孩子们还好吗？第一部分

这里是TED广播时间。每周，我们带来突破性的TED演讲。

This is the TED Radio Hour. Each week, groundbreaking TED Talks.

我们现在的任务是要敢于梦想。

Our job now is to dream big.

这些演讲在TED大会上发表。旨在实现我们期望看到的未来。遍布全球。为了理解我们是谁。从这些演讲中，我们为您带来会让您惊喜的演讲者和想法。

Delivered at TED conferences. To bring about the future we want to see. Around the world. To understand who we are. From those talks, we bring you speakers and ideas that will surprise you.

你根本不知道会发现什么。

You just don't know what you're gonna find.

挑战你。我们真的

Challenge you. We truly

必须问问自己，为什么这值得注意？

have to ask ourselves, like, why is it noteworthy?

甚至改变你。我真的感觉自己像是换了一个人。是的。

And even change you. I literally feel like I'm a different person. Yes.

你

Do you

有这种感觉吗？

feel that way?

值得传播的思想。来自TED和NPR，我是曼努什·扎莫罗迪。今天节目的话题是：孩子、年轻人以及他们如今面临的一些最大压力。

Ideas worth spreading. From Ted and NPR, I'm Manoush Zamorodi. Today on the show, kids, young adults, and some of the biggest pressures they're facing these days.

我的意思是，

I mean,

我觉得有时候人工智能解释事情更好。

I feel like AI explains things sometimes better.

比如如何使用人工智能。

Like how to use artificial intelligence.

它非常擅长将某些任务可视化，能让你比某些老师讲解时理解得更透彻。

It's really good at visualizing certain tasks and can give you a much better understanding than certain teachers explaining something to you.

这些是弗吉尼亚州亚历山大市弗朗西斯·C·哈蒙德中学的学生，他们正在讨论使用聊天机器人辅助学业的利弊。

These are students at Francis c Hammond Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia, talking about the pros and cons of using chatbots to help them with their schoolwork.

使用它无助于我们成为优秀的写作者，因为写论文需要运用自己的观点。

Using it doesn't help us to be a good writer because in essays, you need to use your own ideas.

但如果你需要灵感，然后自己完成论文其余部分，只是用AI获取某个概念的话，那应该没问题。

But, like, if you need an idea and you're gonna make the rest of the essay by yourself, but you're using the AI to get, like, a concept of something, it would be okay.

刚才发言的是阿明·阿姆德、朗斯顿·杨、阿迪巴、萨迪和莎拉·纳古斯。随着新学年开始，当前的热议焦点是AI在多大程度上支持或阻碍学生的学习能力。正如刚才听到的，孩子们意见不一。老师们也是如此。

You just heard from Amin Amde, Langston Young, Adiba, Sadie, and Sarah Nagous. And as a new school year starts, the hot debate going on right now is how much AI is supporting or hindering students' ability to learn. As you just heard, kids have differing opinions. They're teachers too.

嗯，这取决于你如何看待它。

Well, it depends on how you look at it.

克里斯·哈德森是该校的图书馆媒体专家。他对学生们如此轻信AI输出的信息并外包自己的思考感到担忧。

Chris Hudson is the library media specialist at the school. He's dismayed at how quick his students are to trust the information AI spits out and outsource their own thinking.

他们几乎对所有事情都倾向于使用AI概览。所以无论他们搜索什么，他们都把AI概览当作绝对真理。他们会把这些信息直接用到论文里，不管是否准确。在某些情况下，当他们面对需要自己创造力或脑力的任务感到压力，并且觉得自己可能做不好时，他们会从ChatGPT或Gemini中提取内容，试图冒充为自己的作品。

They gravitate toward the AI overviews for pretty much everything. So anything they do a Google search for, the AI overview, they think is gospel. So they're taking that information and tossing it into papers whether it's accurate or not. And in some cases, when they feel a little stressed regarding something that requires their own creativity or their their own brainpower and they don't necessarily think they'll do the best job, they'll pull something from a chat GBT or a Gemini and try to pass that off as their own work.

但克里斯的同事多米尼克·琼斯承认，面对不断增长的班级规模和日益增加的时间压力，AI确实能提供巨大帮助。

But Chris's colleague, Dominique Jones, she admits that keeping up with growing class sizes and growing demands on her time, well, AI can be a huge help.

我们实际获得许可的一个程序内置了AI来批改学生写作。它会生成评语和反馈给学生。我没有能力批改98份论文，然后给每份都详细回复哪里做得好、哪里需要改进，再加上总体鼓励的话。这为我节省了大量时间。

One of the programs that we actually have a license for, they have AI built in to grade the students' writing. It will generate the comments, the feedback to the kids. I don't have the capacity to grade 98 papers and give you a long response to something you did well, something you need to work on, and then just the overall nice statement. So it saved me hours.

AI只是当前影响年轻人生活的力量之一。如今的孩子成长在经济动荡、社交媒体压力重重、未来常常显得不确定的世界中。因此在接下来两周，我们要探讨：孩子们还好吗？他们如何应对？他们周围的父母、教育者和体系是在帮助还是伤害他们？

AI is just one of the forces shaping young people's lives right now. Today's kids are growing up in a world of economic upheaval, social media pressures, and a future that often feels precarious. So over the next two weeks, we are asking, are the kids alright? How are they coping? Are parents, educators, and the systems around them helping or hurting?

而下一个转角又有什么正在快速逼近？

And what is coming fast around the next corner?

你们孩子的孩子可能不会读写。他们将改为观看和聆听。

Your kids' kids may not read and write. They'll be watching and listening instead.

这位是维克多·里帕尔贝利。他是Synthesia公司的联合创始人兼CEO，该公司使用AI创建由逼真虚拟人主持的视频课程。

This is Victor Riparbelli. He's the cofounder and CEO of Synthesia, a company that uses AI to create video lessons led by lifelike avatars.

大家好，学习者們。今天我们要深入探讨批判性思维的世界。

Hey there, learners. Today, we're diving into the world of critical thinking.

让我们带你走进神经网络这个激动人心的世界。

Let's introduce you to the exciting world of neural networks.

在这个短视频中，你将了解牛顿第三定律的一些现实生活实例。

In this quick video, you'll learn about some real life examples of Newton's third law.

这些数字教师可以在任何时间用任何语言教授任何内容。我们如何让Riprobelli相信传统的教室和我们几个世纪以来的教学方式可能很快就会被淘汰。这是他在TED舞台上的演讲。

These digital instructors can teach anything in any language at any time. How can we make a Riprobelli believes the traditional classroom and the way we've taught for centuries could soon be obsolete. Here he is on the TED stage.

你们的孙辈将是最后一代会读写的人。我知道这听起来很奇怪，几乎不可思议，但今天我要论证的是，人类对更好传递思想和保存知识方式的不懈追求并不会止步于文字。我认为我们正处在人工智能赋能通信新时代的黎明。我相信未来几代人会逐渐用更直观的通信形式如音频、视频，最终是沉浸式技术来取代文字。总有一天，我们会把读写视为历史遗迹，就像我们现在看待纸莎草卷轴、象形文字或洞穴壁画一样。

Your grandchildren will be the last generation to read and write. I know that sounds strange, almost unthinkable, but today, I'm going to make the case that humanity's relentless pursuit of better ways to convey ideas and preserve knowledge doesn't end with text. I think we're at the dawn of a new era of AI enabled communication. And I think that future generations will slowly replace text with more intuitive forms of communication like audio, video, and eventually immersive technologies. And one day, I think we'll look back at reading and writing as historical artifacts, like we do with papyrus scrolls or hieroglyphs or cave paintings.

这是一个会引发人们诸多情感的重大论断。一方面我在想，不，我热爱阅读。我感到与纸上的文字紧密相连。当你听我这么说时，你听到的只是怀旧之情，还是对我们沟通方式的深刻人类情感？

This is a huge claim to make that brings up a lot of feelings for people. And on the one hand, I'm thinking, you know, no. I love to read. I feel connected to the words on the page. When you hear me say that, do you just hear nostalgia, or do you hear a deeply human feeling about how we communicate?

你知道，这个说法显然是我故意用来引发思考的。我并不认为所有阅读都会消失。比如小说这类内容，我认为我们还会继续享受。但当我们纯粹讨论教学、教育和信息交换时，我确实认为人类通过视频和音频内容会更好，我也相信如果我们回顾五十、六十、七十年甚至一百年后，我们消费信息的方式将不再由文字驱动，而是由视频和音频驱动，也许到那时还会有VR和沉浸式技术。

You know, that statement obviously is a statement I made to provoke on purpose. I don't necessarily think that all reading will go away. I think things like fiction, for example, I think we'll enjoy that. But I think when we talk purely about teaching and education and information exchange, I do think that we as humans are better off with video and audio content, and I do think that if we look back in fifty, sixty, seventy, a hundred years time, the way we consume information will not be text driven. It'll be driven by video and audio, and maybe at some at that point, like VR and immersive technologies.

教某人某件事最有效的方式是什么？大多数人会同意那可能就是本人在白板前或用电脑亲自教孩子。为什么这是最好的教学方式？因为你可以根据他们的进度调整学习节奏，对吧？

What is the most effective way to teach someone something? Most people would agree that that's probably himself or herself teaching the kids something in front of a whiteboard or with a computer in front of them. And why is that the best way of teaching someone something? Well, you can adjust the learning to their pace. Right?

有些人可能很快掌握某些内容，有些人可能需要更多时间和例子。很多时候你可能想给他们看视觉示例。这才是真正教好一个人的方式。如何利用这些技术做到同样的事？因为每天都这样做是很难的。

Some may be very quick to pick up some things or maybe a little bit more time and more examples. A lot of time you probably wanna show them a visual example. That's how you teach someone really well. How can you use these technologies to do the same thing? Because it's pretty hard to do this every day.

对吧？但如果你先进行半小时的课堂讲座，然后让每个学生与AI代理交谈十五分钟，这个代理会评估学生对知识的理解程度。它做记录，与老师分享记录，老师然后可以决定那个特定学生的学习路径。对吧？

Right? But what if you do a lecture and it's half an hour of you teaching in the classroom, and then it's fifteen minutes where every student talks to an AI agent, and that agent then assesses how well the student comprehends that knowledge. It takes a note. It shares that note with the teacher, and the teacher can then decide what the path is for that particular student. Right?

这就像与一位拥有无限时间并能立即回应你的老师坐在一起。我认为这绝对是非凡的。

It's really like sitting down with a teacher that has infinite time and responds immediately to you. And I think that is just absolutely magical.

你介意详细说明一下你预想的未来十到二十年的这种转变过程吗？

Do you mind walking me through exactly how this transition you you picture this transition going for the next ten, twenty years?

非常明显的是，特别是当今的年轻一代，他们更喜欢通过观看和收听视频、播客等来消费内容，而不是阅读长篇书籍。如果我现在想学什么，我会上YouTube看三十分钟的视频。大多数时候，取决于学习内容，但我要说很少有主题是通过纯文字学习效果更好的。大多数时候，通过观看视频、查看图表、动画能更好地学习，它能更充分地刺激你的大脑。

It is very obvious that, especially the young generation today, they prefer to consume their content by watching and listening videos, podcasts, etcetera, than reading long books. If I wanna learn something now, I go on YouTube and I'll watch a thirty minute video. And most of the time, depending on what you learn, but I'd say it's very few topics that you read, you you learn better through pure text. Most of the time, right, you you you learn something better by watching videos, seeing diagrams, animations. It stimulates more of your brain.

这感觉更像是我们在现实世界中消费信息的方式。而且这将成为社会的一大趋势。你是想从一本厚厚的书里学习乐理，还是从YouTube上带音频的视频中学习？你是想在上班路上听播客里的新闻，还是在某个地方摊开这张实体报纸？大多数人都有这种感觉，但我们都有这种愧疚感。

It feels more like how consume information in in the real world. And that is, like, gonna be a big trend in society. Do you wanna learn music theory from a long book or from a video on YouTube that has audio? Do you wanna listen to the news on a podcast on the way to work or fold out this physical piece of paper somewhere? Most people feel like this, But we all have this guilt.

当我观看视频而不是拿起一本老式好书时，我会感到内疚。你听过这种评论，年轻人再也无法集中注意力了。他们需要从社交媒体应用上刷到的廉价内容中获得持续的多巴胺刺激。他们再也不走出自己的房间了。对吧？

I feel guilty when I watch videos instead of picking up a good old fashioned book. You hear the commentary on this, young people are unable to focus anymore. They need constant dopamine hits from cheap content that they scroll through on their social media apps. They don't get outside their room anymore. Right?

我有一个独特的想法。万一我们只是厌倦了过于冗长、缓慢的信息呢？页数太多的书，充满填充内容的报纸文章。万一因为我们如今拥有无限选择，而对我们消费内容的质量和简洁性变得敏感得多呢？万一当下这代孩子正是因为技术（而非尽管有技术）而能够更快地学习和吸收信息呢？

I have a prerogative idea. What if we're all just tired of overly dense, slow information? Books with too many pages, newspaper articles with filler. What if we become much more sensitive to the quality and the conciseness of the content that we consume because we now have infinite choice? What if the current generation of kids are able to learn and absorb information much faster because of technology, not despite it?

问题在于我们，还是在于文本？借助人工智能，我们可以同时获得速度、规模、准确性和参与度。人工智能可以数字化地创建高度逼真的内容。计算机可以学习世界的样子，并以惊人的细节复制和重新混合它。这将掀起一波新的创意浪潮。

Is the problem us or is the problem text? With AI, we can get both speed, scale, accuracy and engagement. AI can create highly photorealistic content digitally. Computers can learn what the world looks like and they can replicate it and remix it in amazing details. This is going to usher a new wave of creativity.

而且这将不是由好莱坞驱动的。它将由YouTube创作者和拥有好想法的年轻人驱动，他们会利用这些工具来讲述精彩的故事。

And it's not going to be driven by Hollywood. It's going to be driven by YouTubers and young people with great ideas who will take these tools and tell amazing stories.

所以我试着想象这个场景。你是不是看到，比如，一个孩子不是写短篇故事，而是使用软件创建一个看起来真实的完整视频短片。就像，不是写‘从前有一个家庭’，你会真实地看到一个看起来完全真实的家庭聚在客厅里，作为他们之前会写下的开场场景。像那样吗？

So I'm trying to picture this. Do you see, like, a kid instead of writing a short story, maybe they would use software that creates an entire video of a short story that looks real. Like, instead of writing, there was once a family. You would literally see a family that looks completely realistic coming together in a living room as the opening scene that they would have written previously. Like that?

正是如此。就是这样。借助人工智能，内容创作的最后一类前沿领域，那些一直很难融入软件的东西正在发生。对吧？所以我认为最好的类比确实是音乐。

Exactly. That. With AI, the kind of last frontiers of content creation, the things that have been really difficult to put into software is is happening. Right? And so I think the best analog analogy to this really is music.

随着采样器的出现，对吧，你可以提取现实世界中的片段，并将它们组合在一起来创作音乐。当我14岁的时候，我可以坐在家里的房间里，制作出我能想到的任何歌曲。唯一的限制是我的想象力，以及投入足够的时间去理解所有这些软件如何协同工作，使我能够将那个愿景变为现实。对吧？这就是为什么我们在过去二十年里看到的音乐行业是新流派、来自任何地方的人才的寒武纪大爆发。

With the advent of samplers, right, you could take pieces of things of the real world and you can combine them together to to create music. When I was 14 years old, I could sit in my room at home and I could make any song I could think of. The only limit was my imagination and putting enough hours into understanding how all these, like, pieces of software work together for me to be able to bring that vision to life. Right? And that's why what we've seen in the music industry over the last twenty years is a Cambrian explosion of new genres, talent from anywhere.

但如果你看看电影制作，例如，你可能得先去学习电影。如果你想创作任何东西，你必须获得数百万美元。你必须认识所有合适的人。你在世界上的位置很重要。本质上，人工智能现在要做的，就像是处理视频和音频的最后前沿领域，许多这类学科将变成一种完全数字化的工作流程。

But if you look at filmmaking, for example, you'll probably have to go study film first. You have to get millions of dollars if you wanna create anything. You have to know all the right people. Where you are in the world matters a lot. And essentially what, AI is gonna do now is like that last frontier of working with video and audio and a lot of these disciplines will become kind of a fully digital workflow.

不仅如此，它还会变得如此简单，以至于任何人都可以做到。

And not just that, but it also becomes so easy that anyone can do it right.

好的。那么我有几个问题。如果一个孩子没有学会如何整合想法，他们怎么能想象出这个通过视频连接起来的完整世界呢？我们现在在人工智能和大语言模型上就看到了这种情况。教授们说，孩子们提交的这些由聊天机器人写的论文，他们自己甚至不知道有多糟糕，因为他们还没有培养出批判性思维能力。

Okay. So I have questions. How does a kid get to the point where they can imagine this whole world brought together by video if they haven't done the work of learning how to put together ideas? We're seeing that now with AI and large language models. Professors are saying that kids are handing in papers written by these chatbots that the kids don't even know how bad they are because they haven't developed the critical skills.

嗯，我认为这都是社会围绕这些技术发展的一部分。而且我认为，今天的这些能接触到GBT的孩子，在整体智力和世界知识方面，会比互联网前一代人做得更好还是更差，陪审团还没有定论。我的意思是，我们没有人知道这一点。对吧？但我的猜测是，今天长大的这一代人会比五十年前长大的那一代人信息更灵通、更聪明得多。

Well, I think that's all part of society developing around these technologies. And I think the jury will be out whether those kids today who have access to GBT will do better or worse than the pre Internet generation in terms of overall intelligence and knowledge of the world. And I mean, none of us know this. Right? But my guess would be that the generation that grows up today will be much more informed and much smarter than the generation that grew up fifty years ago.

我认为我们总是担心这些事情是教育的终结，批判性思维的终结，而且我认为其中总有一些真实的成分。但我认为，你知道，孩子们比我们想象的要聪明。我并不是说我们不应该，你知道，再三考虑我们如何做这些事情，但如果你从历史上看技术如何影响全世界的学习和教育，我认为很难论证它不是朝着一个方向发展，即我们变得越来越聪明，我们知道得越来越多。而且我认为，尽管其中一些问题是由大语言模型引起的，但我认为其中很多问题也可以通过人工智能来解决。关于人们如何获得想象力来创作故事，我认为，你需要那个来创作故事吗？

I think we always worry about these things being the end of education, the end of like critical thought, and I think there's always a curdle of truth in them. But I think, you know, kids are smarter than we think they are. And I'm not saying that we shouldn't, you know, think twice about how we do these things, but I think if you look historically at how technology has impacted learning and education all across the world, I think it's very difficult to make an argument that it's not going one direction, which that we we become smarter and smarter and we we know more and more. And I think as much as some some of these problems are caused by LLMs, I think a lot of them can also be solved with with with AI. And on the other thing of, like, how people get the imagination to make a story, I think, do you need that to make a story?

你不能就创作100个故事吗？你会慢慢弄清楚自己喜欢什么和不喜欢什么。

Can't you just make a 100 stories? You'll kinda slowly figure out what you like and what you don't like.

稍后回来，我们将听到更多来自维克多·里帕尔贝利关于人工智能在教育中的应用，以及一位中学教师对人工智能公司逐渐进入课堂的看法。

When we come back, more from Victor Riparbelli on AI in education and a middle school teacher's thoughts on AI companies edging their way into the classroom.

学生们非常依赖人际互动，所以这将变成一个非常疏离的环境。

Students are very dependent on human interaction, so it will become a very disengaged environment.

今天的节目，关于孩子、未来，以及一切是否会好起来。这里是NPR的TED广播小时。我是马努沙·扎莫罗迪，我们稍后回来。这里是NPR的TED广播小时。我是马诺伊·扎莫罗迪。

Today on the show, kids, the future, and whether it's gonna be alright. It's NPR's TED Radio Hour. I'm Manousha Zamorodi, and we'll be right back. It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR. I'm Manoj Zamorodi.

今天的节目中，我们正在关注孩子们和青少年面临的压力，无论是应对心理健康、课堂技术还是人工智能的崛起。我们刚刚听到技术专家维克多·里帕尔贝利谈论人工智能和视频技术如何使创建能够以新方式教授和训练人类的虚拟形象成为可能。

Today on the show, we're looking at the pressures that kids and teens are facing, whether it's navigating mental health, tech in the classroom, or the rise of AI. We were just hearing from technologist Victor Riparbelli about how AI and video technology are making it possible to create avatars that teach and train humans in new ways.

今天，我们的虚拟形象已经每天与数百万人互动。它们教授学校科目，培训餐厅员工上岗，提供健康指导，并以130多种不同的语言销售产品。它们变得非常出色。很快，它们将很难与现实区分开来。因此，有了这些技术，可以在不需要摄像机的情况下创造任何东西。

Today, our avatars already interact with millions of people every single day. They teach school subjects, they onboard restaurant workers, provide health guidance, and sell products in more than a 130 different languages. They are getting really good. Very soon, they will be very difficult to distinguish from reality. So with these technologies, can create anything without the need for cameras.

我们可以将我们的想象力变为现实，而无需传统的技能和成本障碍。有了人工智能，每个人都将能够成为导演，使用好莱坞级别的视频，完全不需要任何培训。一旦我们将人工智能视频与推理系统（如语言模型）结合起来，我们将解锁一种全新的媒体类型，它将具有互动性和个性化。它将能够思考、叙述并为我们个性化内容。如果你正在学习音乐理论，你将有一个助手，它知道你的技能水平，知道你的音乐品味，并围绕这些构建课程。

We can bring our imaginations to life without the traditional barriers of skill and cost. With AI, everyone is going to be able to be a director using Hollywood grade video without needing any training at all. Once we combine AI video with reasoning systems like language models, we're going to unlock an entirely new type of media that's going to be interactive and personalized. It's going be able to think and narrate and personalize content for us. If you're learning music theory, you'll have an assistant that knows your skill level, knows your taste in music, and build a curriculum around that.

你们所有的孩子，在学校里都将有他们最喜欢的名人来教他们数学。他们会以孩子们感兴趣的方式进行教学，可能是足球、科幻或其他任何内容。有了这些新的人工智能系统，教育将会得到三重提升。

All of your kids, they will have their favorite celebrities teaching them math in school. And they'll do it in a context that's interesting for your kid. Maybe that's soccer or sci fi or whatever. Education is gonna be triple charged with these new AI systems.

我最近经常使用Claude和Chat GPT等人工智能工具，发现它们能非常快速地生成内容。一开始我觉得太神奇了，这段文字质量真高。但当我坐下来仔细阅读句子时，才发现这完全是一堆废话，极其简单和基础。那么我们该如何确保孩子们不会认为这是魔法，并假设它总是正确的呢？

I've been playing around a lot with Claude and Chad GPT and other AI, and I'm noticing that it'll come up with something so quickly. And at first, I'm like, this is amazing. This is this paragraph is quality. And then I'll sit down and, like, get through the sentences and realize it's just a load of nonsense and incredibly simplistic and basic. So how do we begin to make sure that kids don't just think this is magic and assume it's correct?

我们需要有一个衡量标准，来判断什么是高质量、什么是经过验证的内容。

We need to have some sort of barometer of what is quality, what is vetted.

我的意思是，显然我们应该教孩子们批判性思维和媒体内容评估等能力，我完全不是说我们不应该这样做。我认为这比以往任何时候都更加重要。但从大局来看，这可能是我们发明过的最惊人的技术。它们将使教育世界变得更加平等。

I mean, obviously, we should teach kid about critical thinking and evaluating media content and all these things and not at all saying we shouldn't do that. Right? I think that's probably more important than ever. But I think, you know, in in the big picture, this is probably the most amazing technology we've ever invented. They will equalize the world of education.

每个人都将拥有自己的私人导师，无论贫富。这些技术给教育和培训方式带来了如此多的优势。当然，我们也要意识到其中的陷阱。但当我看到这些技术将如何影响未来，以及它们如何成为我们见过的最伟大的平等化工具时，我很难不感到极其乐观。

Everyone will get their own private tutor, no matter if you're rich or poor. But so much upside in how we we do education and training with these technologies. Again, of course, have be aware of the pitfalls. I just find it so difficult to not be extremely optimistic when you see how how how these technologies will impact the future of it and how it be, I think, one of the greatest equalizer we've ever seen.

没有任何视频、人工智能或机器人，甚至我们在课堂上使用的教学视频，能够取代老师。学生非常依赖人际互动。即使我们尝试给他们视频来预习某个主题或介绍新内容，他们仍然会来找我们寻求支持。

There's no video, AI, robot, not even the videos we use to teach in class that can replace a teacher. Students are very dependent on human interaction. And even if we try to give them videos to preview a topic or to introduce them to something, they will still reach out to us for support.

多米尼克·琼斯在弗吉尼亚州的弗朗西斯·C·哈蒙德中学教授语言艺术。

Dominique Jones teaches language arts at Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Virginia.

疫情期间的教学是一场灾难。所有东西都在使用视频。那是我最初为了吸引学生参与的想法。但它有效吗？我的教学生涯中从未有过这么多不及格。

Teaching during COVID was a disaster. Everything was using a video. That's that was the first idea I had to get engagement. And did it work? I had never had so many F's in my grade book in all of my career.

我可以给学生一个教学视频，告诉他们：'好的，这是我们要学的主题'。但他们经常回来说：'我不明白视频在讲什么，你能解释一下吗？'那时我才真正明白了学校对孩子们的意义。

I could give students a video to watch for the lesson and say, Okay, this is the topic. This is what we're learning. And they would often come back and say, I don't know what the video was talking about. Can you explain it to me? That's when I got the idea of what what school really meant for kids.

教育的核心在于人际互动。所以我想象，如果我们有一个由他们最喜欢的运动员担任的AI老师，比如让勒布朗教我写论文，这很酷，但当我不理解时怎么办？我百分之百认为孩子们会失去所有分析能力。他们现在追求的是快速获得所有问题的答案，因为只需上网说：'嘿，告诉我这是什么意思'。

It was about the human interaction. So I imagine if we had an AI teacher, that was their favorite athlete, you know, if I had LeBron teaching me how to write my essay, that's cool and all but what happens when I don't understand? I 100% think that kids would lose all ability to analyze anything. They're looking for fast, quick answers to everything. Because now I can just go online and say, hey, tell me, tell me what this means.

这将变成一个非常缺乏参与度的环境，对老师来说压力很大。我们经历了这么多年的学校教育，获得硕士学位和各种资质是为了什么？就为了看着孩子们坐在电脑前？这可不酷。回到

It will become a very disengaged environment and that becomes stressful for the teacher. We've gone through all these years of school, got master's degrees and all the things for what? To watch kids sit on a computer? That's not cool. Back

教室里，我们询问了八年级学生诺亚·詹达以及他的同学莎拉和兰斯顿，他们认为由电影明星或职业运动员的虚拟形象来教学会是什么样子。我觉得被名人教学会让我感到非常奇怪。

in the classroom, we asked eighth grader Noah Janda as well as his classmates Sarah and Langston what they think it would be like to be taught by the avatar of a movie star or a professional athlete. I think I'd find it, like, very weird to be taught by, like, a famous person.

很多人很容易在课堂上感到无聊，他们不会专心听讲。但如果看到他们崇拜的人

A lot of people, like, they get bored easily in class and they don't, like, pay attention. But if they see, like, somebody they look up

来教他们，我觉得这会帮助他们更专注。

to teaching them, I feel like it would help them pay attention more.

对我个人而言，我觉得这种方式不太适合我，因为我喜欢观察其他老师的教学方式，探索他们对某个学科的看法等等

For me, personally, I don't think that worked well for me because I do like seeing how how other teachers teach and just exploring what how they think of a subject and stuff like

这样的。我

that. I

想回到关于孩子的问题。维克多，你生活中有孩子吗？你是叔叔吗？你是家长吗？

wanna go back to the kid question. Victor, do you have any kids in your life? Are you an uncle? Do you are you a parent?

我是叔叔。

I'm an uncle.

你是叔叔。那么如果你向你的侄女侄子们展示你的技术能做什么，你现在会怎么向他们解释？你会鼓励他们做什么或提醒他们注意什么？

You're an uncle. So if you showed those your nieces and nephews what your technology can do, how do you explain it to them now? And and what would you encourage them to do or caution them to do?

嗯，我的侄女甚至还不满一个月，所以我想可能还为时过早。我可能会等上几年。

Well, my my niece is not even a month old, so I think I'll probably Early days. I would probably wait wait a few years.

是的。但是

Yeah. But

不。但我认为，建议总是一样的。我希望让孩子们以及所有人——包括成年人——都能使用这些技术。它们擅长什么？不擅长什么？

no. But I think, you know, advice is always the same. I think you wanna get kids and everyone else for that matter, also adults, but you wanna get them to use these technologies. What are they good at? What are they bad at?

我会给CEO们同样的建议。我会说，为你的公司购买ChatGPT。让人们试用它，让他们告诉你他们用它做什么。它适用于哪些场景？

I would give the same advice that I give to CEOs. I would say buy ChatGPTC for your company. Let people play around with it. Let them tell you what they do with it. What does it work for?

它不适用于哪些场景？我们不是通过阅读关于人工智能可能出错的书或讨论GPT技术如何运作的文章来学习的，对吧？我们通过实践来学习。

What does it not work for? We don't learn that from reading books about how AI could go wrong or articles that that talk about how g p z technology works. Right? We we learn by doing.

这是Synthesia的首席执行官维克多·里帕尔贝利。你可以在ted.com上观看他的完整演讲。非常感谢弗吉尼亚州亚历山大市弗朗西斯·C·哈蒙德中学的学生和教职员工。随着技术的进步，关于它对孩子们、他们的大脑以及学习方式的影响的辩论当然也会继续。同时，我们已经看到人工智能公司正在回应这些关切。

That was Victor Riparbelli, CEO of Synthesia. You can see his full talk at ted.com. Thank you so much to the students and staff at Francis c Hammond Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia. As the technology advances, of course, so will the debate over its effects on kids, their brains, and how they learn. And meanwhile, we are already seeing that AI companies are responding to those concerns.

例如，ChatGPT最近推出了学习模式，这是一个不会直接给孩子答案，而是更像导师的聊天机器人。我们将持续关注这一领域。今天的节目，我们讨论孩子和年轻人，并询问他们是否安好。美国长期以来一直自诩为机遇之地。一个只要你努力工作、做出牺牲，就能为自己、你的孩子以及子孙后代创造更美好生活的地方。

ChatGPT, for example, recently rolled out study mode, a chatbot that doesn't give kids answers outright but acts more like a tutor. We'll be watching this space. Today on the show, we're talking about kids and young adults and asking if they're alright. The US has long pitched itself as the land of opportunity. A place where if you worked hard, sacrificed, you could build a better life for yourself and for your children and your children's children.

我认为没错。我甚至觉得他都没想过这个问题。这似乎是理所当然的。

I think that's right. I don't even think he thought about it. It was just a given.

这是斯科特·加洛韦。

This is Scott Galloway.

当我父母乘蒸汽船来到美国时，每人只带了150英镑，他们自然而然地认为，有了美国提供的机会，你必然会比父母过得更好。那曾是契约的一部分。

When my parents came to The US on a steamship, a £150 each, and it was just a a natural assumption that given the opportunity that America offered that you would just inevitably end up doing better than your parents. That was just part of compact.

这对斯科特来说确实是事实。他现在是纽约大学的教授、热门播客主持人和畅销书作者。他写了很多关于美国资本主义品牌成功、上世纪中产阶级崛起、财富和金融稳定向更多人扩散的内容。但现在斯科特说，那个每一代人都比前一代更繁荣的美国契约已经破裂了。

It was definitely the case for Scott. He's now a professor at New York University, a popular podcaster, and best selling author. And he's written a lot about the success of America's brand of capitalism, the rise of the middle class through the last century, the spread of wealth and financial stability to more people. But now Scott says that American compact, that each generation will prosper more than the previous one, it is broken.

二战结束时，大约92%的孩子在30岁时经济状况比父母更好。如今这一比例首次降至50%。所以现在这就像抛硬币一样不确定。这在我们国家历史上是第一次，你的孩子在相同年龄或30岁时比你过得更好不再是一件理所当然的事。

At the end of World War two, about 92% of children did better than their parents by the time they were 30 economically. For the first time, it dipped to 50%. So now it's a coin flip. So for the first time in our nation's history, it's no longer a given that your kids will be better off than you at the same age or at the age of 30.

最新一代的年轻人——Z世代，在沉重的学生债务、遥不可及的住房和停滞不前的工资中长大成人。

The latest generation of young adults, Gen z, have come of age with crushing student debt, unattainable housing, and stagnant wages.

我的观点是，这些都是有意识的决策，过去三四十年的经济实际上非常强劲。我们的增长即使不算卓越，也一直很稳定。每年我们都能找到让市场增值的方法。但我们有意将财富和机会从年轻人转移给老年人。那么谁拥有股票和房产呢？

And my thesis is that these have been purposeful decisions, that the economy has actually been incredibly robust the last thirty or forty years. Our growth has been consistent, if not remarkable. And every year, we figure out a way for the markets to go up in value. But we have purposely transferred wealth and opportunity from young people to old people. So who owns stocks and houses?

像我这样年纪的人。谁靠当前收入或工作赚钱并租房？年轻人。这无非是将财富和繁荣从年轻人赤裸裸地转移给老年人。

People my age. Who makes their money from current income or working at a job and rents? Young people. That's nothing but a naked transfer of wealth and prosperity from young to old.

你不停地工作是为了什么？你可以在社交媒体上到处听到这种情况。无法想象自己能拥有住房。在随机的可爱狗狗视频之间。数千美元。

You're constantly working and for what? You can hear this situation playing out all over social media. Cannot envision ever owning a home. Between random cute dog videos. Thousands dollars.

有很多年轻人深感痛苦的视频片段。我甚至买不起，比如，鸡肉。我要生气了。生存下去。对吧？

There are clips of young people who are deeply distressed. I can't even afford, like, the chicken. I'm gonna Angry. Survive. Right?

经济中的太多方面似乎都在与他们作对。

So much of the economy seems stacked against them.

过去八年的每一天都完全是一场活生生的噩梦。

Every day for the past eight years has been nothing but an absolute living nightmare.

而最近的预算和政策变化可能会让这个现实更加糟糕。高等教育助学金被削减，贷款减免减少，新的医疗补助削减和限制，以及不断增长的联邦债务，这些都可能使税收和利率进一步上升。对斯科特来说，这意味着对我们最年轻一代完全缺乏同情心。

And recent budget and policy changes may make that reality even worse. There have been cuts to higher education grants, less loan forgiveness, new Medicaid cuts and restrictions, and an increasing federal debt, which could make tax and interest rates go even higher. To Scott, this means an absolute lack of compassion for our youngest generations.

好的。我先问一个问题：我们爱我们的孩子吗？

Okay. I start us with a question. Do we love our children?

他此刻正站在TED的舞台上。

Here he is on the TED stage.

听起来像是个不合逻辑的问题，对吧？但我会尝试说服你并非如此。本质上，随着代际更迭，我们看到过去两代人的收入在经通胀调整后实际上在减少。此外，购房成本和教育费用持续飙升。

Sounds like an illegitimate question. Right? Well, I'm gonna try and convince you otherwise. Essentially, as we go down generations, we're seeing that for the last two generations, people are making less money on an inflation adjusted basis. In addition, the cost of buying a home, the cost of pursuing education continues to skyrocket.

因此，购买力和繁荣程度与年龄呈反比。简而言之，随着我们变得更年轻，我们正在剥夺最年轻一代的机会和繁荣。衡量我们如何评价已使用劳动力的一个合适指标是最低工资，而我们故意将其保持在很低的水平。如果它与生产力保持同步，现在应该是每小时23美元左右，但我们决定故意压低它。与此同时，房价中位数相对于家庭收入中位数已大幅上涨。

So the purchasing power, the prosperity is inversely correlated to age. Simply put, as we get younger, we're taking away opportunity and prosperity from our youngest. A decent proxy for how much we value used labor is minimum wage, and we've kept it purposely pretty low. If it had just kept pace with productivity, it'd be about 23 a share, but we've decided to purposely keep it low. Out of reach, median home price has skyrocketed relative to median household income.

结果是，疫情前平均月供为1100美元，由于利率加速上升以及平均房价从29万涨至42万，现在已升至2300美元。为什么？因为猜猜看？拥有资产的既得利益者已将政府武器化，使新进入者极难获得自己的资产，从而提升了他们自己的净资产。

As a result, pre pandemic, the average mortgage payment was $1,100. It's now $2,300 because of an acceleration in interest rates and the fact that the average home has gone from 290,000 to 420. Why? Because guess what? The incumbents that own assets have weaponized government to make it very difficult for new entrants to ever get their own assets, thereby elevating their own net worth.

这导致了巨大的财富转移：70岁以上人群曾经控制19%的家庭财富，而40岁以下人群控制12%，如今后者的财富已被腰斩。这并非偶然，而是有意为之。

This has resulted in an enormous transfer of wealth where people over the age of 70 used to control 19% of household income versus people under the age of 40 used to control 12, Their wealth has been cut in half. This isn't by accident. It's purposeful.

是有意识地故意为之，还是怎么发生的？

Consciously purposeful, or how did this happen?

嗯，民主中的‘老龄’部分运作得非常好，即老年人投票给更年长的人，后者为自己争取更多资金。因此，我们现在将约40%的政府总支出用于老年人项目，这是历史上最高的比例。但等等，情况更糟。按当前速度，十年后这一比例将超过50%，意味着我们政府支出和税收的大部分将用于支持老年人的项目。

Well, the demo in democracy is working really well, and that is, old people vote for even older people who vote themselves more money. So we now spend about 40% of our total government spending on programs for seniors. That's the greatest it's been in history. But wait, it gets worse. In ten years at the current rate, it's gonna be over 50%, meaning the majority of our government spending and tax revenues will go to programs supporting seniors.

这挤占了技术教育等更具前瞻性、投资回报率更高、并且坦白说更惠及年轻人的投资。所以我们的民主，如果你愿意这么说，运作良好，但这实质上是一系列老年人投票为自己争取更多资金的过程。老年人投票。

And this crowds out investments in technology education and things that are a little bit more forward leaning, show a greater return on investment, and quite frankly, benefit younger people. So our democracy, if you will, is working well, but it's a series of older people voting themselves more money. Old people vote.

我觉得让我困惑的是，我最近在《纽约客》上读到，自2020年以来，美国人均增长率超过2%，而且实际上二十多岁的人比前几代美国人在同一年龄时更富裕。那么，为什么年轻一代没有这种感觉呢？

I guess what I find confusing about this is I recently read in the New Yorker that since 2020, US growth per person has been more than 2%, and that actually people in their twenties are richer than prior US generations were at their age. So so why doesn't it feel that way for younger people?

我认为你提到的研究是这样的。这里有一些细微差别。这与时代精神和文化习俗有关。我们决定拥抱一种赢家通吃或类似《饥饿游戏》的经济。好消息是，如果你认为这是好消息的话，就是现在出现了三十多岁的百万富翁。

So I think the study you're referring to is the following. There's some nuance here. And that is we have basically kind of the zeitgeist, and this goes to cultural mores. We have decided to embrace a winners and losers economy or a Hunger Games like economy. The good news is, if you think it's good news, is that there are now millionaires in their thirties.

在我成长的过程中，我想你们成长时也一样，很少听到这类话题。实际上，前10%人群的数量已经大幅增加。但如果你看所谓的后90%，绝大多数人面临两个变化：他们的购买力下降了。住房和教育这两项年轻人储蓄以求进步的必要开支，其通胀率已经飙升。

When I was growing up, and I imagine when you were growing up, you didn't really hear about that. So the actual number of people in the top 10%, that number's got much higher. But if you look at the quote unquote bottom 90, the vast majority of these individuals, two things have happened. Their purchasing power has gone down. Inflation in housing, inflation in education, two things that young people save for and need to get ahead, have skyrocketed.

而且经通胀调整后，他们的工资持续下降。以我这一代人为例，25岁时经通胀调整后的收入曾是85,000美元，二十年前是65,000美元，现在只有约55,000美元。因此很多年轻人基本上已经放弃了买房的想法。旅游业却蓬勃发展。

And their wages on an inflation adjusted basis have consistently gone down. I used to make, on an inflation adjusted basis, people in my generation made $85,000 Then twenty years ago, 65,000. This was at the age of 25. Now it's about $55,000 And so you have a lot of young people who've essentially given up on buying a home. The travel industry is booming.

我的观点是，人们已经放弃了为买房储蓄，于是他们收拾行囊去泰国呆一个月，或者去科切拉音乐节。所以现场活动和旅行行业从未如此强劲。但人们却在为覆盖基本需求而挣扎，无论是获得大学学位、偿还学生贷款、为购房储蓄，还是决定生育孩子。

And my thesis is that people have just given up on saving for a house, and so they pick up and head to Thailand for a month or they go to Coachella. So live events and travel have never been stronger. But people are struggling to kind of cover, I think, the basics or the essentials, whether it's getting a college degree, paying off their student debt, saving for a home, or deciding to have a child.

伟大的代际盗窃是在病毒的名义下发生的。没错，让我们利用本世纪最严重的健康危机来加速财富转移。这是纳斯达克从2008年到2012年2月的走势。我们任由市场崩溃。顺便说一句，你需要动荡，需要破坏，因为它将优势和财富从既得利益者重新分配给新进入者。

The great intergenerational theft took place under the auspices of a virus. I know, let's use the greatest health crisis in the century to really speedball the transfer. This is the Nasdaq from 2008 to 02/2012. We let the markets crash. And by the way, you need churn, you need disruption because it seeds and recalibrates advantage and wealth from the incumbents to the entrants.

这是周期中的自然部分。但等等，最近不行，死一百万人会很糟，但更悲惨的是如果让纳斯达克下跌，像我这样的人财富缩水。所以我们刺激经济，这再次加速了大规模的财富转移。COVID是我人生中最美好的两年：更多时间陪孩子，更多时间看网飞，我的股票价值绝对暴涨。

It's a natural part of the cycle. But wait, lately, no, a million people would dying would be bad, but what would be tragic is if we let the Nasdaq go down and guys like me lost wealth. So we pumped the economy, which again, increased the massive transfer of wealth. The best two years of my life, COVID. More time with my kids, more time with Netflix, and my value of my stocks absolutely exploded.

那谁该为我的繁荣买单？不是我。是未来不得不应对空前债务水平的后代。

And who has to pay for my prosperity? Not me. Future generations who will have to deal with an unprecedented level of debt.

年轻人致富或积累财富的关键在于，例如2008年2月，我们允许市场下跌。我们救助了银行，但没有救助经济。像我这样正值收入黄金期的人得以用12美元买入网飞，8美元买入亚马逊。当你救助一位婴儿潮一代的餐厅老板时，你实际上是在剥夺一位26岁刚从烹饪学院毕业、想廉价收购餐厅的年轻人的机会。破坏是一个周期，是将优势从既得利益者转移给新进入者的过程。所以我认为政治已经变得非常'我得先顾自己'。

Key to getting wealthy or establishing some wealth as a younger person is that in 02/2008, as an example, we allowed the markets to fall. We bailed out banks, but we didn't bail out the economy. And guys like me who were coming into the prime income earning years got to buy Netflix at $12 got to buy Amazon at $8 So when you bail out the boomer owner of a restaurant, all you're doing is robbing opportunity from the 26 year old recent graduate of a culinary academy who wants her shot to buy a restaurant on the cheap. Disruption is a cycle and a churn that seeds advantage from incumbents to entrants. And so I think politics have become very much, I need to get mine.

这在整个生态系统中都在发生。在我的行业，我们每年以拒绝越来越多申请者为荣，这意味着已持有学位的既得利益者看到其学位价值上升。我申请加州大学洛杉矶分校时录取率是76%，今年将是9%。当你拥有房产时，你会非常关心交通问题，于是去地方审查委员会确保不再批准新的住房许可。

This happens across the entire ecosystem. In my industry, every year we take pride in rejecting more and more applicants, meaning that the incumbents who already have degrees see the value of their degrees go up. When I applied to UCLA, was a 76% admissions rate. This year, it'll be nine. When you own a home, you get very concerned with traffic, and you show up to the local review board and make sure no new housing permits are approved.

我们的住房数量比家庭组建所需少150万套，这再次推高了房屋价值。所以我们拥抱了这种排斥性文化，挤占了新进入者的机会。

We have one and a half million fewer homes than we need for household formation, which again has taken the value of homes way up. So we have embraced this rejectionist exclusionary culture that crowds out the opportunity for entrance.

但总有一天，所有富有的老人都会去世。那时会发生财富重新分配吗？

But at some point, all the old rich people are going to die. Is there going to be a redistribution of wealth happening then?

所以很多人

So a lot

会说，但是，斯科特

of people will

你会看到最大规模的财富以遗产形式回流到年轻人手中。我认为这是一种非常不健康的生活和社会构建方式。你所说的就像是《唐顿庄园》那样，哦，你不需要工作或担心，因为你会继承这份产业。等着父母去世才能买房成家，这根本不是一种生活方式，无法构建健康的社会，而且坦率地说，这行不通，只会导致美国文化一直试图避免的世袭动态。

say, but, Scott, you're about to see the most massive transfer back to young people in the form of inheritance. I would argue that's a really unhealthy way to live life and build a society. What you're talking about is Downton Abbey, that, oh, you don't need to work or worry because you're going to inherit this estate. Waiting around for your mother and father to die so you can buy a home and have a family is just not a way to live a life, does not build a healthy society, and quite frankly, doesn't work and just results in dynastic dynamics that the American culture has tried to avoid.

广告回来后，我们将继续与斯科特·加洛韦探讨经济不确定性与Z世代政治之间的关联。今天的节目主题是：孩子们还好吗？我是曼努什·扎莫罗迪，您正在收听NPR的TED广播小时。请别走开。这里是NPR的TED广播小时。

When we come back, more with Scott Galloway and what he says is the link between economic uncertainty and Gen Z's politics. On the show today, are the kids alright? I'm Manoush Zamorodi, and you're listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR. Stay with us. It's the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

我是曼努什·扎莫罗迪。今天节目中我们正在探讨：孩子们还好吗？我们刚刚与纽约大学教授斯科特·加洛韦进行了对话。斯科特指出，如今几代人都无力偿还债务、购买房屋或进行退休投资。他将此归咎于老一辈人剥夺了他们的财务机会。

I'm Manoush Zamorodi. Today on the show, we are asking, are the kids alright? And we were just talking to NYU professor Scott Galloway. Scott says that today, generations cannot afford to pay off their debt, buy a home, or invest in their retirement. And he blames older generations for withholding financial opportunities from them.

他表示，这种影响远不止于经济层面。

The effects, he says, are more than just economic.

其后果，在最基本的层面上，是失望与愤怒。很多这些人还住在父母家。他们从小就被告知可以成就任何事。然后每天十几次，他们通过手机上一连串显示他人炫耀个人财物和所谓精彩生活的通知，不断被提醒着自己的失败。他们每天都在被提醒自己过得不好。

Well, the repercussions are, at a very basic level, disappointment and rage. A lot of these folks are living at home. A lot of them have been told their whole life they can do anything. And then at two ten times a day, they get a reminder of their failure on their phones with a series of notifications where people vomit their personal possessions and amazing lives that they're supposedly leading. And they're reminded every day that they're not doing well.

而且外界还有一种错误印象，认为每个人都在安缦酒店度假并且拥有法拉利。如果你没有所有这些，就好像你在某种程度上失败了。这种情绪像助燃剂一样被倾倒在每一个议题上。我认为这制造了一种普遍的愤怒水平。

And also there's a false impression out there that everyone is vacationing at the Amman Hotel and owns a Ferrari. And if you don't have all of those things that you're somehow failing, it creates incendiary that is poured over every issue. And I think it just creates a general level of rage.

我很好奇，当你将年轻人的生活不满感与代际间看似巨大的鸿沟联系起来时，年轻人会怎么想？他们听到这些时会作何反应？

I'm curious, you know, what young people think when you link their dissatisfaction with life, and what feels like really big gaps between the generations. How do they respond when they hear these things?

我觉得有时这听起来像是我在把他们当孩子看或者居高临下。但总体上，我得到的反馈是：谢谢你说出了大家心照不宣的事实。而我真正收到最多反馈的是来自父母。如果你是一名婴儿潮一代，或者甚至不是婴儿潮一代，而是X世代并且事业有成，而你看到你的孩子……

I think that sometimes that feels like I'm infantilizing or patronizing them. But what I've generally, the feedback is, thank you. You said the quiet part out loud. And who I really hear from is parents. If you're a boomer or if you're say, not even boomer, but you're Gen X and you've done well, and you see your kid.

你的孩子是个好孩子。她很努力。她从好学校毕业。她和她的未婚夫为买房攒了十年钱，现在却放弃了。他们买不起房子。

Your kid's a good kid. She's worked hard. She's graduated from the right schools. And her and her fiance had been saving for a house for ten years, and they just have given up. They can't buy a house.

他们正在考虑不要孩子。这对他们来说根本不可行。

They're thinking about not having kids. It's just not viable for them.

我

I

意思是，这就是你们想要的。经济的全部意义在于创造一个中产阶级。中产阶级的全部意义在于创造一个繁荣的社会，一个民主的繁荣社会。但我们最终都希望繁荣的原因，当我们年纪稍长时，是希望我们的孩子过得好。

mean, this is what you want. The whole point of an economy is to create a middle class. The whole point of a middle class is to create a thriving society, a democratic society that's prosperous. But the reason we all want prosperity at the end of the day when we get a little bit older is we want our kids to do well.

这是我的最后一张幻灯片。这是一张情感操纵的幻灯片，试图让你们更喜欢我。

This is my last slide. It is an emotionally manipulative slide to try and get you to like me more.

在你的TED演讲中，有一个时刻你放了一张你和你的一个儿子在体育赛事中的幻灯片。

There's a moment in your TED Talk when you put up a slide of yourself and one of your boys at a sporting event.

但它确实有一个信息。这就是全部的意义所在。这里没有孩子的人，问问有孩子的人。你的整个世界都系于此。

But it does have a message. This is the whole shooting match. Anybody here without kids, ask someone with kids. Your whole world shings strings to this.

你在台上变得相当激动。你给剧院里的人带来了很多内疚感。你问他们，你知道，我们爱我们的孩子吗？暗示如果我们爱，就需要做出改变。

And you got pretty emotional up on stage. And you laid a lot of guilt on the people in the theater. You asked them, you know, do we love our children? Implying that if we do, they need to make changes.

嗯，Manush，你有孩子吗？

Well, Manush, you have children?

我有。

I do.

在不了解您和您孩子的情况下，我相当确信您爱自己的孩子。我猜您也相当确信我爱我的孩子。但我要问的是：我们真的爱我们的孩子吗？我们是否已经陷入了一种赢家通吃的经济模式，每个人都只顾争夺自己的利益？我们选择忽视，因为我们都相信自己能进入前10%——尽管这个前10%的境遇从未比过去的前10%更好——我们总觉得自己能跻身那顶尖的10%。

So without knowing you or your children, I'm fairly confident that you love your children. I bet you are fairly confident I love mine. The question I ask is, do we love our children? And that is, have we entered an economy where it's sort of a winner take most attitude and everyone's grabbing for their own? We ignore because we're all believe we're going be in the top 10% that's never done better than previous top deciles, that we'll be in that top 10%.

而我们不愿意做出牺牲和艰难抉择，让那些可能处于底层90%的其他人的孩子过得更好。我认为美国某种程度上迷失了方向。问题的核心是：这一切的意义究竟是什么？在您的广播节目中，您会讨论人工智能，会谈及环境问题。

And we're not willing to make the sacrifices and the hard decisions such that other people's children who might be in the bottom 90 do better. I think that America has kind of lost the script. And that is, what is the point of any of this? On your radio hour, you're going to talk about AI. You're going to talk about the environment.

你们讨论气候问题。但任何有孩子的人，当自己的孩子遇到问题时，你们根本不会想到气候，不会想到人工智能。你们只会想着那个孩子。经济焦虑是那些童年经历过经济困境的人才能真正理解的。

You're talking about the climate. Anyone who has kids, something comes off the tracks with one of your kids, you're not thinking about the climate. You're not thinking about AI. You're thinking about that kid. And economic anxiety is someone who went through economic anxiety as a kid.

我可以告诉你们，我们并没有善待自己的孩子，也没有善待别人的孩子。低收入家庭孩子的静息血压明显高于中高收入家庭的孩子。更多孩子抑郁，更多自残案例，更多焦虑情绪。所以问题是：如果你的孩子焦虑或抑郁，这一切又有什么意义？

I can tell you, we aren't treating our children well. We aren't treating other kids well. The resting blood pressure of kids in low income homes is tangibly higher than kids in middle and upper income homes. There are more kids depressed, more admissions of self harm, more anxiety. So the question is, what is the point of any of this if your kid is anxious or depressed?

人们总有种感觉：我会成功的，我能照顾好我的孩子。好吧，我知道你爱你的孩子，但我们是否真正爱护我们的孩子们？

And people have this feeling, well, I'm gonna be successful. I could take care of my kids. Okay. I know you love your kids, but do we love our kids?

刚才发言的是斯科特·加洛韦。他是纽约大学市场营销学教授，主持《Pivot》和《Professor G》播客节目。我们于2024年进行了对话。斯科特的最新著作名为《财富的代数：财务安全的简易公式》。您可以在ted.com观看他的TED演讲。

That was Scott Galloway. He's a marketing professor at NYU and hosts of the podcast pivot and the professor g pod. We spoke in 2024. Scott's latest book is called the algebra of wealth, a simple formula for financial security. You can see his TED talk at ted.com.

尽管有些技术专家可能做出预测，但孩子们仍在接受阅读教育。然而在美国，三分之一的八年级学生未能达到国家阅读理解标准。

So despite what some technologists may be predicting, kids are still being taught to read. In The US, however, a third of eighth grade students don't meet national standards for reading comprehension.

这是全世界最大片的披萨。

This is the largest slice of pizza in the entire world.

青少年平均每天在YouTube、TikTok和Instagram上花费近五小时。

The average teen spends nearly five hours a day on YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.

我的自尊心受挫了。

My ego shot.

因此许多人怀疑，书籍正在让位于他们手机上的内容。

And so many suspect that books are taking a back seat to what's on their phones.

哦，你不能和那个竞争。那就是我们输的地方。对吧？你要与之合作。你要与之合作。

Oh, you don't compete with that. That's where we lose. Right? You work with it. You work with it.

而事实是，没有理由去对抗它。我的工作是与之并肩作战。

And the truth is there's no reason to fight against it. My job is to fight alongside it.

这位是儿童作家杰森·雷诺兹。

This is children's author Jason Reynolds.

你喜欢两分钟的视频，两分钟的视频能吸引你的注意力。很好。我懂了。我会写一本短篇故事集。我会写一本诗体小说。

You like two minute videos, and two minute videos is what's holding your attention. Cool. I get it. I'm gonna write a book of short stories. I'm gonna write a book that's in verse.

我要想办法利用你已经感兴趣的东西，我能否真正与之并行运作和共存？

I'm gonna figure out how to use the thing that you already are interested in I can I can literally operate and live alongside?

雷诺兹把与孩子们相遇作为自己的使命，特别是在他的书中以及亲自与他们交谈时，关注中学生们的现状。等一下。仅仅三年时间，杰森就通过美国国会图书馆担任了青少年文学大使。

Reynolds has made it his business to meet kids, especially middle schoolers, where they are in his books and when he talks to them in person. A hold on. Just For three years, Jason served as the ambassador for young people's literature through the US Library of Congress.

这里有这么多不那么年轻的人。我正在想办法如何最好地服务每个人。

There's so many not so young people here. And I'm trying to figure out how to best serve everybody.

我们请他通过为我们朗读《左顾右盼》的第一页来开启我们的对话，这是一个分10个街区讲述的故事，从10个不同孩子的视角描绘他们放学回家的经历。

We asked him to kick off our conversation by reading us the first page from Look Both Ways, a tale told in 10 blocks, stories from the perspective of 10 different kids as they walk home from school.

这个故事本应像所有最精彩的故事那样开始——一辆校车从天而降，但没人看到它发生。没人听到任何动静。所以，这个故事将像所有好故事一样，从鼻屎开始。如果你不把那些恶心的半生不熟的鼻涕怪从鼻子里弄出来，我保证不和你一起走回家。我不玩了。

This story was going to begin like all the best stories, with a school bus falling from the sky, but no one saw it happen. No one heard anything. So instead, this story will begin like all the good ones, with boogers. If you don't get all them nasty half baked goblins out your nose, I promise I'm not walking home with you. I'm not playing.

贾斯敏·乔丹说这句话时就像她说大多数事情一样，用整个身体在表达。仿佛话语不只是从她嘴里说出来，还沿着她的脊柱滚落。她说得如此认真，带着那种'别跟我耍花样'的语气，就像她母亲每次想跟她谈论现实生活中的重要事情时所用的语调——而贾斯敏会把耳中的音乐调得震天响来淹没母亲的声音，继续滑动屏幕，不停地滑动。'如果你不把那副耳塞、耳机、耳麦，管它叫什么，从你那椰子脑袋里摘出来，那就换我来调高音量和低音——而且我说的可不是音乐。'

Jasmine Jordan said this like she said most things, with her whole body. Like the words weren't just coming out of her mouth, but were also rolling down her spine. She said it like she meant it. Said it with the same don't play with me tone her mother used whenever she was trying to talk to Jasmine about something important for her real life, and Jasmine turned the music up in her ears real loud to drown her mother out and scroll on, scroll on. If you don't take them ear pods, earbuds, earphones, or whatever they called out your coconut head, it's gonna be me turning up the volume and the bass, and I ain't talking about no music.

就是那种语气。

That tone.

杰森·雷诺兹，你认为有多少本获奖书籍是从描述鼻屎开始的？

Jason Reynolds, how many award winning books do you think start with a description of boogers?

至少有一本。我肯定有一本。绝对有一本。

One, for sure. I got one for sure. One for certain.

就是这本。这来自你的书《左顾右盼》。你希望读者从一开始就通过这个场景了解你什么？了解这本书什么？了解他们即将遇到的角色什么？

That's the one. That was from your book, Look Both Ways. What was it that you want wanted your readers to know about you, about this book, about the characters that they're going to meet right from the start?

希望他们明白这些角色就和读者自己一样。你知道，我一直在思考如何探索童年的日常性，探索作为年轻人所拥有的平凡特质——无论你身处世界何处。

That they are just like them. You know, I'm constantly thinking about how we can explore the everydayness of childhood, the mundane idiosyncrasies that it is to be a young person no matter where you are in the world.

不过我觉得特别有意思的是，你描写了两个初中朋友放学路上轻松的对话，然后你又巧妙地埋下伏笔：其中一个女孩书包那么重，装了那么多书和额外作业，是因为她曾因镰状细胞贫血住院治疗。你悄悄暗示了有非常严肃的事情正在发生。

I thought it was so interesting, though, because you're having this light it's this lighthearted conversation between two friends walking home from school who are in middle school. And then you kinda sneak it in that, well, the reason why her one of the girl's backpack was so heavy, why she had so many books and extra homework in there was because she'd been hospitalized with sickle cell anemia. You kinda sneak it in there that there's something very serious going on.

是的，我认为悄悄融入是最好的方式。我一直在思考我们描绘年轻人的方式，以及为年轻人呈现沉重话题的方式。因为有时我们会把负担压在孩子肩上，但实际上，尽管生活中会发生各种事，孩子们总能找到时间欢笑，对吧？他们总会找时间讨论鼻屎，谈论薯片，开玩笑，互相调侃——尽管生活中可能正经历着沉重的事情。我认为他们的韧性有时比我们给予的赞誉还要耀眼。

I do, and I think to sneak it in there is the best way to do it. I think I'm always curious about the way that we portray young people and portray tough stuff for young people, because I think we sometimes lay the burden on the back of the child when really things happen in our lives, but children always find time to laugh. Right? Children always find time to talk about boogers or to talk about potato chips or to crack jokes or to tease each other despite some of the heavy things happening in their lives. I think they have a resilience that actually shines brighter sometimes than we give credit to.

我始终感到好奇，这也是我如此多为孩子们写作的原因。因为作为成年人，当我们经历艰难时期时，我们会为此沮丧，会放任自己沉溺片刻，然后以'责任'为借口强迫自己继续前进。年轻人并不总是有'责任'这个借口，他们只有'生活'这个理由。我觉得这非常深刻——他们继续前进的原因不是必须去工作、照顾孩子或支付账单。

And I think I'm always curious, and I think this is the reason why I write for kids so much is because I think as adults, what happens is when we go through tough times, we'll be bummed about it, and we'll we'll let it drag on for a moment. And we'll use the excuse of, like, responsibility as the thing that forces us to move forward. Young people don't always have the excuse of responsibility. They just have the excuse of life. And there's something about that that I find absolutely profound that the reason that they continue moving forward is not because they gotta go to work or take care of their kids or or pay their bills.

而是因为他们认识到生命是属于他们自己的事物，每一天都是崭新的日子。这是特别珍贵的事情。

It's because they recognize that life is a thing that belongs to them, and every day is a day that is new. That's a special thing.

我们能聊聊孩子们吗？就是你为谁写书的那些人？

Can we talk about the kids, the people who you wrote the books for?

是的。

Yeah.

他们都告诉你什么？因为如果我说错了请纠正，过去几年你一直在全国各地巡回，无论是线下还是线上，和他们交流。他们说喜欢你什么？他们有没有告诉过你他们不喜欢的地方？

What do they tell you? Because correct me if I'm wrong, you have spent the last several years touring around the country, whether it's in real life or virtually, talking to them. What do they say that they like about you? And do they ever tell you things they don't like?

哦，当然有。他们说喜欢什么，我认为首先，当我走进大楼，走进房间时，尤其是我职业生涯初期，他们总是对我的外表感到非常惊讶。

Oh, of course. What they say they like, I think, first and foremost, when I walk into the building, when I walk into the room, especially at the beginning of my career, they were always so surprised by what I looked like.

大家好。大家好。都还好吗？你们都好吗？

Hello. Hello. Everybody all right? Y'all good?

我是个高大的人。对吧？六尺三寸，你知道，是个大块头。我有长头发，非常长的脏辫，而且我全身都是纹身。我总是穿着T恤、牛仔裤和运动鞋。

I am a big guy. Right? Six three, you know, a a big man. I've got long hair, very long dreadlocks, and I have tattoos everywhere. I always have on t shirt, jeans, and sneakers.

对吧？我的意思是，就这样。我看起来像他们的大哥哥。我看起来像他们的叔叔和哥哥，而这就是真实的我。对吧？

Right? I I mean, this is it. I look like their their older brothers. I look like their uncles and their older brothers, and and that's just who I am. Right?

我不会——我不会——我不能假装成我不是的样子。我就是以真实的自己走进学校。

I don't I don't I can't pretend to be anything that I'm not. I just go into the school as me.

我们要聊点别的。

We're gonna talk about something else.

我们暂时先不聊书。然后当我们交谈，当我做讲座、演讲、做展示时，就像在和你的大表哥聊天一样。

We're not gonna talk about books for a second. And then when we talk and when I give my lecture, when I give my speech, when we do my presentation, it's like talking to your your big cousin.

你最喜欢的运动是什么？

What's your favorite sport?

我最喜欢的运动？我从小打篮球，很幸运在乔丹的时代长大

What's my favorite sport? I grew up playing basketball, and I was lucky to grow up in the time of Jordan

我不是。所以

I'm not. So

我真的很喜欢

I really like

像个正式的人。我不觉得正式有什么价值，尤其是对我称之为家人的人。在家人面前正式没有意义。对我来说，这些年轻人就是我的家人。

like a formal person. I don't find value in formality, especially as it pertains to those I refer to as family. Don't make sense to be formal around family. And for me, these young people are my family.

他们最喜欢和你妈妈一起做什么？

What's your favorite thing they like to do with your mom?

你知道吗？所以，比如，我和我妈妈花很多

And you know what? So, like, my mom and I spend a lot

时间在一起，当我不在

of time together when I'm not

到处跑的时候。而且，你知道，

all over the place. And, you know,

我们住我们喜欢

we live we like to

做些非常简单的事情。你知道吗？我妈妈就是那种住在好市多的人。

do really simple things. You know? My mom, one of these people who live in Costco.

你知道

You know

我在说什么吗？

what I'm talking about?

我们会一起笑一起开玩笑。对吧？因为年轻人想知道的是你就是你所说的那个人，这样我才能信任你。我不能走进学校谈论读某些书，而他们看着我的表情仿佛在问：但你是谁？让我告诉他们我是谁。

And we laugh and we joke. Right? Because what a young person wants to know is that you are who you say you are so that I can trust you. I can't come into a school and talk about reading some books and they're looking at me like, but who are you? Let me tell them who I am.

让我向他们展示我是谁，然后他们也会向我展示他们是谁。之后我们才能谈论也许读这些书。

Let me show them who I am, and then they'll show me who they are. And then we can talk about maybe reading these books.

你创作过的最喜欢的书是哪一本？写作时最激发你灵感的是什么？比如，你从哪里获取创意？

What was your favorite book that you ever made? What inspires you the most when you're writing? Like, where do you go for ideas?

我们目前正在写自己的书，嗯，我想问的是，你愿意来参加我们的新书发布会吗？

We're currently writing our own book, and well, what I want to ask is, would you like to come to our book launch?

你写一本书需要多长时间？

How long does it take you to write books?

而事实是，他们去读完了所有书，因为他们信任我。就这样。很简单。从一开始这就是一个非常简单的概念。

And the truth is that they go and they read everything because they trust me. That's it. Simple. It's a it was a very simple concept from the beginning.

你对未来的作家有什么建议？

What advice would you give to future writers?

我会给未来的未来作家什么建议？

What advice would I give to future future writers?

他们告诉我的是，他们很感激我像对待人一样和他们说话。

What they tell me is that they appreciate me speaking to them like humans.

我明白，无论你想成为作家还是想成为任何角色，卓越都是一种习惯。永远不要忘记这一点，好吗？卓越是一种习惯。它不是你可以随意开启或关闭的东西。

I understand whether you wanna be a writer or whether you wanna be anything is that excellence is a habit. Never forget this. Okay? Excellence is a habit. It's not something you can turn on or turn off.

你要么卓越，要么不卓越。

You either gonna be excellent or you're not gonna be excellent.

像对待人一样，而不是半成形的存在，或者我们附加给童年或身为孩子的任何贬义标签。对吧？或者说你幼稚，你孩子气，你像个婴儿。

Like human beings, not as half formed things or whatever sort of pejorative coding we attach to childhood or to being a child. Right? Or you're you're being childish. You're being kitty. You're being you're being a baby.

你表现得...不。我像对待人一样和他们交谈，十有八九，总有一个会说，老兄，我就欣赏你直截了当，像对待普通人一样和我们说话。我们能接受。在我职业生涯中，有过一些对我很宝贵的时刻，比如当年轻人对我说，举个例子，当我读《当我是最伟大的》时，一个孩子走过来对我说，我想给你一个关于那本书的笔记。

You're being nah. I talk to them like human beings, and and nine times out of 10, there's always one who says, man, I just appreciate you just giving it to us straight. Just talking to us like people. We can handle it. Now there have been moments in my career, valuable moments for me, when a young person will say, you know, for instance, when I was the greatest, a kid comes up to me and says, you know, I wanted to give you a note on when I was the greatest.

这大概是个12岁的孩子。对吧？这很好。我认为这正是我们一些成年人失策的地方——我们有时忘了在孩子面前保持谦逊，并接受他们宝贵的批评。这很宝贵，因为他们清楚自己的感受。

And this is like a 12 year old. Right? And and this is good. And this this is where I think some of us adults, I think this is where we lose out is that we sometimes forget to humble ourselves in the presence of children and take their critique, which is valuable. It's valuable because they know what they feel.

他们清楚自己的想法。对吧？这个孩子说，我读了《当我是最伟大的》，非常喜欢。我希望你能给尼德尔斯——那个患有妥瑞氏症的角色——更多的台词。他患有妥瑞氏症。

They know what they think. Right? And this kid says, you know, I read When I Was a Greatest, loved it. I wish that you would have given Needles, the character who has Tourette's syndrome, I wish you would have given him more speaking lines. He has Tourette's syndrome.

但这不意味着他不能说话。对吧？这不代表他的说话能力有任何问题。

That doesn't mean that he's mute. Right? That doesn't mean there's anything wrong with his ability to speak.

杰森，听起来是个很好的建议。

Jason, sounds like a good note.

那是个绝妙的意见。那个孩子完全正确。你知道我当时说了什么吗？他们说你是故意这么做的，因为你要写续集。在那一刻，我本可以为了保护自尊而撒谎。

It it was a brilliant note. And the kid was absolutely right. And that you know what I said? And they and they said that you do it on purpose because you're gonna write a sequel. And in that moment, I could have lied to protect my ego.

我本可以撒谎。我本可以说，是啊兄弟，我本来就打算再写一本专门讲针头的书。我本可以撒谎，但那实际上就会是个谎言。而我觉得那个孩子——那个孩子值得听到真相。

I could have lied. I could have said, yeah, man. I I thought I'm gonna work on another one where it just focuses on needles. I could have lied, but that that would have in fact been a lie. And I don't believe that kids I I I just the kid deserved the truth.

所以我说：你知道吗？说实话，这是疏忽。是我的盲点。谢谢你。每次遇到年轻人这样直言不讳地指出我的问题，我都心怀感激。

And so I I said, you know what? Honestly, it was an oversight. It was a blind spot. And thank you. And every time I get those those moments where a young person calls me to the mat, I'm grateful.

我不会觉得被冒犯，也不会玻璃心。不，我很感激一个年轻人能说：嘿，老兄，我爱你，我知道你也爱我，所以我们要进行这场对话——关于在你旨在服务我的作品中，未来需要做出什么改变。这是多么珍贵的礼物。

I'm not offended, and I'm not all broken up and sensitive about no. I'm grateful that a young person could say, hey, man. I love you, and I know you love me, And that's why we're gonna have this conversation about what I need you to do moving forward in your work that is meant to serve me. What a gift.

是的。听起来你从他们那里获得的灵感和能量，丝毫不亚于他们从你的访问中获得的收获。

Yeah. I mean, it sounds like you're getting as many ideas and feeling energized by them as much as they are getting something out of your visiting.

哦，是的。没错。没错。我获得的远比付出的多。你知道，这是不对等的。

Oh, yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I I get way more. You know, it's it's uneven.

相信我。

Trust me.

嗯。

Mhmm.

你知道，有些是职业，但这是天职。嗯。我其实就喜欢和他们待在一起。我喜欢和他们交谈。我喜欢像个孩子一样。

You know, there are occupations, but this is vocational. Mhmm. I actually just like to be around them. I enjoy having conversations with them. I like to be a child.

我喜欢保持童心。我认为我们永远不该失去它。我年纪太大不适合幼稚了，虽然我有时确实幼稚，但保持童心永远不嫌老。不对吗？

I like to be childlike. I don't think we should ever lose it. I'm too old to be childish, even though I am sometimes, but you're never too old to be childlike. No. Right?

我认为他们所做的是不断提醒我，实际上我们会没事的，一个人之所以还能保持一丝希望，正是因为青年一代身上蕴藏的可能性。因此，剥夺这种可能性就等于剥夺了对抗绝望的解药。

And I think what they do is they remind me over and over again that actually we'll be okay, that that that the only reason that one can even begin to maintain an inkling of hope is because of the possibility that reside in the youth. And so to rob yourself of that is to rob yourself of the antidote to hopelessness.

刚才发言的是作家暨麦克阿瑟天才奖得主杰森·雷诺兹。我们在2021年进行了对话。他的最新作品是有声书《原声带》。下周我们将推出系列节目的下半部分，探讨'孩子们还好吗'这一主题。心理学家丽莎·达穆尔是青少年问题专家和育儿界标杆人物。

That was author and MacArthur Genius award winner Jason Reynolds. We spoke in 2021. His latest work is an audiobook called Soundtrack. Next week, we've got the second half of our series where we're asking, are the kids alright? Psychologist Lisa D'Amour is a teen expert and parenting icon.

她将来到节目，为我们解析当下青春期的真实面貌。

She'll be here to talk us through what adolescence is really like these days.

如今的青少年对周围世界的认知远超以往，他们密切关注政治和社会动态。如果我们用脆弱、懒惰或完全受手机摆布来形容青少年，那不仅有失公允，更可能强化这种刻板印象。

Today's teenagers are so much more aware of the world around them, what's happening politically, what's happening socially. And so if we talk about teenagers as fragile or lazy or totally at the mercy of their phones, well, then we're gonna not do them justice, and we're probably gonna see more of that.

该内容将于下周五播出。如果您喜欢本期节目或本系列，请在Spotify上为我们留言。我们非常期待听到您的想法。本期节目由瑞秋·福克纳·怀特、詹姆斯·德拉胡西和马修·克卢捷制作，由萨纳兹·梅什金普尔和我共同编辑。

That's next Friday. If you are into this episode, this series, please leave us a comment on Spotify. We would love to hear what you think. This episode was produced by Rachel Faulkner White, James Della Hussi, and Matthew Cloutier. It was edited by Sanaz Meshkampur and me.

NPR制作团队还包括凯蒂·蒙特莱昂、菲奥娜·希隆和哈沙·纳哈达。执行制片人是艾琳·野口。音频工程师是吉米·基利。主题音乐由拉姆汀·阿拉布卢伊创作。TED方面的合作伙伴是克里斯·安德森、罗克珊·海拉什和丹妮拉·巴拉雷佐。

Our production staff at NPR also includes Katie Monteleone, Fiona Giron, and Harsha Nahada. Our executive producer is Irene Noguchi. Our audio engineer was Jimmy Kealey. Our theme music was written by Ramtin Ara Blouie. Our partners at TED are Chris Anderson, Roxanne Hylash, and Daniella Balarezzo.

我是玛努什·扎莫罗迪，您正在收听的是NPR与TED合作播出的《TED广播时间》。

I'm Manoush Zamorodi, and you've been listening to the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

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