我的6000万美元科学实验 | 马克·罗伯

您正在收听《TED每日演讲》，每天为您带来激发好奇心的新想法。

You're listening to TED Talks Daily where we bring you new ideas to spark your curiosity every day.

我是您的主持人，伊莉丝·胡。

I'm your host, Elise Hu.

科学教育者马克·罗伯花了多年时间，研究如何向在社交媒体环境中成长的一代人传授知识。

Science educator Mark Rober has spent years cracking the code on how to teach a generation raised on social media.

方程式当然有它的用武之地。

There is a time and a place for equations.

但对于从小在TikTok和YouTube中长大的这一代人来说，你得让内容变得重要，得让他们坐直身子、全神贯注。

For a generation that has grown up on TikTok and YouTube, you have to make it matter with something that gets them to lean forward in their seat.

得在他们脑子里点燃一点好奇的火苗。

Something that ignites a little curiosity fire in their brain.

而今天，我们比以往任何时候都更需要这种火苗。

And we need that today more than ever.

在他的演讲中，马克在TED舞台上现场演示，带我们深入了解他是如何打造世界上最精彩的科学课，并首次推出一项新计划，帮助全球教师做到同样的事。

In his talk, complete with live demos right on the TED stage, Mark takes us inside his approach to creating the world's most exciting science lessons and debuts a new initiative to help teachers across the world do the same.

先提醒一下。

Quick heads up.

这个演讲一开始就会有爆炸场面。

The talk begins with an explosion.

稍事休息后，马上为您呈现。

It's all coming up right after a short break.

现在，让我们进入今天的TED演讲。

And now our TED Talk of the day.

今晚我想先做个两步实验。

I want to start off tonight with a two step experiment.

第一步，我这里有个两升的瓶子。

For step one, I've got a two liter bottle here.

瓶子里装了一半的液氮。

It's half filled with liquid nitrogen.

温度是零下320华氏度。

That's negative three twenty degrees Fahrenheit.

它正在剧烈沸腾，变成气体，就像热水在炉子上烧开一样。

It's violently boiling off into a gas, just like boiling water does on a hot stove.

因为这液氮冷得刺骨，房间里原本舒适的空气相比之下简直热得发烫。

Because of this freezing cold liquid nitrogen, the nice, comfy air in this room is super hot.

但问题来了。

But here's the catch.

氮气在气态时体积是液态的七百倍，所以它变成气体的时候你得特别小心。

The gas form of nitrogen occupies 700 times the volume of the liquid, so you've got to be really careful as it's turning into a gas.

千万别把它封在密闭容器里，比如要是把盖子拧紧了。

You don't trap it in a small container like if the lid was screwed on top here.

所以第二步，我就把盖子拧紧。

So then for step two, I'm going go ahead and screw the lid on top.

如果一切按计划进行，瓶子里的东西会经历我们在NASA说的‘剧烈自发快速解体’。

And when I do, if everything goes according to plan, the contents of this bottle should experience what we refer to at NASA as an energetic spontaneous rapid disassembly.

它马上就要炸了。

It's gonna explode.

好了。

Alright.

开始了。

Here we go.

戴上这个。

Put that on.

行了。

Okay.

现在这玩意儿要……等等，你知道吗？

Now this is gonna be oh, you know what?

这什么情况？

What the heck?

干脆把这些也放上去吧。

Might as well throw these on top.

嘿，大家。

Hey, y'all.

我是Elise，赶紧来跟大家说说台上发生了什么。

Elise here jumping in real quick to share what's happening on stage.

马克两边各放着一个大红色的塑料桶。

There are two large red plastic barrels on either side of Mark.

他刚把装着液氮的塑料水瓶放进其中一个红桶，然后又拿了一个装满上百个白色乒乓球的瓶子，倒进桶里，盖在那个装液氮的瓶子上。

He just put the plastic water bottle filled with liquid nitrogen into one of the red bins and then takes a second one full of hundreds of white ping pong balls and dumps them on top of the water bottle that he's placed into one of them.

这会儿可能挺无聊的，但马上就有意思了。

This is gonna be real boring until it's not.

如果怕吵，赶紧捂住耳朵。

If you don't like loud noises, cover yours.

按我算的，大概三秒、两秒、一秒后，事情就会变得特别精彩。

But according to my calculations, things could get real interesting here in about three, two, one.

一。

One.

一。

One.

我刚说了一。

I said one.

我逗你玩的。

I'm just kidding.

根本没法准确算出那个‘哇’什么时候来。

It's really impossible to actually calculate exact Woah.

走起。

Let's go.

你现在时差感觉怎么样？

How's your jet lag now?

好吧。

Alright.

向前排的朋友们道个歉。

My apologies to my friends in the front row.

提醒一下，情况还会更糟，之后才会好转。

You should be warned, it will get worse before it gets better.

我就像科学版的加拉格一样在这儿。

I'm like science Gallagher up here.

很多人看到这一幕，都会说，哇，乒乓球炸开了，真酷。

So a lot of people look at that and be like, oh, neat, the ping pong balls exploded.

但真正发生的事要酷得多——随着越来越多的氮气变成气体，这些气体分子在瓶壁的塑料分子间越挤越密，不断向外施压。

But what actually happened is so much cooler, because as more and more of that nitrogen turned into a gas, those gas molecules got more and more crowded as they pushed back on the plastic molecules comprising the walls of the two liter bottle.

直到最后，压力大到极致，瓶壁在分子里的‘红绿灯’游戏中彻底败下阵来，所有气体一下子全冲了出来。

And then eventually, the pressure got so great, it got so crowded, the walls of the two liter bottle lost the game of molecular red rover, and all the gas came rushing out.

但它们能去哪儿呢？

But where could it go?

因为往下不行，侧面也堵死，垃圾桶太厚实了。

Because it can't go down or to the sides, the trash can's too thick.

所以唯一能走的路就是往上，而所有乒乓球正好挡在上面，就被这股气流带着一起飞了出去。

Therefore, the only option is to go up, and since all the ping pong balls are in the way, they just happen to go along for the ride.

但最精彩的部分还在后头。

But here's the really cool part.

这正是大炮发射炮弹的原理。

This is exactly how cannons fire cannonballs.

也是 Nerf 枪发射泡沫镖的方式。

It's how Nerf blasters fire Nerf darts.

还是 T 恤炮发射 T 恤的原理。

It's how t shirt cannons fire T shirts.

至于前排的朋友们，这也就是吸管发射纸团的方法。

And for my friends in the front row, it's how straws fire spit wads.

我开玩笑的。

I'm just kidding.

这些装置的诀窍就是积累足够的压力，然后突然朝一个方向释放，把你想发射的东西挡在前面，它就会被带着飞出去。

The trick for all those is you simply build up enough pressure, you suddenly release it in one direction and plop whatever you want in the way to go along for the ride.

每当我用一个新的视角理解周围的世界，我都特别兴奋。

And I love when I get that moment, when I understand the world around me with a new framework.

但比这更让我开心的，是把这种领悟分享给别人。

But even more than that, I love giving that to other people.

所以过去十五年里，每个月我都会在YouTube上发布一个免费的科学或工程视频，给我的七千五百万订阅者——他们也喜欢这种豁然开朗的时刻。

This is why, for the last fifteen years, once a month, I've uploaded a free science or engineering video to YouTube to my now 75,000,000 subscribers who also have a taste for those moments.

这些视频，谢谢你们的支持。

And the videos Thank you.

视频内容从能打破世界纪录的象牙膏火山，到我们亲手打造、目前正绕地球运行的卫星，你们可以免费上传照片，它会把照片显示在屏幕上，再拍一张你和地球同框的太空自拍。

The videos can range anywhere from an elephant toothpaste volcano that sets a world record to a satellite that's orbiting above us right now that we built, that you can upload your picture to for free.

地球还会在照片里突然入镜，来个神出鬼没的客串。

Then it will display it on a screen and then give you a selfie in space with the earth photobombing you.

或者一个守门员以每小时四十英里的速度来回移动，我们精准追踪你的射门，连世界上最好的球员都别想攻破。

Or even a soccer goalie moves back and forth at 40 miles an hour, and then we track your shots so effectively, not even the world's greatest player Oh can score on it.

不好意思，C罗。

Sorry, Ronaldo.

到现在，视频总播放量已突破一千六百亿次，我明白了一件事：如果抓不住你的注意力，我就没法教你。

And 16,000,000,000 views later, what I've learned is I can't teach you if I don't have your attention.

但只要我能用某个惊艳的点子吸引你，学习就有了落脚点。

But if I can get your attention with something remarkable, well, now I suddenly have something to attach the learning to.

所以每当有人跟我说，我不喜欢科学，因为太无聊了，我就特别受不了。

This is why it kills me if someone's like, oh, I don't like science because it's boring.

但我也理解，因为很多时候，他们学压强不是像我这样用乒乓球来演示，而是用一些让人提不起兴趣的说法，比如‘考虑一个体积为V的刚性容器’。

But at the same time, I get it, because instead of learning about pressure way I did with these ping pong balls, a lot of times it's done like this, with curiosity murdering phrases like consider a rigid container of volume v.

这简直就是个垃圾箱。

It's a freaking trash can.

明白吗？

Alright?

我不是说方程式不重要，但对这一代在TikTok和YouTube长大的孩子来说，你得让知识变得有意思，得让他们忍不住往前倾身，点燃他们脑子里那点好奇心。

And don't get me wrong, like, there is a time and a place for equations, but for a generation that has grown up on TikTok and YouTube, you have to make it matter with something that gets them to lean forward in their seat, something that ignites a little curiosity fire in their brain.

而今天，我们比以往任何时候都更需要这样。

And we need that today more than ever.

我喜欢把这种教学方式叫做‘藏蔬菜’。

I like to call this style of teaching hiding the vegetables.

比如，直接拍一个关于科学方法的视频，肯定无聊透顶；但如果你拍的是一个能让你直接跳进去的15吨重的果冻池子，那就不一样了。

For example, it's really boring if you make a video about the scientific method, but what's not boring is if you make a video about a 15 ton Jell O pool you can actually bellow flop onto.

在这个过程中，我会悄悄融入科学方法的六个步骤。

And in the process, I'm going sneak in all six steps of the scientific method.

死记硬背终端速度的公式，也特别枯燥。

What's also really boring is memorizing an equation about terminal velocity.

但如果你说，松鼠是少数几种能从任何高度坠落并靠终端速度活下来的哺乳动物，那就有趣多了。

But what's not boring is you point out that squirrels are one of the only mammals that can survive a fall from any height at their terminal velocity.

为了防止它们偷吃你的鸟食，你可以在后院搭一个八段式的忍者勇士障碍赛道。

Then in an effort to keep them from stealing all your bird seed, you set up an eight part Ninja Warrior obstacle course in your backyard.

结果你可能会发现，它们会主动给你演示这个原理。

And in the process, what you might find is they will voluntarily demonstrate this principle for you.

这事儿真发生过。

It's a very true story.

网上还有大量特别无聊的微控制器教程视频。

There's also a ton of super boring microcontroller tutorial videos online.

所以当有人偷了我门廊上的包裹后，我决定花一年时间，拍一个世界上最有意思的微控制器教程。

So when someone came by and stole a package from my porch, I decided to dedicate a year of my life to making the world's least boring microcontroller tutorial video.

第一步，你做一个诱饵包裹，外面贴一张耳机的图片。

Step one, you make a bait package that on the outside, have something like a picture of headphones.

但里面不是耳机，而是一个奇怪的装置。

But inside, instead of headphones, you have this contraption.

顶部有个杯子，里面装着一磅世界上最好的闪粉，会不停旋转。

At the top there, there's a cup that spins a pound of the world's finest glitter.

你装了四部手机，实时拍摄并上传视频到云端，压轴的是，还塞了大量令人窒息的臭气喷雾。

You have four phones that will record, then upload their footage to the cloud real time, and it's the piece de resistance, a very uncharitable amount of fart spray.

这可是伏笔。

That's foreshadowing.

第二步，小偷来了，掀开盖子，把包裹拿回家。

And then step two, you have the thief come by, and he lifts the lid, takes it home.

当然，闪粉先喷出来，接着是臭气喷雾。

Of course, it sprays the glitter, followed by the fart spray.

顺便说一句，整个这个包裹、整个视频，其实是在向一代人眼中最伟大的电影致敬。

I should point out, by the way, this whole pack this whole video was sort of a modern day homage to the greatest film of a generation.

我当然说的是《小鬼当家》。

I'm talking, of course, about Home Alone.

所以这个假装偷包裹的贼，其实就是我的朋友麦考利·卡尔金。

And so the the thief here who's pretending is none other than my buddy, Macaulay Culkin.

接下来第三步，你和麦考利要做出二十个这样的包裹。

And so then for step three, what you and Macaulay are gonna do is you're gonna make 20 of these.

把它们放在全美各地的门廊上，用不了多久，你就能收到这种超棒的视频片段。

You're gonna put them on porches all across America, and it won't take long before you start getting back some incredible footage like this.

这里，马克给我们展示一下他说的情况。

Here, Mark shows us what he's talking about.

他放了一段视频，显示有人把包裹拿回家，打开盒子，然后被 glitter 和臭气弹喷个正着时的反应。

He plays a video of someone taking home the package, opening the box, and then their reaction as they get hit with an explosion of glitter and fart spray.

你好。

Hello.

你们认输了吗？

You guys give up?

哦，没错。

Oh, yeah.

还想看更多。

Thirsty for more.

臀部喇叭行动，启动。

Operation butt trumpet initiated.

顺便说一句，我刚才在看的时候，那个小偷要掀开闪粉炸弹盖子的那一刻，你们一个人都没低头看手机。

By the way, I was watching, and when that thief was about to lift the lid on the glitter bomb, not a single one of you was looking down or was on your phones.

你们全程全神贯注，这正是大脑最容易吸收知识的状态，因为学习效果最好的时候，就是和强烈感受绑在一起的时候。

I had your undivided attention, and that makes for the most fertile brain soil, because learning is best when it's attached to a visceral experience.

简单说，你心里有感觉，脑子里就记得住。

Basically, if you feel something here, you remember it here.

马克这时摸了摸自己的心口，又指了指脑袋。

Here, Mark rubbed his heart and then pointed to his head.

所以背枯燥的公式很难，但你小时候唱过的那首歌，当时让你情绪翻涌，现在三十年过去了，歌词你一句都忘不了。

This is why memorizing a boring equation is hard, but remembering that song you sang as a teenager that made you feel all those feels, that's easy, and you remember every single lyric thirty years later.

说句公道话，这种教学方式不是我发明的。

And to be fair, I didn't come up with this style of teaching.

所有优秀的老师都懂这一点。

All great teachers know this.

对我来说，是马洛伊老师。

For me, it was Mr.

马洛伊老师。

Malloy.

他是我高中的统计学老师。

He was my high school statistics teacher.

你好，马尔罗伊先生。

Hello, Mr.

如果你在看这段视频的话。

Malloy, if you're watching this.

他非常棒，不仅是因为他有一部精彩的《星际迷航》。

And he was great not just because he had a killer Doctor.

坏印象。

Evil impression.

他之所以出色，是因为让学习变得有意义，比如鼓励我们用统计学知识来预测死对头足球队在罚点球时会踢向哪个方向。

He was great because he made it matter, like encouraging us to use what we learn in statistics to predict where our archrival soccer team was going to kick their penalty kicks.

而且真的管用。

And it worked.

他特别擅长把情感融入教学。

He was so good at attaching emotions to learning.

他特别擅长把知识包装得不让人觉得枯燥。

He was so good at hiding the vegetables.

但话说回来，真正优秀的老师带来的影响是无法估量的，就像马洛伊老师一样。

The thing is, with a really good teacher, their impact is immeasurable, just like Mr.

莫洛伊老师改变了他的学生，而现在我们这些学生也反过来，开始改变世界。

Molloy impacted his students, and we're in now, in turn, impacting the world.

这就是为什么我一直很尊敬老师这个群体。

That's why I love teachers.

我认为这是地球上最重要的工作。

I think they have the most important job on the planet.

说真的，拜托了。

In fact, please.

差不多十年来，我的梦想就是当一名中学科学老师，而我马上就要实现了。

I've said for, like, a decade, my dream job is to be a middle school science teacher, and I will be.

但在那之前，你可得坐稳了，因为这是全世界第一次听到这个消息。

But until that time, and buckle up, because this is the first time the world is hearing about this.

过去两年半，我和大约五十人的团队——其中包括一些全美顶尖的科学老师——一直在秘密开发一套完整的科学课程，里面用上了我过去十五年积累的所有‘藏蔬菜’的妙招。

But for the last two and a half years, myself, with a team of about 50 people, including some of the best science teachers in the country, we've been secretly working on a full science curriculum, and it uses all the tricks I've learned for the past fifteen years on how to hide the vegetables.

我们做这件事，是因为每次看到老师拿那么低的薪水，还得自己掏钱买质量差劲的教学材料，我都心痛得不行。

And the reason we're doing this is because it breaks my heart when I see teachers who get paid salaries as a society we should be ashamed of spending their own money on resources that totally suck.

这套课程包罗万象，有超棒的视频，孩子们看了会主动要求重看，生动演示科学原理。

So it's got everything they need, from banger videos the kids are going to beg to rewatch that demonstrate the science.

没错，这确实是个扳手和一台核磁共振仪，不然我该怎么解释我们周围那些看不见的磁场呢？

Yes, that is a wrench and an MRI machine, because how else am I supposed to talk about the invisible magnetic fields all around us?

还包括了简洁易用、随时可以上课的幻灯片课件。

It's got ready to teach classroom slide decks that are super clean and easy to use.

还有精心设计、经过筛选的科学小实验，孩子们能亲手参与，老师只需用教室里现成的材料就能完成。

And then it's got these really thought out, you know, curated science demos where the kids get to viscerally interact with the science that the teachers can make just with stuff they have lying around their classroom.

我们和老师联手授课，让老师成为课堂的主角，带领学生真正投入到他们关心的科学与工程实践中。

And so the idea is that together we teach the classroom, and the teacher becomes the hero as we engage the students in real science and engineering they actually care about.

我们先从三年级到八年级开始。

We're starting with grades three through eight.

内容完全超越各州的科学课程标准，但最重要的是，它正是科学课本来该有的样子。

It exceeds all the state science standards, but most importantly, it's exactly what science class is meant to be.

特别特别有趣。

Super freaking fun.

世界变了，科学教学早就该来场彻底革新了。

The world has evolved, and teaching science is long overdue for disruption.

我很高兴告诉大家，那些被安排试用我们课程的老师，因为我们的能力——能把复杂的东西讲得简单明了，又因为我们过去十五年在激发学生科学兴趣方面的独特经验——95%的老师都说，等试点结束，他们想把这套课程作为全年级的科学教学标准。

I'm happy to report that of the teachers who are assigned to teach the pilot lessons to their students because of our ability to explain complicated things simply And for our very unique experience in solving the science motivation gap for fifteen years, 95% of the teachers said when we're done, they would want this to be their full science curriculum.

所以核心想法就是，把顶尖的老师和超棒的资源结合起来，产生爆炸性的效果——就像把一桶沸水和一桶冰冻的液氮混在一起那样。

And so the idea is you combine incredible teachers incredible resources to get this explosive output, sort of like you'd expect to see if you combine this bucket of boiling water with this trash can of freezing cold liquid nitrogen.

那些奋战在教学一线的老师们想让你知道，帮手已经来了。

So all those teachers out there in the trenches want you to know reinforcements are on the way.

事实上，不少视频和课程现在就能用，剩下的我们会在未来四年里陆续完成，因为我清楚，这将是我一生中最重要的事。

In fact, a bunch of the videos and lessons are already available right now, and we'll finish the rest over the next four years because I know this will be the most important thing I do my whole life.

虽然制作这套内容要花六千万美元，但我今晚正式宣布：每一个教案、每一场教师培训、每一个原创课堂实验，都将完全免费，永久向所有教师开放，只为点燃下一代问题解决者心中的求知之火。

And even though this is gonna cost us $60,000,000 to make, my official declaration tonight is every single lesson plan, every teacher training, every original class demo will cost exactly $0 and be a 100% free for all teachers forever as we work to ignite those brain fires of curiosity in the next generation of big problem solvers.

非常感谢。

Thank you so much.

谢谢。

Thank you.

刚才那是马克·罗伯在2026年TED大会上的演讲。

That was Mark Rober speaking at TED twenty twenty six.

如果你对TED的选题标准感兴趣，可以去ted.com/curationguidelines了解更多。

If you're curious about TED's curation, find out more at ted.com/curationguidelines.

好，今天就到这里。

And that's it for today.

《TED 演讲每日》属于 TED 音频合集的一部分。

TED Talks Daily is part of the TED audio collective.

本演讲由 TED 研究团队核对事实，制作和剪辑由玛莎·埃斯特瓦诺斯、奥利弗·弗里德曼、布莱恩·格林、露西·利特尔和坦西卡·苏恩马尼翁共同完成。

This talk was fact checked by the TED research team and produced and edited by our team, Martha Estevanos, Oliver Friedman, Brian Greene, Lucy Little, and Tansika Sungmarnivong.

本集的混音由克里斯托弗·费兹·博甘负责。

This episode was mixed by Christopher Faizy Bogan.

特别感谢艾玛·陶布纳和达尼埃拉·巴雷罗的支持。

Additional support from Emma Taubner and Daniella Balarezo.

我是伊莉斯·胡。

I'm Elise Hu.

明天我会带来一个新想法，更新你的信息流。

I'll be back tomorrow with a fresh idea for your feed.

感谢收听。

Thanks for listening.