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这是iHeart播客《 Guaranteed Human 》。
This is an iHeart podcast, Guaranteed Human.
欢迎收听《你应当知道的事》，由iHeartRadio出品。
Welcome to Stuff You Should Know, a production of iHeartRadio.
嘿，欢迎收听本播客。
Hey, and welcome to the podcast.
我是乔什，这是查克，杰里也在。
I'm Josh, and there's Chuck, and Jerry's here too.
这就是《你应当知道的事》。
And this is Stuff You Should Know.
我觉得这一期是迟早的事。
I think this is a a long time coming edition.
是的。
Yeah.
我的意思是，我们到现在还没讲过安妮·沙利文和海伦·凯勒吗？
I mean, how have we not covered Anne Sullivan and Helen Keller at this point?
这有点奇怪。
It's it's kinda weird.
我不知道。
I don't know.
但这种事情就是这样，是的。
But this is the kinda thing that's like, yeah.
我们还剩几年时间呢。
We still got a few years left in this.
你知道的。
You know?
完全没错。
Totally.
而且我们根本还没触及到任何低谷。
And we're not we're not scraping the bottom of any barrels here.
没错。
No.
我们连桶顶都没碰到呢，各位。
We're not even dipping into the top of the barrel yet, everybody.
桶里还满是泡菜呢。
It's still full of pickles.
没错。
That's right.
或者说是已经浮到顶部的奶油。
Or cream that has risen to the top.
哦，这个说法更好。
Oh, that's even better.
泡菜和奶油。
Pickles and cream.
对。
Right.
但我们说的是海伦·凯勒和安妮·沙利文。
But we're talking about Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan.
你们可能知道这两个人是谁，但如果不了解的话，我们简单说一下：安妮·沙利文是一位教师，她教导过一个年轻女孩以及后来的其他人，但最著名的是她从六岁起开始教导海伦·凯勒的工作。海伦·凯勒在19个月大时因疑似细菌性脑膜炎失去了视力和听力，尽管我们无法完全确定。
You probably know who these people are, but if you don't, just, very quickly, we should say that, Anne Sullivan was a teacher of a young girl and others along the way, but mainly known for her work with a young girl starting from the age of six named Helen Keller, who lost her sight and hearing as a 19 old from what is likely bacterial meningitis, even though we don't know for sure.
这是一个极其鼓舞人心的故事，尤其在当时，它向世界展示了那些被认为有严重缺陷的人——比如失明和失聪，如果两者兼具，人们普遍认为：‘我们只能把你送进机构，因为你根本学不了东西。’
And it's one of the great, inspiring stories of all time, and especially one that came early on to show to the rest of the world who at the time didn't think that people that had these kinds of afflictions like blindness and being deaf, like, if you had both of those, they were basically like, we're we're gonna send you to an an institution because we can't teach you anything, you know.
你看不见，听不到，很抱歉。
You can't see, you can't hear, we're sorry.
是的。
Yeah.
在那些机构里，他们很可能早逝。
And at those institutions, they likely died.
许多人因忽视、虐待或各种原因去世，仅仅因为他们无法看见或听见。
A lot of them died just from neglect or abuse or all sorts of different reasons just because they were unable to see or hear.
那时，已经有针对聋人的教育和针对盲人的教育，但正如你所说，聋盲人士被认为根本无法教育。
By this time, there was education for the deaf, there was education for the blind, but like you said, the deaf blind were considered, like, there's just no way you can teach them.
原因在于，他们仅有的感官是触觉、嗅觉和味觉。
The reason why is because the only senses they have are touch, smell, and taste.
味觉。
Taste.
就这些了。
That's about it.
他们就觉得，我们根本不知道怎么通过味觉来教人，根本没法对他们做任何事。
And that, like, they're just like, we don't know how to teach anybody by taste, like, just can't do anything with them.
所以当你真正设身处地站在海伦·凯勒的位置上，完全与世界隔绝时，想想安妮·沙利文究竟做了什么，真是令人难以置信，也无比鼓舞人心。
So when you really start to put yourself in Helen Keller's position, totally cut off by the world or from the world, it's just mind boggling and as inspiring as it gets to stop and think about what Anne Sullivan actually did.
然后还有海伦·凯勒在安妮·沙利文最初帮助她之后所做到的事情。
And then and then what Helen Keller was able to do after Anne Sullivan did her thing initially.
是的。
Yeah.
当然。
For sure.
这是历史上最伟大的关系和伙伴关系之一。
One of one of the great relationships and partnerships of of of history
是的
Yeah.
世界历史和美国历史上的重要篇章
Of world history and certainly American history.
当时已经有一些学校存在，并且有一位失明失聪者被记录为学会了语言。
There had been some schools in place, and there was one recorded deaf blind person who had learned language.
她名叫劳拉·布里奇曼。
It was a woman named Laura Bridgeman.
在19世纪30年代，她与一位名叫塞缪尔·格里德利·豪威尔的人合作，他创立了如今被称为珀金斯盲人学校的机构，位于波士顿，这所机构将在本故事中发挥重要作用。
In the eighteen thirties, she worked with a guy named Samuel Gridley Howell, and he founded what's known as the Perkins School for the Blind in Boston, which will come into play in this story.
但他教会了她，而这也正是安妮·沙利文后来教海伦·凯勒的东西——一种叫做手语字母表的方法，正如丽莎·辛普森所说，就是‘嗒、嗒、嗒’，每个字母对应手掌上的轻敲，通过这种方式，你可以非常缓慢地教会一个既看不见也听不见的人语言。
But he taught her, and this is what Anne Sullivan would teach Helen Keller, something called the manual alphabet, which is, as Lisa Simpson would say, tapa tapa tapa, where letters correspond to taps on a palm, and that is how you, you know, very sort of slowly teach somebody language without, with them not being able to see or hear.
是的
Yeah.
他们找到了仅通过触觉来教授语言的方法，这本身就已经令人印象深刻。
They figured out how to teach somebody language just through touch, which is impressive in and of itself.
但劳拉·布里奇曼学会了这些，当时人们只觉得这很新奇，是个例外。
But the fact that Laura Bridgeman had learned that, it was it was considered like a curiosity, an anomaly.
也就是说，这并没有让人想到，你其实可以教会聋盲人士任何东西。
Like, this is not like, that didn't extend to the idea that you could teach deaf blind people anything generally.
对吧？
Right?
是的。
Yeah.
我们还应该提到，安妮·沙利文自己也有视力障碍，这让她得以在珀金斯盲人学校认识劳拉·布里奇曼。
And we should say that Anne Sullivan was vision impaired herself, and that's how she ended up knowing Laura Bridgeman from that Perkins School for the Blind.
没错。
Right.
让我们聊聊安妮·沙利文吧。
And let's talk a little bit about Anne Sullivan.
她的人生经历异常坎坷。
She had an extraordinarily rough life
天哪。
Oh, man.
一直到她大约14岁的时候。
Leading up to about age 14.
她出生于1866年，父母是……
She was born in 1866, to parents.
她母亲一直体弱多病。
Her mother was an invalid.
她母亲去世后，她父亲就抛弃了她们，那时她大概八岁。
Her father abandoned them right after her mother died when she was, I think, eight.
到那时，她已经失去了大部分视力。
By this time, she had lost most of her vision.
她曾患上过眼疾。
She had suffered an eye infection.
于是，她和弟弟吉米在一起，当时她八岁，现在要照顾年幼的弟弟。
And so she and her brother, Jimmy, they have no she's eight, and now she's in charge of her little brother.
她失明了，而且再也没有人帮助他们了。
She's blind, and there's no one helping them any longer.
没有人关心他们的安危。
There's no one looking out for them.
她必须尽自己所能照顾他们两个人。
It's up to her to look out for the both of them in any way she can.
于是，他们不得不搬进特威斯伯里的一家公立救济院。
And so they had to move into a public poor house in Tewkesbury.
没错。
That's right.
我们应该指出，此时她的视力已经严重受损。
And we should point out she's she's vision impaired at this point.
我认为，直到她成年，她都完全失明。
I think she until she was an adult, she suffered full blindness.
好的。
Okay.
但你知道，生活真艰难。
But, you know, rough life.
这个贫民收容所太糟糕了。
This this poorhouse was awful.
收容所里流传着食人行为的传闻和报告。
There were rumors and reports of cannibalism at the shelter.
那里脏乱不堪。
It was filthy.
他们始终面临威胁，健康和其他方面都岌岌可危。
They were constantly just threatened and in danger, health wise and otherwise.
嗯。
Mhmm.
后来，州慈善委员会进行了一次检查，当时还是个少年的安妮·沙利文竟然说服了他们。
And there was an inspection at one point of a state board of charities, and a a little teenage Anne Sullivan actually convinced them.
她没有接受过正规教育。
She had no formal education.
她说服了当时在场的一位政府官员，用纳税人的钱送她去波士顿的珀金斯盲人学校，并在那里注册入学，最终以班级第一名的身份毕业。
Convinced a government official who was on-site there to send her via tax dollars to that Perkins School for the Blind in Boston where she enrolled and would eventually graduate as valedictorian of her class.
是的。
Yeah.
为了强调这一点，她14岁时才被送到珀金斯学校。
And just to get that point across, when she was 14 is when she was sent to Perkins School.
她在贫民收容所生活了六年。
She lived in a poor house for six years.
她哥哥在他们搬进去四个月后因感染肺结核去世。
Her brother died four months after they moved there when he contracted tuberculosis.
她的人生经历极其艰难。
She'd had an incredibly rough life.
她14岁才开始接受正规教育，进入珀金斯学校，六年后成为班级第一名，尽管当时她几乎没受过任何教育。
Her first formal education came at age 14 when she went to Perkins, and six years later, she was valedictorian, Again, despite being uncited.
她的故事本身就已经非常鼓舞人心，但之后的事情更令人惊叹。
Like, her her story in and of itself is incredibly inspiring, but it just picks up from there.
是的
Yeah.
当然
For sure.
我们提到珀金斯学校的原因是，正如我所说，她在那里遇到了劳拉·布里奇曼，而且正是在那里，她为了能与劳拉·布里奇曼交流而学会了手语字母。
And the reason we sort of mentioned the Perkins stuff, because, like I said, that's where she met Laura Bridgeman, and notably, that's where she learned that manual alphabet because she wanted to converse with Laura Bridgeman.
所以，凯勒——正如我所说——据推测，她是因为细菌性脑膜炎而失去了视力和听力。
So Keller, like I said, probably lost her sight and her hearing from bacterial meningitis is what they suspect.
是的
Yeah.
她出生于1880年。
She was born in 1880.
她在19个月大时遭遇了这场变故，当时发育完全正常，因此她的人生从此发生了不幸的转折。
She was completely developmentally on track when this happened at 19 old, so her life just took a really unfortunate turn.
从她19个月大直到六岁，她一直处于一种被有些人称为被困的状态。
And so from the moment that she was 19 old until she was six, she was, you know, what some people might call in a trapped state.
她只是活在自己的世界里，无法与人交流。
She was just living in her mind, unable to communicate.
她的父母，你知道的，她反应非常令人沮丧，这或许并不意外，而且她的发脾气也越来越暴力。
Her parents, you know, she reacted very frustratingly, probably not surprisingly, and got increasingly violent with her tantrums.
到她六岁时，她的父母觉得，我们不知道还能不能安全地照顾她了。
And by the time she was six, her parents were like, I don't know that we can handle this safely anymore.
我们不想把她送进机构。
We don't want to institutionalize her.
于是他们设法联系了别人。
So they reached out somehow.
我想她妈妈刚想起曾经读过关于劳拉·布里奇曼和珀金斯学校的事。
I think her mom had just remembered reading something about Lori Bridgeman and that Perkins school.
嗯。
Mhmm.
我想这发生在海伦出生之前。
And I think this is before Helen was even born.
于是他们，我想， hopefully 打了个电话给亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔，说：首先，感谢您这项发明。
And so they, I guess, hopefully put in a phone call to Alexander Graham Bell and said, first of all, thank you for this invention.
能称您为发明者，这真是太棒了。
This is pretty cool that we can call you the inventor.
他说：太好了，太好了。
He said, bully, bully.
他说：太好了，太好了。
He said, Bully, bully.
然后他们说：我知道您一直积极参与死亡教育，也知道您女婿在经营珀金斯学校。
And then they said, But I know you're active in death education, and I know your son-in-law runs the Perkins School.
您对我们女儿有什么看法？
What do you think about our daughter?
这是一个相当棘手的案例。
It's a pretty tough case.
是的。
Yeah.
他说，我觉得这正是珀金斯学校该做的事。
And he was like, I think this is just the job for the Perkins School.
所以他动用了些关系，这让人感觉珀金斯学校在马萨诸塞州，而海伦·凯勒的家人来自阿拉巴马州，似乎她家挺富裕的。
So he pulled some strings, and that kinda makes it sound like the Perkins School's in Massachusetts, Helen Keller's family was from Alabama, it sounds like her family was wealthy.
他们并不富裕。
They were not.
她父亲在内战期间是南方联盟军的一名上尉。
Her father was a captain in the Confederate army during the civil war.
内战结束后，她家变得一贫如洗，所以并不富裕。
After the civil war, her family was left poor, so they were not wealthy.
我想他们拥有土地之类的财产，但她远没有安妮·沙利文那么穷困。
I think they had land and everything like that, but she was not nearly as destitute as Anne Sullivan.
但我想强调的是，随着她长大并开始生活，她靠自己养活了自己。
But I think it's worth the point that as she grew and started living her life, she supported herself.
她并不是出身于富裕家庭。
It was she didn't come from a wealthy family.
是的
Yeah.
当然
For sure.
与此同时，当她进入那所学校时，沙利文已经收到了来自珀金斯学校的聘用通知。
In the meantime, while, you know, when she gets into school there, Sullivan had already gotten a job offer from Perkins.
她在那儿是个优秀的学生。
She was a great student there.
她懂手语，他们就说：‘你干脆就在这儿工作吧。’
She knew that manual sign language, and they said, well, you should just work here.
因此，在1886年3月3日，海伦·凯勒与安妮·沙利文相遇，后来她将这一天称为自己灵魂的生日。
And so on 03/03/1886, Helen Keller, would meet Anne Sullivan and later call that, her soul's birthday.
对
Yeah.
于是，沙利文被珀金斯学校派往塔斯坎比亚，也就是凯勒一家在阿拉巴马州的住处。
So, Sullivan was basically sent by Perkins to Tuscumbia, where the Keller's lived in Alabama.
她一到那里，海伦几乎立刻就发起了脾气。
And she when she got there, I mean, almost immediately, Helen threw a tantrum.
是的。
Yeah.
所以，苏利文一来就亲眼看到，这事儿肯定很难搞。
So, Sullivan got to see firsthand, right off the bat, this is going to be tough.
这个女孩已经学会了，因为她的父母纵容她，她通过暴力、愤怒、恐吓，以及如果得不到想要的东西或没人听她说话时就威胁要再发一次脾气来表达自己。
This girl has learned, because her parents are letting her do this, she's learned to express herself through violence, through anger, through intimidation, through the threat of throwing another tantrum if she doesn't get her way or she can't someone's not listening to her or something.
安妮·苏利文是个顽强的爱尔兰姑娘，她很快意识到，如果想让这个女孩听话，这种行为必须立刻终止。
And Anne Sullivan was a scrappy Irish lass who identified very quickly, like, if I'm going to get through this girl, that stuff has to end immediately.
对。
Yeah.
于是，她们头一周基本上就是每当海伦发脾气时，苏利文就用体力压制她，到周末时甚至掉了一颗牙。
And so they were like, she spent about the first week essentially physically overpowering Helen whenever she threw a tantrum and by the end of the week had lost a tooth.
我想她被打了好多次。
I think she'd been punched many times.
她们经历了这一切，但显然，仅仅一周后，海伦就明白了：这位女士不会容忍这种行为。
She they went through it, but apparently, after just a week, Helen learned like, okay, this lady's not gonna put up with that.
我最好换种方式试试。
I should probably try a different tack.
从那时起，似乎海伦已经信任了她，他们终于可以开始海伦的教育了。
And it seems like from that point, she had gained Helen's trust and now they could start with Helen's education.
是的。
Yeah.
我的意思是，你想一想。
I mean, think about it.
海伦·凯勒她根本无法一下子弄清楚这个人是谁。
Helen Keller didn't she couldn't even figure out who this person was all of a sudden.
对。
Right.
她生命中这个新出现的人
This new person in her life
是的。
Yeah.
现在正在 physically 约束她。
Who is now physically restraining her.
我想，这在某种程度上是沙利文的哲学。
I mean, that was sort of Sullivan's philosophy.
她曾说过，入门的关键是服从。
She talked about the gateway was obedience, basically.
最终你会达到爱与知识，但一开始，我必须按住这个女孩。
Eventually, you'll get to love and knowledge, but at first, I have to have to sit on this girl.
对。
Right.
你知道的。
You know?
是的。
Yeah.
我的意思是，她简直是从我这儿把牙都磕断了。
I mean, she's like, she she broke a tooth from me.
别开玩笑了。
Give me a break.
是的。
Yeah.
值得鼓励的是，作为一名始终相信大自然疗愈力量的人，把海伦带出户外是一件非常重要的事，也是一个非常好的第二步，因为她们可以探索自然。
Well, very encouragingly, and this is something as someone who's always believed in the healing powers of the great outdoors, getting Helen outside was a very big deal and a very good sort of second step because they could explore nature.
海伦立刻平静下来，她的嗅觉和触觉也因此得到了充分的调动。
It calmed Helen down immediately, and that's where her her senses of smell and touch could really be engaged.
她后来提到，海伦确实说过，如果你又聋又盲，那么在阳光下是最好的去处。
She's later said, Helen did, that if you are deaf and blind, then out in the sun is the best place to be.
因为你真的能感受到它，你知道的。
Because you can really feel it, you know?
是的。
Yeah.
所以，我根本没想到，我知道安妮·沙利文能教会海伦·凯勒这件事意义重大，但直到我研究这个话题时才意识到，那根本不是第一步。
So, it didn't really occur to me, like I knew that this is a really big deal that Anne Sullivan was able to teach Helen Keller, but it didn't occur to me until I was researching this that that wasn't even the first step.
第一步是，如果你在教孩子什么东西，他们在学校，你会说：好吧，现在我们要学字母表。
The first step, like if you're teaching a kid something, they're in school, you're saying, okay, now we're going to learn the alphabet.
这是字母表。
Here's the alphabet.
你用字母表来拼写单词。
This is what you use the alphabet for to spell words.
这个单词的意思是这个。
This is what this word means for this.
对吧？
Right?
这个词指的是这个东西。
This is the word for this thing.
他们知道你是在教他们。
They know that you're teaching them.
所以他们理解了这一点。
So they're understanding that.
他们接受了这些信息。
They're accepting that information.
当时
There was
这仍然很难。
And that's still hard.
是的。
It is.
光是这一点就已经很难了。
That's hard in and of itself.
对。
Yeah.
安妮·沙利文没有办法向海伦·凯勒解释说：我来教你语言。
There was no way for Anne Sullivan to explain to Helen Keller, I'm here to teach you language.
对。
Right.
她必须设法突破障碍，让海伦·凯勒意识到当下正在发生什么，从而能够自行继续学习。
She had to essentially figure out how to break through to Helen Keller so that Helen Keller realized what was going on now and could take it from there, could start to learn.
在海伦·凯勒开始学习之前，存在着一个巨大的障碍，那就是她必须明白自己正在接受教育。
So there was this enormous obstacle before Helen Keller could even begin to learn, which was to understand that she was being taught.
是的。
Yeah.
她还必须明白，自己所学的是语言，事物都有与之对应的词语。
And to understand that what she was being taught was language, that things had words associated with them.
这对她来说是全新的，因为她在19岁时才失去视力和听力，所以还没来得及掌握这些内容。
This was brand new to her because, again, she was 19 old when she lost her sight and hearing, so she hadn't learned this stuff yet.
对。
Yeah.
说真的，这件事竟然能成功，真是令人惊叹。
I mean, it's astounding that this worked, quite frankly.
这归功于她的辛勤努力，正如我们将看到的，海伦·凯勒其实非常聪明。
And it's due to the hard work, and as we'll see, fact that Helen Keller turns out was brilliant.
于是她一有机会就不停地在海伦的手掌上敲打。
So she starts tapa tapa tapa into Helen's palm every chance she gets.
她递给海伦一个洋娃娃，然后不停地敲打：d-o-l-l。
She'd hand her a doll, tapa tapa tapa d o l l.
她给海伦一些水。
She gives her some water.
然后敲打：w-a-t-e-r。
Tap a tap a tap a w a t e r.
正如你所说，有一段时间，海伦可能心里想：这个人到底在干什么？
And like you said, you know, for a while, Helen's probably like, what is this person doing?
是的。
Yeah.
一直不停地在我手上敲打。
Tapping on my hand all the time.
最终，她反复这样做，以至于学会了将水和这些相同的轻敲联系起来：哦，当我得到水的时候，就会感受到这些轻敲。
Eventually, she's doing it so much, she learns to associate like, oh, when I get water, I'm getting these same taps.
嗯。
Mhmm.
最终，有一个确切的瞬间，她突然明白了——原来这个人是通过在我手掌上轻敲，来代表我正在体验的事物的词语。
And eventually, there's like a literal moment where she gets it, and she's like, wait a minute, I understand this this person is is representing a word for the thing that I'm experiencing
嗯。
Mhmm.
她通过在我手掌上轻敲来表达，而她说，海伦的脸瞬间亮了起来，仿佛经历了一场彻底的顿悟。
By tapping into my palm, and she said it was, she said Helen's face lit up like it was a complete revelation.
是的。
Yeah.
这件事非常著名地发生在一座水泵旁。
This very famously happened at a water pump.
他们当时正在一次户外散步或远足中，我想。
They they were on one of their outdoor walks or hikes, I guess.
他们来到了水泵旁，她说有人正在打水，安妮把海伦的手放在水龙头流出的水柱下，同时一遍又一遍地在她手上拼写 w-a-t-e-r，正是这种反复的刺激最终让海伦把这两者联系在了一起。
And they came upon the water pump and she said somebody was pumping water, and Anne stuck Helen's hand into the stream of water coming out of the spout and was tapping the same letters, w a t e r, and just kept doing it over and over and over and over and that's what finally Helen just put those things together.
就像你说的，那一刻突然就明白了。
It just clicked like you said.
2009年，一座她的雕像在国会大厦圆形大厅揭幕，雕像描绘的是她八岁时站在水泵旁的样子，以此纪念这一感人至深却又不可思议的顿悟时刻。
And that's there's a statue of her that was unveiled in the Capital Rotunda in 2009 and it is of her as an eight year old girl standing at this water pump, basically commemorating that incredibly just moving moment, but also incredibly unlikely moment that she got it.
她就是突然明白了。
She just got it.
从那以后，她便能开始继续学习了。
And now she was able to to start to learn from there.
这太不可思议了。
That's incredible.
从那以后，她的进步非常迅速。
So it went really pretty quickly from that point.
到那天结束时，她已经学会了30个单词，几个月内词汇量就达到了几百个。
She learned 30 words by the end of that day, had vocabulary of a few 100 words within a few months.
当她六岁、快七岁时，这一切才开始。
And by the time this started when she was was six and into seven.
到她八岁时，她已经教会了她通过触觉认字。
By the time she was eight, she had taught her to read words by feel.
她开始写字了。
She was she was writing.
她能写出句子，并用大写字母书写，考虑到她的特殊情况，这种进步速度令人惊叹。
She was composing sentences and writing in block letters, which is an astounding rate of speed, considering her her scenario.
也许现在是休息一下的好时机？
And maybe that's good time for a break?
是的。
Yeah.
好的。
Alright.
我们马上回来。
We'll be right back.
事情进展得非常迅速，我们来看看海伦·凯勒和安妮·沙利文接下来会发生什么。
Things are off to a a really quick start, and we'll see what happens next with Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan.
好的，查克。
Okay, Chuck.
就像你所说的，沙利文很快发现海伦·凯勒是个天赋异禀的孩子。
So like you said, Sullivan quickly figured out that Helen Keller was a gifted child.
她只是需要学会如何学习，一旦掌握了这一点，就像你说的，她就突飞猛进了。
She just had to learn how to learn, and once she learned that, she just took off, like you said.
到她十几岁时，她已经能阅读至少五种语言，写诗，还从事公开演讲。
By the time she was a teenager, she was reading, I think, five different languages, she wrote poetry, and she was in public speaking.
她十几岁时就在所谓的夏陶夸讲座巡回活动中进行演讲，这是一个旨在将文化与有趣话题带给偏远地区人群的运动，这些人群 otherwise 可能接触不到这类内容，为他们提供一些可以讨论的话题。
She did public speaking as a teenager on what's called the Chautauqua Lecture Circuit, which was a movement to essentially bring culture and interesting topics to people who lived in rural areas, who otherwise might not be exposed to that kind of stuff to give them something to talk about.
她在巡回活动中发表过演讲。
And she she lectured on the circuit.
她十几岁时就和安妮·沙利文一起出现在这个巡回活动中。
She appeared on the the circuit with Anne Sullivan as a teenager.
不过我认为，在这之前，她已经去了珀金斯学校接受正规教育，对吧？
I think before this though, she made her way to the Perkins School, right, for her formal education.
是的。
Yeah.
在教育方面，之后有三件重要的事情发生。
There were three kind of big things that followed education wise.
在1888年到1896年这大约八年的时间里。
Between what is that, like eight years, between '88 and 1896.
嗯。
Mhmm.
她去了你提到的珀金斯学校，接受了正规教育。
She went to that Perkins School, like you talked about, got that formal education.
她还去了霍勒斯·曼聋人学校，向专家学习说话。
She also went to a specialist at the Horace Mann School for the Deaf, so she could learn to speak.
然后，第三件事，他们搬到了纽约市，而安妮始终陪伴在她身边，这一点我们后面会看到。
And then, the third one, they moved to New York City, so and, know, Anne's along every step of the way, as we'll see, obviously.
对。
Right.
所以海伦可以去休曼聋人学校，继续提升她的口语能力，并学习唇读。
So Helen could go to the right, Humason School for the Deaf, where it would continue to sort of improve her speaking, and she could learn to lipread.
这过程中，苏利文始终陪伴在她身边，一步不离。
And this is like Sullivan's there, tappa, tappa, tappa every step of the way.
当她参加演讲巡回时，苏利文会在问答环节用手语传递问题，海伦则用手语把问题回传给苏利文，由她为观众翻译。
When she goes on the lecture circuit, she's tapping questions, like, during q and a, and then Helen would tap the questions back to Sullivan, and she would translate for the audience.
正如我们所见，这引发了一些人怀疑这一切只是表演，这确实令人不安，因为他们所成就的事迹非凡。
As we'll see, this would lead to some suspicion that it was all just an act, which is, you know, fairly upsetting, because what they did was remarkable.
但这一切最终促使海伦·凯勒渴望上大学。
But this would all end up with Helen Keller eventually wanting to go to college.
是的。
Yeah.
但稍微退一步说，你提到她学会了唇读，这说不通，因为她完全失明。
And just stepping back for just a second, you mentioned how she learned to lipread, and that doesn't make any sense because she could she was totally blind.
她通过把拇指放在沙利文的声带附近，比如下巴下方，来学习唇读。
She lipread by putting her thumb on, say, Sullivan's voice box around around, like, under her chin.
她将一根手指放在对方嘴唇上，另一根手指放在鼻窦区域，通过感受嘴唇的动作和声带的振动，就能分辨出对方在说什么。
She put a finger on her lips and then put another finger on her sinus cavity, and through feeling what the lips were doing and the vibrations the vocal box was making, she could discern essentially what the person was saying.
这就是她学习唇读的方式，而这也是她学会说话的途径之一。不过，她一生中感到遗憾的是，她始终无法说得足够清晰，让街上的陌生人听懂。
That's how she learned how to lipread, and eventually that's one of the ways that she learned to talk, although she found it a failing of her life that she was never able to speak clearly enough that just a stranger on the street could understand her.
是的。
Yeah.
所以，正如我所说，她想上大学。
So she, like I said, she wanted to go to college.
她想进入拉德克利夫学院。
She goes to she wanted to go to Radcliffe.
那是哈佛的姐妹学院。
It's the Harvard sister school.
于是，安妮·沙利文为她安排了一所预科学校，帮助她为入学考试做准备。
And so Anne Sullivan arranges for her to go to a prep school to get her ready for this, for the entrance exams.
而且，她还要把所有课程内容翻译过来，用手势敲出讲座内容和书本内容，相当于为她朗读，然后再把老师的讲解翻译回去。
And again, translating all the curriculum, tapping out those lectures, tapping out the books, like reading basically to her into her hand, and then translating back to the teachers.
当她进入并就读拉德克利夫学院时，她始终陪伴在侧，最终她在1904年以优等成绩毕业，成为首位获得大学学位的聋盲人士。
She's there every step of the way when she gets into and attends Radcliffe College, where she eventually would graduate cum laude in nineteen o four as the very first person with deaf blindness to earn a college degree.
嗯。
Mhmm.
就像你说的，当时有些人嗤之以鼻，觉得这怎么可能？
And like you said, there were scoffers who were like, what what is this?
有位女性在帮助她，这真的可能吗？
There's this woman who's like helping her.
这真的靠谱吗？
Is this is this really a thing?
就像你说的，这确实令人难过，但这么多人对这两个人投入了如此多的研究和关注，他们根本不可能持续伪造长达五十年之久。
And like you said, it is upsetting, but the amount of study and attention that was paid to these two, there's just no way they could have kept up a fraud like this for fifty years.
毫无疑问，海伦·凯勒和安妮·沙利文确实完成了人们所认为的那些事迹。
It's quite clearly settled that Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan really did all the stuff that they were thought to do.
是的
Yeah.
当然
For sure.
我们不想深入这个话题，但为了避免收到邮件，我们还是要提一下，就在本周，出现了一个非常愚蠢的TikTok趋势
And we don't wanna get into this, but we just so we don't get emails, we will mention that just like this week, there is a really idiotic TikTok trend that started
是的
Yeah.
在Z世代中，有人声称海伦·凯勒根本不存在
Among Generation Z, where they have put forth that Helen Keller did not even exist.
这既愚蠢又具有歧视性，我们之所以提到它，只是为了避免收到相关邮件，但我们不想再多谈这个了
And it's idiotic and ableist, and so the only reason we mention it is so we won't get emails about it, but we don't want to talk more about that.
是的
Yeah.
说得好
Good point.
所以我们得说明，海伦·凯勒和安妮·沙利文在那个时期，绝非仅仅在聋盲人权益倡导者、盲人权益倡导者、聋人权益倡导者这类小圈子里有名气。
So we should say that the that Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan, by this time, they weren't they weren't just famous among deaf blind advocates or blind advocates or deaf advocates or anything like that.
她们确实涉足那个领域。
They were in that circle.
她们还进入了学术圈，受到学界研究；而且到那个阶段——我记得她那时还只是个青少年，或是从拉德克利夫学院毕业刚二十出头的时候——她们就已经闻名世界了。
They also were in academia because they were studied, and but by this time, she's a teenager still I think, or early twenties after she graduates from Radcliffe, they're world famous.
所有人都知道海伦·凯勒和安妮·沙利文是谁。
Everyone knows who Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan are.
对，没错。
Yeah, for sure.
我是说，他们认识洛克菲勒家族的人，认识亨利·福特，还会见过美国总统，他们还结识过查理·卓别林，后来在1918年的电影《解放》里，他们还亲自出镜本色出演了。
I mean, they knew the Rockefellers, they knew Henry Ford, they had met with US presidents, they met Charlie Chaplin when they would eventually film starring themselves as themselves in movie Deliverance in 1918.
嗯。
Mhmm.
他们认识马克·吐温，后来的书籍、舞台剧还有电影《奇迹缔造者》的名字，其实就源自马克·吐温。
They knew Mark Twain, The the book and eventually play title and movie title, The Miracle Worker, came from Mark Twain.
是他写信给安·苏利文时创造了这个称呼。
He's the one that coined that term when he wrote a letter to Anne Sullivan, calling her that.
但所有这些都说明，这给安·苏利文的婚姻带来了压力。
But all all this to say, I think that put a strain on Anne Sullivan's marriage.
在这一时期，她嫁给了一个叫约翰·麦西的人。
He during this period, she got married to a guy named John Macy.
他是一名哈佛大学教授。
He was a Harvard professor.
嗯。
Mhmm.
他实际上帮助海伦·凯勒撰写了她的自传《我的人生故事》。
And he actually helped Helen Keller write The Story of My Life, her autobiography.
但他们的婚姻只维持了一段时间，最终没能继续下去，我觉得很大程度上是因为他们的名气和频繁旅行，给婚姻带来了巨大压力。
But they, you know, they were married for a little while, the marriage didn't work out, and I think a lot of it probably had to do with just their fame and their travels, and it was just a strain on the marriage, seemed like.
是的。
Yeah.
我看了一个叫《成为海伦·凯勒》的纪录片。
Apparently, I saw a documentary called Becoming Helen Keller.
它非常棒。
It was really good.
但当约翰·梅西离开时，安妮·沙利文深受打击。
But it crushed Anne Sullivan when John Macy left.
你知道，海伦也和她一起哀悼。
And, you know, Helen grieved along with her.
她说这花了很长很长时间。
She said it took a really long time.
海伦几乎总是称安妮为老师。
Helen, like almost exclusively referred to Anne as teacher.
所以她说，老师花了很久才真正从这件事中走出来。
So she was like, it took took teacher a really long time to basically get over that.
她可能从未真正走出阴影，但到这时，她们又重新成为了一对。
She may never she may have never really gotten over it, but they they were a pair again at this point.
所以她们出现在电影里了，正如你所说。
So they were in the movie, as you said.
海伦学得很快，我喜欢登台表演，这挺有趣的，让人兴奋。
Helen learns very quickly, like, I like being on stage, this is kind of fun, it's a rush.
她似乎能感受到地板和空气中的震动，知道观众何时在鼓掌。
She apparently could feel the vibration in the floor and through the air when and knew when the audience was clapping.
是的。
Yeah.
有趣的是，我们能通过震动和空气感知到《你该知道的事》巡演现场是否只有四成满。
You know, interestingly, we can sense through the vibrations and through the air when a Stuff You Should Know tour show is 40% full.
没错，老兄。
That's right, man.
没错。
That's right.
但她非常热爱这一点。
But she loved that.
她从中获得了动力，这让她充满活力。
She thrived on that, and it energized her.
那是
That's
很棒。
cool.
是的。
Yeah.
她真的很喜欢。
She really liked it.
她还有一个特点，就是他们会展示她是如何通过安妮学习和沟通的，而在这些展示中，她会传递一些鼓舞人心的言论。
She was also one of her things was they would demonstrate how she learned and how she communicated through Anne, but she would deliver in, like, these these demonstrations, like, inspirational messages.
她选择向世界传递的是这类信息，而不是简单的‘你好，认识你真好’。
This is the kind of message she's decided to take to the world rather than, like, good hello to me.
她说：‘你们给了我这么多关注。'
She's like, you're paying me all this attention.
你为什么不关注自己，以及你也能变得多么出色呢？
Why don't you pay attention to yourself and how great you can be too?
同时，她极大地聚焦于当时美国及全球残障群体所面临的极少机会，并直接推动了这些观念的改变。
At the same time, she was shining a massive spotlight on how few opportunities the disabled community in The United States and around the world had at the time, and she was directly responsible for changing those attitudes.
所以，当他们真正登上舞台，开始巡回演出时——这一点我直到做这项研究之前并不知道。
So, by the time they hit the stage for real and go on the vaudeville circuit, which is not something I knew until we did this kind of research.
这真是太了不起了。
It was pretty amazing.
他们团队里还有第三位成员。
They had a third member of their group.
你知道，他们的明星地位迅速上升，以至于他们觉得：我们需要一个助手。
You know, their their their star was has ridden risen so much, they were like, we need an assistant.
是的。
Yeah.
于是他们在1914年聘请了波莉·汤普森，他们被称为‘三剑客’。
And so they hired Polly Thompson in 1914, and they were known as the three Musketeers.
所以现在他们组成了三人组合，巡回演出于杂耍剧场。
So now they were a trio traveling around on the Vaudeville Circuit.
他们设计了一个三幕剧，讲述他们的故事。
They had a three act act wherein they told their story.
他们有一个二十分钟的段落，安妮会做一段独白，讲述背景故事。
They did a twenty minute bit where Anne had a monologue sort of giving you the background.
从现在的角度看，这几乎就像一场现场播客。
It was almost like a live podcast looking at it.
嗯。
Mhmm.
凯勒会出场演示她学习说话的过程。
Keller would come in and demonstrate the process, like how she learned to speak.
他们会向观众展示这一切是如何发生的，并说出一些你提到的那种鼓舞人心的话语。
They would kinda show people how it happened, say some of those inspirational words like you were talking about.
然后，当然，在安妮的翻译下，她会进行简短的问答环节。
And then, obviously, with Anne translating, she would do a little q and a.
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这实际上听起来很像我们的节目。
This sounds a lot like our show, actually.
确实如此。
It is.
是的。
Yeah.
我们当时采用的是海伦·凯勒的现场表演模式。
We were using the Helen Keller model of live shows.
对。
Yeah.
但她的演出总是座无虚席，观众掌声雷动。
Except hers was sold out with roaring audiences.
是的。
Yeah.
她们当时在成千上万观众面前表演。
They were performing in front of thousands and thousands of people.
这太棒了。
That's amazing.
在那个问答环节中，他们整理了一份清单，这份清单是在他们退出杂耍表演行业后编写的。
One of the things in that Q and A, there's a list that they compiled, and this list was compiled after they retired from Vaudeville.
也就是说，这些是他们记录下来的观众提问和回答。
So, like, these were they documented questions and answers that they'd gotten.
其中一个问题是：‘你如何定义政治？’，一位观众问了这个问题，海伦回答说：‘政治就是承诺一件事，却做另一件事的艺术。’
And one of the ones so there's one, what's your definition of politics, was the question one of the audience members asked, and Helen said, The art of promising one thing and doing another.
这是个非常著名的说法。
Very famous saying.
我还看到另一个问题：‘你能感受到月光酒吗？’
I saw another one too, Can you feel moonshine?
你知道的，就像她能感受到阳光，她说：‘不能，但我能闻到。’
You know, like she could feel sunshine, and she says, No, but I can I smell
你早料到了吧？
saw that coming?
我的意思是，她真是个非常机智的人。
So, I mean, like, she was a great wit.
而且，当时安·苏利文正在为她做翻译。
And, like, Anne Sullivan was was translating this.
记住，每当我们谈论海伦·凯勒说了什么或做了什么时，安·苏利文都站在她旁边，握着她的手，在她手上拼写。
Remember, whenever we're talking about, like, Helen Keller saying something or doing something, Anne Sullivan is standing there holding her hand, tapping into her hand.
尽管她学会了盲文，也学会了用方块字母书写，但手语仍然是主要的沟通方式，因为安·苏利文非常擅长实时翻译周围发生的一切。
Like, even though she learned braille and how to write in block letters and all that, that was still a chief form of communication because Anne Sullivan was so good at essentially translating in real time what was going on.
说一遍。
Say it once.
什么？
What?
嗒，嗒，嗒。
Tappa, tappa, tappa.
我可没你做得好。
I I can't do it as good as you.
每次你这么做都让我笑个不停。
It keeps cracking me up every time you do.
所以他们在1922年退出了杂耍巡回演出，那段时间他们取得了不错的成绩。
So they get off the vaudeville circuit in 1922, so they had a a good run of a a handful of years.
安妮基本上累了。
Anne was tired, basically.
她比海伦年长，所以渐渐失去了对这件事的热情。
She was, you know, older than Helen, and so she kinda lost the pizzazz for it.
于是他们在整个二十年代余下的时间里回到了家。
So they went home for the rest of the nineteen twenties.
他们仍然进行演讲、旅行、游说，以及筹款等活动。
They still lectured, they still traveled, they still did lobbying, and then fundraising and stuff like that.
显然，他们参与了所有与这些事业相关的工作，比如美国盲人基金会。
Obviously, working with all their the causes you might expect, like the American Foundation for the Blind.
她还变得非常积极参与社会活动，我们稍后会谈到海伦·凯勒晚年作为社会活动家的一些事迹。
Also became very socially active, and we'll talk at the end of, you know, a little bit about Helen Keller's later work as a as a social activist Oh.
这范围相当广泛。
Which was pretty vast.
是的。
Yeah.
但此时他们已经环游世界，每个人都喜爱他们。
But they they were traveling all over the world at this point, and everyone loved them.
不过也许我们该休息一下了，因为每一个这样的故事，每一段伟大的合作关系，其背后都比表面看起来要复杂一些。
Maybe we should take a break though because, you know, like every story of it, every great partnership, it was a little more complicated than it might seem on the surface.
是的。
Yeah.
好的。
Alright.
我们马上回来。
We'll be right back.
好的。
Alright.
所以我们答应要聊聊。
So we promised talk.
不是什么八卦或者类似的事情。
Nothing salacious or anything like that.
当然不是。
No.
幸亏如此。
Thankfully.
但你知道，当你和某人如此紧密地合作多年，总会变得复杂，他们的情况确实很复杂。
But, you know, anytime you're working that closely with someone over that many years, they're gonna be some it can get complicated, and it was complicated for them.
但我们不一样。
Except with us.
是的。
Yeah.
没错。
Exactly.
我的意思是，他们是终身伴侣，但彼此依赖的方式可能并不总是对他们双方最健康。
I mean, were lifelong partners, but they were reliant on each other in a way that maybe wasn't always the healthiest for for either of them.
比如，海伦在三十多岁时就想结婚。
Like Helen wanted to get married when she was in her mid thirties.
她曾与一位名叫彼得·法根的记者订婚，但安妮认为她不该结婚，于是她联合了海伦的父母——他们也不认为她该结婚，最终阻止了这段婚姻。
She was engaged to a journalist named Peter Fagan, but Anne didn't think she should, and so she got together with her parents who also didn't think that she should, and they kept her from getting married.
是的。
Yeah.
海伦曾公开表示支持这个决定，说：‘是的，这是正确的选择。’
And there's a quote from Helen who basically publicly embraced that decision and was like, yeah, it was the right decision.
她说：‘爱情让人盲目。’
She said, love makes us blind.
天啊，她真聪明。
Man, she was sharp.
她非常聪慧。
She was super sharp.
我真的很推荐去看看。
I seriously go watch that.
大家都去看看《成为海伦·凯勒》吧。
For everybody, go watch Becoming Helen Keller.
时长大约一个半小时，是一部非常棒的纪录片。
Think it's about an hour and a half, and it is a really great documentary.
所以，我说过，这对他们俩都不算健康。
So, you know, I mentioned not healthy for either of them.
显然，海伦非常依赖安妮。
So so Helen was dependent on Anne, obviously.
安妮也依赖海伦，因为海伦才有资助人。
Anne was also dependent on Helen because Helen was the one who had the benefactors.
嗯。
Mhmm.
而且，你知道，他们并没有给安妮·苏利文开支票。
And, you know, they they weren't cutting checks to Anne Sullivan.
他们之所以帮助海伦·凯勒，是因为大家都很喜欢她，每个人都想通过提供经济支持来获得与她的一点联系。
They were sort of helping to support Helen Keller because everybody loved her, and everyone wanted, you know, a a little piece of her by by helping, you know, out with finances.
但安妮一生在经济上都完全依赖海伦。
But Anne was basically dependent on Helen financially her entire life.
是的。
Yeah.
因为，我的意思是，她们俩的钱都来自滑稽剧巡演和讲座，但海伦的书，尤其是她的第一本自传《我的人生故事》，特别受欢迎。
Because, I mean, they both made their money on the vaudeville circuit and lectures, but Helen's books were pretty especially The Story of My Life, her first autobiography.
她最终写了14本书，查克。
She ended up writing 14 books, Chuck.
对。
Yeah.
这太不可思议了。
It's incredible.
但那本书非常畅销，广为流传。
But it was a really widely read, big, best selling novel.
所以她确实从自己的书中赚了钱。
So she definitely made money off of her books.
而且，安妮只是其中的一部分。
And and, I mean, Anne was just part of it.
所以我不认为海伦曾经拿这些事来压她，但海伦也不能简单地说：‘好了，再见海伦，祝你好运，我要去享受好日子了。’
So I don't think Helen ever held any of that over her head, but she couldn't just be like, alright, so long Helen, good luck, I'm gonna go enjoy the the good life.
吃鱼子酱。
Eating caviar.
是的。
Yeah.
对。
Yeah.
没错。
Exactly.
我们之前确实聊到过，当时有些人贬低她们，但我们应该具体说明，拉德克利夫学院似乎是勉强允许她入学的。
We, you know, we did talk a little bit about the controversy of people poo pooing them at the time, but we should say kind of specifically that Radcliffe didn't it seems like they begrudgingly let her into the school.
对。
Right.
那里有些势利眼，有一句原话是，我们应该直说，苏利文小姐进入拉德克利夫学院，而不是海伦·凯勒——一个盲、聋、哑的女孩。
And there were some snobs there that, you know, one of the quotes was, we should just say outright that miss Sullivan is entering Radcliffe instead of Helen Keller, a blind, deaf, and dumb girl.
所以我们只是提了一下，因为确实发生了。
So I I just we only mentioned that because it happened.
这真的很糟糕。
It's it's really awful.
因为他们的所作所为简直堪称奇迹。
Because what they did was nothing short of, well, miraculous.
是的。
Yeah.
而且在那之前更早的时候，查克，我了解到，珀金斯学校很多负责人实际上支持了一场污名化运动，说他们是在造假，因为他们觉得安妮·苏利文的成功掩盖了珀金斯学校在教育海伦·凯勒方面所做的工作。
And and even earlier than that, Chuck, I saw that a lot of the people who were the heads of the Perkins School were essentially supported a smear campaign that that they were frauds because they felt that Anne Sullivan's success overshadowed, you know, the the work that the Perkins School had done in educating Helen Keller.
他们基本上没得到足够的认可。
They weren't getting enough credit essentially.
对。
Right.
而且这其中还涉及很多阶级歧视，因为这些创办并管理学校的人都是富有的慈善家。
And then also there was a lot of classism to it too, because these were wealthy benefactors who started the school and ran it.
而安妮·沙利文只是一个来自当时社会最底层的贫穷爱尔兰女孩。
And Anne Sullivan was a poor Irish girl who came from the bottom rung of society at the time.
是的。
Yeah.
那她能做什么呢？
So what could she do?
对。
Right.
所以他们一生都遭受污蔑，而他们两人对此都心知肚明。
So yeah, they were smeared throughout their life and they were both aware of this.
这些事从未对他们隐瞒，她们都是聪慧的女性，清楚知道人们质疑她们的一切举动，但她们没有反驳批评者，而是不断付出更多，一次又一次地证明这一切都是真实可信的。
This wasn't kept from them, they were two sharp women, so they knew that this was everything that they did was questioned and they knew it, but rather than shout back at their critics or whatever, they just did more and more and proved over and over again that this was a they this was all legitimate.
这个故事之所以如此动人，是因为它真的发生过。
That's what makes the story so wonderful is it actually happened.
当你停下来思考这里真正发生的事情，超越表面的叙述时，我已经成了海伦·凯勒和安妮·沙利文的超级粉丝，顺便说一下。
And when you stop and think about what's actually going on here, just past the narrative, it's I've, like, I've I've become an enormous fan of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan, just FYI.
你是铁粉吗？
You're a stan?
是的。
Yeah.
我想是吧。
I guess so.
我太喜欢了。
I love it.
我也是。
I am too.
我小时候看过《奇迹创造者》，它对我这个小孩子产生了巨大影响。
I saw that Miracle Worker when I was a kid, so it had a big impact on me as a as a ute.
我马上就要播出了。
I've got it coming up.
是的。
Yeah.
很不错。
It's good.
帕蒂，帕蒂·杜克。
Patty, Patty Duke.
太棒了。
Fantastic.
是的。
Yeah.
还有安·班克罗夫特。
And, Anne Bancroft.
对吧？
Right?
是的。
Yeah.
她们走路的样子和说话的语气都一模一样。
They walk alike and they talked alike.
所以在20世纪30年代，安·沙利文的健康状况开始急剧恶化。
So, in the nineteen thirties, this is when Anne Sullivan's health takes a turn for the worst.
你知道，她这一路过得真不容易。
You know, she she had a a tough go of it.
她从来就没有过最好的健康状况。
She never had, like, the best of health.
但在20世纪30年代，情况真的每况愈下。
But in the nineteen thirties, it really went downhill.
到1935年时，她已经完全失明了。
She had completely lost her sight by 1935.
1936年，她因冠状动脉血栓去世。
And in 1936, she died from a coronary thrombosis.
海伦·凯勒就在那里握着她的手。
Helen Keller was right there holding her hand.
我无法想象她当时在敲打些什么。
I can't imagine what what she was tapping.
希望那是她们之间的秘密。
Hopefully, that was between them.
安妮·沙利文是第一位骨灰被安放在华盛顿国家大教堂的女性，真令人惊叹。
And she was Anne Sullivan was the first woman to have her ashes interred at the Washington National Cathedral Wow.
最终，她被安葬在亚利马太的约瑟夫小教堂。
And was eventually laid to rest at the Chapel Of Saint Joseph Of Arimathea.
就在国家大教堂里。
In the in the National Cathedral.
那是
That's
对。
right.
这太惊人了。
That's amazing.
事情还会更精彩，你马上就会看到。
It gets even better, as you'll see.
这对海伦来说是个巨大的打击，她失去了最好的朋友，失去了老师——记住，她一直称安妮为老师，也失去了她通往外部世界的第一个、也是最坚固的桥梁。
This was a huge, huge blow to Helen because she lost her best friend, she lost her teacher, remember she always referred to her as teacher, and she lost her first and and probably strongest bridge to the outside world.
幸运的是，波莉已经陪伴她二十多年了，因此在安妮去世后，她完全有能力接替角色，成为海伦与外界之间的桥梁。
Fortunately, Polly had been around for more than twenty years now, so she was more than capable of stepping in and and being the bridge between Helen and the rest of the world after Anne died.
所以海伦并不是完全孤立无援的。
So it's not like Helen was, you know, just bereft.
她只是悲痛欲绝。
She was just grief stricken.
还有另一件事，1930年有一篇《纽约客》的文章，标题叫《49岁的海伦·凯勒》，是对她生前生活的专访，非常真实地展现了她日常的生活：她自己吃饭、洗碗、穿衣，非常独立，但当她想与人交流时，必须有另一个人在场，因为别人听不懂她的话。还有一点，查克，我意识到我有点跑题了，但她无法用其他方式表达自己的原因，是因为她不懂手语——当时有一种运动，认为手语不是一种有效的沟通方式，所有人都，包括那些无法说话的人，都必须学会说话。
Oh, and one other thing too, there's a New Yorker article from 1930 called Helen Keller at 49, and it's just this profile on her while she's still living, and it's a really good, like, just a a peek into her regular life, but she fed herself, she did her own dishes, she dressed herself, she was very, very independent, but when she was trying to communicate with somebody, she she had to have another person because other people couldn't understand her, and then one other thing, Chuck, I realize I'm on a tirade here, but the reason she couldn't express herself in other ways is because she didn't know sign language because there was a movement at the time that sign language was not a valid way of communicating that everyone including people who couldn't speak needed to learn how to speak.
那是当时唯一被认可的沟通方式。
That was the only way of communicating that was legitimate.
所以她需要有人为她翻译，因为她始终无法完全掌握这一点。
So she needed somebody to translate for her because she could never get that down pat.
正如我所说，她无法做到这一点这件事像一种巨大的人生遗憾一样困扰着她，这非常令人难过。
And like I said, her inability to do that haunted her like a great life failing, essentially, which is very sad.
是的。
Yeah.
太让人难过了。
Super sad.
不过，这里也有一线光明，那就是她的一次旅行。
There is some kind of light here in the form of a trip that she took.
安妮希望海伦去。
Anne wanted Helen.
在安妮去世前，日本的日本盲人协会曾邀请她去进行一场巡回演讲。
There had been an invitation before Anne died from the Nippon Lighthouse in Japan to do a speaking tour there.
但海伦不愿意抛下安妮，因为当时安妮的身体状况很差。
And Helen didn't wanna leave Anne behind because she was in poor health at the time.
是的。
Yeah.
据称，当时日本约有1.5%的聋哑或盲人公民无法接受教育，或者说没有获得相关教育机会。
Apparently, in Japan then, about one point five percent of their deaf and or blind citizens didn't were not able to be educated or, you know, didn't have access to that.
是的。
Yeah.
因此，在安妮去世后，海伦为了纪念她，带着波莉作为同伴前往日本，完成了这次旅行。
And so after Anne died, Helen honored her by going to Japan and and completing that trip with Polly as her companion.
她们在十周内访问了33个城市，向大约一百万人发表了演讲。
They went to 33 cities in ten weeks, spoke in front of about a million people.
第二年，显然正是由于这次访问，日本开始扩大其面向各类残障人士的公共教育服务和无障碍计划。
And the next year, clearly as a result of this, Japan started expanding their public services for education and their accessibility programs for people with all sorts of other abilities.
你说海伦·凯勒1938年去过日本，二战后的1948年又再次前往，并且在参观广岛后回国向众人讲述所见，成为促进美日和解的第一位大使。
You said that Helen Keller went to Japan in 1938, she went again in 1948 after World War II, and was essentially the first ambassador to begin healing between The United States and Japan after she toured Hiroshima and came back and told everybody what she saw.
真好。
Nice.
所以我认为，在安·沙利文去世后，海伦·凯勒又继续生活了数十年。
So I think it was like a few decades that Helen Keller, went on, after Anne Sullivan passed.
她一直活到1968年，这一点我以前并不知道。
She she lived all the way till 1968, which I don't think I knew.
她于1968年6月1日左右在睡梦中去世，与安妮和波莉一起安葬在华盛顿国家大教堂，而波莉早在八年前就已离世。
She passed away on June 1, kind of in her sleep in 1968, and she was laid to rest with Anne, Anne Polly, who died, eight years previous at Washington National Cathedral.
所以这三位——就像三剑客一样——永远相伴，真是特别温馨。
So that that trio, the three musketeers, lived together in perpetuity, is super sweet.
是的。
Yeah.
确实非常温馨。
It is super sweet.
你提到了《奇迹创造者》这部电影，由帕蒂·杜克和安·班克罗夫特主演。
And you mentioned the miracle worker with Patty Duke and Anne Bancroft.
她们都因此片赢得了奥斯卡奖。
They both won Academy Awards for it.
这又是一个我没看过的故事，但它是如此广受喜爱。
It's just a again, haven't seen it, but it's just this beloved story.
这很棒。
It's great.
故事基本上在她开始学习后就结束了。
And it basically ends after she starts to learn.
对吧？
Right?
她整个故事里都是个小女孩。
Like, she's a young girl the whole time.
对吧？
Correct?
是的。
Yeah.
我的意思是，我当时还是个孩子，不记得有没有什么后续或类似的情节。
I mean, I was a kid, so I can't remember if there's like a a coda or anything like that.
但确实是这样。
But it's yeah.
它讲述的是他们早期在一起的日子。
It's about their sort of early days together.
当然，我认为还有很多电影可以拍。
And certainly, I mean, there's more movies to be made.
如果有人想拍一部关于她晚年 activism 的电影，那将会非常了不起。
If someone wanted to make a movie about her activism later in life, that would be really something.
对吧？
Right?
是的。
Yeah.
我们应该谈谈这个，因为围绕她形成了一种叙事，每个人都希望她是这样的：海伦·凯勒是一位天使般纯洁的女孩，克服了难以置信的困难，证明了只要足够努力，就能实现任何目标。
We should talk about that because there's a there's a narrative that formed around her that everybody wanted, which was Helen Keller was this angelic pure girl who overcame incredible odds and proves that if you work hard enough, you can you can accomplish anything.
她意识到这就是人们想要的，所以她公开表现的正是这一面。
And she realized that that's what people wanted, so that's kind of the part that she acted publicly.
但这是在她试图将自己所处的聚光灯转向她真正参与并真心关心的诸多社会运动之后。
But this was after she had tried to take the limelight that she was in and cast it on a bunch of different social movements that she was genuinely involved in and, like, genuinely cared about.
实际上，她参与的运动有很多。
There was a bunch of them, actually.
所以，即使她后来不再公开谈论这些，她一生中始终持续参与这些事务。
So even after she kind of stopped talking about it publicly, she was still involved in this stuff for the rest of her life.
哦，是的。
Oh, yeah.
我的意思是，早在民权运动时代之前的五十年，她就已经参与了民权运动了。
I mean, she was involved in in the civil rights movement fifty years before the civil rights era Mhmm.
在吉姆·克劳法盛行的时代。
During the Jim Crow era.
而且，正如你指出的，她是阿拉巴马州的孩子，她父亲是南方邦联军官，而他们并不喜欢她做这些事。
And and, you know, as you pointed out, she was an Alabama kid whose dad was a confederate officer, and they didn't they didn't like her doing this stuff.
不一定是她父母，而是阿拉巴马州的其他人和家族成员。
Not not her parents necessarily, but just people and other family in Alabama.
他们不喜欢这样。
They didn't like it.
他们不喜欢她与全国有色人种协进会合作。
They didn't like that she was, working with the NAACP.
她是美国公民自由联盟的创始成员之一，也曾是一名坚定的社会主义者，甚至一度接近共产主义者。
She was a founding member of the ACLU, and also a staunch socialist and and borderline communist at one point.
是的。
Yeah.
她是社会党的成员，曾与安一起参加集会。
She was a member of the Socialist Party, and she appeared at rallies with Anne.
后来她发现社会主义者在捍卫工人权利方面效率不够，于是加入了世界产业工人联盟，这个组织更激进，包含许多无政府主义者；如果说当社会主义者已经够轰动了，那当一个“摇摆者”简直更令人震惊，而她就是其中之一。
And then she found that the socialists weren't effective enough in defending workers' rights, so she joined up with the industrial workers of the world, which was more radical, contained lots of anarchists, and it was like if being a socialist was scandalous, like being a wobbly was like really scandalous, and she was.
她是个正式的会员。
She was a card carrying member.
她还非常关注妇女权利，是个女权投票运动支持者，因为请记住，她在女性尚未在美国（我相信也在英国）获得投票权之前就已经非常活跃了，她还公开谈论那些本不该被提及的话题，但都是出于非常重要的原因，对吧？
She was also hugely into women's rights, she was a suffragist, because remember she was very active before women even had the right to vote in The US, and I believe The UK, and she also talked publicly about stuff that you weren't supposed to talk about, but for, really, important reasons, right?
是的。
Yeah.
我的意思是，谁会让海伦·凯勒闭嘴？
I mean, who's going to tell Helen Keller to stifle?
知道吗？
Know?
说得对。
That's exactly right.
她能摆脱很多正常人（非聋盲者）根本无法摆脱的东西。
Away with a lot of stuff that someone who wasn't deaf blind would have not gotten away with.
当然了。
Oh, for sure.
她在任何人都不敢谈的时候，就公开谈论避孕了。
She would talk about birth control in public way before anyone would.
还有性病，肯定的。
Venereal diseases, for sure.
尤其是淋病，因为当时母亲在分娩时传染给婴儿会导致其失明。
Especially gonorrhea because that, at the time, would cause blindness in infants when a mother would pass it along at birth.
嗯哼。
Mhmm.
所以她在四五十年代经常在《女士家庭杂志》上发表文章，谈论因淋病导致的失明率，而这类话题在当时根本不会出现在这种杂志上。
And so she was she was in like the pages of Ladies Home Journal in the, you know, forties and fifties talking about rates of blindness because of gonorrhea, and that's just not the kind of thing that appeared in those kind of magazines at the time.
是啊，还有一件事。
No, and there's one other thing.
作为女性权利倡导者，她在那部纪录片里有一句引述。
Being a women's rights advocate, she had a quote that I saw in that documentary.
她说：‘女性的劣势是人为造成的。’
It was, Women's inferiority is a man made issue.
天哪。
Oh, man.
就这些了吗？
Isn't that all?
她就像一家T恤工厂。
She's just like a a t shirt factory.
所以咱们来吧。
So let's yeah.
不错。
Nice.
是的。
Yeah.
咱们把这句话做成一条‘你应该知道’的T恤吧，
Let's make that a stuff you should know t shirt,
是的。
Yeah.
但当然，要给她应有的认可。
But, you know, give her credit, of course.
是的。
Yeah.
是的。
Yeah.
是的。
Yeah.
点点点，乔什·克拉克。
Dot dot dot Josh Clark.
对。
Right.
我的意思是，查克，她不可能比这更好了。
So, I mean, Chuck, she couldn't possibly get any better than this.
对吧？
Right?
我的意思是，她能吗？
I mean, could she?
她可以。
She could.
你还有别的要说吗？
You got something else?
有。
I do.
我有两件事。
I have two things.
好的。
Okay.
第一，她喜欢狗。
One, she loved dogs.
她一直养狗。
She always had a dog.
事实上，她晚年住在皇后区时，养了八只狗。
In fact, when she was living in Queens later in life, she had eight of them.
这本身就很了不起。
That's great in and of itself.
但这就够了。
But That's enough.
在二战前夕，她的书确实被翻译成了德语，而他们并不喜欢这一点。
In the lead up to World War two, her sure her books have been translated into German, and they didn't like that.
纳粹那一派不喜欢它。
The Nazi part didn't like it.
因此，她的书被选中在纳粹集会上焚烧。
So her books were among some of the ones chosen to be burned at Nazi rallies.
这可是你的荣耀。
That's a that's a feather in your cap.
天啊。
Heck.
是的。
Yeah.
确实如此。
It is.
所以她当时是
So she was
我倒希望我们的书也被烧掉。
I'd to think that we'd have our book burned.
我也希望如此。
I would like to think so too.
是的。
Yeah.
所以她是一个如此了不起的人，但所有这些其他事情都被忽略了，因为她的故事通常在她打到水泵后就结束了。
So she was this this amazing person that all of this other stuff just gets overlooked, because, again, her story typically stops at that water pump after she gets it.
对吧？
Right?
而她过着极其充实而丰富的一生。
And she just led this incredibly full rich life.
什么？
What?
我猜她去世时大约80岁，是的。
I guess she was like 80 years old when she died and yeah.
她确实是个非常了不起的人。
She was just a genuinely amazing person.
我觉得乔什·克拉克暗恋她。
I think Josh Clark has a crush.
也许吧。
Maybe.
你就像一只迷恋的小猫。
You're a smitten kitten.
我是。
I am.
嗒、嗒、嗒、嗒。
Tap a tap a tap a.
哦，这就对了。
Oh, there we go.
你还有别的吗？
You got anything else?
没有了，先生。
No, sir.
好的。
Okay.
关于海伦·凯勒、安妮·沙利文和波莉·汤普森，就这些了。
That's it for Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan and Polly Thompson.
我还想说另一件事，查克，因为这并不是理所当然就被提及的。
And let me say one other thing, Chuck, because it's not talked about like it's just a matter of course.
她在晚年之后，用盲文打字机自己写了东西。
She wrote her own stuff after, like, later in life using braille typewriters.
所以，我的意思是，她就是一个完全独立能干的人。
So so, I mean, she was just this fully competent person.
我会一直继续补充事实，直到你开始寄来听众来信。
I'm just gonna keep adding facts until you start listener mail.
嘿，各位。
Hey, guys.
我喜欢你们关于数据中心的节目。
Love your show on data centers.
我再给你们一次机会。
I was giving you one more chance.
海伦·凯勒本质上就是一个行走的数据中心。
Helen Keller was essentially a walking data center.
但我想告诉大家，早在20世纪80年代初，就有人通过IBM终端远程工作了，而我就是其中之一。
People but wanna let you know people working from remote locations using IBM terminals actually happened in the early nineteen eighties, and I was one of them.
我在1983年在家远程撰写我的博士论文。
I worked remotely from home writing my dissertation in 1983.
我的设备是一台IBM 3270计算机终端、一个1200波特的电话调制解调器，以及一台位于远程地点的大型机——在我的情况下，位于纽约市的菲利普斯北美公司。
My equipment was an IBM thirty thirty computer terminal, a 1,200 baud phone modem, a mainframe housed at a remote location, in my case, at Phillips North America in New York City.
哦。
Oh.
我用的软件是IBM的一个叫Script的程序。
The soft the software I used was an IBM program called Script.
我想我记得Script这个程序。
I think I remember Script, actually.
哦，我记得。
Oh, I do.
我记得。
I do.
是的。
Yeah.
它就像免费的WordPerfect。
It's like free WordPerfect.
对。
Yeah.
软盘。
Floppy disks.
对吧？
Right?
是的。
Yeah.
必须是这样的。
It had to be.
在WordPerfect广泛使用之前，Script基本上是比机器语言高一级的工具。
It was before WordPerfect would come into common usage, but script was basically using one step up from machine language.
例如，如果你想为新段落缩进，你会输入一个点，然后输入i n五，来实现缩进五个空格。
For example, if you wanted to indent for a new paragraph, you would type a period I n five to make it, you know, indent five spaces.
嗯。
Mhmm.
或者双倍行距，就是输入一个点。
Or for double space, was period.
然后ll二，以此类推，所有格式都是这样操作。
It looks like l l two and so on for all formatting.
如果听起来很原始且繁琐，那确实如此。
If it sounds primitive and cumbersome, it was.
但比起电动打字机要好得多，因为你无需使用涂改液就能修改任何内容。
But far better than an electric typewriter, as you could correct anything without using whiteout.
所以从某种意义上说，这是一种进步，实际上为我节省了大量时间。
So it was progress in a sense and actually saved a huge amount of time for me.
早在2008年之前，人们就已经开始远程工作了，尽管方式相当原始。
So it was long before 2008 that people got to work remotely, though it was rather primitive.
感谢带来又一集精彩内容。
Thanks for another great episode.
这段话来自丹妮尔·格林伯格。
That is from Danielle Greenberg.
很棒，丹妮尔。
Very nice, Danielle.
是的。
Yeah.
这还挺有趣的。
It was pretty funny.
很有趣。
It was funny.
我想，今天你会称之为过时了。
Antiquated, I guess, is what you call it today.
是丹妮尔，对吧？
Danielle, right?
没错。
That's right.
再次感谢你，丹妮尔。
Thanks again, Danielle.
如果你想像丹妮尔一样，给我们发一封很棒的邮件，带我们重温一些回忆，你也可以这么做。
And if you wanna be like Danielle and send us a great email that takes us down memory lane in some ways, you can do that.
请发送到 stuffpodcastiheartradio dot com。
Send it off to stuffpodcastiheartradio dot com.
《你应该知道的事》由iHeartRadio制作。
Stuff You Should Know is a production of iHeartRadio.
要收听更多播客，请前往My Heart Radio应用、Apple播客或您收听喜爱节目的任何平台。
For more podcasts, My Heart Radio, visit the iHeartRadio app, Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows.
这是iHeart播客，百分百真人制作。
This is an iHeart podcast, guaranteed human.
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