你会服用一种让你爱上每个人的药丸吗？| 梅根·沙利文

你可能在某个地方听说过回收危机和微塑料的问题，但你是否听说过科学家们正在发现哪些非常酷且富有创意的解决方案来应对这一问题呢？

You may have heard something somewhere about the crisis of recycling and the problem of microplastics, but have you heard about how scientists are discovering very cool and creative solutions to fight this problem?

关于所有事情，都有太多虚假新闻了。

There is so much fake news about everything.

我觉得谈论这个问题相当危险，但微塑料是有史以来最严重的隐形污染之一，它们正无处不在——在海洋中、在土壤里、在空气中，甚至已经进入我们的身体。

I think that it is quite dangerous to talk about this, but microplastics are one of the biggest silent pollutions of all time, and they are getting everywhere, in the sea, in the soil, in the air, and already inside our bodies.

这是科学家兼自称为细菌训练师的帕特里夏·伊玛·马尔多纳多。

That was scientist and self described bacteria trainer Patricia Ima Maldonado.

在这里，我们为我们的‘周五特别系列’特别采访了她，了解她正在研究哪些令人着迷的科学与技术解决方案，以应对微塑料这一入侵性问题。

Here, a special interview for our fellow Friday series with her to find out the fascinating scientific and technological solutions she's working on to combat the invasive problem of microplastics.

仅在《TED每日演讲》收听。

Listen only on TED Talks daily.

你正在收听《TED每日演讲》，我们每天为您带来新思想和对话，激发您的好奇心。

You're listening to TED Talks daily where we bring you new ideas and conversations to spark your curiosity every day.

我是您的主持人，伊莉丝·胡。

I'm your host, Elise Hu.

如果美好生活的秘诀不在于你取得了什么成就，而在于你爱着谁呢？

What if the secret to a good life isn't just what you achieve but who you love?

在这场演讲中，哲学家梅根·沙利文借鉴了亚里士多德的智慧、耶稣的福音以及现代社会科学，阐释了为何真正的纽带源于即使对陌生人也要拥抱脆弱，以及为何向人类经验的全部光谱敞开心扉，能帮助我们拓展爱与联结的能力。

In this talk, drawing on the wisdom of Aristotle, the gospels of Jesus, and modern social psychology, philosopher Megan Sullivan shares why true bonds come from embracing vulnerability even with strangers and why opening ourselves up to the full spectrum of human experience can help us expand our capacity for love and connection.

我是圣母大学的哲学家，教授一门关于美好生活的热门课程。

So I'm a philosopher at the University of Notre Dame, where I teach a very popular course on the good life.

在我的职业生涯中，我已经用哲学‘腐蚀’了成千上万的年轻人。

In my career, I have corrupted thousands of youth with philosophy.

今晚，我来这里，想用我认为当今关于美好生活哲学中最重要的但最被低估的理念来‘腐蚀’你们。

And tonight, I'm here to try to corrupt you with what I think is one of the most important but least appreciated ideas in the philosophy of the good life today.

大多数主要哲学家和几乎每一个主要世界宗教，都将爱的美德置于美好生活的中心。

Most major philosophers and nearly every major world religion puts the virtue of love at the center of the good life.

但‘实践这种美德’究竟意味着什么？

But what exactly does it mean to practice this virtue?

为了引导我的学生思考这个问题，我给他们做了一个思想实验。

To get my students thinking about this, I give them a thought experiment.

假设我有一颗药丸，如果你服下它，就会让你对每一个你遇到的人产生爱意。

Suppose I had a pill, and if you took it, it would cause you to experience love for absolutely anyone you met.

你会服用它吗？

Would you take it?

在向成千上万的学生提问后，我得到的最普遍的回答来自那些认真虔诚的天主教新生：不会。

Fastest to thousands of students, and the answer I overwhelmingly get from my very earnest, very Catholic freshman is no.

他们不会服用这颗‘爱所有人’的药丸。

They wouldn't take the love everyone pill.

在听到他们的回答后，我开始对他们的思维方式有了一些理解。

And in hearing their answers, I start to get some insight into how they're thinking about this virtue.

我听过最深刻的一个回答，来自几年前教过的一位19岁男生。

One of the most profound answers I ever heard was from a 19 year old guy I taught a couple of years ago.

我们称他为克里斯，以保护他的身份。

Let's call him Chris to protect his identity.

当克里斯举手告诉我他为什么不愿服用这颗‘爱所有人’的药丸时，我本以为他会说：教授，失败者不配得到我的爱。

When Chris raised his hand to tell me why he wouldn't take the love everyone pill, I half expected him to say something like, professor, losers don't deserve my love.

但他却说了一些真正深刻的话。

But instead, he said something that was actually pretty deep.

他说，教授，我晚上睡觉时把手机放在卧室的另一边。

He said, professor, I sleep with my cell phone across my bedroom at night.

有时候半夜手机会响。

And sometimes it goes off in the middle of the night.

我会惊醒，心想：天哪，我妈妈出事了。

And I wake up and I think, oh my god, something's happened to my mom.

在能拿到手机、接通电话、确认她平安之前，我会感到恶心难受。

And I feel sick to my stomach until I can get to the phone and answer it and know that she's okay.

对每个人都产生这样的感觉，对我来说是无法承受的。

Feeling that way about everyone, that would be unbearable for me.

克鲁兹让我们对爱的理解有了深刻的洞察。

Cruz has his finger at attention in how we think about love.

爱对美好生活至关重要，但同时也充满风险和危险。

Love is essential to the good life, but it's also risky, dangerous.

它甚至可能根本无法忍受。

It can even be downright unbearable.

有点有趣的是，我们对爱的美德有这么多复杂的思考，但谈到仇恨和怨恨时，这些却很容易。

One thing that's kind of funny is we have all these complex thinkings about the virtue of love, but when it comes to hate and resentment, those are easy.

我们完全可以培养这些情绪。

We can absolutely cultivate those.

事实上，我们当前的政治和互联网，几乎每天都在让我们自愿服下‘憎恨所有人’的药丸。

In fact, our current politics, the Internet, it has us taking a hate everyone pill just about voluntarily every day.

有许多哲学家正在努力寻找走出当前混乱的方法。

There are a lot of philosophers that are trying to figure out a way out of this current chaos.

在我的伦理学领域，目前最热门的话题之一就是礼貌的美德。

And in my field of ethics, one of the hottest topics right now is the virtue of civility.

我们需要教人们如何平息自己的情绪，如何进行更成熟的政治理性对话，以及如何与那些与自己意见相左的人共存。

What we need to teach people is how to turn down their feelings, how to have more sophisticated political conversations, and how to coexist with other people who they disagree with.

在两千四百年的哲学史上，我想不出任何一位重要思想家认为礼貌是一种核心美德。

Now in twenty four hundred years of philosophy, I can think of no major thinker who thinks civility is a cardinal virtue.

礼貌是一种美德，但充其量只是第三梯队、第三级的美德。

Civility, it's a virtue, but like a third tier division three virtue at best.

另一方面，爱才是深层的魔法。

Love, on the other hand, love is the deep magic.

我研究的哲学家们认为，爱的美德对我们伦理和社会健康至关重要。

The philosophers that I study think the virtue of love is crucial for our ethical and social health.

困难之处在于如何让自己服下这颗‘爱的药丸’。

The tough thing is figuring out how to get yourself to take that love pill.

为了让我们走上这条道路，我想向你们介绍两位最伟大的古代爱的哲学家，他们并非在所有问题上都意见一致，但他们的深刻洞见正是我们摆脱当前困境所急需的。

So to get us on that track, I wanna introduce you guys to two of the greatest ancient philosophers of love who don't agree on everything but have some deep insights that we need to recover to get out of our current mess.

第一位哲学家是马其顿的亚里士多德。

The first philosopher is Aristotle of Macedonia.

他在两千四百年前讲授了他的关于美好生活的课程。

He taught his course on the good life twenty four hundred years ago.

他的核心观点是，爱不仅仅是你内心产生的一种感觉。

And his big idea was that love is not just a feeling that happens inside of you.

当你爱一个人时，你会将他们视为另一个自我。

When you love another person, you experience them as another self.

爱具有消融你与他人之间界限的力量。

Love has the power to dissolve the membrane between yourself and another person.

当你爱一个人，而他们取得了伟大的成就或拥有非凡的美德时，亚里士多德认为，这些成就和美德也会成为你自身的一部分。

When you love someone and they achieve something great or they have extraordinary virtue, Aristotle thinks those achievements and virtues, they come into yourself.

当你爱一个人，而他们做了可耻的事或拥有恶习时，这些也会进入你自身。

When you love someone and they do something shameful or they have vice, that comes into you.

亚里士多德认为，正因如此，你应当极其谨慎地选择爱谁。

Aristotle thought for those reasons, you should be super careful who you love.

你不希望任何潜在的负面东西进入你自己。

You shouldn't want any potentially bad stuff to come into yourself.

大约五百年后，另一位伟大的哲学家登场，并对这场辩论进行了创新。

About 500 later, another great philosopher comes on the scene and he innovates this debate.

这位哲学家就是拿撒勒的耶稣。

This is Jesus of Nazareth.

现在很多人并不把耶稣视为哲学家，但如果你阅读福音书，会发现他一直在参与与古希腊哲学家相媲美的哲学争论。

Now a lot of people don't think of Jesus as a philosopher, but if you read the gospels, he is getting into philosophical disputes all the time that rival the ones the ancient Greek philosophers are having.

我认为最好的例子出现在《路加福音》中。

The best one, I think, comes in the gospel of Luke.

耶稣被一位犹太伦理学家问了一个问题。

Jesus gets a question from a Jewish ethicist.

犹太教中美好生活的核心是爱上帝，并像爱自己一样爱他人。

The core of the good life in Judaism is loving God and loving others as another self.

这位伦理学家问耶稣，这到底意味着什么？

And the ethicist asked Jesus, what does this mean?

耶稣用一个思想实验来回应。

And Jesus responds with a thought experiment.

有一天，这个人正从耶路撒冷前往耶利哥的路上，一些强盗突然出现。

One day, this man is walking down the road from Jerusalem to Jericho when some robbers come upon him.

他们剥光他的衣服，抢走他所有的东西，并把他打得奄奄一息。

They strip him naked, take all of his stuff, and beat him within an inch of his life.

他们把他丢在路边，任其等死。

They leave him to die by the side of the road.

有两个人走过。

Two men walk by.

他们注意到那个躺在路边奄奄一息的人，却无动于衷。

They notice the man dying by the side of the road and they're unmoved.

他们只是径直走过。

They just walk on by.

第三个人来了，是个撒玛利亚人，他看见那人，内心顿时翻腾不已。

A third man comes around, a Samaritan, and he sees the man and his guts move inside of him.

《路加福音》中使用的希腊词是splanchnizomai。

The Greek word in the gospel of Luke that we're given is splanchnizomai.

他的五脏六腑翻搅起来。

His guts churn inside of him.

在古代世界，爱等强烈的情感并不是存在于你的心里。

In the ancient world, strong emotions like love, they didn't live in your heart.

它们存在于你的肠道里。

They lived in your intestines.

如果你想用古希腊哲学-inspired的方式送人情人节礼物，你不会送一颗心。

If you wanted to make someone an ancient philosophy inspired Valentine, you wouldn't cut them out of heart.

你会真的切下一截肠道，还有肝脏和肾脏，送给他。

You would literally cut them out a coil of intestines and like a liver and a kidney and give it to them.

爱就存在于那里。

That's where love lived.

那个撒玛利亚人从内心深处爱着，于是他停下脚步，帮助了那个人。

The the Samaritan loved in his guts, and he stopped and he helped the man.

他整夜照顾他，让他恢复健康。

He nursed him back to health all night.

亚里士多德认为，能将我们与他人联系起来、消融那层隔膜的是对美德与成就的期待。

Aristotle thought that what connects us with other people, what dissolves that membrane is expectation of virtue and achievement.

但耶稣认为，能消融那层隔膜、真正将我们与他人连接起来的是脆弱。

But Jesus thought what dissolves the membrane, what really connects us with other people is vulnerability.

而通过脆弱性与他人建立联系的有趣之处在于，你可以与任何人做到这一点。

And what's interesting about connecting with people on vulnerability is that you can do it with absolutely anyone.

我们可能并非都遭受过身体上的殴打，倒在路边奄奄一息，但我们每个人都曾被生活打击过。

We might not all be physically beaten up, laying, dying by the side of the road, but we've all been beaten up by life.

我们每个人内心都有一些那个被击倒之人的影子，而爱的联结就发生在这一点上。

We all have some element of that beaten man inside of us, and that is where the love connection can happen.

你不必相信我的话。

You don't have to take my word for it.

我认为三十年前社会心理学中一项最有趣的实验是亚瑟·阿伦做的，他进行了一项惊人的实验，证明他能在实验室里让陌生人在一个小时内彼此相爱。

I think one of the most interesting studies in social psychology thirty years ago, Arthur Aaron did this amazing experiment where he showed that he could cause strangers to love each other in a lab in under an hour.

实验是这样的。

And here was the experiment.

他将人们配对，让他们互相提问，这些问题要求他们逐渐展现脆弱的一面。

He'd pair people up, and he would have them ask each other questions that required them to be increasingly vulnerable.

一开始是简单的问题，比如：你希望和谁共进晚餐？

It would start with simple questions like, who's someone you'd like to have dinner with?

最后以这样的问题结束：你家中哪位成员的离世会让你最感到震惊？

And end with questions like, which member of your family would you be most disturbed to discover had died?

在亚伦的研究中，有百分之三十的参与者表示，他们感受到的亲密感堪比与最亲密伴侣或最好的朋友之间的感觉。

People reported thirty percent of participants in the Aaron study reported feelings of closeness that rivaled how they felt towards their most intimate partners and towards their best friends.

脆弱性具有引发这种连接的能力。

Vulnerability has the ability to cause these connections.

我不确定你们怎么样，但我感觉，尤其是过去十年，我们一直生活在一个我称之为‘道德便秘’的时期。

I don't know about you guys, but I feel like especially the last decade, we have been living through a period of what I would call ethical constipation.

我们必须重新让自己的内心活跃起来，而仅靠更佳的政治讨论、更多的抽象概念或彼此疏远是无法实现的。

We have to get our guts moving again, and we're not gonna be able to do that with better political discussions, more abstractions, separating ourselves from each other.

我们必须学会建立联系，并学会通过我们的脆弱性来做到这一点。

We have gotta learn to connect, and we've got to learn how to do it through our vulnerability.

我教过的像克里斯这样的学生，认为他们的‘内脏共鸣’是一种软弱的表现。

Guys like Chris that I teach at Notre Dame, they think that their splanchnizomai makes them weak.

但我认为，我们内心深处的这种感受、这种爱、这种连接，才是我们走向美好生活的最确凿的标志。

But I think that this feeling in our guts, this kind of love, this connection, it's the surest sign that we are on the road to the good life.

谢谢。

Thank you.

那

That

这是梅根·沙利文在TEDxT 2025上的演讲。

was Megan Sullivan at TEDxT twenty twenty five.

如果你对TED的选题标准感兴趣，可以访问ted.com/curationguidelines了解更多信息。

If you're curious about TED's curation, find out more at ted.com/curationguidelines.

今天就到这里。

And that's it for today.

《TED演讲每日》是TED音频合集的一部分。

TED Talks Daily is part of the TED audio collective.

本次演讲由TED研究团队进行事实核查，并由我们的团队——玛莎·埃斯特瓦诺斯、奥利弗·弗里德曼、布莱恩·格林、露西·利特尔和坦西卡·苏恩马尼旺——制作和编辑。

This talk was fact checked by the TED research team and produced and edited by our team, Martha Estevanos, Oliver Friedman, Brian Greene, Lucy Little, and Tansika Sungmarnivang.

本集由露西·利特尔混音。

This episode was mixed by Lucy Little.

特别感谢Emma Tobner和Daniella Ballarezo的支持。

Additional support from Emma Tobner and Daniella Ballarezo.

我是Elise Hu。

I'm Elise Hu.

明天我会带着一个全新的想法回到你的信息流中。

I'll be back tomorrow with a fresh idea for your feed.

感谢收听。

Thanks for listening.

在《TED电台节目》中，计算机科学家Francis Chance研究了蜻蜓如何以优雅的姿态成为如此致命的猎手。

On the TED Radio Hour, computer scientist Francis Chance studies how the graceful dragonfly manages to be such a deadly hunter.

我们知道它们会飞行拦截猎物。

We know that they fly to intercept their prey.

它们飞得非常快，而且成功率很高。

They fly really fast and they're very successful.

人工智能开发者从自然智能中获得的启示。

What AI developers are learning from natural intelligence.

敬请期待下一期的NPR TED播客节目。

That's next time on the TED Radio Hour from NPR.

请在您收听播客的平台订阅或收听TED播客节目。

Subscribe or listen to the TED Radio Hour wherever you get your podcasts.