0.0- 简介

你好，欢迎来到《革命》。

Hello, and welcome to Revolutions.

第零集，引言部分。

Episode zero, the introduction.

‘革命’这个词就是那种你以为自己知道定义，直到你真正开始尝试定义它时才发觉并非如此的词汇之一。

The word revolution is one of those words you think you know the definition of until you actually start trying to define it.

结果发现它就像一条滑溜溜的鱼。

Then it turns out to be a very slippery fish.

因为首先，‘革命’这个词由哥白尼在1543年创造，本意是指完成一个轨道运行，绕行一周回到原点。

Because first of all, the word revolution, coined by Copernicus in 1543, is supposed to mean completing an orbit, coming full circle.

但我们所讨论的这种革命却与之完全相反。

But the kind of revolution we're talking about is the opposite of that.

它是一种突然的激进变革，推翻旧政权并建立新秩序。

It's a sudden radical change, overthrowing the old regime and replacing it with a new one.

这不是周而复始的循环，而是勇敢地开辟新道路。

It's not about coming full circle, it's about boldly setting out on a new path.

所以这个词从一开始就没有表达它本应表达的含义，而且情况只会变得更加混乱。

So right away, the word doesn't even mean what it's supposed to mean, and it only gets muddier from there.

因为即使忽略用'革命'这个词来描述政治组织根本性变革的彻底荒谬性，我们仍然难以精确表达革命的确切含义。

Because even overlooking the utter absurdity of using the word revolution to describe a fundamental change in political organization, we still have a hard time expressing precisely what we mean by revolution.

我们知道它涉及推翻现有政权，但也明白它不仅仅是简单的政变。

We know it involves overthrowing the existing regime, but we also know that it's more than a mere coup.

我们知道它涉及一个国家内部两股对立势力之间的冲突，但也明白它不仅仅是内战。

We know it involves a conflict between two competing forces within a country, but we also know that it's more than a mere civil war.

我们知道它涉及群众动员，但也明白它不只是些半吊子的农民起义。

We know it involves mass mobilization, but we also know that it's more than some half baked peasant revolt.

它更有组织性、更有方向性、更有思想性，不是吗？

It's more organized, more directed, more thoughtful, isn't it?

嗯，有时候确实如此，有时候却完全不是。

Well, sometimes yes and sometimes really no.

事实证明，区分政变、内战、起义和革命是个非常棘手的问题。

As it turns out, distinguishing coups from civil wars, from revolts, from revolutions is a very sticky proposition.

事实上，在我们本系列要探讨的每一场革命中，都有一批修正主义历史学家坚称那根本不是革命，只是伪装成革命的叛乱。

Indeed, for each of the revolutions we are going to cover in this series, there is a contingent of revisionist historians ready to argue that no revolution in fact took place, that it was just a rebellion masquerading as a revolution.

因为你看，革命的影响既没有人们想象的那么广泛，也没有那么深远；或者实际上只有少数社会经济精英参与其中；又或者当时根本没人认为自己参与了革命。

Because look, the revolutionary effects were neither as wide nor as deep as one supposed, or only a narrow band of socioeconomic elites actually participated, or no one at the time actually thought that they were engaged in a revolution.

但问题在于，当我们把这些特殊解读全部叠加起来时，就会得出一个令人非常不满意的结论：人类历史上从未真正发生过革命。

But the problem is that when we add up all those particular reinterpretations, we're left with a very unsatisfying notion that in all of human history no revolution has in fact ever taken place.

这显然说不通。

And that just seems not right.

基于这种考量，本系列采用了广义的革命定义。

With that in mind, this series is based on a broad definition of what counts as a revolution.

同样面临这个问题的《政治革命百科全书》采取了宽泛标准，只要满足两个特征的事件都予以收录。

The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions dealing with this same problem casts a wide net by including events that share two characteristics.

第一，旨在推动社会政治变革的非正常程序；第二，对发生地社会政治制度产生的持久影响。

One, irregular procedures aimed at forcing political change within a society, and two, lasting effects on the political system of the society in which they occurred.

但我想说得更具体些，因为仅靠一小撮精英分子夺权是不够的——那是政变；仅有一群愤怒农民拿着棍棒斧头游行也不够——那是暴动，或者叫起义。

But I'd like to get a touch more specific than that because it's not enough to just have a cabal of elites force their way into power, that's a coup, and it's not enough to have an amorphous blob of angry peasants marching around with clubs and axes, that's a revolt, or maybe an insurrection.

因此社会学家查尔斯·蒂利进一步将定义缩小为：通过武力实现国家权力的转移，在此过程中至少有两个竞争集团提出互不相容的执政主张，且相当比例的受管辖民众默许了各方的诉求。

So sociologist Charles Tilly narrows the definition a little further down to a forcible transfer of power over a state, in the course of which at least two distinct blocs of contenders make incompatible claims to control the state and some significant portion of the population subject to the state's jurisdiction acquiesces in the claims of each block.

这段话之所以混乱，毕竟——他是个社会学家嘛。

Which is jumbled because, well, he's a sociologist.

但本质上，我们需要不同阶层的异见者结成联盟，通过法外手段推翻现有政权，并以某种根本性方式改变政治体系。

But basically, we need some cross class alliance of dissidents to overthrow an existing regime by extra legal means and then alter the political system in some fundamental way.

当引入更多复杂因素时，问题就开始变得棘手。

Where it starts to get messy is when further wrinkles are added.

例如西达·斯考切波提出了'社会革命'这一超级分类，要求政治结构变革必须伴随社会结构的深刻变革并与之相互强化。

Theta Skochpole, for example, creates a superclass called social revolutions that require changes to the political structure to be accompanied and reinforced by deep changes in the social structure.

这虽然完全合理，但会让我们陷入一些困难且最终带有主观性的问题：变革程度要多大？影响多少人？持续多久？我们又该如何衡量？

Now this is perfectly reasonable, but it leaves us grappling with difficult and ultimately subjective questions like how much change, and for how many people, and for how long, and how do we even measure it?

这类问题学术界将永远争论不休——随着新证据的发现和旧证据的重新审视——而我打算巧妙地避开它们。

These are the kinds of questions that academics will be arguing about forever as new evidence is uncovered and old evidence is reexamined, and which I plan to neatly sidestep.

别误会，我们会深入探讨这些问题，但我绝不打算死守某些严格的分析标准，然后轻率地否定像墨西哥革命这样的事件——仅仅因为最终重新分配的土地公顷数不够多，就认为它不算真正的革命。

Don't get me wrong, we'll get into it, but I have no intention of adhering to some strict analytic criteria and then casually tossing away events like the Mexican revolution because not enough hectares of land were ultimately redistributed to make it a really real revolution.

所以在我看来，如果它走起来像鸭子，叫起来像鸭子，那它可能就是一场革命。

So for me, if it walks like a duck and it talks like a duck, it's probably a revolution.

如果曾经有一个历史时期最能凸显这个问题，那就是我们要开始讨论的英国1640年代到1650年代。

If there was ever a historical period that highlights this problem of what do we call it, It is the period we are going to begin the series with, Britain in the sixteen forties and sixteen fifties.

发生了什么事，大家都认同这一点。

Something happened, everyone agrees on that.

但它是革命吗？

But was it a revolution?

如果是的话，那它是宗教驱动的清教徒革命还是经济驱动的资产阶级革命？

And if it was, was it a religiously driven Puritan revolution or an economically driven bourgeois revolution?

或者两者都不是，而只是一场被错误地标记为革命的内战？

Or was it neither and instead just a civil war that has been anachronistically labeled revolution?

经历过那个时期的男男女女常常简单地称其为'晚近的麻烦'，并就此打住。

The men and women who lived through the period often referred to it as simply the late troubles and left it at that.

那么它到底是什么？

So what was it?

一场革命？

A revolution?

一场叛乱？

A rebellion?

一场内战？

A civil war?

事实上，它包含了所有这些元素。

In truth, it was all of these things.

它始于一场关于政治体系是否应该改革的冲突，随后演变成内战，并在16世纪40年代末至50年代初引发了一段完全出乎意料的革命时期——国王被处决、君主制废除、并首次引入了成文宪法。

It started as a conflict over whether the political system should be reformed, descended into civil war, sparking a totally unexpected revolutionary period in the late sixteen forties and early sixteen fifties that saw the king executed, monarchy abolished, and a written constitution introduced for the first time.

但风暴过后，到1660年时，君主制复辟，大部分近期革新成果被废除。

But then the storm passed, and by 1660, the monarchy was restored and most of the recent innovations swept away.

那么我们该如何定义这段历史？

So what do we call it?

所有可能的标签——大叛乱、英国革命、英国内战、三王国战争——都未能完整概括这段历史的核心要素。

Every possible label, the great rebellion, the English revolution, the English civil wars, the wars in the three kingdoms fails to capture some essential element of the story.

由于我主要对这段时期的革命性方面感兴趣，我将使用'英国革命'作为简称。

Since I am primarily interested in the revolutionary aspects of the period, I am going to use English revolution as shorthand.

我知道这存在问题，尤其是因为，你知道的，苏格兰和爱尔兰的情况。

And I know that this is problematic, not the least of which because, you know, Scotland and Ireland.

所以如果你想对我称之为'英国革命'提出异议，请发邮件至revolutionspodcast@gmail.com。

So if you want to yell at me about calling at the English Revolution, please email me at revolutionspodcast@gmail.com.

但你要知道，我既不是马克思主义者，也不是顽固的辉格党人，我只是个对这段时期革命性方面非常感兴趣的人。

But just so you know, no, I am not a Marxist or some unreconstructed Whig, I'm just a guy interested in the revolutionary aspects of the period who is going to be talking a lot about the English revolutionary aspects of the period.

最后，让我们稍微谈谈。

Finally, let's talk a little bit about interpretation.

从广义上讲，对革命感兴趣的历史学家往往分为两个松散的阵营。

In broad terms, historians interested in explaining revolutions tend to break down into two loose camps.

一个阵营认为，当社会经济体系的紧张局势最终爆发时，革命就会爆发。

One camp argues that revolutions erupt when slowly building tensions in the socioeconomic system finally break, while the other camp argues that it has far more to do with the calculations and miscalculations of individual historical actors.

前者受到批评是因为它建立了看起来很漂亮的模型，然后忽略了任何不符合模型的东西。

The former is criticized for building very nice looking theoretical models and then highlighting anything that proves the model and ignoring anything that doesn't, while the latter is criticized for essentially arguing that nothing was amiss until the moment rebellion, civil war, and violent social upheaval spontaneously consumed the entire nation.

至少在我看来，这两种解释单独来看都不令人满意。

Neither of these interpretations alone, at least to me, is satisfactory.

长期的社会力量为行动设定了参数，但它们并不决定结果。

Long term social forces set the parameters for action, but they do not dictate the results.

个人的选择决定了结果，但始终受限于那些长期的社会参数范围。

Individual choices dictate the results, but always within the bounds of those long term social parameters.

这不是什么大胆的论点，但我很确定生活就是这样运作的。

This is not a bold thesis, but I'm pretty sure it's how life goes.

最后我要说明一下节目安排。

I'll close with a note on programming.

由于本节目涵盖了一系列主题相关但时空跨度极大的不同时期，当我从一个革命转向下一个时，将不得不暂停调整节奏。

With this show covering a series of distinct time periods that are thematically linked but otherwise wildly disconnected, when I make the transition from one revolution to the next I'm going to have to pause and recalibrate.

具体来说，我需要暂停四周进行调整。

Specifically, I'm going to have to pause and recalibrate for four weeks.

我对此考虑了很多，实在找不到更好的解决方式。

I've thought a lot about this and I just don't see any good way to get around it.

所以每场革命会持续12到15集，然后我会停更一个月，为下一阶段做准备。

So each revolution will run its allotted 12 to 15 episodes and then I'm going go dark for a month while I get ready for the next batch.

也就是播十二周，休四周。

So twelve weeks on, four weeks off.

听起来不错吧？

Sound good?

很好。

Good.

既然这些都交代完了，我们就正式开始吧。

So with all that out of the way, let's get into this thing.

如果发音有误，我提前道歉。

I apologize in advance if I butcher any pronunciation.

这肯定在所难免。

It's bound to happen.

要是发现了就发邮件告诉我。

Email me when it does.

请不要让我一个人晾着。

Please don't just leave me hanging.

节目官网是revolutionspodcast.com。

The show lives at revolutionspodcast.com.