353 积极心理学的新纪元

uh, When I was president of the American Psychological Association, they tried to media train me, and they uh an encounter I had with CNN uh summarizes.

uh, When I was president of the American Psychological Association, they tried to media train me, and they uh an encounter I had with CNN uh summarizes.

What I'm gonna be talking about today, which is the 11th reason to be optimistic.

What I'm gonna be talking about today, which is the 11th reason to be optimistic.

The uh editor of Discover told us uh 10 of them.

The uh editor of Discover told us uh 10 of them.

I'm gonna give you the eleventh.

I'm gonna give you the eleventh.

So they came to me, CNN, and they said, professor Seligman, uh, wou- would you tell us about the the state of psychology today? We'd like to interview you about that.

So they came to me, CNN, and they said, professor Seligman, uh, wou- would you tell us about the the state of psychology today? We'd like to interview you about that.

Great, he said, but this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite.

Great, he said, but this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite.

So, well, how how many words do I get? I said, well, one.

So, well, how how many words do I get? I said, well, one.

uh, Cameras rolled, and she said, um, Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?

uh, Cameras rolled, and she said, um, Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?

Good.

Good.

Ha ha ha.

Ha ha ha.

Cut cut.

Cut cut.

uh, That won't do.

uh, That won't do.

um, uh, uh, we we'd really better give you a longer sound bite.

um, uh, uh, we we'd really better give you a longer sound bite.

Well, how many words do I get this time? I, you, when you get Two.

Well, how many words do I get this time? I, you, when you get Two.

Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?

Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?

Not good.

Not good.

uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, Look, doctor Sullivan, we can see you really not comfortable in this medium.

uh, uh, uh, uh, uh, Look, doctor Sullivan, we can see you really not comfortable in this medium.

uh, We better uh give you a real sound bite.

uh, We better uh give you a real sound bite.

uh, This time you can have 3 words. Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?

uh, This time you can have 3 words. Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?

Not good enough.

Not good enough.

And that's what I'm gonna be talking about.

And that's what I'm gonna be talking about.

I I wanna say why psychology was good, why it was not good, and how it may become in the next 10 years good enough.

I I wanna say why psychology was good, why it was not good, and how it may become in the next 10 years good enough.

And by parallel summary, I wanna say the same thing about technology, about entertainment and design, because I think the issues are very similar.

And by parallel summary, I wanna say the same thing about technology, about entertainment and design, because I think the issues are very similar.

uh, So, uh, why was psychology good?

uh, So, uh, why was psychology good?

Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model.

Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model.

uh, Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane, and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told him what I did.

uh, Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane, and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told him what I did.

They'd move away from me.

They'd move away from me.

uh, And because quite rightly, they were uh saying psychology is about finding what's wrong with you, uh, spot the lunatic, and now when I tell people what I do,uh, They move toward me, and what was good uh about uh psychology.

uh, And because quite rightly, they were uh saying psychology is about finding what's wrong with you, uh, spot the lunatic, and now when I tell people what I do,uh, They move toward me, and what was good uh about uh psychology.

about the 30 billion dollar investment and I am H made, about working in the disease model, about what you mean by psychology.

about the 30 billion dollar investment and I am H made, about working in the disease model, about what you mean by psychology.

Is that it, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable, was entirely smoke and mirrors.

Is that it, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable, was entirely smoke and mirrors.

And now 14 of the disorders are treatable, two of them actually curable. And the other.

And now 14 of the disorders are treatable, two of them actually curable. And the other.

Thing that happened is that a science develop, a science of mental illness, that we found out that we could take fuzzy concepts.

Thing that happened is that a science develop, a science of mental illness, that we found out that we could take fuzzy concepts.

Like uh depression, alcoholism, and measure them with rigor, that we could create a classification of the mental illnesses, that we could.

Like uh depression, alcoholism, and measure them with rigor, that we could create a classification of the mental illnesses, that we could.

uh, Understand the causality of the mental illness as we could uh look across time at the same people, people for example who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia.

uh, Understand the causality of the mental illness as we could uh look across time at the same people, people for example who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia.

And ask what the contribution of mothering of genetics are, and we could uh isolate third variables by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.

And ask what the contribution of mothering of genetics are, and we could uh isolate third variables by doing experiments on the mental illnesses.

And best of all, we were ab- able in the last 50 years to invent uh drug treatments and psychological treatments.

And best of all, we were ab- able in the last 50 years to invent uh drug treatments and psychological treatments.

uh, And then we were able to Test them rigorously in random assignment placebo control designs, throw out the things that didn't work, keep the things that actively did, and the conclusion of that Is that psychology and psychiatry of the last 60 years can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable. And I think that's.

uh, And then we were able to Test them rigorously in random assignment placebo control designs, throw out the things that didn't work, keep the things that actively did, and the conclusion of that Is that psychology and psychiatry of the last 60 years can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable. And I think that's.

terrific. I I'm proud of it. Um.

terrific. I I'm proud of it. Um.

But what was not good, the consequences of that were three things.

But what was not good, the consequences of that were three things.

The first was moral, that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, apologists.

The first was moral, that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, apologists.

That our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble, bricks fell on you, and we forgot that people made choices and decisions, we forgot responsibility.

That our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble, bricks fell on you, and we forgot that people made choices and decisions, we forgot responsibility.

That was the first cost.

That was the first cost.

The second cost was that we forgot about you people.

The second cost was that we forgot about you people.

We forgot about improving normal lives.

We forgot about improving normal lives.

We forgot about a mission To make uh relatively untroubled people happier, more fulfilled, more productive, and genius, high talent became a dirty word.

We forgot about a mission To make uh relatively untroubled people happier, more fulfilled, more productive, and genius, high talent became a dirty word.

No one works on that.

No one works on that.

And the third problem about the disease model is in our rush to do something about people in trouble, in our rush to do something About repairing damage.

And the third problem about the disease model is in our rush to do something about people in trouble, in our rush to do something About repairing damage.

We never occurred to us to develop interventions to make people happier, positive interventions.

We never occurred to us to develop interventions to make people happier, positive interventions.

So that was not good, and so that's what led theuh, People like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert, Mike Chick sent my, behind myself to work in something I call positive psychology, which has three aims.

So that was not good, and so that's what led theuh, People like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert, Mike Chick sent my, behind myself to work in something I call positive psychology, which has three aims.

The first is that psychology should be just as concerned with human strength as it is with weakness.

The first is that psychology should be just as concerned with human strength as it is with weakness.

It should be uh just as concerned.

It should be uh just as concerned.

With building strength, as with repairing damage, it should be interested in the best things in life, and it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling, and with genius, with nurturing high talent.

With building strength, as with repairing damage, it should be interested in the best things in life, and it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling, and with genius, with nurturing high talent.

So, uh, in the last 10 years, and the hope for the future We've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology, a science of what makes life worth living.

So, uh, in the last 10 years, and the hope for the future We've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology, a science of what makes life worth living.

It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness, and any of you For free, can go to that website, and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.

It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness, and any of you For free, can go to that website, and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness.

You can ask how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning, for flow, against uh literally tens of thousands of other people.

You can ask how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning, for flow, against uh literally tens of thousands of other people.

We we created the opposite of the Diagnostic Manual of the Insanities, a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio, how they're defined, how to diagnose them.

We we created the opposite of the Diagnostic Manual of the Insanities, a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio, how they're defined, how to diagnose them.

What what builds them and what gets in their way?

What what builds them and what gets in their way?

uh, We we found that we could discover the causation of the positive states, the relationship betweenuh, Left hemispheric activity and right hemispheric activity as a uh uh cause of happiness.

uh, We we found that we could discover the causation of the positive states, the relationship betweenuh, Left hemispheric activity and right hemispheric activity as a uh uh cause of happiness.

um, I spent my life working on extremely miserable people.

um, I spent my life working on extremely miserable people.

And I've asked the question, how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you?

And I've asked the question, how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you?

And starting about 6 years ago, we asked about extremely happy people, and how do they differ?

And starting about 6 years ago, we asked about extremely happy people, and how do they differ?

from the rest of us, and it turns out there's one way, very surprise, they they're not more religious, they're not in better shape, they don't have more money, they're not better looking, they uh don't have more good events and fewer bad events.

from the rest of us, and it turns out there's one way, very surprise, they they're not more religious, they're not in better shape, they don't have more money, they're not better looking, they uh don't have more good events and fewer bad events.

the one way in which they differ, they're extremely social.

the one way in which they differ, they're extremely social.

They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning. They uh.

They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning. They uh.

uh, They don't spend time alone.

uh, They don't spend time alone.

Each of them is in a romantic relationship, and each has a rich repertoire of friends.

Each of them is in a romantic relationship, and each has a rich repertoire of friends.

But watch out here, this is merely correlational data, not causal.

But watch out here, this is merely correlational data, not causal.

And it's about happiness in the first Hollywood sense, I'm gonna talk about happiness of opulence and giggling and good cheer, and I'm gonna suggest you that's not nearly enough in just a moment.

And it's about happiness in the first Hollywood sense, I'm gonna talk about happiness of opulence and giggling and good cheer, and I'm gonna suggest you that's not nearly enough in just a moment.

um, We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.

um, We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries from the Buddha to Tony Robbins.

About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy.

About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy.

And we find that we've uh been able to manualize many of them, and we actually carry out random assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies, that is, which ones actually make people lasting happier.

And we find that we've uh been able to manualize many of them, and we actually carry out random assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies, that is, which ones actually make people lasting happier.

In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.

In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results.

But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have, in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill.

But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have, in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill.

In a in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable, is can psychology actually make people happier?

In a in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable, is can psychology actually make people happier?

And to ask that question, happy is not a word I use very much.

And to ask that question, happy is not a word I use very much.

uh, We've had to break it down into what I think is askable.

uh, We've had to break it down into what I think is askable.

About happy, and I believe there are three different, and I call them different because different interventions build them, it's possible to have one rather than the other.

About happy, and I believe there are three different, and I call them different because different interventions build them, it's possible to have one rather than the other.

3 different happy lives.

3 different happy lives.

The first happy life is the pleasant life.

The first happy life is the pleasant life.

This is a a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can.

This is a a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can.

And the skills to amplify it.

And the skills to amplify it.

The second is a life of engagement, a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure, time stops for you.

The second is a life of engagement, a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure, time stops for you.

uh, That's what Aristotle was talking about, and third, the meaningful life.

uh, That's what Aristotle was talking about, and third, the meaningful life.

So I wanna say a little bit about each of those lives, and what we know about them.

So I wanna say a little bit about each of those lives, and what we know about them.

The first life is the pleasant life.

The first life is the pleasant life.

And it's simply as best we we can find it, it's having as many of the pleasures as you can, as much positive emotion as you can, and learning the skills, savoring mindfulness.

And it's simply as best we we can find it, it's having as many of the pleasures as you can, as much positive emotion as you can, and learning the skills, savoring mindfulness.

that amplify them, that stretch them over time and space.

that amplify them, that stretch them over time and space.

But the pleasant life has three drawbacks, and it's why positive psychology is not happyology.

But the pleasant life has three drawbacks, and it's why positive psychology is not happyology.

And why it doesn't end here.

And why it doesn't end here.

The first drawback is that it turns out the pleasant life, your experience of positive motion, is heritable.

The first drawback is that it turns out the pleasant life, your experience of positive motion, is heritable.

50 percent heritable, and in fact, not very modifiable.

50 percent heritable, and in fact, not very modifiable.

So the different tricks that uh Machu and I and others know about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life are 15~20 tricks, getting more of it.

So the different tricks that uh Machu and I and others know about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life are 15~20 tricks, getting more of it.

Second is that the positive emotion uh habituates, it habituatesuh, Rapidly, indeed.

Second is that the positive emotion uh habituates, it habituatesuh, Rapidly, indeed.

It's all like French vanilla ice cream.

It's all like French vanilla ice cream.

The first taste is 100 percent.

The first taste is 100 percent.

By the time you're down to the 6th taste, it's gone.

By the time you're down to the 6th taste, it's gone.

And uh as I said, it's not particularly malleable.

And uh as I said, it's not particularly malleable.

um, And this leads to the second life, and I have to say about my friend Len to To uh talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion, more than building pleasure.

um, And this leads to the second life, and I have to say about my friend Len to To uh talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion, more than building pleasure.

In two of the three great arenas of life.

In two of the three great arenas of life.

By the time Len was 30, Len was enormously successful.

By the time Len was 30, Len was enormously successful.

The fi- first arena was work.

The fi- first arena was work.

By the time he was twenty, he's an options trader.

By the time he was twenty, he's an options trader.

By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire in the head of an options trading company.

By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire in the head of an options trading company.

uh, Second in play, he's a national champion bridge player, and uh.

uh, Second in play, he's a national champion bridge player, and uh.

uh, But in the third great arena of life, love, Lenin is an abysmal failure, and the reason he was, was that Lenin is a cold fish.

uh, But in the third great arena of life, love, Lenin is an abysmal failure, and the reason he was, was that Lenin is a cold fish.

Len is an introvert. uh.

Len is an introvert. uh.

American women said to Len when he dated them, you're no fun, you don't have positive emotion, get lost.

American women said to Len when he dated them, you're no fun, you don't have positive emotion, get lost.

And uh uh Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst, who for five years tried to find The sexual trauma that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him.

And uh uh Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst, who for five years tried to find The sexual trauma that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him.

But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma.

But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma.

It turned out that uhuh, uh, Len grew up in Long Island, and he played football, and watched football, and uh uh played bridge.

It turned out that uhuh, uh, Len grew up in Long Island, and he played football, and watched football, and uh uh played bridge.

uh, Len is in the bottom 5 percent of what we call positive affectivities.

uh, Len is in the bottom 5 percent of what we call positive affectivities.

The question is, is Len unhappy?

The question is, is Len unhappy?

And I wanna say not.

And I wanna say not.

Contrary to what psychology told us about the bottom 50 of the human race and positive affectivity, I think Len is one of the happiest people I know.

Contrary to what psychology told us about the bottom 50 of the human race and positive affectivity, I think Len is one of the happiest people I know.

He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness, and that's because Len, like most of you, are, is enormously capable of flow.

He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness, and that's because Len, like most of you, are, is enormously capable of flow.

When he walks onto the floor of the American exchange at 9:30 in the morning.

When he walks onto the floor of the American exchange at 9:30 in the morning.

Time stops for him, and it stops till the closing bell, when the first card is played, till 10 days later, the tournament is over, time stops for them, and this is indeed what Mike Chick sent me hi.

Time stops for him, and it stops till the closing bell, when the first card is played, till 10 days later, the tournament is over, time stops for them, and this is indeed what Mike Chick sent me hi.

has been talking about about flow, and it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way.

has been talking about about flow, and it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way.

Pleasure has raw feels, you know it's happening, there's thought and feeling, but what Mike told you yesterday during flow.

Pleasure has raw feels, you know it's happening, there's thought and feeling, but what Mike told you yesterday during flow.

You can't feel anything.

You can't feel anything.

You're one with the music, time stops, you have intense concentration, and this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life.

You're one with the music, time stops, you have intense concentration, and this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life.

And we think there's a a recipe for it, and it's knowing what your highest strengths are, and again there's a valid test of what your 5 highest strengths are.

And we think there's a a recipe for it, and it's knowing what your highest strengths are, and again there's a valid test of what your 5 highest strengths are.

And then recrafting your life to use them as much as you possibly can.

And then recrafting your life to use them as much as you possibly can.

Recrafting your work, your love, your play, your friendship, your parenting, at just one example, um, one person I worked with was a bagger at genards, hated the job, she's working her way through college.

Recrafting your work, your love, your play, your friendship, your parenting, at just one example, um, one person I worked with was a bagger at genards, hated the job, she's working her way through college.

Her highest strength was social intelligence, so she re-crafted begging to make the encounter with her the social highlight of every customer's day.

Her highest strength was social intelligence, so she re-crafted begging to make the encounter with her the social highlight of every customer's day.

Now obviously she failed, but what she did was to take her highest strengths and recraft work to use them as much as possible.

Now obviously she failed, but what she did was to take her highest strengths and recraft work to use them as much as possible.

What you get out of that is not smilingness, you don't look like Debbie Reynolds, you don't giggle a lot, what you get is more absorption.

What you get out of that is not smilingness, you don't look like Debbie Reynolds, you don't giggle a lot, what you get is more absorption.

So, that's the second path.

So, that's the second path.

The first path, positive emotion, the second path is eudaimonia and flow, and the third path is meaning.

The first path, positive emotion, the second path is eudaimonia and flow, and the third path is meaning.

This is the most venerable of all of the happinesses.

This is the most venerable of all of the happinesses.

uh, Traditionally, and meaning in this view consists of a very parallel to eudaimonia.

uh, Traditionally, and meaning in this view consists of a very parallel to eudaimonia.

It consists of knowing what your highest strengths are.

It consists of knowing what your highest strengths are.

And using them to belong to, and in the service of something larger than you are.

And using them to belong to, and in the service of something larger than you are.

Well, I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives, the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life, people are now hard at work on the question, are there things that lasting change?

Well, I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives, the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life, people are now hard at work on the question, are there things that lasting change?

those lives, and uh the answer seems to be yes, and I'll just give you some samples of it.

those lives, and uh the answer seems to be yes, and I'll just give you some samples of it.

uh, It's being done in a rigorous manner, it's being the sa- done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works.

uh, It's being done in a rigorous manner, it's being the sa- done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works.

uh, So, we do random assignment, placebo controlled, long term studies of different interventions, and just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect.

uh, So, we do random assignment, placebo controlled, long term studies of different interventions, and just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect.

When we teach people about the pleasant life, how to have more pleasure in your life, one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills.

When we teach people about the pleasant life, how to have more pleasure in your life, one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills.

The savoring skills, and you're assigned to design a beautiful day.

The savoring skills, and you're assigned to design a beautiful day.

Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day, and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures.

Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day, and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures.

And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.

And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced.

Gratitude visit.

Gratitude visit.

I want you all to do this with me now, if you would. Close your eyes.

I want you all to do this with me now, if you would. Close your eyes.

I'd like you to remember someone who did something enormously important, that changed your life in the.

I'd like you to remember someone who did something enormously important, that changed your life in the.

Good direction who you never properly thanked.

Good direction who you never properly thanked.

Person has to be alive, okay?

Person has to be alive, okay?

Now, okay, you can open your eyes.

Now, okay, you can open your eyes.

I hope all of you have such a person. Your assignment when you're learning the gratitude visit.

I hope all of you have such a person. Your assignment when you're learning the gratitude visit.

Is to write a 300 word testimonial to that person.

Is to write a 300 word testimonial to that person.

Call them on the phone in Phoenix, s- ask if you can visit, don't tell them why, show up at their door.

Call them on the phone in Phoenix, s- ask if you can visit, don't tell them why, show up at their door.

uh, You read the testimonial, everyone weeps when this happens.

uh, You read the testimonial, everyone weeps when this happens.

um, And what happens is when we test people one week later, a month later, three months later, They're both happier and less depressed.

um, And what happens is when we test people one week later, a month later, three months later, They're both happier and less depressed.

um, Another example is a strengths date, in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths on the strengths test.

um, Another example is a strengths date, in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths on the strengths test.

And then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths, and we find this is a strengthener of relationships.

And then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths, and we find this is a strengthener of relationships.

And fun versus philanthropy, but it's so heartening to be in a group like this, in which uh so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy.

And fun versus philanthropy, but it's so heartening to be in a group like this, in which uh so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy.

Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this, so we actually have people do something altruistic.

Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this, so we actually have people do something altruistic.

uh, And do something fun, and to contrast it, and what you find is when you do something fun, it has a square wave walk set. When you do something philanthropic to help another person.

uh, And do something fun, and to contrast it, and what you find is when you do something fun, it has a square wave walk set. When you do something philanthropic to help another person.

It lasts and it lasts.

It lasts and it lasts.

uh, So those are examples of positive interventions.

uh, So those are examples of positive interventions.

uh, So the next to last thing I wanna say is um.

uh, So the next to last thing I wanna say is um.

We're interested in how much life satisfaction people have.

We're interested in how much life satisfaction people have.

This is really what you're about, and that's our target variable.

This is really what you're about, and that's our target variable.

And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives, how much life satisfaction.

And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives, how much life satisfaction.

Do you get?

Do you get?

So, we ask, and we've done this in 15 replications involving thousands of people.

So, we ask, and we've done this in 15 replications involving thousands of people.

To what extent does the pursuit of pleasure, the pursuit of positive emotion.

To what extent does the pursuit of pleasure, the pursuit of positive emotion.

The pleasant life, the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you, and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction.

The pleasant life, the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you, and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction.

And our results surprised us, but they were backward of what we thought.

And our results surprised us, but they were backward of what we thought.

It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution to life satisfaction.

It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution to life satisfaction.

The pursuit of meaning is the strongest, and the p- and this is the pursuit of engagement.

The pursuit of meaning is the strongest, and the p- and this is the pursuit of engagement.

Is also very strong.

Is also very strong.

Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement, and you have meaning, then pleasures the whipped cream and the cherry, which is to say the full life, the sum is greater than Than the parts, if you've got all three.

Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement, and you have meaning, then pleasures the whipped cream and the cherry, which is to say the full life, the sum is greater than Than the parts, if you've got all three.

Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life, the sum is less than the parts.

Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life, the sum is less than the parts.

And what we're asking now is does the very same relationship Physical health, morbidity, how long you live, and productivity follow the same relationship.

And what we're asking now is does the very same relationship Physical health, morbidity, how long you live, and productivity follow the same relationship.

That is, in a corporation is Productivity, a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning, is health, a function of positive engagement, of pleasure and of meaning in life, and there is reason to think the answer To both of those may well be yes.

That is, in a corporation is Productivity, a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning, is health, a function of positive engagement, of pleasure and of meaning in life, and there is reason to think the answer To both of those may well be yes.

So, uh, Chris said that the the last speaker had a chance to or try to integrate what he heard, and so this was amazing for me. I've never been in a gathering like this.

So, uh, Chris said that the the last speaker had a chance to or try to integrate what he heard, and so this was amazing for me. I've never been in a gathering like this.

uh, I've never seen speakers s- stretch beyond themselves so much, which was one of the remarkable things.

uh, I've never seen speakers s- stretch beyond themselves so much, which was one of the remarkable things.

But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel to the problems of technology.

But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel to the problems of technology.

Entertainment and design, in in the following way, we all know that technology entertainment and design have been and can be used for Destructive purposes.

Entertainment and design, in in the following way, we all know that technology entertainment and design have been and can be used for Destructive purposes.

uh, We also know that technology, entertainment and design can be used to relieve misery.

uh, We also know that technology, entertainment and design can be used to relieve misery.

And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery and building happiness is extremely important.

And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery and building happiness is extremely important.

I thought when I first became a therapist 30 years ago, that if I could make someone, if I was good enough to make someone not depressed, not act- anxious.

I thought when I first became a therapist 30 years ago, that if I could make someone, if I was good enough to make someone not depressed, not act- anxious.

Not angry that I'd make them happy.

Not angry that I'd make them happy.

And I never found that.

And I never found that.

I found the best you could ever do was to get to zero, that they were empty.

I found the best you could ever do was to get to zero, that they were empty.

And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life, the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning, are different from the skills of relieving misery.

And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life, the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning, are different from the skills of relieving misery.

And so, the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment and design, I believe.

And so, the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment and design, I believe.

That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world.

That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world.

To increase happiness, to increase positive emotion, and that's typically how they've been used.

To increase happiness, to increase positive emotion, and that's typically how they've been used.

But once you fractionate happiness the way I do, Not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough.

But once you fractionate happiness the way I do, Not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough.

There's flow in life, and there's meaning in life.

There's flow in life, and there's meaning in life.

As Laura Lee told us, design, and I believe entertainment and technology can be used to increase Meaning engagement in life as well.

As Laura Lee told us, design, and I believe entertainment and technology can be used to increase Meaning engagement in life as well.

So in conclusion, I, the 11th reason for optimism in addition to to the space elevator is that I think with technology, entertainment and design, we can actually increase The amount of tonnage of human happiness on the planet.

So in conclusion, I, the 11th reason for optimism in addition to to the space elevator is that I think with technology, entertainment and design, we can actually increase The amount of tonnage of human happiness on the planet.

And if technology can in the next decade or two increase the pleasant life, the good life, and the meaningful life, It will be good enough.

And if technology can in the next decade or two increase the pleasant life, the good life, and the meaningful life, It will be good enough.

If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion, meaning eudaimonia, It will be good enough, and if design can increase positive emotion.

If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion, meaning eudaimonia, It will be good enough, and if design can increase positive emotion.

You demonia and flow, and meaning, what we're all doing together will become good enough. Thank you.

You demonia and flow, and meaning, what we're all doing together will become good enough. Thank you.