，还要求他们不许有半句怨言。

They put a bunch of heavy stuff on their backs, and they tell them not to complain about it very much.

那些人会说，你听着，

They say, look.

别老想着你自己想做什么了，老老实实地当你的骆驼。

Forget what you wanna do, camel.

我来告诉你你要做什么。

I'll tell you what you're gonna do.

你得乖乖按照我说的，把这堆东西扛到指定的地方。

You're gonna carry all this weight for me exactly where I tell you to carry it.

明白了吗？

Got it?

啪。

Wap.

说到底，这就是骆驼的日常生活。

When it comes down to it, this is the basic life of a camel.

你过得再好也没用。

It doesn't matter how good you have it.

听好了。

Look.

就算你当了二十年的老骆驼，我也无所谓。

I don't care if you have twenty years of camel seniority.

你倒是有个轻松的活儿，在宠物动物园上班。

You got that cushy job down at the petting zoo.

可你还是得背着一群七岁的小孩转圈圈。

You're still walking around in a circle with seven year old kids on your back.

你的任务，说到底还是背这个包袱。

Your job is still to carry this burden.

别抱怨。

Don't complain.

你得按我说的那样行事。

You behave the way I tell you to behave.

所以，这头骆驼明显是个隐喻。

So, obviously, this camel is a metaphor.

咱们不妨想想，这头骆驼的生活，跟普通人的一天有啥相似之处。

So let's try to think about how this camel's life is similar to the life of the average person.

如果我们生来都是骆驼，那到底是谁，给我们背上绑了这些沉甸甸的负担？

If we are, in fact, all born camels, what sorts of heavy burdens are, figuratively speaking, tied to our backs by other human beings?

尼采会说，所有别人让你去做的事。

Well, Nietzsche would say, everything you've ever been told to do by somebody else.

每次有人告诉你，生活就该这么过，感情就该这么表达，行为就该这么规范——你看，这些统统都是。

Anytime you've ever been told that this is how you should be living your life or this is how you should be feeling about this stuff, this is how you should be acting, that stuff, like look.

从你第一次发出‘咕咕嘎嘎’的声音起，就不断有人往你背上加重量，告诉你什么才重要，生活该怎么过。

From the moment you said goo goo gaga for the very first time, you've been getting weight after weight tied to your camelback telling you all the stuff that should be important to you and all the ways that you need to be living your life.

尼采认为，这些压在你背上的负担全是谎言，要想真正自由，就得把它们全甩掉。

And Nietzsche would say that these weights tied to your back are lies that need to be shed if we truly ever wanna be free.

这些负担可能啥都算。

These weights could be anything.

比如吃饭前得把餐巾铺在腿上。

It could be that you need to put your napkin on your lap before you eat.

比如一个体面男人该穿成啥样。

It could be the the way that a respectable gentleman dresses.

现在就把它脱了。

Take that off right now.

可能比这还大得多。

It could be bigger than that.

可能你每周日都得进那个盒子，跟一个80岁还是处男的神父坦白你这一周做错的所有事，然后他比划几下，就赦免你所有的罪。

It could be that you need to go into this box on Sunday and tell this 80 year old virgin priest all the stuff he did wrong this week so we can tell you to do a few hand gestures and then absolve you of all your sins.

这些负担可能是什么都行。

These weights could be anything.

你好好想想。

Think about it.

你做的每一件事，小到每一个细节。

Every single thing that you do down to the tiniest minutiae.

如果你做这件事，唯一的原因就是有人曾经告诉你‘你就该这么干’，那它很可能就是你这辈子背在身上的负担之一，像骆驼一样。

If the only reason you're doing it is because somebody at some point in your life told you that that's how you're supposed to do it, it could very well be one of these weights that you carry around with you throughout your life as a camel.

现在可能有人会问，这想法挺合理。

Now some of you may be asking, perfectly reasonable objection.

你看啊。

Well, look.

向身边的人请教做事的方法，有什么不对吗，尼采？

What's wrong with taking a little advice from how to do things from people around us, Nietzsche?

你为啥这么抵触这个？

Why are you so against that?

我非得啥都自己懂不可吗？

Do I really have to know everything?

我不能向更有经验的人学习吗？

Can't I yield to people that are more experienced than I am?

他会说，当然可以啊。

And he would say, of course, you can.

但你得搞清楚，啥样的东西才会变成你背上的负担。

But understand the criteria for what makes these things a weight on your back as a camel.

你从别人那儿学来的，不等于天生就是负担。

It's not that these things are burdens to you simply by virtue of the fact that you got them from somebody else.

这些事儿里，随便哪一件都可能是你该做的最好的事。

Any one of these things could easily be the best thing you can do.

关键在于你做这件事的动机是什么。

It's the intentions behind why you're doing it that matters.

他会说，你看看周围。

He'd say, look around you.

有多少人跟7-11店员那种敷衍的寒暄时，是真的在享受这一天的？

How many people really are having a good day when they engage in that disingenuous conversation with the guy at seven Eleven?

你今天怎么样？

How are you today?

还不错。

Good.

你呢？

How about you?

我也还好。

Good.

有多少人真会去想，会去内省，才做出这种交流？

How many people really are having that exchange because they've thought about They've looked within themselves.

他们认真想过什么对自己重要，该怎么花时间，想成为怎样的人，最后觉得，说句‘挺好’最合适。

They've considered what's important to them, how they can best spend their time, person they ultimately wanna be, and they've come to the conclusion that the response, good.

你呢？

How about you?

那不过是最快达成他们目的的回应方式。

Was the quickest succession of words that accomplishes what they want out of that exchange.

有多少人是真这么想的？又有多少人只是随大流，或者妈妈教过要礼貌，又或者爷爷奶奶说，对人就得有这份尊重？

How many people are doing it for those reasons, and how many people are doing it because it's just what everybody else does or because their mom told them it was a polite thing to do or because they were told by their their grandpappy that they owe people that respect?

再说一遍，说‘挺好’本身没毛病。

Again, it's not that being nice and saying, good.

你呢？

How about you?

问题不在这个说法对不对，

Is wrong necessarily.

而在你为什么这么说。

It's the reasons behind why you're doing it.

因为说句‘好’的成本，其实也就几秒钟而已。

Because, yeah, the cost of saying, good.

你呢？

How about you?

为错误的理由说句‘好’，代价可能就几秒钟。

For the wrong reasons might just be a couple seconds.

没什么大不了的。

No big deal.

但你想想，如果你因为错误的理由去做别的、更大的事，那潜在的代价会有多大？

But think about the potential cost if you do something else, something bigger for the wrong reasons.

比如，你随便猜猜，在我们现代世界的历史上，有多少人曾经和自己有过完全相同的内心对话，或者至少是类似的版本？

For example, if you had to just take a guess, how many people in the history of our modern world have had this exact conversation with themselves or at least some variation of it?

我十八岁。

I'm 18 years old.

我刚高中毕业。

I'm graduating high school.

我的升学顾问简直快把电话打爆了，像催债的一样逼我赶紧定下这辈子要干啥，可我根本不知道自己想做什么。

My guidance counselor is blowing up my phone like he's a collections agency trying to get me to declare what I wanna do for the rest of my life, but I don't know what I wanna do.

说真的，你猜我最想干啥？

Actually, you know what I really wanna do?

背个包横穿欧洲。

Backpack across Europe.

前几天我刚想到这个主意。

I was thinking about that the other day.

天啊，那得多带劲、多改变人生啊。

Man, what a transformational fun experience that would be.

说不定还能帮我找到人生的方向。

Might even help me figure out what I wanna do with my life.

但我没法这么干。

I can't do that, though.

我得留下来上学。

I gotta stay here and go to school.

别人都这么过日子。

That's what people do.

我得上学，好找份工作，买套房，结婚生娃。

I gotta go to school so I can get a job, so I can get a house, so I can get married and have kids.

我真做不到那样。

I can't do that.

这正是那些压在我们身上的负担的缩影——别人告诉你人生该怎么过，可这些负担，说不定会让你失去一切。

This is a perfect example of how one of these weights on our back, one of these ways that people have told you how you'd need to live your life, this is an example of how these weights that we carry around might cost us everything.

要是那次欧洲背包旅行真的改变了人生呢？

What if that trip across Europe would have been transformational?

要是它彻底扭转了你的人生轨迹呢？

What if it would have changed the entire course of your life?

高中毕业直接上大学本身没毛病，可这人这么做，纯粹是因为从小到大，爸妈和辅导员天天跟他说‘就该这么走’。

Again, there's nothing wrong with going to college right out of high school, but the only reason this person's doing it is because they've been told that's the way it has to be by their parents and their guidance counselor their whole life.

你为啥宁可听别人的，也不听自己心里真正想要的？

Why are you trusting these people more than what you actually want?

尼采说，我们常常会背负这些负担。

Nietzsche says, so often we adhere to one of these weights.

我们总告诉自己，生活就该是这个样子。

We tell ourselves this is how we have to be living our lives.

可很多时候，这些被我们当成‘应该做的事’，反而让我们错过了真正想过的日子。

And so often in the process, these things that we define as, quote, the right thing to do deny ourselves of life and what we actually wanna be doing.

为什么非得这样不可？

Why does that have to be this way?

尼采提到，总有一些幸运的人，在某个时刻，回头看自己从小到大被强加的种种负担，像骆驼一样驮着，终于看明白了它们的真面目。

Nietzsche says that at a certain point, a lucky few people take a look at all these weights that have been conferred onto them since birth as camels, and they understand them for what they truly are.

它们不是非得这么做的正确方式，也不是唯一出路，只是别人过去一直这么干罢了。

Not the right way to do things necessarily, not the only way to do things, but the way other people have done things in the past.

传统而已。

Tradition.

而传统这东西，其实根本不用非得跟着走。

And the thing about tradition is you don't necessarily need to follow it.

不。

No.

你有权对传统说不。

You can say no to tradition.

当你真正成熟到能对那些从小被灌输的生活方式说‘不’的时候，你就迈入了人生的第二阶段。

And the moment you've reached the level of maturity to be able to say no to all these ways people have told you you need to be living your life, that's the moment you've moved on to the second phase of life.

你已经蜕变成了一头狮子。

You've transformed into the lion.

这头狮子正处于一种微妙的自我觉醒状态。

Now the lion the lion is in this strange limbo stage of self awareness.

那些别人告诉你‘应该’怎么想、怎么感受、怎么行动的规矩，狮子一眼就看穿了：不过是随意的陈规陋习。

All these ways that you're told you're supposed to think, feel, act, the lion recognizes them for what they are, arbitrary traditions.

但狮子要认清这些规矩到底在多大程度上操控着我们的行为，前路还漫长而艰难。

But the lion has a long and daunting road ahead of it when it comes to understanding the true extent to which these things influence our behavior.

换句话说，如果你正处于‘狮子阶段’，你可能会意识到，自己去教堂只是因为小时候爸妈说这是对的，但你可能还没察觉，还有成百上千件事，你也在用同样的理由做着。

In other words, if you're in this lion stage of life, you may realize that the only reason you're going to church is because your parents told you it was the right thing to do when you were a kid, but you may not realize hundreds of other things you're doing for just about the same reason.

塔尼莎，狮子的终极任务，就是杀死一条喷火巨龙，这条龙一直控制着它。

The ultimate task of the lion, Tanisha, is to slay a giant fire breathing dragon that keeps the lion under its control.

这条龙的名字叫‘你必须’。

This dragon's name is thou shalt.

这条龙每一片鳞片上都刻着一条‘你必须’做的事，一种你‘应该’遵守的行为准则。

On each and every scale of this dragon's skin, inscribed on it is something that you must do, some way that you must behave.

有一片鳞片上写着：你不能盯着陌生人看。

One scale will say something like, thou shalt not stare at strangers.

另一片写着：你打喷嚏时得捂住嘴。

Another will say, thou shalt cover thy mouth when thy sneezeth.

如果狮子想进入人生的第三阶段，它必须通过深刻的自省和诚实，鼓起勇气和力量，杀死这头名叫‘你必须’的龙——真正看透这些传统，同时尊重它们。

The lion, through rigorous introspection and honesty, if it ever wants to move on to the third stage of life, it has to muster the courage and the strength to slay that dragon named thou shalt, therein, understanding these traditions for what they are, respecting these traditions.

将来如果你选择遵循其中某一条，比如打喷嚏时捂住嘴，那是因为你主动选择了这么做，而不是被那条龙逼着做的。

And if in the future you choose to behave in accordance with one of them, you know, if if you choose to cover your mouth when you sneeze, Now you're doing it because you freely chose to, not because you're under the control of some dragon.

简单来说，人生的前两个阶段可以这样概括：世界上有两种人，一种知道自己被奴役，另一种根本不知道自己被奴役。

I guess a succinct way you could put these first two stages of life is there's two types of people in the world, people that know they're enslaved and people that don't know they're enslaved.

尼采说：不，不是这样的。

Well, here's Nietzsche saying, no.

世界上还有一种人，他称之为孩子。

There's a third type of person in the world, what he would call the child.

你想想，狮子在第二阶段干了些什么？

See, think of what the lion's doing all throughout the second stage of life.

你其实就是在对一切说不。

You're really just saying no to everything.

不。

No.

我才不去上大学呢，就因为你们说大家都去。

I'm not gonna go to college just because you told me that's what people do.

不，妈。

No, mom.

我才不穿那种怪里怪气的洞洞鞋呢，就因为你穿。

I'm not gonna wear those weird Crocs sandals just because you do.

但你仔细想想。

But think about it.

如果你一辈子只会对所有事说不，最后你到底剩下什么？

If all you ever do is say no to everything, what are you ultimately left with at the end?

一无所有。

Nothing.

尼采说，人生中很多人会卡在这个阶段。

This is a place in life that Nietzsche says people oftentimes get a little stuck.

你杀掉那条龙、甩掉所有告诉你该怎么活的规矩时，其实你砍掉的鳞片里，正藏着我们在第一集聊过的那些所谓‘真实世界’的信念。

See, because the thing about slaying that dragon and all the ways people are telling you how to live is that a lot of the scales that were on that dragon that you just slayed are all of these true world theories that we talked about in episode one of this series.

所以很多时候，人们拼命努力、严苛反思，终于杀掉了那条龙，可另一边却发现自己丢了原本坚信的人生意义。

So what often happens is people work really hard and they rigorously analyze their behavior, and they slay that dragon, and they come in on the other side having lost what they always told themselves was the meaning of their life.

没错。

Sure.

这种事，谁都能想象得出来。

We can all imagine something like this.

有个人在宗教家庭里长大。

Someone grows up in a religious home.

后来年纪大了些。

Maybe they get a little older.

就开始琢磨一些事。

They start thinking about things.

他渐渐觉得，这个宗教可能并不是上天赋予我生命的意义。

They come to the conclusion that maybe this religion isn't some cosmically ordained meaning to my life.

也许它只是家人一起沿袭的传统，帮我们缓解一些根本没答案的困惑——说实话，那些问题我们这辈子可能都找不到答案。

Maybe it's a tradition that my family participates in that helps us feel better about certain questions that, let's be honest, we're probably never gonna get an answer to.

这个人可能在想通之后，对这个传统和‘屠龙’的过程感到释然，但他也失去了过去一直当作生命意义的东西。

That person may come out on the other side of that thought with complete peace about that tradition and slaying the dragon, but they've lost what they've always told themselves as the meaning of their life.

尼采早就料到会这样。

And Nietzsche would have expected this.

还记得吗？这可是第一集我们聊的第一件事。

Remember, it's the first thing we talked about on episode one.

尼采说，既然天上根本没有一块醒目的广告牌告诉我们人生有宇宙级的意义，那大多数人天生就带着虚无主义的眼光看世界，其实再正常不过。

Nietzsche says, given the fact that there is no obvious billboard up in the sky of some cosmically ordained meaning to our lives, it makes sense that what you'd expect to see is the vast majority of people with a nihilistic outlook on the universe just by default.

但现实中，我们生下来就像骆驼，背负着沉重的担子。

But in practice, what actually happens is we're born into the world camels, beasts of burden.

我们背上堆满了各种‘真实世界’的理论，其中就包括一种信念：外面某个地方早就为我们的人生赋予了意义。

We have all these true world theories loaded onto our backs, among other things, true world theories that give us a message that something out there has prescribed meaning to our lives.

等你经过多年成长，从骆驼变成狮子，杀死了那条巨龙，这些‘真实世界’的理论就都被甩掉了。

And after years of development of becoming the lion and slaying the dragon, we don't have those true world theories anymore.

尼采指出，当人走到这一步，发现自己人生没有明显意义时，最大的误区就是以为自己已经抵达了终点。

And Nietzsche says a huge mistake that people make when they get to this place, the place where there is no obvious meaning to their lives, is they think that they've arrived at some sort of destination.

我以前真信自己人生有个特别伟大的意义。

You know, I used to believe in this really great meaning to my life.

我好好想了一阵子，觉得那根本不是真的。

I thought about it for a while and pretty sure it's not true.

所以，我人生，甚至整个宇宙，根本就没有任何意义。

Therefore, there must be no meaning to my life or anything in the universe for that matter.

很多人就卡在这儿了。

People get stuck here.

这太常见了。

It's really common.

他们觉得，既然以前相信的意义最后被证明是假的，那就说明根本不存在任何意义——这想法其实挺自然的。

People think it's it's a reasonable thing to say that because they used to believe in a meaning and that meaning ended up not being true, that means that there can't be a meaning at all.

这就跟在一家餐厅吃了个糟心的饭，回家跑去Yelp上发帖一样。

It's a little bit like having a bad experience at a restaurant, and you go home and go on Yelp and you make a post.

这世上根本就没有一家好餐厅。

There are no good restaurants out there.

根本不存在。

They don't exist.

不对。

No.

尼采会说，问题不在于这世上没有意义，也不在于好餐厅不存在。

Nietzsche would say, it's not that there's no meaning out there or that there's not a good restaurant out there.

你只是找错了地方。

You're just looking for it in the wrong places.

咱们做个思想实验吧。

Let's do a thought experiment.

要是查拉图斯特拉说错了呢？

What if what if Zarathustra was wrong?

要是宇宙里根本不存在什么天定的善恶之分呢？

What if there is no cosmically ordained good versus evil in the universe?

要是我们根本不是在某个缸中之物的玻璃罩里租了块地儿，根本不需要去跟什么宇宙力量搭上线，才能搞明白人生的意义呢？

What if we're not all just sort of renting space in some terrarium, a terrarium that belongs to something else, some cosmic force that we somehow need to get into contact with so we can find out what the meaning of our lives are?

要是这个宇宙属于别的什么东西，这个想法根本站不住脚呢？

What if that notion that this universe belongs to something else?

要是从你一出生，就被绑上了这么个包袱，其实根本没必要呢？

What if that notion is just another weight that has been tied to your back from the moment you were born?

要是事情根本不用这样呢？

What if it doesn't need to be that way?

那善与恶这个观念，是不是也一样呢？

What if the idea of good versus evil is the same way?

要不这么想？

How about this?

如果宇宙根本不是别人的东西呢？

What if the universe isn't something else's property?

如果它属于你呢？

What if it's yours?

假如你不是沙漠里那头骆驼，而是自己沙漠的主人，想在哪造绿洲就造哪？

What if instead of a camel in the desert, you are the master of your own desert, and you can build an oasis wherever you want?

很多人觉得尼采是个虚无主义者。

You know, lot of people think that Nietzsche is a nihilist.

这其实是个挺搞笑的误会，因为再没有比这更离谱的了。

It's actually kind of a funny misconception because nothing could be further from the truth.

他所有的作品，其实都是在反驳虚无主义。

His entire body of work is a refutation of nihilism.

这是一种让人生尽可能充实的方法。

It's a recipe for making our lives as meaningful as possible.

尼采会说，虚无主义本该是我们天生的状态，只是从小就被各种负担压得喘不过气。

Nietzsche would say that the state of nihilism is where we should have begun by default if it weren't for all these weights being tied to us from such an early age.

这只是一个过渡阶段。

It's a transitional period.

我们得经历它，也得从中吸取教训，但之后必须往前走。

We should experience it and certainly learn the lessons it has to teach us, but then we have to move on.

他说，每个人内心都藏着成为最棒、最快乐、最有力量的自己的可能——不管你心里的‘最好’是什么样。

He says that inside of everyone is the potential to be the best, happiest, most powerful person you can be, whatever that means to you.

往自己心里看看。

Look inside of yourself.

你清楚自己想成为什么样的人。

You know the person you want to be.

你也明白自己真正想要的是什么。

You know the things that you desire out of life.

尼采会说，你内心深处藏着一颗种子，只要你肯好好培育，它就能让你成长为那个真正想成为的人。

Nietzsche would say that inside of you is a seed, a seed that if only you were to nurture it, it would allow you to grow into that very person.

尼采还说，当你跟别人讲这些的时候，他们其实并不惊讶。

Nietzsche says when you tell people this, it's not exactly a shock to them.

每个人心里都清楚，自己有这种潜力。

Everybody knows they have this inside of them.

但他也说，人们只是害怕自己的更高自我。

They're just terrified of their higher self, he says.

因为当你独自面对内心、直视自己的潜能时，它会告诉你那些你明明该做却没做的事——他说，人们害怕更高自我的原因就在于，它一旦开口，就是命令式的口吻。

Because when you're in your own head staring your potential straight in the face and it tells you what you should be doing that you're not doing, he says, quote, they fear their higher self because when it speaks, it speaks demandingly, end quote.

尼采认为，要真正实现潜能、成为内心深处最想成为的那个人，关键在于设定有计划的目标。

Nietzsche thinks a crucial part of realizing your potential and becoming the person you truly want to be deep down is setting calculated goals.

但不是随便什么目标。

But not just any goals.

而是有野心、有挑战性的目标。

Ambitious, difficult goals.

那些每天都在挑战你身心极限的目标。

Goals that exert your mind and body on a daily basis.

道理很简单：目标越难，你就越得逼自己变得更强。

The thinking being, the harder the goal, the better you're gonna have to become to achieve it.

人生就该是不断超越自己设定的难关，搞定一个，就再定一个新的。

Life should be a process of surmounting these difficult goals that you've set for yourself, and when you're done with those ones, you set new ones.

当然，这里有个前提。

Now there's a caveat here, of course.

尼采也明白，不是每个人都知道自己该追求什么。

Nietzsche realized that not everybody's gonna know what their goal should be.

也不是每个人都能看清该往哪个方向走。

Not everybody's gonna know what direction to head in.

很多人会说：你看——

There's a lot of people that would say, look.

我知道自己能做得更好，可我真的不知道，到底啥值当我拼命去争取。

I obviously know that I could be better, but I honestly don't know what's even worth striving for.

我的意思是，所有事情对我来说都一样没意义。

I mean, everything seems equally meaningless to me.

我怎么决定，该去登珠穆朗玛峰，还是去马戏团当演员？

How can I decide whether my goal is gonna be summiting Mount Everest or joining the circus?

我根本没法起步，因为我根本不知道该找什么样的目标。

I can't ever get started because I don't know how to find a goal.

尼采对这种人其实有一套办法，能帮你找到内心最在乎的东西。

Nietzsche has a strategy for this person, a strategy for finding that thing inside of you that you care about the most.

他说：年轻人不妨回头看看自己的一生，问自己：到目前为止，你真正爱过什么？

He says, quote, let the youthful soul look back on life with the question, what have you truly loved up to now?

什么曾让你灵魂飞扬？

What has drawn your soul aloft?

什么曾征服你，却又同时祝福了你？

What has mastered it and at the same time blessed it?

把这些让你敬重的事物摆在面前，也许它们的特质和顺序，会告诉你一条法则——你真实自我的根本法则。

Set up these revered objects before you, and perhaps their nature and their sequence will give you a law, the fundamental law of your own true self, end quote.

换句话说，如果你不知道该怎么选一个对你有意义的目标，不妨问问自己：到目前为止，你真正爱过什么？

In other words, if you're lost in terms of how to choose a goal that's meaningful to you, ask yourself, what have you loved up until this point in your life?

到目前为止，什么对你来说最重要？

What's meant the world to you up until now?

尼采会说，答案其实一直都在你心里。

Nietzsche would say, the answer's been inside of you all along.

我觉得他会说，至少从这儿开始找，是个不错的起点。

I think he'd say that this is at least a pretty good place to start looking for whatever that is.

现在可能有人要问了，好吧。

Now some of you may be asking, okay.

我生来就是一头骆驼。

I was born a camel.

我已经把背上的重担甩掉了。

I've shed the weight off my back.

我现在变成了一头狮子。

I've become a lion.