大规模的重新思考

讨论让世界持续运转。

Discussion keeps the world turning.

这是圆桌论坛。

This is round table.

尽管大学入学人数有所下降，但职业院校却涌入了大量准备学习实用技能的本科毕业生。

While university enrollment numbers are seeing a dip, vocational schools are filling up with bachelor's degree holders ready to learn some hands on trades.

有些人称之为升级到职业学院，另一些人则认为这不过是常识。

Some call it upgrading to vocational college and others call it just common sense.

我们将探讨中国Z世代为何重新思考另一张文凭的价值，以及当旧有公式不再成立时会发生什么。

We'll explore why China's Gen Z rethinking the value of another degree and what happens when the old formulas stop adding up.

我们正在北京的演播室现场直播。

We're live from our studios in Beijing.

这是圆桌论坛。

This is Roundtable.

我是史蒂夫。

I'm Steve.

感谢您今天与我们同在。

Thanks for being with us today.

在节目中，我与菲和星宇一起。

And for the show, I'm with Fei and Xingyu.

长期以来，大学学位一直被宣传为金钥匙。

First up, a university degree has long been sold to us as the golden ticket.

一张塑料封膜的证书，承诺稳定的职业、体面的薪水和清晰的未来路径。

A laminated certificate promising a stable career, a decent salary, and a clear path forward.

但对于许多Z世代来说，这个承诺开始显得有些不匹配。

But for many in Gen Z, that promise is starting to feel like a bit of a mismatch.

在中国，研究生考试的报名人数已连续三年下降。

Across China, postgraduate exam applications have dropped for three consecutive years.

与此同时，本科毕业生正重返职业院校，学习实际技能——这并不是放弃教育，恰恰相反。

Meanwhile, bachelor's degree holders are heading back to vocational schools to learn some hands on trades, it's not about giving up on education, not at all, as a matter of fact.

但这确实关乎我们对教育真正意义的反思，以及教育究竟该为我们带来什么。

But it is about questioning what education actually means to us and what it might actually be for.

随着人工智能一夜之间重塑各行各业，雇主们也警告技能差距正在扩大，年轻人不再满足于仅仅适应一个感觉脱节的就业市场，如果我可以这么说的话。

As AI reshapes industries overnight and employers warn of widening skills gaps, young people are no longer content to simply adapt to a job market that feels out of sync if I can put it like that.

Fei Fei 和 Xingyu，下午好。

Fei Fei and Xingyu, good afternoon to you both.

这看起来像是学生在评估市场后，随之做出调整。

It feels like a case of students assessing the market and then adjusting accordingly.

某种程度上，是的。

Well, on some level, yes.

但我想说，另一个变化、另一个转变正在学生与教育体系之间，以及与就业市场之间悄然发生。

But now I would say another change, another shift is quietly happening between, for example, the students in at the education system and also in the employment the job market.

嗯。

Mhmm.

好的。

Alright.

那么，当我们讨论教育和就业时，具体有哪些问题呢？

So what are some of the issues then when it's when we're discussing education and employment?

我认为最显著的问题，不仅在中国，而且在全球范围内，是就业机会与大多数学生能够选择的专业和学习项目之间存在着越来越大的不匹配。

I think the most notable thing, not only here in China but also on a global scale, is that we are seeing a bigger and bigger mismatch between jobs and the majors, the study programs that most students are able to enroll themselves in.

因此，当他们开始进入就业市场时，许多人难以找到合适的工作。

And so when when they start to enter the job market, many of them struggle to find the work.

另一方面，我们听到企业雇主表示，他们找不到具备所需技能的人才。

Well, on the other hand, we are hearing from companies and employers saying they can't find the people that they want with the right skills.

这就是你所说的不匹配，即进入就业市场的劳动者与实际存在的工作岗位之间的不匹配。

And that's the mismatch you're talking about, the the workers that are entering into the job market and then the jobs that are actually available.

是的。

Yeah.

这里确实存在这种不匹配，这一点已被世界经济论坛2025年发布的一组数据所证实。

There's, like, the mismatch here, and that's been sort of proven by a set of data from the World Economic Forum in 2025.

他们发布了一份名为《2025年未来就业报告》的报告，指出技能差距被视为商业转型的最大障碍，超过60%的雇主认为，在2025至2030年间，技能差距是主要障碍。

They released a report called future of jobs report 2025, and they said skill gaps are considered the biggest barrier to business transformation with over 60% of employers identifying them as the major barrier over the 2025 to 2030 period.

没错。

Period.

这在全球范围内都在发生，而且对许多雇主公司来说，如何找到合适的人才已经成为一个核心问题。

So it's happening on a global scale and it's been on the head of many, many employer companies, I would say, when it comes to where do I find my right talent.

是的。

Yeah.

而学生们也在问，我该去哪里找对口的工作？

And the students are saying, where do I find my right job?

对。

Yes.

我认为我们必须从更广泛的社会变革角度来看待这一情况，因为我们已经看到全球范围内技术的发展，无论是人工智能还是大数据。

I think we have to look at the situation from a broader societal change because we have seen these technological development happening across the world, whether it's the AI or big data.

同时，我们还面临着经济不确定性以及地理和人口结构的变化，尤其是全球主要国家正在经历的人口老龄化。

And also, we are seeing economic uncertainties, also geographic demographic shifts, especially the aging population happening in major countries around the world.

因此，这些因素也在重塑全球劳动力市场。

So these factors, are reshaping the global labor market as well.

就像费菲提到的那份报告，我仔细看过那份报告。

So like the report that Fei Fei mentioned, I've looked over to that report.

报告还指出，85%的雇主计划优先提升员工的技能。

It also says 85% of employers, they're planning to prioritize upscaling their workforce.

这意味着他们希望员工能够根据当前趋势掌握或学习新技能，因为我们正看到人工智能被广泛应用于众多领域。

That means they want their employees to have or to learn new skills based on this trending because we are seeing AI being incorporated in various numerous fields.

所以如果你不具备这些技能，雇主可能就不愿意雇佣你。

So if you don't have such skills then maybe employers, they don't want to hire you.

仅仅拥有更高的学历而没有实际技能，这种情况确实有可能发生。

Just because you have a higher degree, not the skills, then it can be yeah.

是的。

Yeah.

这在两个极端都带来了挑战：比如，如果你是一位年长的员工，已经在某个行业工作了二十五年左右，突然间人工智能出现了，你几乎必须重新学习你的工作。

This presents a challenge on both ends of the spectrum because if you are an older employee, for example, you've been working in a particular industry for, I don't know, twenty five years or so, all of a sudden AI comes along and you have to almost, I would imagine, relearn your job Mhmm.

至少在一定程度上是这样。

At least to a certain degree.

而在另一端，是刚从大学毕业的学生，他们学了很多理论知识。

Then on the other end of the spectrum, you've got the students coming out who are going to university and learning a lot of theory.

我想我们稍后会再谈到这一点。

I think we're gonna touch on that a little bit later.

大学在很多学科上都偏向理论性。

Very theoretical, university tends to be for a lot of different subjects.

当他们进入就业市场时，雇主们却说：等等，我们既有需要学习新技能的资深员工，又有刚从大学出来却尚未掌握必要技能的学生，这中间存在脱节，正在造成巨大问题。

And then they're entering the job market and the employers are saying, wait a sec, so we've got the older employees who need to learn, we've got the students coming out of university who haven't learned yet, there's a disconnect there and this is creating a huge problem.

这份报告里还有一些更多数据。

Some more numbers from from that report.

60%的雇主预计到2030年AI将改变他们的业务。

60% of employers expect AI to transform their business by 2030.

我对这个数字居然这么低感到惊讶。

I'm surprised the number's that low.

我以为会是100%的雇主。

I thought it would be 100% of employers.

特别是技术的进步，比如人工智能和信息处理技术，占比达86%。

Advancements in technology in particular, advancements in technologies, AI, and information processing, 86%.

预计那里会发生变化。

Expect changes there.

机器人和自动化，占比58%。

Robotics and automation, 58% there.

能源的生成、存储和分配，占比41%。

Energy generation, storage and distribution, 41%.

这些也被认为将在各个行业中产生变革性影响。

Those are also expected to be transformative across various industries.

这意味着我们需要一支更与时俱进、现代化的劳动力队伍。

And that means that there's a need for a more up to date or modernized workforce.

是的。

Yeah.

尤其是在人工智能或机器人方面。

Especially when it comes to AI or robotics.

当我们审视大学里的专业，以及职业院校，甚至公司内部可能开展的新技能培训项目时。

And when we're looking at our majors in university and also in vocational schools and also even new other skill training programs may be carried out in companies.

他们也需要跟上这类技术的发展。

They also need to keep up with this kind of technologies.

我有一个来自名叫王的人的例子。

We I have an example from a person called Wang.

她在中国一家规模较大的智能电动汽车公司的人力资源部门工作了十多年。

She worked in human resources for over ten years at a fairly large smart electric vehicle company here in China.

她观察到，如今在电动汽车行业工作的人才，需要具备高度跨学科的能力。

And she observed that right now for a for a talent working in their industry, the EV industry, it's very highly interdisciplinary.

这意味着人才必须掌握多个领域的技术知识，可能涵盖大学里三个以上的专业。

That means it requires the talent to have technological knowledges across different fields, probably covering more than three majors in your university.

你需要了解电动汽车工程。

You need to understand electric vehicle engineering.

你需要了解软件开发。

You need to understand software development.

你还必须了解自动驾驶技术以及电池技术。

You also need to understand autonomous driving technology and as well as the batteries.

哦。

Oh.

哦，哇。

Oh, wow.

这真是

This is That's a

很多。

lot.

这并不是专业化和劳动分工。

This is not this is not specialization and division of labor.

亚当·斯密，我想，对吧？

Adam Smith, I think, right?

你必须在同一行业内掌握很多不同的技能。

This is you have to know how to do a lot of different things within the same industry.

我突然想起来，我记得当初采访一位百老汇音乐剧导演或演员时，我记不清了，他们谈到百老汇发生变化的时候。

I'm suddenly reminded, I remember when I interviewed a Broadway musical director or actor, I forget, and they were talking about when Broadway changed.

嗯。

Mhmm.

过去，如果你想成为百老汇演员，你只需要擅长唱歌、表演或跳舞中的一项。

And it used to be the way when if you wanted to be a Broadway actor, you were either a great singer or a great actor or a great dancer.

但后来情况变了，人们称之为‘三栖艺人’。

But then it changed, and they call it the triple threat.

现在，如果你想成为百老汇明星，你必须同时具备唱歌、跳舞和表演的能力，而不仅仅只擅长其中一项。

So now if you wanna be a Broadway star, you have to be able to sing and dance and act all three together, not just one.

我之所以想起这一点，是因为你刚才提到的费费，你不需要只专精于一件事。

And I was reminded of that because of Fei Fei, what you just said, you don't just need to be specialized in one thing.

你必须掌握很多不同的技能。

You have to know a lot of different things.

这让我感到压力很大，而我甚至都不是刚毕业的大学生。

This is this is stressing me out and I'm not even a student coming out of university.

嗯。

Mhmm.

而且想想我们的行业，媒体行业也是如此。

And also thinking about our industry, even for the media industry as well.

是的。

Yeah.

过去，如果你是一名记者，你可能要么擅长写作，要么能剪辑音频或视频，或者摄影技术非常出色。

Like in the past, if you were journalist, you were either really good at writing or you were able to edit your audio or your video or you were able to take a photo really, really well.

但现在，作为一名记者，我们需要自己完成所有工作。

But now, when we're going out as a journalist, we kinda need to to do everything on our own.

我们需要懂得如何制作视频。

We need to be able to know how to do videos.

我们需要会写一个好的故事。

We need to do how to write a good story.

我们还需要知道该向谁问什么问题。

We also need to know what the good quest the right questions to the right person.

过去可能是三个人分工合作，但现在这一切都落在了一个人身上。

So it's not like three people are doing this in probably in the past, but now it's on the one person job.

王女士，您提到的这位人士，继续引用了那句话。

Miss Wong, the person you referenced, she continued on with that quote.

她说，许多毕业生在实际项目实施方面经验有限，仍主要停留在理论层面，这正是我之前提到的。

She said many graduates have limited experience in implementing real projects and remain largely at the theoretical level, which is what I mentioned before.

嗯哼。

Mhmm.

她说，他们常常难以从公司的角度思考产品，或在产品设计与市场预期之间取得平衡，因此通常需要更长的时间来适应新的工作环境和职业职责。

They often struggle, she said, to think about products from a company's perspective or balance product design with market expectations, and as a result, it usually takes them a longer time to adapt to a new work environment and their professional responsibilities.

所以这就是为什么我觉得我最近在两会期间读了一些新闻。

So that's why I think I've read through the news recently during the two sessions.

其中一条是，中国传媒大学上了头条，因为这所大学刚刚取消了16个传统的本科专业。

And one of them is that the Communication University of China made the headlines because the university just dropped 16 like traditional majors for this undergraduate programs.

你的意思是‘取消’是指削减，还是像发专辑那样只是下架了？

You mean dropped mean cut or dropped mean like an album like they just came out?

我的意思是削减。

I mean cut.

这些专业在大学的培养体系中已经不再提供。

That's no longer available in the university process.

这些专业包括翻译、摄影、视觉传达设计和艺术管理。

And that major include translation, photography, visual communication design, art management.

因此，他们认为这些专业未来很容易被人工智能取代。

So these majors they think will be replaced, easily replaced by AI in the future.

所以他们正在转变，不再培养具备这些传统技能的人才。

So they are shifting, like cultivating talents with these traditional skills.

相反，他们正在转向培养那些不易被人工智能取代的能力，并发展更综合的技能。

Rather rather than that, they are shifting towards the abilities that won't be easily replaced by AI and develop more versatile abilities.

我的意思是，我们今天不深入探讨这个话题，但对已经就读这些专业的学生来说，这本身就已经非常令人压力山大。

I mean, we're not gonna go down that rabbit hole today, but that in itself is incredibly stressful for the students that are already involved in those programs.

是的。

Yeah.

对吧？

Right?

他们也许能留下来完成学业，但知道这些项目即将被取消，这无疑给他们带来了巨大压力。

They maybe they get to stay and finish, but still, you know, knowing those programs are gonna be cut, that's gotta be a a load on their shoulders.

我认为这也是影响他们对未来工作期望的原因之一。

And I think that's one of the reasons when it comes to their expectations in their future jobs.

他们更倾向于选择稳定的职业，比如政府工作或国企岗位。

They kind to lean in toward the stable ones, like the government jobs or state sector

公务员工作。

jobs.

公务员。

Civil servants.

是的。

Yeah.

这就导致了一个问题：首先，这类稳定工作的机会其实非常有限。

And that leads to a problem of, for example first of all, there are there are just so many opportunities out there when it comes to these kind of stable jobs.

因此，比如参加公务员考试——要进入政府机构必须通过的考试——竞争极其激烈。

And so when it comes to, for example, the guacao, the the the examination that we need to take to enter one of the government agency that you need to take is over over competitive.

嗯嗯。

Mhmm.

这是一个问题。

That's one problem.

这还会导致另一个问题，就是你没有拓宽自己的视野。

And then that leads to another problem is that you don't you you just you you're not opening up your world.

你没有打开自己外面的可能性。

You're not opening up your possibilities out there.

所以这不仅是社会问题，关于个人发展也是一个问题。

So it's not only a societal problem, but also when it comes to personal development is another issue as well.

好的。

Alright.

那能做些什么呢？

So then what can be done?

我的意思是，我们能做些什么来更好地匹配工作和学校项目，也许能给年轻人一点关于他们工作期望的希望。

I mean, what can we do to better match, if that's the right word, jobs and school programs and maybe give young people a little bit of hope about their job expectations.

是的。

Yeah.

在全国两会期间，国家刚刚发布了2026年政府工作报告。

Nationwide, during the two sessions, the country just released this 2026 government work report.

其中一点指出，国家将推进教育、科技、人才的一体化发展。

And there's a point which says the country will promote integrated development of education, science and technology, and talent.

这也是‘十五五’规划的一项重大任务，‘十五五’是2026年至2030年的战略性发展规划。

And this is also a major task for the fifteenth five year plan, which is a strategic development plan from 2026 to 2030.

因此，国家正在推进高等教育机构的改革，并根据社会变化和产业变革调整学科与专业设置。

So the country's advancing, like, reforms of higher education institutions and also adjust academic disciplines and majors according to the societal change and also industry changes.

对。

Yeah.

我的意思是，创新不仅仅依赖于科研经费，对吧？

I mean, innovation depends on it's not just research funding, right?

它还依赖于培养人才的教育体系、训练人才的机制，以及应用这些新技术的产业。

It's also on the education system that's educating the talent, training that talent, and then the industries that are applying these new technologies.

所以，研究资金对于发现新想法很重要，但产业界还需要将这些想法转化为实际产品，而让新进入就业市场的人才将这些想法变成实际产品，他们需要具备实践经验。

So, yeah, research funding is important for discovering new ideas, but then industries need to turn those into real products and to get people to the new people, the new people in the job market to turn those into real products, they need to have hands on experience.

谈到教育、科技和人才的一体化发展时，我认为目前在协调方面存在很多瓶颈。

And when it comes to this integrated development of education, science and technology and talent is I would see say, we have a lot of sort of choke points currently when it comes to coordination.

首先，在机构层面，存在诸多不匹配的问题，比如教育部负责教育体系，而科技领域则由另一个部门管理。

First of all is the institutionalized institutional level of mismatches when it comes to, for example, ministries, government agencies, the Ministry of Education overseeing educational system.

在科技方面，又是一个错位的问题。

And when it comes to science technology, that's another misplaced problem.

是的。

Yeah.

所以，我刚才提到的这三方面——教育、研究和产业。

So those three things so the things that I just mentioned, right, the education aspect, the research aspect, and then the industry aspect.

嗯。

Mhmm.

这些分别由各个部委或相关部门负责。

Those are the like, each ministry or or what have you.

嗯。

Mhmm.

它们各自独立运作，这意味着如果它们各自独立运作，就缺乏协调。

They're operating independently, and that means if they're operating independently, it means there's no coordination.

或者有时很难协调。

Or sometimes very difficult to coordinate

在三者之间。

among three of them.

其中一个挑战。

One of the challenges.

当然。

Sure.

是的。

Yeah.

因此，关于推动这三者的一体化发展，我们目前还不确定在现阶段会发生哪些具体变化，但可以说这可能会带来资金体系和三个部门之间联合协调机制的制度改革。

So so this when it comes to this point of promote integrated development of these three points, We are not really sure on the grounds what changes would happen at this current stage, but we could say this could lead to institutional reform when it comes to the funding system, when it comes to joint coordination mechanism among the three ministries, for example.

而且，评估体系也可以进行改革，因为对于大学和研究人员来说，如何评估他们已经是一个长期存在的问题，目前大多只依赖于你发表的论文和你所参与的某些项目。

And they can also be reforms on the evaluation system because when it comes to universities and researchers, how to evaluate them has been had it for so long, so many of them that only relying on the paper that you published and only relying on certain projects that you Research.

是的。

Are Yeah.

你能够获得的研究成果。

Your research that you you are able to get.

但这些论文和研究成果真的能够在市场上实现商业化吗？

But when it comes to these papers and researches, are they really going to be able to be commercialized on the market?

这仍然是一个疑问。

That remains to be a question mark.

那么，如何让这个过程更加顺畅呢？

So how to make this process more smoothly?

这就是问题所在。

That's the question.

有一位教授来自北航，是北航吗？

There was a professor from is it Beihang Beihang or Beihang?

北航。

Beihang.

北京航空航天大学表示，我相信未来中央政府将设立一个超越各个部委的机构或机制，由高级别权威部门发布关于资源配置的协同指导文件。

Beihang University that said, I believe that in the future, the central government will establish a body or mechanism that transcends individual ministries, and high level authorities will issue collaborative guiding documents in terms of resource allocation.

我们需要提高资源利用的效率。

We need to improve the efficiency of resource utilization.

未来，我们应该建立开放共享的机制，将高校、研究机构和企业的资源整合成一个协调的系统。

Moving forward, we should establish open and shared mechanisms integrating the resources of universities, research institutes, and enterprises into a coordinated system.

这就是我们在这里讨论的内容。

So that's what we're talking about here.

对吧？

Right?

企业与高校紧密合作，政府则监督或与企业和高校协同工作，以确保这种合作顺利进行。

Businesses working closely with the universities and the government kind of overseeing or working alongside the businesses and the universities to make sure it is a collaboration.

我认为其中一个例子是卓越工程师培养改革。

And one of the examples I think is the outstanding engineer training reform.

这是一个国家级重大举措，旨在通过高校与产业融合培养顶尖工程人才，于2022年启动。

This is a major national initiative to cultivate top tier engineering talent through university and industry integration, and it was launched in 2022.

如果我们查看截至2025年的数据，这一模式已联合招收并培养了近26,000名工程硕士和博士生。

And if we look at the data as the as of the 2025, this model has jointly enrolled and trained nearly 26,000 masters and doctoral students of engineering.

我认为这是一个典型案例，展示了高校与产业如何协同合作，培养出毕业后能被其他企业轻松吸纳的人才。

I think this is one of the examples showing that how universities and industry, they can collaborate together and to train the talents that can be easily recruited and enrolled by other companies in the future after they graduate.

是的。

Yeah.

我们在圆桌讨论中提到过卓越工程师培养改革。

We talked about that on roundtable, the outstanding engineer training reform.

有趣的是，在为这些硕士研究生设计课程时，不仅高校参与其中，企业也能提出建议，决定课程中应包含哪些主题。

Interestingly, is that when it comes to the curriculum design for this master postgraduate students, not only the universities are making them, you know, companies, enterprises all can also pitch in on what kind of topics, for example, should be included in their curriculum.

它们还能共同确定招生方式、培训计划以及研究课题。

And they also can collaboratively determine the kind of student enrollment, other training plans, and also research topics.

因此，在这一合作中产生的成果和创新，也可以由高校和企业共同分享。

So they are also when it comes to the outcomes, innovations coming out of this partnership, they can also be shared among these universities and enterprises.

这很好，但他们必须迅速行动。

It's great, but they have to they have to move quickly.

他们必须迅速推进这项行动计划，因为如果我们看看学生现在的状况，2026年全国研究生入学考试的报名人数接近350万，确切数字是343万。

They have to move very quickly with this action plan because if we're looking at what the students are doing now, the number of national postgraduate entrance exam applicants in 2026 was almost three and a half million, 3.43 to be exact.

这是一个重要的数字，因为它比2025年减少了45万份申请。

Now that's an important number because it's down 450,000 applications compared to 2025.

而与2023年的峰值474万相比，这个数字更低。

And when you compare that to the peak of 2023, it was at 4,740,000.

因此，三年来累计减少了超过130万。

So that's a cumulative drop over three years of over 1,300,000.

这是一个令人担忧的数字。

That is a concerning number.

这是从学生的角度来看。

Now that's from the students point of view.

从雇主的角度来看，官方数据显示，对硕士毕业生的需求从2024年的20%下降到2025年的17%，而与之相对的是，对职业院校毕业生的需求从8%上升到了11%，这表明趋势正在发生变化。

From the employers point of view, official data shows that the demand for master's graduates fell from 20% in 2024 to 17% in 2025, and when you compare that to the demand for vocational graduates that rose from 8% to 11%, we're seeing a change in motion here.

这不是即将开始的事情，它已经开始了。

This isn't something that's going to begin, it's already begun.

那些数字，从8%到11%，是否表明了对技术技能的偏好正在增长，而不是更高学位？

And those numbers, the 8% to 11%, that shows a growing preference for technical skills versus again Higher degrees?

是的，基于理论，或许仅凭理论。

Yeah, with based on theory and perhaps theory alone.

对，这就是为什么我认为我们正看到一种趋势：本科生正在回到职业院校学习更多技能，而不是参加研究生入学考试。

Yeah, so that's why I think we're seeing this trend that undergraduate students, they are returning to these vocational colleges to learn more skills instead of going to postgraduate entrance exams.

能举个例子吗？

What would be an example of that?

比如学习什么？

Like learning what?

有一所郑州铁路职业技术学院。

There's this Zhengzhou Railway Vocational and Technical College.

在该校2025年的招生计划中，开设了一个名为“动车组检修技术”的专业。

And in its 2025 enrollment plan, the college opened a program called electric multiple units maintenance technology.

所以这用于高速列车。

So this is used for high speed trains.

并且它培养的学生首先能够满足相关技术岗位的明确市场需求，从而确保这些项目毕业生有稳定的职业前景。

And it is cultivating students who can First of all, the market demand for related technical position is clear, so that can ensure stable employment prospects for these students coming out of these programs.

此外，这些项目对学生的要求很高，不仅需要扎实的理论基础，还需要出色的学习能力。

And also, these programs have high requirements for students, not only theoretical foundation, but also their learning ability.

因此，这些项目更适合拥有学士学位的学生前来这所职业学院接受进一步的专业培训。

So making them more suitable for students with bachelor's degree to seek further specialized training at this vocational college.

而且，全国各地也在推行不同的举措。

And then there's different initiatives that are being promoted in in different regions around the country too.

是的。

Yeah.

在青岛、太原、苏州等以制造业和工业闻名的城市，职业院校也推出了类似的招生试点项目，旨在吸引本科学历者重返校园。

In vocational schools in Qingdao, in Taiyuan, in Suzhou, a lot of cities that are known for their manufacturing, for their industries are also launched really similar enrollment pilots targeting these bachelor degree holders to going back to school.

因此，技术工人方面的这些变化也同样可以观察到。

So these changes in skilled workers, they can be observed as well.

有一个名为‘国家工匠’的项目。

There's a program called the National Level Master Artisans.

这实际上是一系列关于工匠的专题报道。

That's actually a series fee of featured stories of artisans.

该项目自2015年起由中央广播电视总台和中华全国总工会联合发起。

It was launched by CMG and Old China Federation of Trade Unions since 2015.

最近有一项关于这个项目的社交媒体调查。

There was a social media survey recently about that.

这项调查发现了什么？

And what what did they find from that survey?

这项调查研究了超过100位这样的大国工匠。

So that survey looked at over 100 these master artisans.

我们在中文里称他们为‘大国工匠’。

We call them in Chinese.

并揭示了

And revealed

这些是各自领域的专家。

These are experts in their field.

对吧？

Right?

是的。

Yes.

基本上就是工匠。

Like, basically craftsmans.

而且他们中的许多人都是经验丰富的熟练工人。

And a lot of them with real, very experienced skilled workers.

他们调查了上百位工匠，揭示了数字时代的一些细微变化。

And they looked at over a 100 of them and revealed some of the subtle changes in this digital age.

他们发现，自2018年以来，这些工匠在工厂或实验室工作时所穿的工作服颜色越来越浅。

They found that since 2018, their workwear, the suits they wear they wear in their work in their factories or in their labs are getting lighter in color.

你是说他们穿的衣服？

You mean the clothing they're wearing?

是的

Yeah.

他们穿的更多是白色工装服。

They're wearing more of them are wearing white suits.

为什么？

Why?

更科学吗？

More scientific?

这意味着，当涉及到白色工装服时，他们的工作往往涉及高精度领域，比如半导体、先进材料，这些领域对洁净度和精确度要求极高。

Well, that means when it comes to white suits, that means their work are sort of involving highly precise fields like semiconductors, advanced materials where cleanness and precision are critical.

这就是为什么他们穿着这种衣服。

And that's why they are wearing Mhmm.

更白、更浅的颜色。

Whiter and lighter colors.

不只是时尚宣言。

Not just a fashion statement.

不。

No.

不是真的。

Not really.

而且他们还发现，超过70%的这些工匠现在经常使用数字设备，或者说是智能机器或机器人。

And also, they also found that over 70% of these craftsmen are now working regularly with digital devices or, you know, smart machines or robots.

有些人甚至说，在今年的纪录片中，其中一位工匠表示，他们不再像以前那样需要做那么多手工操作了。

And some are even saying I think in this year's documentary, one of them are saying they no longer just to need to work as much heavy hands on work as before.

但这并不意味着人类的技能不再重要。

But that doesn't mean that, you know, human skills are not important.

但事实上，他们发现，在2022年到2025年期间，工匠们在手上进行精细停顿动作的比例正在增加。

But in fact, they found that between 2022 to twenty to 2025, the share of careful pause movements on their hands are being observed.

例如，这些工匠会保持双手静止，以确认或复核他们的工作，这种行为的比例已上升到60%至65%。

For example, these artisan hold their hands still to confirm or double check their work rose to about sixty percent sixty five percent.

因此我们看到，在当前这个时代，所需技能不仅限于亲手操作某些设备，更需要极其精准。

So we're seeing that the when it comes to the skills needed in this current age, it's not only about, you know, you need to work hands on on some of the devices, but you need to be very, very precise.

你需要具备高度的控制力，并且能够进行精细的调整。

You need to have a high level of control and you need to be able to do fine adjustment as well.

是的。

Yeah.

所以工作正在发生变化，对吧？

So jobs are changing, right?

是的。

Yeah.

即使是那些从事这一行很久的专家也是如此。

Even for the experts that have been doing it for a long time.

是的。

Yeah.

所以，即使我们在工作中引入人工智能技术，仍然需要这些大师级工匠来完成一些极其精细的工作，这些工作离不开人类的能力和技能。

So even when we are like adopting AI technologies into our work, we still need these like master artisans in some of this very delicate work we need in like human like capability or skills.

并不是说这类工作正在消失，而是我认为它们正在像许多其他行业一样发生转变。

Like, it's not like these kind of jobs are disappearing, but I think they are just being transformed like many industries as well.

所以，当谈到这种新技术进入就业市场、进入我们的工作场所时，另一件事正在发生，那就是我认为人们还需要掌握更多领域的知识，成为更具跨学科能力的人。

So and but when it comes to, for example, this new innovation coming to the job market, coming to our workplace, Another thing is happening is that I think they also are requiring people to know more areas, to be more about interdisciplinary programs.

是的。

Yeah.

学习的范围不能只限于一件事。

Studying more than just one thing and one thing only.

是的。

Yeah.

过去，我爸爸学的是煤炭燃烧。

So in the past, I think my dad used to learn the burning of coal.

他只学习了煤炭燃烧背后的技术和科学。

He just learned the technologies and science behind burning the coals.

但现在，首先，化石燃料本身就是一个问题。

But now, of course, first of all, you know, fossil fuels, that's another problem.

但说到当前的专业，没有人能只靠学习燃烧科学就找到工作。

But when it comes to the current major, no one would be can be find a job solely learning the science behind the burning.

你需要懂得更多。

You need to know more.

你需要，比如说，有一个来自全国人大代表的例子，叫袁萨龙。

You need to for example, I think there is example coming from MPC a National People's Congress deputy called Yuan Salong.

他在锻造行业，也就是金属熔炼行业工作。

He works in the forging industry, melting of the metals industry.

他说，目前他们也在使用软件，可以为锻造金属创建数字孪生体。

And he said, currently, they're also working with softwares where you can create a digital twin of the metal of the forging metals.

因此，你可以通过数字和虚拟方式测试如何更好地锻造这块金属。

So you can test digitally, virtually, on how you can better forging this piece of metal.

模拟。

Simulation.

是的。

Yeah.

所以你，所以你

So you So you

可以完美地完成。

can do it perfectly.

是的。

Yeah.

所以你可以完美地做到，提高效率，降低成本。

So you can do it perfectly, enhance your efficiency, cutting down all the costs.

现在，你必须理解金属的科学

Now there, you have to understand the science of the metal

是的。

Yeah.

以及锻造工艺，还要理解这项技术的软件。

And the forging process, and then you have to understand the software of the technology too.

还需要计算机技能。

Computer skills as well.

是的。

Yes.

他说，这一直是中国的一种瓶颈技术，因此他呼吁加强我们所讨论的科学、技术和教育产业之间的协调与合作。

And that compete he said it has been a sort of a bottleneck technologies in China and that he there is the reason that he called for more and better coordination between these science, tech, and schools industries that we're talking about.

那么，这么说来，从实际角度来看，我们可以期待看到哪些类型的项目呢？

So that said then, what kind of projects can we expect to see practically speaking?

是的。

Yeah.

在中国浙江省杭州市东部，他们已经启动了一项关于低空智能技术与人才的试点项目。

In Hangzhou East, China's Zhejiang Province, we're seeing they have launched this pilot project on low altitude intelligent technology and talent.

该项目由北京航空航天大学杭州创新研究院牵头。

It was led by Beihang University's Hangzhou Innovation Institute.

它还与滨江区政府以及浙江机场集团合作。

It is also in partnership with the local government in Binjang District and also Zhejiang Airport Group.

目标是将无人机、智能航空和人工智能动力系统中的创新构想转化为现实解决方案。

So the goal is to turn exciting ideas in drones, smart aviation and AI power systems into real world solutions.

所以这不仅仅停留在理论层面。

So it's not just about, like, theories.

这是关于解决现实世界问题的。

It's about solving real world problems.

从2024年到2025年，这个项目已经全面启动。

And from 2024 to 2025, this project has launched altogether.

已经启动了15个项目，包括跑道状况监测系统、机场人员追踪系统等若干技术，目前已经在杭州以及宁波、舟山等城市的机场进行测试。

15 projects have been launched and several technologies including runway condition monitoring systems, airport personnel tracking systems, they're already being tested at airports in Hangzhou and cities like Ningbo and Zhou.

我听到很多关于工程师和科学家的事情。

I'm hearing a lot about engineers, scientists.

是的。

Yes.

我们需要这些人。

We need those

非常多。

so much.

确实如此。

We do.

是的。

Yeah.

但我们不仅仅

But we don't only

当然不是。

Of course not.

当然不是。

Of course not.

所以我认为一个证明是，在2025年，教育部宣布在本科专业目录中新增了一些专业。

So I think one proof of that is in the 2025, the Ministry of Education announced that they add new majors to the undergraduate study catalog.

这是教育部下发给各高校的官方目录，告诉他们今年可以开设哪些专业。

This is the official catalog that hand out to universities telling them, you know, these are the majors that you can start to enroll students this year.

过去，他们通常每十年更新一次。

And usually, they used to update them every ten years.

而现在，他们需要每年更新一次。

And now, they need to update them every year.

十分钟？

Ten minutes?

哇。

Wow.

是的。

Yeah.

但感觉完全不像啊，是不是？

Not that freaking Feels like, though, doesn't it?

是的。

Yeah.

而且很多这些新专业都是跨学科的。

And there are a lot of many of these new majors that are interdisciplinary.

例如，南昌大学推出了一门新专业，叫老年健康与护理，融合了临床医学、老年医学（针对老年人的医学）以及康复治疗。

For example, in Nanchang University, they launched a new major called senior health and care that incorporates clinical medicine, geriatric medicine which is the medicine targeting the elderly people, and also rehabilitation.

所以，当我们谈到照顾老年人时，我们不仅在谈论医学生，也在关注康复领域。

So when it comes to, you know, taking care of our elderly, we're not only talking about medical students, we're also looking at rehabilitation.

另一个非常有趣的专业我认为叫舞蹈治疗。

And another very interesting major I think is called dance therapy.

我听说过。

I heard about

这个舞蹈治疗。

this Dance therapy.

这是来自南京特殊教育师范学院的。

This is from Nanjing Normal University of Special Education.

是的。

Yeah.

事实上，这是全国第一个舞蹈治疗专业。

They they I think it's the country's first major on dance therapy as a matter of fact.

他们把它设在音乐与舞蹈学院，研究舞蹈和音乐的艺术以及心理学。

They put it in the school of music and dance, and it looks into both the art of dance and music as well as psychology.

所以这是一个很了不起的进步。

So that's a cool advancement there.

然后你还有人工智能教育、婴幼儿发展和健康管理这样的专业。

Then you've got majors like AI education and infant development and health management.

这些也刚刚被添加到课程目录中，所以是的，看到这些进展很好，因为如果我们为科学家和工程师创建这些新项目，那很棒。

Those have been newly added to the catalog as well, so yeah, it's good to see because if we're creating these new programs for the scientists and the engineers, that's wonderful.

但如果我们只针对科学家和工程师引入这些新项目，那么显然会有一些人被落下。

But if we're introducing these new programs only for the scientists and engineers, then obviously some people are going to get left behind.

好的。

Alright.

因此，有了这些变化，年轻人可以不仅仅成为就业市场的适应者。

So then young people can be more than just an adapter to the job market, I guess, with these changes.

是的。

Yeah.

因为当谈到我们教育体系的未来时，我听说很多专家都提到，目前我们在教授学生时，不是我们在这间工作室里的人，而是成年人在编写教材。

Because when it comes I think I heard a lot of experts talking about this is that in the future of our educational system, the changes that currently when we're talking about teaching students, we, not us in the studio, but the adults design the books.

我们设计课程。

We design the curriculum.

我们决定要教给孩子们什么样的知识。

We design what kind of knowledge we want teach to the children.

但现在的情况不再是单一方向的单行道了。

But now it's more of, you know, it's not only a single direction lane anymore.

它还关乎学生想学什么，以及世界真正需要什么。

It's also about what the students want to learn and what the world really needs.

因此，教育系统需要更加开放、更具动态性，并且能迅速适应世界的变化。

So the educational system needs to be more open and needs to be more dynamic and also needs to be very fast to changes in the Wow.

我只是觉得，大学里的这些老师和教授很难跟上趋势和新兴行业的发展。

I just feel like it's harder for these teachers and professors in the college and universities to keep up with the trend and also the emerging industries.

如何培养这些人才，使他们毕业后能找到合适的工作。

How to cultivate these talents who after graduation, they can find a suitable job.

你是说要保证他们的就业率。

You mean, to guarantee their employment rate.

这对这些老师来说也确实不是一件容易的事。

That's that's really not an easy task for these teachers as well.