印刷机

现在是德国美因茨这座繁华城市，莱茵河畔的14点53分。

It's fourteen fifty three in the bustling city of Mainz, Germany, on the banks of the River Rhine.

这是一个晴朗的早晨，市场正热闹非凡。

It's a bright morning, and the market is in full swing.

摊贩们在广场上高声叫卖咸鱼、面包和奶酪。

Salted fish, bread, and cheese are all loudly touted by merchants lining the square.

市场后方坐落着一栋朴素的木架结构房屋。

Set back from the marketplace is a modest, half timbered house.

从外面看，它与街上其他房屋并无二致，但其中隐藏的秘密使它与众不同。

From the outside, it looks much like any other in the street, but the secret contained within makes it unique.

在这户人家的客厅里，如今已改造成工坊，聚集着一小群人。

In the parlor of this family home, now converted into a workshop, is a small gathering of people.

其中一位中年男子站在一个大型木制与金属框架前，那是一个经过改造的葡萄酒压榨机，配备一根巨大的木制螺杆，用于升降一块沉重的压板，覆盖在下方的宽大平台上。

One of them, a middle aged man, stands in front of a large wooden and metal frame, an adapted wine press with a huge wooden screw to raise and lower a heavy plate over a wide platform below.

他抬起头，神情焦虑，因为前门吱呀一声打开，他的一个助手抱着一摞捆好的纸张冲了进来。

He looks up, agitated, as the front door creaks open and one of his assistants rushes in with an armful of bound sheets of paper.

另一个男人赶紧过去把门关上，使房间重新陷入往常的隐秘黑暗中，仅靠油灯微弱的闪烁照明。

Another man hurries over to quickly close the door behind him, returning the room to its usual secretive darkness, lit only by the dim flickering of oil lamps.

厚重的百叶窗已经关闭了好几个月。

The heavy shutters have been closed for months.

压机旁的那个人不敢让任何人窥探他神秘的发明。

The man at the press can't risk anyone spying his enigmatic invention.

还不行。

Not yet.

只有房间里这寥寥数人、他信任的助手以及他的商业伙伴知道他这段时间一直在忙什么。

Only the handful of people in this room, his trusted assistants, and his business partner know what he's been working on all this time.

助手把怀里的纸张堆在门后，点了点头。

The assistant dumps his armful of paper on the pile behind the door and nods.

就这些了。

That's the lot.

他走到老板身旁站好，老板此时正拿起两个直径约六英寸的圆形黑色皮革垫子，它们装在小木柄上。

He takes his place at the press beside his boss, who now lifts two round black leather cushions about six inches in diameter, mounted on small wooden handles.

这些被称为墨球，由马毛覆盖鹅皮制成。

Known as ink balls, they're made of horsehair covered in goose skin.

他将墨球在盛满粘稠黑墨的碟子中滚动，确保皮革均匀上墨，然后将墨球牢牢按压在木架上平放的两块金属板上，留下一层墨迹。

After rolling them in a dish of sticky black ink, making sure the leather is evenly coated, he places the pads firmly down onto two metal plates laid flat on the wooden frame, leaving a layer of ink.

他俯身仔细检查这两块金属板。

Leaning in, he examines the plates.

每块板上都排列着一排排微小的金属字模，凸起的字母上如今闪烁着墨光。

Each is made up of rows and rows of tiny metal forms, letters in relief, on which the ink now glistens.

确认墨层均匀后，他拿起一张大纸，这张纸事先已软化至完美质地，以便清晰印出字母的痕迹。

Satisfied the coverage is even, he now lifts a large sheet of paper, pre softened to the perfect texture to receive the impression from the letters.

他将纸张固定在框架中，然后小心地将框架滑过上墨的金属板，并再次确认其对齐无误。

He locks it into a frame, which he then slides carefully over the inked plates and double checks its alignment.

他深吸一口气。

A deep breath.

他向助手点头，助手随即抓住连接巨大木制螺杆的长杠杆，用力向自己胸口方向拉动。

He nods to his assistant, who takes hold of a long lever attached to the huge wooden screw and pulls hard towards his chest.

随着一声沉闷的砰响，螺杆缓缓转动，将沉重的印版压向纸张。

With a dull thud, the screw creaks through its turns, pressing the heavy plate down onto the paper.

当助手松开把手时，螺杆回弹上升，将压板重新抬起。

As the assistant releases the handle, the screw rolls back up, lifting the pressing plate again.

那人紧张地取下纸框，解开纸张，将它高高举起。

Nervously, the man removes the paper frame, unclips the sheet, and holds it up.

他微笑着，将纸张展示给大家看。

He smiles and turns it for all to see.

两页清晰印刷的文字。

Two full pages of crisp printed text.

他的眼中闪烁着自豪的光芒。

His eyes are shining with pride.

房间里响起一片安静的欢庆之声。

The room erupts in quiet celebration.

就在那一刻，这位名叫约翰内斯·古腾堡的人得到了 vindication。

In that moment, this man, Johannes Gutenberg, is vindicated.

经过多年的秘密努力，历经种种挣扎与濒临破产的困境，他终于成功发明了世界上第一台机械式活字印刷机。

After years of secret toil, through all the struggles, the near bankruptcy, he has finally succeeded in creating the very first mechanical, movable type printing press.

他希望这项发明能成为扭转自己困境的关键突破。

He hopes that this will be the breakthrough he needs to turn his struggling fortunes around.

他无法预知的是，这一非凡的发明将普及知识、引发革命、激发运动。

What he can't know is that his incredible invention will democratize knowledge, spark revolutions, and inspire movements.

而在此过程中，它将永远改变世界。

And in doing so, it will change the world forever.

在古腾堡的革命性发明之前，知识是只有富人、权贵或虔诚信徒才能享有的特权。

Before Gutenberg's revolutionary invention, knowledge was a privilege accessible only to the wealthy, the powerful, or the devout.

书籍由手工 painstakingly 抄写，极为稀有，其内容对普通人而言如同谜团。

Books, painstakingly copied by hand, were rare treasures, the contents of their pages a mystery to the common man.

在这个世界里，思想的传播缓慢受限于人力与时间的局限。

In this world, ideas traveled slowly, constrained by the limits of human hands and time.

但在十五世纪中叶，一场静默的革命在德国美因茨悄然开始。

But in the mid fifteenth century, a quiet revolution began in Mainz, Germany.

约翰内斯·古腾堡的印刷机不仅仅是一台机器。

Johannes Gutenberg's printing press was more than just a machine.

它是信息的首个重大平等化工具。

It was the first great equalizer of information.

突然间，思想不再只能复制几十份，而是可以成千上万地复制。

Suddenly, ideas could be replicated not just by the dozens, but by the thousands.

但这个看似平凡而实用的发明，是如何打破时间、距离与特权的壁垒，点燃文艺复兴的火焰的呢？

But how did this seemingly humble, practical invention dismantle the barriers of time, distance, and privilege to fuel the fires of the Renaissance?

它又是如何改变欧洲与教会的关系，并催生了宗教改革？

How did it change Europe's relationship with the church and give rise to the Reformation?

它如何帮助塑造了像弗拉德·德古拉、克里斯托弗·哥伦布和圣女贞德这样截然不同的人物的声誉？

And how did it help to shape the reputations of such diverse figures as Vlad the Impaler, Christopher Columbus, and Joan of Arc?

我是约翰·霍普金斯。

I'm John Hopkins.

来自纽瑟网络，这是印刷机的简史。

From the Neuser Network, this is a short history of the printing press.

自最早的古代文明以来，人们就使用模具、模板或冲压工具将符号压印在其他表面上，以记录思想或事件。

Ever since the earliest ancient civilizations, molds, forms, or punches have been used to impress symbols into another surface as a way of recording ideas or events.

通过这种方式，法律、宗教文本以及重大军事胜利的记载得以代代相传。

In this way, laws, religious texts, and accounts of great military victories can be preserved for generations to come.

大约在三月，现今伊拉克地区的苏美尔人使用芦苇笔在泥板上压出楔形符号，以代表声音、词语或概念。

Around March, the Sumerians in what is now Iraq use a stylus to press wedge shaped marks into clay tablets to represent sounds, words, or concepts.

古埃及人将他们的象形文字雕刻或绘制在石头、木头和纸莎草上，而后来的罗马人则在大理石或青铜上刻下他们的标记。

Ancient Egyptians carve or paint their hieroglyphs into stone, wood, and papyrus, while, later still, the Romans etched their marks into marble or bronze.

尽管这些方法都体现了记录重要信息的愿望，但它们受限于材料和技术。

Whilst all of these show a desire to record important information, they are limited by both materials and techniques.

在石头上雕刻符号或在泥板上压印需要巨大的劳动和精湛的技艺，而纸莎草或羊皮纸等材料则脆弱且昂贵。

Carving symbols into stone or impressing them onto clay requires immense labor and skill, while materials like papyrus or parchment are fragile and expensive.

在中国，古代人曾将符号镌刻在骨头和龟甲上，大约在七世纪，一种新的印刷形式——木版印刷出现了。

In China, where once the ancients engraved their symbols into bone and tortoise shell, a new form of printing emerges in around the seventh century woodblock printing.

通过将整页文字或图像雕刻在木板上，涂上墨水并压印到纸上，唐代的早期印刷者建立了一种稍显高效的文本复制系统。

By carving an entire page of text or an image into a wooden block, inking it, and pressing it onto paper, the early printers of the Tang dynasty create a slightly more efficient system of text reproduction.

这项技术越来越流行，直到11世纪中期宋朝时期，一位名叫毕昇的中国艺术家改进了木版印刷术，创造了世界上第一种活字印刷技术。

The technique grows in popularity even further, until sometime in the middle of the eleventh century during the Song dynasty, when a Chinese artist called Bi Sheng improves the woodblock technique to create the first ever form of movable type.

为此，他将汉字刻在单独的泥块上，并通过烘烤使其硬化。

For this, he carves Chinese characters into individual blocks of clay, which he hardens through baking.

然后，他将这些泥制字块排列成词语，放在涂有树脂或蜡的铁板上以固定位置，涂上墨水，再压印到纸上，从而制作出印刷页面。

He then arranges these clay types into words, places them on an iron plate coated with resin or wax to hold them in place, applies his inks, and presses the surface onto paper to create his printed page.

约翰·曼是一位历史学家、旅行作家，也是《古腾堡革命》一书的作者，这本书讲述了改变世界的天才与发明。

John Mann is a historian, travel writer, and author of The Gutenberg Revolution, the story of a genius and an invention that changed the world.

当时存在一个完整的产业，专门将汉字反向雕刻在木板上，通过涂墨、覆纸、揭纸再装订成书。

There was a whole industry of carving characters in reverse on woodblocks and printing off books by applying paper and ink and peeling off the paper and then binding them together.

中文的问题在于，你没有像26个字母那样的字母表。

The problem with Chinese is, of course, that you have not an alphabet of 26 letters.

你需要处理的字符数量，如果想做好，超过一万个。

You have characters which amount you want to do a decent job of over 10,000 characters.

用这些字符制作活字印刷系统，简直是不可思议的。

And to make a movable print out of that is just phenomenal.

虽然已经实现了，但根本不值得，因为你得花很长时间挑选字块，还不如直接花时间在木板上雕刻。

It was done, but it's simply not worthwhile because you have to spend so long choosing your letters that you might as well spend the time carving them in woodblock.

尽管具有革命性，毕昇的活字印刷系统影响有限。

While revolutionary, Bisheng's system of movable type printing has limited impact.

除了汉字系统的复杂性外，它还因烧制的陶土易碎、容易损坏而面临困难。

Aside from the complexity of the Chinese writing system, it also struggles because baked clay is fragile and prone to breaking easily.

而在世界另一端的欧洲，信息的记录与传播过程仍然极其耗时耗力。

And across the world in Europe, the process of recording and disseminating information is still extremely labor intensive.

在欧洲中世纪的修道院、大教堂及其他宗教建筑中，专门的房间——称为抄写室——是抄写员团队的工作场所。

In the monasteries, cathedrals, and other religious buildings of the European Middle Ages, specialized rooms, known as Scriptoria, are home to teams of scribes.

他们的职责是细致、准确地抄写和绘制手稿。

And it is their job to meticulously, accurately copy and illustrate manuscripts.

这是一个极其苛刻的过程，当然也对抄写员本身造成巨大压力，他们必须尽可能精确地复制前人抄写的内容。

It was an extraordinarily demanding process, and of course, demanding on the scribes themselves, who had to copy as exactly as they could what had been copied before.

当然，他们所创作的作品非常精美。

And it was very beautiful, of course, what they produced.

极其昂贵，因为一名抄写员一个月可能只能抄写一页左右。

Extraordinarily expensive since a scribe could copy maybe a page per month, something like that.

这是一项异常枯燥的工作。

It was amazingly tedious work.

艰苦且耗时。

Arduous and time consuming.

用这种方式制作一本书需要数月甚至数年的时间。

It takes months or even years for a single book to be produced this way.

通常是宗教文本，但也包括一些预言、占卜作品，甚至偶尔有小说。

Often religious texts, but also some works of prophecy, divination, and even the odd novel.

这些精美装饰的手稿是艺术作品，大多保留在修道院自己的图书馆中，或出售给书籍制作的最大赞助者——教会。

The resulting richly decorated manuscripts are works of art, most often retained inside the monastery's own libraries or sold to the largest patron of book production, the church.

对于私人买家来说，它们价格高得令人望而却步，仅限于王室和精英贵族购买。

For private buyers, they are prohibitively expensive, with their sale limited to royalty and elite aristocrats.

即使那些急需古典和学术文献的少数大学，其书籍也由富有的赞助人或教会资助。

Even the small handful of universities in need of classical and academic texts have them funded by wealthy patrons or the church.

因此，知识在欧洲的传播极其缓慢。

As a result, knowledge dissemination across Europe is painfully slow.

这仍然是复制任何东西的一种极其低效的方式。

It was still an extraordinarily inefficient way to reproduce anything at all.

例如，在巴黎、伦敦或牛津存在的书籍数量，轻松就能装满一辆马车的后部。

And the number of books that existed in, for instance, Paris or London or Oxford would have fitted in the back of a wagon very easily.

当时根本不存在借阅图书馆。

And there was no such thing as a lending library.

如果你想读点什么，当然，并非每个人都有读写能力，这成了一个大问题。

If you wanted to read something, and of course, not everybody was literate, it was a huge problem.

尽管欧洲大多数人口仍处于文盲状态，教会却依赖神职人员传播其教义。

While the majority of Europe's population remains illiterate, the church relies on clerics to share its teachings.

而抄写员的使用带来了另一个问题，或许比速度缓慢更严重：准确性问题。

And this is where the use of scribes presents another problem, perhaps greater than the lack of speed: the issue of accuracy.

基督教在1054年大分裂后，已明确分裂为两种解释，对基督和三位一体等基本教义持续存在分歧。

Christianity, following the Great Schism of ten fifty four, is firmly divided into two interpretations, with constant disagreements over fundamental doctrine, like the nature of Christ and the Trinity.

以君士坦丁堡为中心的希腊语东部地区，由多位牧首领导教会，注重哲学和神秘主义思想。

The Greek speaking East, centered in Constantinople, has multiple patriarchs leading the church and focuses on philosophical and mystical ideas.

他们的礼拜仪式高度仪式化，充满圣像、香火和吟唱。

Their worship is highly ritualistic and rich in icons, incense, and chanting.

然而，以拉丁语为主的西方地区则由罗马的教皇作为唯一最高权威。

The Latin speaking West, however, have a single supreme authority, the pope, in Rome.

他们的神学以法律、罪恶和救赎为框架。

Their theology is framed in terms of law, sin, and redemption.

礼拜遵循标准化的礼仪，强调制度控制。

Worship follows a standardized liturgy with an emphasis on institutional control.

对于罗马而言，确保宗教文本的准确、完全一致的抄本至关重要。

For Rome, the need for accurate identical copies of religious texts is paramount.

每一位教皇和每一位君士坦丁堡的皇帝都希望彰显自己的权威，而抄写员的复制模式无法实现这一点，因为抄写员在抄写时会出错，且缺乏统一性。

Each pope and each emperor in Constantineople wanted to assert their own authority, And this was impossible with a scribal pattern of behavior because the scribes made mistakes when they copied and there was no uniformity.

从政治和文化上看，这正是两大教会、尤其是罗马教会所面临的问题。

And politically and culturally, this was what the problem was for both churches, in particular Rome.

不幸的是，抄写员尽管很有才华，却并不总是可靠的。

Unfortunately, the scribes, as talented as they are, are not always reliable.

在昏暗的灯光下、艰苦的环境中工作，错误很常见，有时甚至是故意的。

Working in dim lighting under austere conditions, mistakes are common, sometimes even willful.

一个沮丧的抄写员可能会修改一段文字，以纠正他们认为的错误，简化难懂的表达，甚至加入个人评论。

A frustrated scribe might alter a passage to correct what they see as an error, simplify difficult phrasing, or even add personal commentary.

在某些情况下，整段内容会被微妙地修改，以反映神学或政治偏见。

In some cases, entire sections are subtly changed to reflect theological or political biases.

教会，尤其是罗马教会，需要一种可靠的方法来复制文本，不仅要比抄写员更准确，还要更快。

What the Church, especially in Rome, needs is a reliable way of reproducing their texts, not only more accurately than the scribes can manage, but more quickly too.

在1430年代，一位德国金属匠、发明家和企业家正在秘密研究一种方法，以回应罗马的迫切需求。

And in the fourteen thirties, a German metalworker, inventor, and entrepreneur is busy secretly working on a way of answering Rome's prayers.

他的名字是约翰内斯·古腾堡。

His name is Johannes Gutenberg.

古腾堡大约于1400年出生在美因茨一个相对富裕的家庭，离法兰克福不远，他的父亲是一位富有的商人，同时也是美因茨一个精英行会的成员，该行会负责监督铸币，称为‘铸币同业公会会员’。

Born into a relatively affluent family sometime around 1400 in Mainz, not too far from Frankfurt, Gutenberg is the son of a well-to-do merchant who is also a member of an elite guild overseeing coin making in Mainz, known as a Companion of the Mint.

尽管关于他早年生活的记载很少，但很可能他的家庭条件足够优渥，使他能够接受教育，并从小接触工艺与商业世界。

Though little is written about his early life, it's likely comfortable enough to afford him access to education and expose him to the world of craftsmanship and business from an early age.

他在1420年左右离家上大学，之后回到美因茨寻找工作。

Having left to attend university by 1420, he's back in Mainz and looking for work.

尽管他当时的具体活动尚不明确，但他周围都是从事铸币工艺的熟练工匠。

And though it's unclear what his activities are at this time, he is surrounded by men occupied in the skilled work of coin making.

约翰内斯学会了如何用模具铸造硬币，而这些模具则是通过金属冲头设计和塑形而成的。

Johannes learns how the coins are cast in dies, which in turn are designed and shaped using metal punches.

这些带有凸起图案的冲头，用于在每枚硬币上压印符号和文字。

These punches, with their raised patterns, are used to imprint the symbols and letters on each coin.

在十五世纪初，冲头制作已经是一门古老的艺术。

Punch making in the early fifteenth century is already an ancient art.

它涉及将钢材淬火至恰到好处的硬度，以避免脆裂，然后使用带有微小凹形或倾斜尖端的雕刻工具，一点点刮除冲头头部的金属，直到字母或符号凸现出来。

It involves tempering steel to exactly the right strength to avoid brittleness, and then using tiny graving tools with minute scooped or angled tips to scrape away metal from the head of the punch until a letter or a symbol stands proud.

无论约翰内斯·古腾堡是否曾与父亲一起从事过这类工作，他在铸币厂所见的技艺与方法，都成为他后来发明的关键基础。

Regardless of whether Johannes Gutenberg ever carries out any of this work alongside his father, the skill and techniques he sees in the mint become an essential part of his later invention.

随着三十岁临近，约翰内斯尚未婚配，聪明且受过良好教育，富有雄心。

With his thirties approaching, Johannes is unmarried, intelligent, well educated, and ambitious.

此时，他的父母均已去世，他的兄弟将几笔年金转让给他，以买断他们共同继承的房产。

By now, his parents are both dead, and his brother has transferred a couple of annuities to him to buy him out of the house they inherited.

但在债务缠身的美因茨，生活艰难，因此古腾堡决定前往另一座更稳定的城邦寻求机遇。

But times are hard in debt ridden mights, and so Gutenberg now decides to seek out his fortune in another, more stable city.

他前往斯特拉斯堡，那里位于他饱受困境的家乡上游两天航程处。

He heads for Strasbourg, two days upriver from his beleaguered hometown.

在那里，他似乎蓬勃发展。

And there, he seems to thrive.

有了更稳定的收入，在这座异乡城市的接下来十年里，约翰内斯逐渐崭露头角。

With a more reliable income, the next ten years in his adopted city see Johannes come into his own.

他有一个想法，一个梦想，必须严加保密，唯恐他人抢先实现。

He has an idea, a dream, which he must keep completely secret for fear that others could bring it to fruition first.

目前，他专注于磨练自己的技术能力与商业头脑，以将这个梦想变为现实。

For now, he focuses his attention on honing his technical skills and his business acumen to make the dream a reality.

但要做到这一点，他需要更多的钱。

But to do that, he needs more money.

他决定将自己的技能应用于一个奇怪的快速致富计划。

He decides to apply his skill set laterally on a strange get rich quick scheme.

向北155英里处是亚琛市。

Some 155 miles northwards is the city of Aachen.

这里是查理曼大帝——神圣罗马帝国的奠基者——曾经决定建立首都的地方。

It's where Charlemagne, the founder of the Holy Roman Empire, once decided he would establish his capital.

在查理曼去世约350年后的11月，他被封为圣人。

In November, about three hundred and fifty years after his death, Charlemagne was made a saint.

他的遗骸被安置在亚琛大教堂一座金质棺椁中，吸引了来自帝国各地的朝圣者。

His remains were placed in a golden casket in the majestic Aachen Cathedral, drawing pilgrims from around the empire.

在那里，这些遗物与其他圣物一同受到尊崇，比如婴儿耶稣的襁褓和施洗约翰头颅所包裹的布料。

There, they are revered alongside other sacred relics, like the infant Christ's swaddling clothes and the cloth that held John the Baptist's severed head.

这些遗物变得如此受欢迎，以至于14世纪中期，当局决定仅每七年公开展示一次。

The relics become so popular that in the mid fourteenth century, the authorities restrict access by only displaying them every seven years.

到1432年七周年周期再次到来时，每天都有超过一万名信徒挤在大教堂里，持续两周之久。

By the time the seven year cycle rolls around to 1432, there are over 10,000 devotees crammed into the cathedral every day for two weeks.

曾经朝圣者可以触摸圣物以获得其治愈力量，但现在人潮汹涌，想一睹圣物真容都已不可能。

Where once pilgrims could touch the relics to imbue themselves with their healing powers, the crush of souls clamoring for a glimpse now makes this impossible.

但随后有传言称，最近在富裕阶层中广为流行的抛光金属凸面镜，实际上是捕捉圣物神圣光芒的完美工具。

But then word spreads that small convex mirrors of polished metal, which have recently become so popular among the well-to-do, are actually the perfect tool for capturing the relic's holy light.

突然间，朝圣者传统上购买作为到访证明的小金属徽章，现在都附带了一面镜子。

Suddenly, the small metal badges that pilgrims traditionally buy as proof of their visit now come with a mirror.

在这些神圣遗物面前高举这些镜子，据说能吸收其神圣力量，供信徒带回家中。

Holding these aloft in the presence of these sacred artifacts will allegedly absorb their divine power for the devotees to take home.

需求激增，而阿尔坎的金匠们无法满足需求，于是同意在为期两周的朝圣期间，允许外来者制作和销售朝圣徽章与镜子。

Demand source, and the goldsmiths of Arkhan, unable to meet the need, agree that, for the two weeks of the pilgrimage, outsiders can make and sell their own pilgrim badges and mirrors.

古腾堡看到了机会。

Gutenberg sees his opportunity.

徽章和硬币其实并没有太大区别。

Badges are not that different from coins after all.

他计划在1439年的朝圣活动中推出32,000个，每个售价相当于今天的50英镑左右。

He plans to hit the 1439 pilgrimage with 32,000 of them, which he will sell for the equivalent of around £50 each in today's money.

古腾堡的宏大构想是，他将印刷这些弧形圆盘——镜子，卖给聚集在亚琛的成千上万朝圣者，从而赚取巨额利润，然后他就能继续自己的研究。

Gutenberg's big idea was that he would print out these curved disks, mirrors, which would sell to the people gathered in Aachen by the tens of thousands and make him a lot of money, and then he would be able to continue his researches.

不幸的是，瘟疫袭击了亚琛，他未能实现这一计划。

Unfortunately, plague struck Aachen, and he was unable to go ahead with that.

于是他面临一个筹集资金的问题，而他随后成功解决了这个问题。

And he was left with a problem of getting capital, which he then proceeded to do.

他借了贷款。

He took loans.

他找到了一位投资者。

He had an investor.

与此同时，他始终对团队正在研究的内容严加保密，因为他非常清楚，其他人一旦得知这个秘密，就会将其作为工业发明据为己有，自行开展生意。

And all the time remaining utterly secret about what he and his team were trying to research because he knew perfectly well that there were other people who would seize this secret as an industrial development and go into business on their own account.

既然投入了这么多借来的资金，他如此谨慎地保守秘密也就不足为奇了。

With all that borrowed money at stake, it's no surprise that he keeps his card so close to his chest.

最终，古腾堡的实际印刷机没有任何新奇之处。

Ultimately, nothing about Gutenberg's actual printing press is new.

纸张已经存在了几个世纪。

Paper has existed for centuries.

雕版印刷也是如此。

Block printing, the same.

在欧洲，用于葡萄酒和橄榄油生产的压榨机很常见。

Presses are common in Europe for wine and olive oil production.

金属印章、模具、冲压工具都已普遍使用。

Metal stamps, forms, punches, they're all in fairly common use.

只是没有人具备这种洞察力和天才，将所有这些元素结合起来，创造出的不仅是一台印刷机，而是一台拥有可移动活字的印刷机——那些独立的字母可以快速轻松地排列成单词、行和页面。

It's just that no one has had the insight, the genius, to put it all together to create not just a printing press, but one with movable type, with individual letters that can be quickly and easily arranged into words, lines, and pages.

他早已知道，如果他能成功，这将彻底改变书籍生产的速度、准确性和成本。

He already knows that if he can pull it off, it will revolutionize the speed, accuracy, and affordability of book production.

但在这一阶段，由于他的朝圣者镜子项目因瘟疫受阻，债务不断增加，古腾堡若想成功，就必须获得资金。

But at this stage, with his pilgrim mirrors venture thwarted by plague and his debts mounting, Gutenberg needs capital if he's going to succeed.

1448年，他回到美因茨。

In 1448, he returns to Mainz.

他的妹妹去世了，留下家族房屋给他，为他继续研究和开发提供了稳定的基地。

His sister has passed away, leaving him the family home, and thus a stable base from which to continue his research and development.

他借了更多钱，雇了一些帮手，并在前厅设立了印刷作坊。

He borrows more money, takes on some assistance, and sets up a print shop in his front room.

此时此刻，他已经全力以赴。

He's all in at this point.

他没有失败的余地。

There's no room for failure.

债务高筑，现金流持续紧张，他需要一个实际的成品。

With debts up to his eyeballs and a permanent cash flow problem, he needs an actual end product.

到目前为止，他已经完善了他的印刷机。

By now, he has refined his press.

他发明了一种手模，使他能够快速且廉价地复制金属字模，而无需每次都手工雕刻字母。

He's invented a hand mold, which allows him to quickly and cheaply reproduce his metal punches instead of having to hand carve the letters each time.

他开发了一种油性墨水，能更好地附着在金属字模上，并找到了一种方法，使纸张适度软化以吸收墨水，同时保持足够的强度以便装订。

He's developed an oil based ink, which adheres better to the metal type heads, found a way of softening the paper just enough to take the ink yet retain adequate strength to be bound.

他还发明了一种快速将字模组合成单词和页面的方法。

And he's created a way of quickly linking the letter punches together to make words and pages.

他甚至找到了一种方法，为宽度不同的字符（如 I 和 m）创建均匀的间距。

He's even figured out a way of creating uniform spacing between characters that are different in width, such as I and m.

他准备进行一次试印。

He's ready to do a trial run.

他需要一种易于复制、能快速带来回报的产品。

What he needs is something easy to replicate, which offers the possibility of a fast return.

答案来自一本他上大学时自己曾学习过的书——埃利乌斯·多纳图斯的《语法艺术》。

The answer comes in the form of a book he himself would have studied while at university, the Ars Grammatica by Aelius Donatus.

这本书仅有28页，是对拉丁语枯燥乏味的分析，却是每位学生和学者的必备读物。

Only 28 pages long, this utterly tedious analysis of Latin is a must have for every student and scholar.

如果他能批量生产出无差错、每一份都完全相同的版本，就能证明他的发明比传统抄写员更快、更准确。

If he can mass produce an error free edition in which every copy is identical, he can prove that his invention is both faster than traditional scribes and more accurate.

大学们肯定会抢着要他的产品。

And the universities will surely bite his hand off.

于是他开始着手工作。

And so he sets to work.

他的首要目标是达到抄写员所能达到的任何水平。

His first aim was to match anything a scribe could do.

也就是说，他必须复制两栏文本的设计，并且文字的位置必须与抄写员以往在页面上的排版完全一致。

That is, he had to match the design, which is in two columns of text, and it had to be positioned in the same place as the on the page as a scribe used to do.

而抄写员无法做到的一点是保证右侧边缘整齐。

And the one thing that a scribe could not do was guarantee a flush right hand margin.

没关系。

It's okay.

当然，左边你知道从哪里开始。

On the left, of course, you know where you're starting.

如果你在一行快结束时遇到一个词，你无法精确到毫米地预测它会停在哪里。

If you get a subscribe towards the end of a line, you can't tell exactly to the millimeter where it's gonna end.

所以，手抄本的右边是参差不齐的。

So a scribal copy had a ragged right margin.

而用古腾堡排版的文字，完全可以做到绝对精确地对齐。

And naturally, with text as set by Gutenberg, you can make it match up absolutely exactly.

在这方面，他不仅能达到抄写员的水平，甚至还能更好一些。

And in this respect, he could both do as well as the scribe and a little bit better as well.

古腾堡制作的多纳图斯文本，尽可能精确地复制了抄写员的版本。

The donatus Gutenberg produces is as exact a copy of the scribe's version as possible.

就像他们的手抄本一样，文字被紧密地挤在页面上，只有少数大写字母来分隔文本。

Just like their hand copied editions, the words are crammed onto the page, with only a few capital letters to break up the text.

甚至他创造的字体也很相似。

Even the font he creates is similar.

它并不美观，但快速而准确，证明了他的发明是有效的。

It's not pretty, but it is quick and accurate, and it proves his invention works.

不幸的是，如果他想获得足够的材料来印刷足够多的副本以获得可观回报，他再次需要更多资金。

Unfortunately, if he's going to get the materials to print enough copies to see a decent return, he's going to need more money again.

1449年，他与一位新投资者、富有的金融家约翰·福斯特达成协议。

In 1449, he strikes a deal with a new investor, a wealthy financier called Johann Fust.

福斯特早已从事手稿和雕版书籍的生意，经常前往巴黎进行销售旅行。

Fust already deals in manuscripts and block books, regularly traveling to Paris on sales trips.

当他听说古腾堡惊人的发明时，立刻产生了兴趣。

And when he hears about Gutenberg's incredible invention, his interest is immediately piqued.

起初，合作进行得很顺利。

At first, the partnership goes well.

福斯特借给他800金币，相当于当时一名非技术工人三年的工资，作为设备的贷款担保。

Fust loans him 800 guilden, around three years' wage for an unskilled worker at the time, for equipment, which is to provide the security for the loan.

但这笔贷款的利息很高。

But the interest on the loan is high.

由于将所有资金都投入了印刷机本身，古腾堡很快发现自己难以偿还贷款。

And having ploughed his money into the press itself, Gutenberg quickly finds himself struggling to make the repayments.

他需要找到比学生和大学更大的、更稳定的市场来销售，并且需要印刷更多的书籍。

He needs to find a bigger, more secure market to sell to than students and universities, and he needs to print more books.

一旦他解决了将所有现有元素——即纸张、墨水、可组装成版式的字模——整合在一起的问题，就迎来了一个可以开发的市场，那就是整个基督教世界。

Once he'd solved the problem of bringing all the various elements that existed, that is the paper, the ink, the head of the punches that could be assembled into forms, as soon as all that had been brought together, there was the market to be exploited, which was Christendom itself.

还有其他一些对基督教教义至关重要的书籍，比如祈祷书、弥撒书和日历。

And there were other books which were absolutely crucial to the Christian message, were prayer books and missals and calendars.

就在这一特定时刻，出现了针对正在东方推进的土耳其人的敌对声明。

And at this particular moment, statements of antipathy towards the Turks who were known to be advancing in the Far East.

而且十字军东征即将展开，有必要发布号召信徒参加十字军的声明。

And there were Crusades in the offing, and it was important to have statements summoning the faithful to Crusades.

但尽管印刷传单、虔诚小册子和日历有助于完善印刷机的机械机制，它们却根本无法支付账单。

But though printing missiles, devotional pamphlets, and calendars helped to refine the mechanics of the press, they're just not paying the bills.

到目前为止，他已经和福斯特的协议进行了三年，却连一分利息都没付过。

By now, he is three years into his deal with Fust, and he's yet to pay a penny in interest.

他勉强只是覆盖了成本。

He's just about covering his expenses.

但古腾堡的目光瞄准了更大的目标。

But Gutenberg has his eye on a bigger price.

他想赚钱，而他面对的是整个基督教世界这样一个巨大的市场——只要能解决这个问题，这个市场就会向他敞开。

He wanted to make money, and he had a terrific market in terms of a whole of Christendom, basically, that would open up if only he could solve this problem.

他得到了来自同乡尼古拉·库萨的鼓励。

He had encouragement from somebody who was raised in the same area called Nicholas of Cusa.

尼古拉后来声名显赫，最终成为教皇，他几乎肯定与古腾堡见过面，并让古腾堡相信，教皇会对任何有助于创造文本、促进基督教团结的发明持开放态度。

And Nicholas became extremely eminent and became a pope later on and would have pretty undoubtedly met Gutenberg and given him a sense that the pope would be open to anything that he could come up with in terms of creating texts that would build unity for Christianity.

所以他知道自己有市场。

So he knew he had a market.

这并非正式委托，但尼古拉·库萨希望修道院图书馆能拥有一个经过良好翻译和校订的《圣经》。

It's by no means a commission, but what Nicholas of Cusa wants is for the monastic libraries to own a well translated and edited Bible.

一个供所有人阅读的统一文本。

A uniform text for all to read from.

巧的是，古腾堡正好拥有能够生产这种文本的设备。

Handy, then, that Gutenberg has the very device upon which to produce just that.

但要印刷像《圣经》这样规模的书籍，他需要第二个作坊和更多的资金。

But to print something on the scale of the Bible, he'll need a second workshop, and a lot more money.

古腾堡回到福斯特身边，而福斯特自然心存疑虑。

Gutenberg turns back to Fust, who naturally is suspicious.

他作为贷款抵押的全部资产，只有作坊里的机器、工具和印刷机本身。

All he has as collateral for his loan are the machines and tools in the workshop and the press itself.

然而，这位身无分文的印刷商还是设法说服了他的投资人再次出资。

Still, somehow, the penniless printer persuades his investor to stump up again.

再借800古尔登，再签一份利息协议。

Another 800 gulden, another interest agreement.

这是一决胜负的关键时刻。

It's make or break.

这一次，他们要印刷一本《圣经》。

And this time, they are going to print a Bible.

后来被称为《古腾堡圣经》的这部作品，是一部每页42行、共两卷的拉丁文书籍，需要排版约三百万个字符。

The Gutenberg Bible, as it will become known, is a 42 line per page, two volume book printed in Latin, with around 3,000,000 characters needing to be set.

这是一项宏伟的工程。

It is a monumental undertaking.

排字工人整天忙着将微小的金属字模排列在版面上，而印刷工则用柔软的皮革墨球上墨，将羊皮纸或纸张定位，然后轻轻转动印刷机，施加恰到好处的压力。

Compositors spend their days arranging the tiny metal forms on the typeset pages, while the printers apply the ink with those soft leather ink balls and position the vellum or paper before winding the press just enough to apply the perfect pressure to the sheets.

这一切都在古腾堡本人的精心统筹下进行。

And it's all done under the careful orchestration of Gutenberg himself.

与此同时，富斯特则在外面世界展示即将面世作品的样张，以吸引潜在买家。

Meanwhile, Fust is out in the world, showing off samples of what's to come to potential buyers.

在法兰克福，1454年一场类似法兰克福书展的场合中，他向一位名叫皮科洛米尼的高级教士展示了部分已印制的《圣经》片段，而这位教士后来成为了教皇。

In Frankfurt, in a sort of equivalent to the Frankfurt Book Fair in 1454, where he showed off some bits of the Bible that he'd printed already to a senior cleric called Piccolomini, who was going to be a future pope.

这是一个巨大的进步，皮科洛米尼记录下他遇见了这位他称之为‘了不起的人’，此人制作了《圣经》的部分内容。

So this was a huge step forward, and Piccolomini recorded the fact that he'd met this wonderful man, as he called him, who produced parts of the Bible.

显然，如果他能继续生产更多相同的内容，并将它们装订成完整的《圣经》，市场上就存在巨大的需求。

And clearly, there was a market out there if only he could produce more of the same and bind it all together into a complete Bible.

或许意识到市场已经成熟，或者担心古腾堡无法及时完成以抓住商机，富斯特现在做了一件非同寻常的事。

Perhaps realizing that the market is ripe or possibly fearing that Gutenberg will simply not deliver in time to take advantage of it, Fust now does something extraordinary.

1455年年中，当古腾堡《圣经》的首批印刷品大部分已完成，更重要的是，已全部预售出去时，他撤回了支持。

Around the middle of 1455, when most of the first run of Gutenberg's bible is already printed and, more importantly, presold, he withdraws his support.

他起诉古腾堡偿还未付的贷款，而古腾堡当然无力偿还，这一点福斯特心知肚明。

He sues Gutenberg for the outstanding loans, which of course he can't pay, as Fust well knows.

古腾堡的一切资产都押在了工坊里，包括珍贵的印刷机，福斯特声称这些印刷机在法律上属于他。

Everything Gutenberg has is bound up in his workshops, including the treasured printing presses, which Fust claims are technically his.

随后展开了一场法律诉讼，但古腾堡根本站不住脚。

A legal case follows, but Gutenberg doesn't really have a leg to stand on.

法院判决支持福斯特，将整个生意和机器都判给了他。

The court rules in Fust's favor, granting him both the business and the machines.

不仅如此，福斯特早已挖走了这位天才发明家的整个团队，以确保圣经的印刷工作能按计划继续进行。

Not only that, Furst has already headhunted the genius inventor's staff so that work on the Bible can continue as planned.

于是，事情就这样顺利地继续下去了。

And so it does, just like that.

古腾堡被彻底排挤出局。

Gutenberg is out of the game.

当180本圣经最终面世时，它们的销售收入立即远超福斯特的贷款总额——如果他当初更有耐心或更仁慈一些的话。

When they're finally released, the 180 copies of the Bible immediately make more than enough to pay off Fuss' loans, had he been patient or kind.

可惜的是，他两者都不是。

Sadly, he is neither.

而古腾堡几乎被从自己这段非凡的故事中抹去了。

And Gutenberg is almost edited out of his own incredible story.

幸运的是，尽管其他人可能试图据为己有，他至少在有生之年被公认为活字印刷术的发明者。

Fortunately, and though others may have tried to make the claim for themselves, he is at least recognized in his lifetime as the inventor of the movable type printing press.

但他并未从中获得任何回报。

Not that he reaps any of the rewards.

在失去生意和印刷机给福斯特后，古腾堡的晚年在相对默默无闻中度过，靠一笔微薄的养老金生活，从未见到他梦想中的财富。

Having lost his business and his printing press to Fust, Gutenberg's final years are spent in relative obscurity, living off a small pension and never seeing the riches he dreamed of.

他于1468年去世，担心自己的遗产会像他一样被人遗忘。

He dies in 1468, afraid that his legacy will fade as he has done.

但他的发明即将迎来爆发。

But his invention is just about to hit its stride.

福斯特在推销可印刷的书籍时毫不留情，迅速创造了对这种新型印刷机的需求。

Fust is ruthless in his marketing of the books that can be printed, and quickly creates a demand for this new style of printing press.

现在，由于没有专利这种东西，任何具备技能、资金和资源的人都可以复制古腾堡的革命性印刷机，建立自己的印刷作坊。

Now, with no such thing as a patent to worry about, anyone with the skills, money, and resources can replicate Gutenberg's revolutionary press and set up their own print works.

印刷机的传播速度极快。

The printing press spread extremely rapidly.

到世纪末，整个欧洲大约有250家印刷作坊。

By the end of the century, there's something like 250 printing works all around Europe.

当然，圣经正在被印刷，但任何文本现在都可以与手抄本相比，几乎瞬间复制出来。

And, of course, bibles were being printed, but any text could now be reproduced almost instantly by comparison with scribal copies.

书籍的传播速度也极为迅速。

And the spread of books was extremely rapid.

威尼斯、巴黎、科隆的印刷商都加入了这场盛宴。

Printers in Venice, Paris, Cologne all joined the party.

到1500年，这250家欧洲印刷作坊已共生产了约两千万本书。

By 1500, approximately 20,000,000 books have been produced across those 250 European print works.

在圣经、弥撒书和祈祷书之外，学者们现在还能找到柏拉图、亚里士多德、西塞罗等古典著作的再版文本。

Among the Bibles, missals, and prayer books, scholars can now find republished classical texts by Plato, Aristotle, Cicero.

书籍激发艺术、人文主义和思想自由。

Books to inspire art, humanism, freedom of thought.

随着市场上充斥着这些新近且相对廉价印制的书籍，书籍终于变得负担得起，而且不再仅以拉丁文印刷。

As the market floods with these new, relatively cheaply produced prints, books are finally affordable, and they're no longer only printed in Latin.

古腾堡印刷机的第一个重大影响是，它让普通人能够用母语阅读。

The first major impact of Gutenberg's press was it allowed ordinary people to read things in their own language.

因此，普通人首次能够绕过神职人员的权威，直接用母语与上帝对话。

And so ordinary people, for the first time, were able to skip past the authority of priests and, as it were, speak commune directly with God in their own language.

最初作为统一基督教世界的想法，迅速演变为知识民主化的催化剂，推动了新思想的传播。

What started as an idea for unifying Christendom quickly becomes a catalyst for the democratization of knowledge, enabling the spread of new ideas.

这是1517年10月31日，德国维滕贝格一个寒冷的秋夜。

It is the 10/31/1517, a cold autumn evening in Wittenberg, Germany.

一切都很安静，只有干枯的秋叶沙沙作响，教堂的钟声敲响了晚间时刻。

Everything is quiet, save for the rustling of dry autumn leaves and the church bells ringing the evening hour.

维滕贝格城堡教堂矗立在城镇边缘，巍然耸立。

The Wittenberg Castle Church looms large on the edge of the town.

阴影在他石墙上游移，一名独行的修士手持一盏灯笼走过。

Shadows move on its stone walls as a lone monk passes by, holding a single lantern.

他身着朴素的深色长袍，腰间系着一根简单的绳索，步伐坚定地穿过广场。

His plain, dark robe, cinched at the waist with a simple cord, flows behind him as he strides across the town square.

他身材健壮、肩宽体阔，而今夜，意志坚定。

He is strong, broad shouldered, and, this evening, resolute.

他手中紧握着一份重要却可能带来危险的文件。

In his hand, he clutches an important but potentially dangerous document.

这份文件表达了他对天主教会腐败的全面批评。

It represents his full criticism of the corruption within the Catholic church.

具体而言，就是对所谓赎罪券的销售。

Namely, the sale of so called indulgences.

这些是人们向教会付款，以换取对所犯罪行的惩罚减轻。

These are payments made to the church in exchange for a reduced punishment for sins committed.

它们原本是作为一种忏悔形式，但现在却被用作筹款工具。

They had originally been intended as a form of penance, but now they've become exploited as a fundraising tool.

而最近，为了盈利而出售赎罪券的行为已经失控，传教士们正在 aggressively 销售救赎，明码标价。

And recently, their sale for profit has spiraled out of control, with preachers aggressively selling salvation for a price.

事情已经太过分了，这种腐败必须从精神上和学术上加以挑战。

It's gone too far, and this corruption must be challenged, spiritually and academically.

因此，他手中拿着的这份文件，就是他的《九十五条论纲》，即对教会做法的批评。

Hence, the document in his hand, his 95 Theses or criticisms of the practices of the church.

他打算今晚亲自递交这些论纲。

And he intends to deliver them himself this evening.

他来到沉重的木制教堂大门前，整理了一下情绪，深吸一口气。

Arriving at the heavy wooden church doors, he collects himself and takes a breath.

这个简单的反抗举动可能会带来深远的后果。

This simple act of rebellion could have dramatic consequences.

他希望引发辩论，制止对普通信徒的剥削。

He wants to spark debate and stop the exploitation of ordinary believers.

但他的九十五条论纲直接攻击了教皇的权威，因此他可能面临异端罪的指控。

But as his 95 theses directly attack the authority of the pope, he could face charges of heresy.

他可能被逮捕、逐出教会，甚至被处决。

He could be arrested, excommunicated, even executed.

然而，他的良知驱使着他。

And yet his conscience compels him.

他停顿片刻，凝视着教堂那扇巨大的木门。

He pauses for a moment, looking at the huge wooden entrance to the church.

这些门上通常是大学教职员工张贴公告或争议声明的地方。

It is on these doors that university staff often pin up messages or notices of dispute.

今天，这位修士兼神学家马丁·路德即将张贴他最具争议的公告。

Today, this monk and theologian, Martin Luther, is about to post his most controversial notice yet.

他深吸一口气，从腰间的袋子中取出几颗钉子和一把小锤子。

With a deep breath, he removes a couple of nails and a short hammer from the pouch at his waist.

他展开纸张，将他的95条论纲钉在门上。

Unfurling the paper, he nails his 95 theses to the door.

即使这份公告在有人阅读前就被撕下，他今天也已通过信件将同样的异议副本寄给了美因茨大主教。

Even if the notice is torn down before anyone reads it, he has sent a copy of the same objections to the archbishop of Mainz by letter today too.

他的抗议行为已经完成。

His act of protest is complete.

现在来看反应。

Now for the reaction.

路德将他的抗议信钉在教堂门上的故事或许只是传说，但他确实在1517年将这些观点寄给了美因茨大主教，而且它们确实产生了巨大影响。

The tale of Luther nailing his complaints to the door of the church may well be apocryphal, but he certainly delivers them to the archbishop in 1517, and they definitely have a dramatic impact.

马丁·路德的95条论纲迅速传播，印刷术在其中发挥了不小的作用。

Martin Luther's 95 theses spread quickly, helped in no small part by the printing press.

尽管他自己的副本是手写的，但他的支持者们却急于将他的观点印刷出来。

Though his own copies are handwritten, his supporters rush to reproduce his complaints in print.

很快，印刷品大量涌现，他的反对意见在德语和拉丁语地区广泛传播。

Soon, reproductions are flying off the presses, and his objections are widely distributed in German and Latin.

事实上，路德针对罗马教廷的95条论纲最初在德国各地迅速传播，随后迅速蔓延至整个欧洲。

The fact is that the 95 theses of Luther's anti Roman diatribe were reproduced across Germany, to start off with, then across Europe, extremely rapidly.

事实上，路德本人也成了明星人物。

In fact, Luther himself became a star figure.

在十六世纪初德国出版的所有书籍中，有三分之一是路德的作品。

And of all the books published in Germany in the early sixteenth century, one third of them were by Luther.

因此，这是有史以来最成功的著作之一。

So that was one of the most successful pieces of writing ever.

路德完全有资格被称为第一位畅销书作家。

Luther can rightly claim the title of being the very first bestseller.

他的反抗行为成为宗教改革的催化剂，导致教会分裂为天主教和新教两大派别。

His act of rebellion is the catalyst for the Reformation, the split of the Church into Catholic and Protestant divisions.

由于印刷机能够迅速大量复制和传播马丁·路德这样的思想，这场运动如野火般蔓延开来。

And the movement spreads like wildfire, thanks to the speed with which the printing press allows ideas like Martin Luther's to be reproduced and distributed en masse.

因此，路德说印刷是上帝赐予的终极礼物，也就不足为奇了，尽管教会不再这样看待它。

It's no wonder then that Luther is quoted as saying that printing is the ultimate gift of God, though the church no longer sees it that way.

这场革命当然不仅蔓延至欧洲，还深刻影响了亨利八世与罗马教廷的决裂。

This was a revolution which spread, of course, not only to Europe, but was very influential in Henry VIII's break with Rome.

廷代尔出版了第一本英文译本，该译本由古腾堡的后继者们在欧洲印刷。

The publication of the first English translation by Tyndale, which was printed in Europe by the, as it were, the grandchildren from Gutenberg.

彼得·舍弗是他的学生，而彼得·舍弗的学生印刷了廷代尔的《圣经》版本。

Peter Schofer's was his pupil and Peter Schofer's pupils printed the Tyndale version of the Bible.

这一版本传入英格兰，成为英格兰宗教改革整体进程的一部分。

And that spread into England and became part of the whole reformation in England.

这并非一个简单的过程，但最终结果就是这样。

Not a simple process, but that was the end result.

作为第一部英文《圣经》译本，廷代尔的版本直接依据希伯来文和希腊文原文，而非沿用数世纪以来西方基督教的标准拉丁文《武加大译本》。

As the first English translation of the Bible, Tyndale's version draws on the Hebrew and Greek texts rather than using the Latin Vulgate that has been the standard in Western Christianity for centuries.

作为对天主教会权威的直接挑战，其出版对宗教改革思想在英格兰的传播至关重要。

As a direct challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church, its publication is crucial in the spread of Reformation thought in England.

尽管廷代尔因异端罪被审判并处决，但他为后来的英文《圣经》——如新教英语世界最广为阅读的《英王钦定版》——奠定了基础。

Though Tyndale is tried and executed for heresy, he lays the groundwork for later English Bibles, like the King James Version, the most widely read Bible in English Protestantism.

宗教改革并非唯一受到印刷术发明影响的运动。

And the Reformation is not the only movement influenced by the invention of the printing press.

尽管文艺复兴在欧洲已悄然兴起近一个世纪，但印刷术的出现却催生了艺术、科学与哲学的爆发式发展，彻底重塑了西方思想。

Though the Renaissance has been bubbling away across Europe for nearly a century already, the arrival of the printing press fuels an explosion of art, science, and philosophy that reshapes Western thinking.

在印刷术出现之前，一本手工抄写的书价格可能高达一栋房子。

Before the printing press, a laboriously hand copied book could cost as much to buy as a house.

到16世纪初，一本印刷版的书价格仅略高于普通教师一个月的工资。

By the early sixteenth century, a printed edition costs little more than a month's salary for an average schoolteacher.

随着书籍变得便宜且更加普及，识字率上升，知识以及它所激发的创造力 suddenly 向普通人广泛开放。

As books become cheaper and more abundant, literary rates increase, and suddenly knowledge and the creativity it inspires is widely available to ordinary people.

这引发了教育和知识交流的革命，放大了马基雅维利和托马斯·莫尔等文艺复兴人文主义者的作品。

And this sparks a revolution in education and intellectual exchange, amplifying the works of Renaissance humanists like Machiavelli and Thomas More.

印刷术甚至催生了新的写作形式。

Printing even inspires new forms of writing.

文字不再仅仅是统治者、律师或上帝使者的公告记录。

Gone are the days when the written word is just a record of addresses by rulers, lawyers, or messengers of God.

现在，任何人都可以成为作家，并用他们自己的语言和风格向所有人表达。

Now it's possible for anyone to be a writer and for them to address everyone in their own language and style.

1554年，在西班牙的某个地方，一位无名作家出版了这种新媒介下的第一部真正小说——《小癞子》。

In 1554, somewhere in Spain, an unknown writer publishes the first true novel of the new medium, the life of Lazarillo de Tormas.

这部以人物为中心、流浪汉风格的作品后来启发了塞万提斯、笛福和亨利·菲尔丁。

Its character driven, picaresque style will go on to inspire Cervantes, Defoe, and Henry Fielding.

尽管起步稍慢，印刷术也促进了科学革命的兴起。

Though slightly slower to get started, the printing press also helps a scientific revolution to take hold.

数学家和哲学家们过去受限于地理、语言或手抄出版的缓慢节奏，如今却能迅速广泛传播他们的思想和发现。

Mathematicians and philosophers, previously restricted by geography, language, or the glacial pace of handwritten publications, now benefit from being able to widely distribute their ideas and findings at great speed.

我想，科学革命本质上是印刷术传播的另一个层面，因为哥白尼能够印刷他的日心说理论，后来被牛顿等人采纳。

Well, I suppose the scientific revolution is basically a different dimension of the spread of printing because Copernicus was able to print his theory of the heliocentric system of the solar system, and this was picked up later on by Newton and and others.

如果没有印刷术，这一理论可能就会失传，而不会被伽利略著名地重新发现，然后由此传播开来。

And had there been no printing, that particular theory might have been lost and picked up famously by Galileo, and then it spread from there.

印刷术影响如此深远，以至于1620年，英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根——被誉为科学方法的奠基人——将其列为改变世界的三大发明之一，另外两项是火药和航海罗盘。

So influential is the printing press that in 1620, Francis Bacon, the English philosopher credited with developing the scientific method, defines it as one of three inventions to change the world, the other two being gunpowder and the nautical compass.

我的意思是，这开启了一种全新的文化与信息流动。

I mean, it was the beginning of a whole new culture and the flow of information.

比如一个例子，马可·波罗曾横跨整个亚洲，在忽必烈汗手下工作了十七年，回来后讲述了他那些非凡的冒险故事。

One example, for instance, is that Marco Polo went all the way across Asia and worked for Kublai Khan for seventeen years, came back and told his remarkable adventures, stories.