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永生近在咫尺。
Immortality is tantalizing close.
你觉得这在物理和生物学的规律下是可能的吗？
And you think it's possible within the laws of physics and biology?
是的。
Yeah.
事实上，我们已经知道人体里有个叫端粒的生物钟，记录着我们的寿命，而有一种叫端粒酶的物质可以暂停这个钟，这意味着我们能永远活下去。
In fact, we know that there's a clock in our body called the telomeres that tracks how long we're gonna live, and there's something called telomerase, which stops the clock, which means that we can live forever.
这是好消息。
That's the good news.
但坏消息是，我们发现癌症也利用端粒和端粒酶来实现永生。
But the bad news was we found out that cancer also uses telomeres and telomerase to live forever.
所以问题来了：我们能不能在不唤醒癌细胞的前提下，把这种方法用在人类身上？
And so the question is, can we apply that to humans without waking up the cancers?
但这并不是科幻。
But this is not science fiction.
这就是未来。
This is the future.
七十一年来，你一直在研究物理学，以及科学将如何塑造人类的命运。
And for seventy one years, you've been studying physics and how science will shape human destiny.
那么，未来的生活会有哪些不同呢？
So how is life likely to be different in the future?
嗯，我们可以看到，人类在每一个十年里都取得了巨大的进步。
Well, decade by decade, we see the enormous progress that we humans have made.
比如，我们可能已经登上月球，甚至前往火星，而人工智能也会帮助我们治愈癌症和其他许多疾病。
For example, we'll probably be on the moon, maybe on to Mars, and also the artificial intelligence will help us to cure cancer and many diseases.
然而，在人类历史上，我们第一次拥有了通过设计病原体、核武器，甚至是人工智能来毁灭自己的能力。
However, for the first time in human history, we have the potential of destroying ourselves with designer germs, nuclear weapons, perhaps artificial intelligence.
比如，这是一台量子计算机。
Like, this is a quantum computer.
它的强大程度让中情局都感到担忧，因为这种计算机可能破解任何已知的计算机系统。
This is so powerful that even the CIA is worried about the fact that these could break into any known computer.
包括银行，甚至比特币都逃不掉。
Including banks, even Bitcoin.
没错。
That's right.
资本主义就会消失。
So capitalism would vanish.
社会就会停摆。
Society would come to a halt.
那类人形机器人呢？
And what about humanoid robots?
我认真考虑过，与其爆发冲突，不如想办法和它们融合。
I would look seriously at the possibility of merging with them so that we don't have a civil war.
你要明白，你现在正站在刀锋上。
Realize that you're at the edge of a knife.
稍微一偏，就可能引发世界大战。
You tilt it the wrong way, and there's world war.
你要是往另一边倾斜，每个人都能有吃有喝，过上奢侈的生活。
You tilt it the other way, and there's food and luxury for everyone.
而至于这把刀该往哪边倒，就看我们怎么选择了。
And it's up to us to decide which way the knife will go.
米肖·加来博士，我等这一天已经等了很久，终于能向您问这些问题。
Doctor Michio Kaku, I've waited a long time to ask someone these questions.
您认为我们人类是从哪里来的？
Where do you believe we came from?
您觉得我们其实活在一个模拟世界里，这种可能性大吗？
Do you think it's plausible that, in fact, we are living in a simulation?
当我们仰望星空时，有没有什么迹象表明宇宙中存在非人类的生命？
And then is there any evidence when we look out at the stars that there is nonhuman life out there?
好的。
Okay.
首先
So first of all
各位，在这一集开始之前，我想请大家帮个忙。
Guys, I've got a favor to ask before this episode begins.
算法如果发现你关注了某个节目，就会把那个节目的精品内容优先推到你的信息流里。
The algorithm, if you follow a show, will deliver you the best episodes from that show very prominently in your feed.
所以当我们的节目出了最受欢迎、分享最多、评分最高的那些集数时，我希望你能第一时间看到。
So when we have our best episodes on this show, the most shared episodes, the most rated episodes, I would love you to know.
而最简单的方法，就是点一下关注按钮。
And the simple way for you to know that is to hit that follow button.
这不仅是举手之劳，而且完全免费，还能帮我们把节目做得更好。
But also, it's the simple, easy, free thing that you can do to help us make the show better.
如果你现在正在听的这个App上，花一分钟点个关注，我会非常感激。
I would be hugely grateful if you could take a minute on the app you're listening to this on right now and hit that follow button.
真的太感谢你们了。
Thank you so, so, so much.
米奥卡库博士。
Doctor Michio Kaku.
没错。
That's right.
对于还不了解你和你工作的听众来说，他们可能会犹豫要不要听你今天分享的内容，因为他们没读过你的书，也没看过你的采访。你会怎么介绍自己的经历呢？
For anyone that isn't aware of you and your work, and they're wondering whether they should listen to what you have to say today because they don't know your work and they've not gone through the the books and the interviews that you've done, how would you describe your experience?
我研究的是弦论，我们认为这就是爱因斯坦晚年三十年一直在追寻的那个理论。
I work in something called string theory, which we think is the theory that eluded Einstein for the last thirty years of his life.
也就是所谓的万物理论。
The theory of everything.
这个理论解释了大爆炸、恒星的形成、星系的形成、地球的诞生以及生命的起源。
The theory that explains the Big Bang, the formation of stars, galaxy, formation of the earth, life.
我是一名物理学家，专门研究万物理论。
I'm a physicist working in the Theory of Everything.
万物理论到底是什么？
What is The Theory of Everything?
也许只是一英寸长的一个方程，却能让我们‘读懂上帝的思想’。
An equation perhaps no more than one inch long that will allow us to quote, read the mind of God.
这是爱因斯坦说过的话。
These are Einstein's words.
关于宇宙大爆炸的理论，关于创世的理论，关于万物的理论。
The theory of the Big Bang, the theory of creation itself, the theory of of everything.
我想用最通俗的方式解释清楚，哪怕是对这个领域一无所知的人也能听懂。
I wanna explain this in terms that even the most sort of novice viewer could understand.
万物理论就是一个方程，能解释一切。
The theory theory of everything is a is an equation that explains Everything.
物理学。
Physics.
不是。
No.
不是。
No.
不是。
No.
一切。
Everything.
从物理学衍生出化学，再从化学衍生出生物学。
Because from physics comes chemistry, comes chemistry, biology.
对。
Mhmm.
而这一切造就了我们的宇宙。
And from that comes our universe.
是像引力、空间和时间这样的东西吗？
Is it things like gravity and space and time?
引力、光、核力。
Gravity, light, the nuclear force.
宇宙有四种基本力。
There are four fundamental forces of the universe.
其中一种是引力，它让我们稳稳地待在地球上。
There's the gravitational force, which keeps us here.
电磁力，它照亮了我们的世界，还有两种核力。
The electromagnetic force, which lights up our world and the two nuclear forces.
我们想要一个能解释这四种力的理论。
We want a theory that explains all four.
当人们看你的访谈、读你的书时，你觉得他们最常想弄明白的根本问题是什么？
You know when people watch your interviews and they read your books, what do you think is the fundamental question that they're typically seeking to answer?
这跟我有什么关系？
What does it mean for me?
什么跟我有关系？
What does what mean for me?
未来的物理学。
The physics of the future.
我们物理学家就是在创造未来。
That is we physicists create the future.
是我们最先明白哪些事可能、哪些不可能、哪些是合理的。
We're the ones who understand what is possible, what is not possible, what is plausible.
这跟普通人有什么关系呢？
How does that affect the average person?
我们每个人内心其实都在摸索，我们是怎么走到今天的，又在宇宙中占据怎样的位置。
And there's an element of of all of us that's just trying to figure out how we got here, where our place is in the universe.
是的。
Yeah.
尤其是那些喜欢思考哲学或信仰问题的人，他们想知道这一切究竟意味着什么。
Especially for people who are philosophical or religious, they wanna know what does it all mean?
我从哪里来？
I mean, where did I come from?
宇宙又将走向何方？
Where is the universe going?
他们渴望找到那些根本性问题的答案——关于意义的问题。
They wanna know the answer to the big questions, the question of meaning.
而这，正是我们物理学家在做的事。
And that's what we physicists do.
他们还想知道，宇宙中是否只有我们人类。
And they wanna know if we're alone in the universe.
确实如此。
Oh, yeah.
这也是其中之一。
That too.
寻找地外文明其实是我们的研究附带的结果。
That's a byproduct of what we do is look for extraterrestrial intelligence.
你已经从事这项工作很多年了。
You've been doing this for many, many decades now.
你一直在研究宇宙和物理学的本质。
You've been studying the nature of the universe and physics.
你有没有发现，普通人还普遍存在某种根本性的误解？
Is there a fundamental misunderstanding that you're aware of that the average person still believes?
有的。
Yeah.
很多人觉得物理是书呆子干的事，整天在黑板上写满公式，跟普通人一点关系都没有。
People think that physics is for eggheads that assessed doing equations on a blackboard and totally divorced from the average person.
他们没意识到，生活中的一切——电、磁、核力、工业技术，全都根植于物理学。
They don't realize that everything about their life, about electricity, about magnetism, about the nuclear force, about industry, everything comes from physics.
可普通人还是觉得，物理是书呆子的玩意儿。
But the average person thinks that physics is for eggheads.
就是卡通里那种在黑板上写满公式的场景。
It's for equations you put on a blackboard in a cartoon.
完全不是这么回事。
Nope.
物理无处不在。
It's everywhere.
过去几周，因为特朗普公布了UFO文件，你被频繁邀请做采访。
In the last couple of weeks, you've been asked to do lots of interviews because Trump has released the UFO files.
没错。
That's right.
在深入其他话题和物理学之前，我们不如直接面对这个问题。
Before we get into lots of other subjects and physics generally, probably start by just tackling this question head on.
你认为我们在宇宙中是孤独的吗？
Do you think that we are alone in the universe?
不是。
No.
我们不是孤独的，因为银河系里有上千亿颗恒星，其中大约十分之一拥有类似地球的行星。
We're not alone because the galaxy has a 100,000,000,000 stars of which maybe 10% have planets that are earth like or are similar to earth.
但问题是，它们能来地球吗？
But the question is, can they visit us?
一艘土星五号火箭要花七万年才能到达最近的恒星，七万年啊。
A Saturn five rocket would take seventy thousand years just to reach the nearest star, hop, skip and a jump, seventy thousand years.
所以，如果真有文明能来到地球，那他们的科技至少要比我们先进几万年。
So a civilization that could reach the earth wouldn't be hundreds, thousands of years more advanced than us.
我是个物理学家。
So I'm a physicist.
我们来看看这个。
We look at that.
空间会扭曲。
Space warps.
有没有可能，外星飞碟文明能制造出空间扭曲，从而来拜访我们？
Is it possible that a flying saucer race could create a space warp so they can visit us?
空间扭曲。
Space warp.
弯曲空间。
Bending space.
这可能吗？
Is that possible?
引力其实一直在弯曲空间。
Well, gravity bends space all the time.
关键问题是，你能把空间弯曲到什么程度，让飞船超光速飞行，从而抵达最近的恒星？
The question is, can you bend space enough so that you can go faster than the speed of light so you can visit the nearest star?
这还是个疑问。
That's a question mark.
我们物理学家会研究这个问题，但目前没有确凿的答案。
We physicists look at that, but we have no definite answer.
但这是有可能的。
But it's it's possible.
有些人说，我最近做了一个播客，有两个人告诉我，他们观察到一些非常异常的UAP现象。
So when these people say that you know, I had a podcast recently where two people explained to me that there's been some very unusual sightings of UAPs.
对。
Mhmm.
没错。
Right.
他们就用这些现象来证明外星人确实存在。
And they use this as evidence to say that aliens exist.
对。
Mhmm.
你觉得这些目击现象真是外星生命，还是只是人们产生了幻觉，看到一些光球，然后误以为那是什么异常东西？
Do you think those sightings are actually extraterrestrial life, or do you think it's just people hallucinating and seeing, I don't know, light orbs and misunderstanding what they're looking at?
其实目击事件可以分为三类。
Well, there are three types of observations.
第一类是你在天上看到什么东西，这就是第一类。
Close encounters are the first kind is when you see something in the sky, first kind.
第二类是能拿到实物证据，比如发动机、外星生物的尸体，或者UAP的残骸，这算第二类。
Close encounters are the second kind is when you have something tangible, an engine, a body, a wreckage of a UAP, that's second kind.
第三类是你真的跟它们面对面，还能握个手。
Close encounters are the third kind is when you actually encounter them and shake their hand.
那我们现在处于哪个阶段？
Now, where are we?
我们现在还只是第一类，就是看到天上有什么东西在飘，但完全不知道那到底是什么。
We're at close encounters of the first kind where we see things floating in the sky, but we don't know what they are.
我们还没有任何实实在在的证据。
We don't have anything tangible.
在科幻作品里，我们早就把飞碟拍得明明白白了。
Now in science fiction, we've captured the flying saucer.
外星人被关在玻璃箱里，诸如此类的场景都有。
We have the aliens in a case or so forth.
那些都是电影里的桥段。
That's the movies.
可我们还没在实验室里见过真正的外星生命。
We have yet to see an alien in a laboratory.
也从没见过外星飞船。
We have yet to see an alien ship.
换句话说，人们总说‘我看见了什么东西’。
In other words, people say I saw something.
那这话到底是什么意思呢？
Now, what does that mean?
我是个物理学家。
I'm a physicist.
我们只能跟着实证走，而你所说的那些，目前没有任何观测能证实。
We go where the observation goes and we have no observations to verify what you saw.
当然，那些喜欢炒作的人总说他们看到了外星人的尸体。
Except, of course, sensationalists who say I've seen the bodies.
明白了。
Okay.
拿出来给我们看看。
Show us.
所以从这点来看，你觉得你并不相信外星生命已经来到地球了？
So from that, I conclude that you don't believe alien life has arrived here on Earth.
对，我不信。
No.
我愿意接受这种可能性。
I I I'm open to the possibility.
我们遇到的目击事件里，有95%都能用现有的物理定律解释清楚。
95% of the sightings we can we can explain using the known laws of physics.
剩下的5%可能是视觉错觉，也可能是外星造访的证据。
5% are either optical illusions or they are evidence of visitation.
你不能完全排除这种可能。
You can't rule it out.
所以我愿意相信，他们也许真的已经来了。
So I'm open to the idea that maybe they're here.
现在，特朗普总统公布了第一批据我们推测多达160起外星科技事件的资料。
Now president Trump has released the first mountain load of a 160 encounters of alien technology, we think.
但我们还没看到过第二次近距离接触的实例。
But we haven't yet seen a close encounter of the second kind.
一旦发生，那就会彻底改变局面。
When that happens, that's a game changer.
只要我们能拿到一块UFO的硬件，那一切就铁证如山了。
When we have a piece of UFO hardware, that would that would nail it to the wall right there.
有没有一种说法，是说美国政府，或者全球其他政府，不想让公众知道外星人的事，因为他们觉得人们还没准备好？
Is there a narrative that the US government or generally governments around the world wouldn't want the people to know about aliens because they're not ready for it?
你相信这个说法吗？
Do do you buy that?
这一直是政府不愿公开这些事的借口。
That's the traditional excuse for not revealing these things.
但另一个借口是，这其实是个掩盖。
But the other excuse is that it's a cover.
是为了掩盖隐形轰炸机的存在。
It's a cover for the stealth bomber.
是为了掩盖军方确实在试验新型气动飞行器的事实。
It's a cover for the fact that the military does experiment with aerodynamically novel forms of transport.
所以军方才一直保密，甚至故意撒谎来掩盖这些事。
And so those are the reasons why the military keeps it a secret and actually lies about these things.
但现在信息开始泄露，国会和美国总统都要求把这些目击报告解密。
But now that it's leaking out, Congress, the president of The United States, they're demanding these sightings to be declassified.
所以我们物理学家现在正在分析这些现象，判断它们是否真的存在。
So we physicists now are analyzing them to see whether or not they're really real or not.
当我们仰望星空时，有没有什么证据表明外星生命存在？
Is there any evidence when we look out at the stars that there is nonhuman life out there?
当你观察其他行星的运行方式时，有没有发现什么迹象暗示那里可能存在另一种形式的生命？
Is there anything that you've seen when you look at other planets and how they're operating that might suggest there's a different type of life there?
当然有。
Oh, yeah.
但目前还没有确凿的证据证明这一点。
But there's no tangible evidence for it yet, though.
举一个例子看看。
Give me one example.
比如说，看看离地球最近的恒星系统——半人马座阿尔法星。
Well, for example, take a look at Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to the planet earth.
对吧？
Right?
那个地方有多远？
How far away is that?
四点五光年。
Four and a half light years.
如果你看看半人马座阿尔法星系，离地球最近的恒星系统，那里有红色的恒星，上面可能有生命。
And if you take a look at the Alpha Centauri system, the closest system to the earth, you have, red, red stars that could have life on them.
我们还不确定。
We're not sure.
它们并不特别炽热或巨大，否则生命很难诞生和生存。
They're not super hot, super large, in which case it would be very difficult to get life forms off the ground.
我想说的是，我们所在的银河系，就相当于我们的后院，有整整一千亿颗恒星。
But the point I'm raising is that the Milky Way galaxy, our backyard, has a 100,000,000,000 stars.
在这些恒星中存在生命的概率，几乎就是百分之百。
The probability of life existing among those stars is almost a 100%.
关键问题是，它们能到达我们这里吗？
The question is, can they reach us?
也就是说，有没有可能造出一种航天技术，突破光速限制，穿越整个银河系，来到地球？
That means, is it possible to create a space war such that you can break the light barrier so that you can travel across the galaxy and visit the earth.
你刚才说这在理论上是可能的？
And did you say that was theoretically possible?
理论上是可能的。
It's theoretically possible.
对。
Yeah.
但问题是，你需要极其巨大的能量，不过物理定律确实允许空间扭曲的存在。
But unfortunately, you need energy, fantastic amounts of energy, But the laws of physics do allow for the possibility of space warps.
我的意思是，你肯定在《星际迷航》里见过空间扭曲，但《星际迷航》的空间扭曲是从哪儿来的？
I mean, you've seen space warps on Star Trek, but where did Star Trek get the worst space warps?
它来自物理学。
It comes from physics.
我还听你说过，好像是在乔·罗根的节目里，讲过一颗恒星的亮度突然下降了百分之二十。
I also heard you telling I think it was Joe Rogan you were telling a story of one particular star that reduces in its intensity by 20%.
是的。
Yeah.
有一颗恒星会周期性地变暗。
There is a star that that oscillates.
这是什么意思？
What does that mean?
它的亮度会下降大约百分之二十。
So it drops by about 20%.
所以它的光输出在减少？
So it's it's it's reducing its Output.
光的输出。
Light Output.
下降百分之二十。
By 20%.
没错。
That's right.
多久发生一次？
How often?
我们不用等上几个世纪。
We don't have to wait for centuries.
可能就在这几个月到几年内。
It's within a matter of months to years.
一颗频繁变暗、亮度下降20%的恒星。
A star that reduces frequently reduces its light output by 20%.
对。
Yeah.
这非常不寻常。
Which is very unusual.
这是我们迄今所见的唯一一例。
It's the only one we saw we've seen
目前为止。
so far.
你之前提到过一个理论，说是某个文明可能在那颗恒星周围建造了什么东西？
You explained one of the theories, I think, when you first talked about this, was that a civilization might have built something around that star?
哦，是啊。
Oh, yeah.
有一种理论认为，高度发达的文明会需要巨大的能量。
That's one of several theories that a civilization that advanced would have tremendous energy needs.
没错。
Mhmm.
获取能量最直接的方式，就是用一个外壳把恒星完全包起来。
The easiest way to get energy is by encircling the mother star with an envelope.
这个外壳能吸收绝大部分的能量。
And the envelope then would absorb most of the energy.
其实，《星际迷航》里就有一集讲过这个。
In fact, that was an episode of Star Trek.
他们遇到一颗恒星，完全被金属外壳包裹着。
They meet a star that is totally enveloped by a metal shell.
外星文明几百年前提前离开了，但也不能完全排除这种可能性。
The aliens left it centuries ago, but, you know, it can't be ruled out.
这个理论认为，一个高度发达的文明会围绕恒星建造一个金属球体来捕获能量。
The theory goes that an advanced civilization will surround it with, a metal sphere to capture its energy.
是的。
Yeah.
那这能解释为什么我们观测到恒星的光度下降了20%吗？
And that would explain why we see a 20% reduction in the light output?
不是。
No.
他们认为，可能是一个绕行的天体在遮挡恒星的光线。
They think that it's probably an orbiting an orbiting globe that eclipses the mother star.
它不是包裹恒星，而是绕着恒星运行，偶尔挡住它的光。
Rather than envelops the mother star, it simply goes around the mother star and eclipses it.
这就是他们的推测。
That's the theory.
所以就像一个巨大的球体，绕着恒星转，时不时挡住它。
So it'd be like a big ball that that circles the star extracting itself.
这样就会造成亮度下降。
And that would cause a dip.
会导致光线强度出现下降。
It would cause a dip in the intensity of light.
从我们目前观测来看。
As far as we see it.
从我们目前观测来看。
As far as we see it.
没错。
Right.
因为这个大球体有时会从你面前经过。
Because this big ball is sometimes moving in front of you.
从前面经过。
In front.
对，就是这样。
That's right.
没错。
Exactly.
为什么
Why
它不可能只是一颗行星吗？
couldn't it just be a planet?
行星没那么大。
Plants are not that big.
行星的大小大约只有木星的1%。
Planets are about 1% like Jupiter.
它大约是太阳大小的1%。
It's about 1% the size of the sun.
所以如果木星从我们太阳前面经过，阳光会减弱大约1%到2%。
So the sunlight would drop by about one or 2% if Jupiter goes in front of our sun.
哦，我明白了。
Oh, I've got you.
所以这个要大得多。
So this is much bigger.
它巨大无比。
It's huge.
你写过很多书，对吧。
You've you've written a lot of books Mhmm.
关于宇宙、物理，还有其间的一切。
About the universe and physics and everything in between.
我等了很久，终于有机会问你这个问题。
I've waited a long time to ask someone this question.
这个问题挺宽泛的。
It's a very broad question.
我想问的是，你认为我们是从哪里来的？
And the question is, where do you believe that we came from?
你认为生命又是从哪里来的？
Where do you believe that life came from?
那你觉得这个宇宙是从哪儿来的？
Where where do you believe this universe came from?
宇宙是从大爆炸开始的。
Well, the universe came from the Big Bang.
但问题是，大爆炸又是从哪儿来的？
The question is where did the Big Bang come from?
对吧？
Right?
明白了。
Okay.
那大爆炸到底是什么？
So what is the Big Bang?
大爆炸是一次发生在大约一百四十亿年前的宇宙大爆炸，它催生了不断膨胀的宇宙。
A Big Bang is a cosmic explosion that took place around fourteen or so billion years ago that created the expanding universe.
我们怎么知道它真的发生过？
How do we know that happened?
因为我们有证据表明，大约一百四十亿年前确实发生了这种膨胀。
Because we have evidence of this expansion that took place, you know, fourteen or so billion years ago.
我们看到星星都在远离我们。
We see the stars moving away from us.
想象一个大气球，上面点着一些光点，气球在膨胀，那些光点也就彼此远离。
So think of a big balloon, the big balloon with points of light on the balloon and the balloon is expanding and the stars are moving away from each other.
这正是我们现在观测到的情况。
That's what we see today.
不是彼此靠近，而是都在远离。
Not moving toward each other.
所有的星星都在彼此远离，就像气球在不断膨胀一样。
All the stars are moving away from each other like the sphere is expanding.
所以我们相信大爆炸理论，也相信宇宙正在膨胀，而不是收缩。
And so we believe in the Big Bang Theory, and we believe that the universe is expanding rather than contracting.
那它是在向哪里膨胀呢？
Expanding into what?
高维空间。
Hyperspace.
那是什么？
What's that?
我们生活在四维宇宙里，三个空间维度，一个时间维度。
Well, we live in a four dimensional universe, three dimensions of space, one dimension of time.
我们生活在四维宇宙中。
We live in a four dimensional universe.
但在弦理论中，我们认为总共有十一个维度。
But in string theory, we believe that there are 11 dimensions altogether.
弦理论是你提出的吗？
String theory is something that you came up with?
我提出的是弦场理论，它是弦理论的一个分支。
I came up with String Field Theory, which is one of the branches of string theory.
没错。
Right.
那弦理论到底是什么？
And what is string theory?
弦理论认为，质子到底是什么？
String theory says that what is a proton?
电子又是什么？
What is an electron?
它们不过是弦的振动而已。
They're nothing but vibrations of a string.
从远处看，它就像一个点粒子。
So from a distance, this looks like a point particle.
从远处看，这就是一个电子。
For a distance, this is an electron.
但如果你能把它放大，就会发现它根本不是个点。
But if you could magnify that, we find that it's not really a point at all.
它其实是一根在振动的弦。
It's really a vibrating string.
每一种振动都对应一个音符。
And each vibration corresponds to a note.
所以这个就是质子。
So this would be a proton.
这个就是电子。
This would be an electron.
这个就是中子。
This would be a neutron.
这个就是中微子。
This would be a neutrino.
这就是为什么会有这么多亚原子粒子。
That's why we have so many subatomic particles.
明白了。
Okay.
所以为了让我更好理解，你的意思是，最基本的层面上，所有粒子其实都一样，只是振动的方式不同而已。
So to to simplify this in a way that I understand, you're saying that at the very base layer, particles are the same, but they're just strings that are basically vibrating differently.
没错
That's
对
right.
这其实就是万物最根本的构成基础。
And that would be the the sort of foundational matter of everything.
没错。
That's right.
一切本质上都是振动的弦。
Everything is basically a vibrating string.
当弦沿着这个方向振动时，我们就称它为电子。
So when the string vibrates in this direction, we call it an electron.
如果它这样振动，我们就叫它质子。
If it vibrates in this way, we call it a proton.
那为什么会有这么多亚原子粒子呢？
So why do we have so many subatomic particles?
一共有多少种？
How many of them are there?
好几百种。
Hundreds.
我们已经观测到好几百种亚原子粒子。
We've seen hundreds of subatomic particles.
大自然怎么会这么残忍，让宇宙在最根本的层面上由几百种不同振动方式的弦构成？
And how could mother nature be so malicious to create a universe at the fundamental level based on hundreds of different kinds of strings vibrating in different directions.
其实，它就只是一根弦。
Well, it's really just one string.
一根可以以不同模式振动的弦。
One string that can vibrate in different modes.
每一种振动模式，就对应一种粒子。
Each mode is called a particle.
为什么非得是弦呢？
Why does it need to be a string?
我们也不知道为什么事物会是这样。
We don't know why things are.
我只是个物理学家。
We just I'm a physicist.
我们只是试着弄清楚事物真实的运作方式，而这能解释为什么会有这么多粒子。
We just try to figure out the way things really are, but it will explain why there's so many particles.
以前我们以为只有电子、质子和中子，就这些了。
We used to think there was an electron, a proton, and neutron, and that's it.
就这些了。
That's it.
到此为止。
Period.
不对。
Nope.
我们已经观测到了π介子。
We've seen pi mesons.
我们已经观测到了朗道粒子、欧米伽粒子，还有成百上千种亚原子粒子。
We've seen lambda particles, omega particles, hundreds of subatomic particles.
那为什么我们要在芝加哥外面、日内瓦外面建这么大的粒子对撞机呢？
Why do we build atom smashers outside Chicago, outside Geneva?
用那些庞然大物把原子撞得粉碎。
Huge gigantic atom smashers smashing atoms apart.
为什么？
Why?
因为从撞击后的碎片里，我们才开始明白，这些振动其实就是粒子。
Because then from the debris, we begin to figure out these vibrations are particles.
我们可以把它们分类。
We can categorize them.
也可以给它们起名字。
We can give them names.
这样一来，我们就有了一个所谓的‘万有理论’。
And that gives us a quote, a theory of everything.
所以我们有了所谓的标准模型，它解释了除引力之外的所有亚原子粒子。
So we have what is called the standard model, which explains all the subatomic particles other than gravity.
我们通过原子对撞机来制造这些粒子。
And it and we create these particles with their atom smashes.
就是那些大型机器，在日内瓦等地把原子互相对撞，以此
Which is the big machines where they fire atoms at each other in in Geneva and so on around the
来研究其中的奥秘。
world to figure out.
大型强子对撞机。
A large Hadron Collider.
对吧？
Right?
但现在我们意识到，还有另一个八度音阶。
But now we realize that there's another octave.
在大型强子对撞机所能观测到的范围之外，还有另一层，那就是暗物质。
There's another layer even beyond what we see with the Large Hadron Collider, dark matter.
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暗物质是一种看不见的物质，环绕着银河系，但我们还不知道它到底是什么。
Dark matter is invisible matter that surrounds the Milky Way galaxy, and we don't know what it is.
谁能解开暗物质的谜团，谁就能拿诺贝尔奖。
There's a Nobel Prize waiting for somebody who could figure out what dark matter is.
这是一种看不见的物质。
It's invisible matter.
一种环绕整个银河系的看不见的物质。
Invisible matter that surrounds the entire Milky Way galaxy.
我们推测它可能不是别的，而是下一个音阶，只是还无法证实。
We think that we cannot yet prove that it's nothing but the next octave.
你所说的‘音阶’是什么意思？
What do you mean by octave?
就是振动。
Vibration.
换句话说，我们现在看到的这种是最低的振动，对应电子；但还有更高频率的振动，对应更高的音阶。
In other words, this would be the lowest vibration, which corresponds to an electron, But there are other vibrations much bigger and they would correspond to a higher octave.
如果它看不见，我们怎么知道它存在呢？
How do we know it's there if it's invisible?
这其实是一种推测。
Well, this is a guess.
但计算之后你会发现，当观察弦的振动，尤其是更高阶的振动时，有些振动是看不见的。
But it turns out that when you do the math and you look at the vibration of a string and you look at the higher vibrations, some of them are invisible.
也就是说，它们不与光发生相互作用。
In other words, they don't interact with light.
而我们能看见的东西，都是能和光互动的。
Now we know that this interacts with light before we can see it.
比如这张桌子。
The table.
但这些只是最低阶的振动。
But these are the lowest vibrations.
有些更高阶的振动是看不见的。
Some of the higher vibrations are invisible.
所以我们认为，暗物质就是这样的东西。
And so we think that's what dark matter is.
这么说来，这又回到了我们之前讨论的宇宙大爆炸问题。
I guess this all comes back to the question we're talking about the Big Bang.
你知道，科学家们普遍认为宇宙曾经发生过一次大爆炸，因为观测显示宇宙正在向外膨胀。
You know, scientists tend to agree that there was some kind of Big Bang because when you look at the universe, it's expanding outward.
如果把时间倒推回去，就会发现曾经有一个点，那里发生过一次巨大的爆炸。
So one would if you rewind time, at some point, there was a central point where something where a big an explosion occurred if you reversed time.
这就引出了一个问题：是什么引发了大爆炸？
I mean, it begs the question, what caused the Big Bang?
嗯，
Well,
我们还不清楚，但有一些理论。
we don't know, but there are theories.
弦理论甚至探讨了大爆炸之前的事情。
String theory is a theory even before the Big Bang.
它是一门万有理论。
It's a theory of everything.
大爆炸这个说法在某种程度上其实不太准确，因为它掩盖了我们对真相一无所知的事实。
The Big Bang in some sense is a misnomer because they disguised the fact that we're ignorant.
我们根本不知道到底是什么引发了那场爆炸。
We're ignorant that what caused the thing to bang.
在弦理论里，根本就没有什么爆炸。
String theory, there was no bang.
也就是说，它确实发生过坍缩。
That is, it did collapse.
如果你把时间倒回去，它确实是从一个极小的点坍缩过，然后又反弹出来。
If you go backwards in time, it did collapse with very small thing and then came out again, it bounced.
哦，原来是这样。
Oh, okay.
所以我们认为，可能存在一个由无数宇宙组成的‘泡泡浴’。
So we think that there could be a bubble bath of universes.
你所说的‘宇宙的泡泡浴’是什么意思？
What do you mean by a bubble bath of universes?
我们的宇宙就像一个泡泡，这个泡泡在膨胀，这就是大爆炸理论，它能解释所有观测数据。
Our universe is a bubble of some sort and the bubble is expanding and that's called the Big Bang Theory, which fits all the data.
但我们认为，外面还存在着其他泡泡。
But we think there are other bubbles out there.
换句话说，弦理论认为，我们生活的世界不只是四维的，而是十一维的。
In other words, String Theory says that we live not just in a four dimensional world, but in a 11 dimensional world.
那些额外的维度我们看不到，但我们相信，宇宙和其他宇宙是共存的。
These other dimensions we cannot see, but we think that the universe coexists with other universes.
就像一个泡泡浴。
There's a bubble bath.
想象一下，肥皂泡在真空中漂浮的样子。
Think of bubbles, soap bubbles floating in in the vacuum.
那弹珠呢？
What about marbles?
所以你说到气泡的时候，是不是这个意思？
So when you're talking about bubbles, you know, could what do you mean, like, kinda like this?
对。
Right.
好吧。
Okay.
把那个大面包给我。
Give me the big bun.
我把所有的都放上去。
I'll put all of them.
行。
Alright.
好的。
Okay.
我们就假设这个是太阳。
So let's say this is the sun.
是的
Yep.
这些是行星、小行星之类的天体。
And these are planets, asteroids, whatever.
它们都在绕着太阳转。
And they're going around, they're going around the sun.
为什么呢？
Why?
它们为什么会这样绕着太阳转？
Why are they going around the sun like that?
好吧。
Okay.
这是因为太阳的引力在把它们往自己这边拉。
It's because this exerts gravitational force that is pulling these things toward the sun.
地球只是其中一个，小行星、土星、木星，都不过是围绕着这颗恒星运转的行星而已。
The earth is just one, asteroids are none of the other, Saturn, Jupiter, they're nothing but planets going around the mother star.
那接下来的问题就是，为什么呢？
And so then the next question is why?
为什么行星会绕着太阳转呢？
Why is it that planets are going around the sun?
这是因为太阳让周围的时空发生了弯曲。
It's because the sun is warping the space around it.
它在周围制造了一个浅浅的凹陷。
It's creating a shallow depression.
空间并不是平的。
Space is not flat.
这是爱因斯坦的发现。
This is Einstein's achievement.
你往这个方向走，看起来是平的。
You go in this direction, seems flat.
你往那个方向走，一切也都显得平平的。
You go in this direction, everything seems to be flat.
对吧？
Right?
但其实地球是圆的，虽然看起来是平的，实际上并不是。
But no, the earth, for example, is round, but it looks flat, but it's not.
宇宙看起来是平的，但其实不是。
The universe looks flat, but it's not.
它是弯曲的。
It's curved.
所以行星会围绕恒星运转，是因为引力其实是空间弯曲的产物。
That's why planets go around the mother star because gravity is the byproduct of the warping of space.
这也是为什么我们现在能稳稳地坐在椅子上。
And that's why we are sitting on this chair right now.
我们为什么会在这里？
Why are we here?
为什么我们没有飘到太空中去？
How come we're not flying in outer space?
地球在自转。
The earth is spinning.
对吧？
Right?
如果地球在转，我们早就被甩到太空去了。
If the earth is spinning, we should be flung out into outer space.
那我们怎么还在这儿呢？
So how come we're here?
是重力。
Gravity.
但重力到底是什么？
Grab but what is gravity though?
重力这个词只是个说法，
That's just a word,
是因为地球的质量远大于我们，所以把我们吸住了。
Just because the mass of the earth is so much greater than us that it pulls us in.
好吧。
Okay.
那为什么它会把我们拉住呢？
Well, why is it pulling us in?
爱因斯坦说，地球之所以把我们拉住，是因为它让周围的时空弯曲，把我们推向地面。
Einstein says that the reason why the earth is pulling us in is because the earth warps the space around us and is pushing us into the floor.
太阳系之所以是现在这样，是因为太阳牵引着行星，让它们沿着弯曲的轨道运行——这都是时空弯曲造成的。
That's why the solar system works the way it does because the sun grabs the planets and forces the planets to move in a curved line because it's curved space that is causing it to move this way.
再说回你刚才提到的浴缸泡泡那个说法。
And going back to what you were saying about the bubble bath idea.
对。
Right.
那问题来了，宇宙中还有其他恒星吗？
Then the question is, are there other stars?
有。
Yes.
还有其他的星系吗？
Are there other galaxies?
外面有数十亿颗行星。
There are billions and billions of planets out there.
我们觉得整个宇宙都是弯曲的。
We think that the whole shebang is curved.
我们只不过是这个巨大气泡表面的居民。
We're nothing but inhabitants on the skin of this gigantic bubble.
现在我们说，也许外面还有其他的气泡，多重宇宙，无数个平行宇宙。
Now we're saying that maybe there are other bubbles out there, a multiverse, a multiverse of universes, parallel universes.
事实上，多重宇宙这个概念已经进入文学作品，连漫画里都开始提了，比如蜘蛛侠之类的。
In fact, where multiverse has gotten into the literature, Comic books now refer to the multiverse, Spider Man and things like that.
所以，平行宇宙已经成了普通人日常语言的一部分，大家都觉得它们可能存在。
So it's even part of the vernacular, the the common language of the average person that we believe in parallel universes.
所以，没错，这些平行宇宙的理论是来自物理学的。
So, yeah, these parallel universes come from physics.
另一个来自物理学的概念是黑洞。
And the other thing that comes from physics is black holes.
没错。
That's right.
如果一颗恒星变得足够大，引力强到把所有东西都往里吸，就像这样。
If this star becomes so massive that its gravity is so great that it pulls the entire shebang in like this.
那就会形成一个黑洞。
And then that would be a black hole.
我们现在相信，我们观测到的几乎每个星系中心都藏着一个黑洞，而星系的数量有上万亿个。
And we now believe that at the center of almost every galaxy we see, and there are trillions of galaxies, we think that at the center of these galaxies, there's a black hole.
就连我们的星系，
Even our galaxy, the
银河系也是。
Milky Even our galaxy.
对吧？
Right?
如果你看向人马座的方向，那个星座里就有一个黑洞。
If you look at the direction of Sagittarius, the constellation Sagittarius, there's a black hole there.
所以今晚出去看看人马座，那里有个黑洞，就在我们自家后院，把银河系维系在一起。
So tonight, go outside, look for the constellation Sagittarius, and there's a black hole at the center of our own backyard that holds the Milky Way galaxy together.
那它是怎么跑到那里的呢？
So how did it get there?
我们推测，它是大爆炸的残余物，大爆炸发生时，物质团块开始相互吸引、坍缩。
Well, we think that it's a remnant of the Big Bang, that when the Big Bang exploded, clusters of matter begin to contract other clusters of matter.
而这就是星系和行星的由来。
And this is where the galaxies and the planets come from.
大爆炸抛出的物质逐渐凝聚，形成了星系、太阳系和行星。
The condensation of the matter ejected out of the Big Bang gives you the galaxies, the solar systems, and the planets.
所以如果拿这个来举例，大爆炸之后，所有碎片四散飞溅。
So if I use this as an example, there was the Big Bang and all the pieces flew everywhere.
对。
Mhmm.
然后因为引力，这些碎片聚在了一起，变得非常大，质量大到向内坍缩。
And then because of gravity, the pieces came together, and they got so so so big, so much mass that they collapsed inwards.
我们还不确定到底是星系先出现，还是黑洞先出现。
We're not sure about exactly which came first, the galaxy came first or the black hole came first.
不过咱们先假设黑洞是先出现的。
But let's assume for the moment that the black hole came first.
气体聚集在一个叫作黑洞的小区域里，然后它把周围所有的恒星和星系都吸引过来，形成了银河系。
Gas concentrated into a small area called the black hole, and then it drew all the other stars and galaxy around it to create the Milky Way galaxy.
我们还不确定，但这只是它来源的一种可能性。
We're not sure, but that's one possibility of where it came from.
那它又是怎么来的呢？
And where did that come from?
这反过来又是源于大约一百四十亿年前那场创造了宇宙的爆炸。
That in turn came from the explosion that created the universe roughly fourteen billion years ago.
我理解得对吗？黑洞是密度极高的物质区域。
Am I right in thinking black holes, they are extremely dense, like areas of matter.
如果你靠近黑洞，任何靠近的东西都会被吸进去。
And they if you were to go near one, everything that goes near it gets sucked in.
没错。
That's right.
一旦进去就再也出不来了。
And you never get out again.
如果这是个黑洞，它周围会有一个圈或者球形区域，叫做不可逆点。
If this is a black hole, there is a ring or a sphere surrounding it, a point of no return.
你朝黑洞方向前进，穿过那个圈，就再也回不来了。
You go towards the black hole and you pass this ring, and then you go into the black hole never to be seen again.
这就是个不归点。
It's a point of no return.
我们怎么知道的呢？
How do we know that?
我们从来没亲眼见过，但可以算出逃逸速度。
Well, we've never seen it happen, but we can calculate the escape velocity.
换句话说，如果你想离开地球，得跑多快才行？
In other words, if you wanna leave the earth, how fast do you have to move to leave the earth?
每秒七英里。
Seven miles per second.
我们的宇航员就是以每秒七英里的速度飞向月球的。
Our astronauts travel seven miles per second to reach the moon.
明白吗？
Okay?
这叫逃逸速度。
That's called escape velocity.
任何有引力的物体都有自己的逃逸速度。
So every gravitating piece of matter has an escape velocity.
地球的逃逸速度是每秒七英里。
For the earth is seven miles per second.
那黑洞的逃逸速度是多少？
What about the escape velocity of a black hole?
那就是光速。
It's the speed of light.
所以一旦你穿过黑洞的事件视界，就再也出不来了。
That's why if you fall through the event horizon of a black hole, you never come out.
因为那意味着你得比光还快，这根本不可能。
Because otherwise, you would have to go faster than the speed of light, which is not possible.
你进去了，就再也回不来。
So you go in, but you never come out.
这就是为什么叫它黑洞。
That's why it's called black holes.
里面有什么？
What's in there?
如果你知道进去后能拿诺贝尔奖的话。
If you knew you'd win a Nobel Prize.
这个区域里头藏着巨大的质量。
This area has loads and loads of mass inside it.
它在把周围的东西都吸进去。
It's sucking things into it.
所以人们会以为里面东西很多，可实际上它特别小。
So one would assume that there was a lot inside there, but it's tiny.
对吧？
Right?
黑洞其实很小？
Black holes are tiny?
我们不知道它们到底有多大。
We don't know how big they are.
我们推测，中心可能非常小。
We think at the very center, it could be very small.
这一点还不确定。
We're not sure.
没人能去过，因为一旦越过事件视界，就再也回不来了。
No one's ever been there because if you go past the event horizon, you never come out again.
人们觉得黑洞里面到底有什么？
What do people think is inside a black hole?
因为我觉得它就是太空中看起来黑乎乎的一个区域，能把行星和任何东西都吸进去。
Because I'm thinking of it's just this area in space that looks black on a when you look at it and it can suck in planets, anything.
如果让我猜，我觉得那是个入口。
If I were to take a guess, I would say that it's an entrance.
也许是个通往另一个宇宙的门户。
It's a gateway perhaps to another universe.
比如说，如果我们遇到扭曲空间，你掉进去后，只要这扭曲空间够强，说不定能从另一边出来。
We think, for example, if I have a warp space and you fall into warp space, if if the warp space is powerful enough, it may come out again on the other side.
所以黑洞的另一边，可能另有一个宇宙。
So there may be another universe on the other side of a black hole.
当然，我们也不确定。
We're not sure of course.
如果你想用土星五号火箭去半人马座阿尔法星，得花七万年才能到达最近的恒星。
If you wanna go to Alpha Centauri with a Saturn five rocket, it would take seventy thousand years to reach the nearest star with our most powerful rocket.
太不现实了。
Very impractical.
你需要一条捷径。
You need a shortcut.
这种捷径叫作虫洞，跟黑洞很像，有点不一样，但总体上很相似。
And that's the gateway called a wormhole, which is very similar to a black hole, a little bit different, but very similar.
你研究宇宙物理多久了？
How long have you been studying physics in the universe now?
从八岁起，我就一直在研究宇宙。
Since I was eight years old, I've been studying the universe.
七十年了。
Seventy one years.
是的。
Yeah.
我八岁那年，一位伟大的科学家刚刚去世。
When I was eight years old, a great scientist had just died.
当时所有报纸都登了这件事。
It was in all the newspapers.
报纸上说，他最后一次尝试构建万有理论时失败了。
And the newspapers said that he failed on his last try to create a theory of everything.
所以我对这个人想要找到终极理论的想法着了迷。
So I was fascinated by this idea that this man was attempting to find the final theory.
你说的是爱因斯坦。
You're talking about Einstein.
没错。
That's right.
后来我才得知，那位科学家名叫阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦。
Later I found out the man's name was Albert Einstein.
那一刻我就对自己说，这就是我要追求的方向。
And at that point I said to myself, that's for me.
这正是我想投身研究的领域。
That's what I wanna work on.
我想参与这场伟大的探索，完成爱因斯坦关于统一理论的梦想。
I wanna be part of this great journey to complete Einstein's dream of a theory of everything.
这正是我谋生的方式。
And that's what I do for a living.
我每天都在研究爱因斯坦的方程。
I work with Einstein's equations.
所以七十一年来，你一直在试图理解宇宙，构建这个万有理论。
So for seventy one years, you've been trying to understand the universe and create this theory for everything.
在这段时光里，你对上帝的看法有了怎样的变化？
In that time, how is your perspective on God developed?
是的。
Yes.
我家里大多数人都是来自日本的佛教徒。
Most of my family were Buddhists coming from Japan.
但我父亲是基督徒，送我去上主日学。
But my father was a Christian and put me in Sunday school.
所以小时候，我从小接触了两种宗教。
So I had the benefit of two religions as a child.
现在我是物理学家，而物理学家通常持不可知立场。
Now I'm a physicist And physicists are quote agnostic.
他们不站队，不表态。
They don't take a position.
他们只是跟着物理的线索走，不管那地方有多令人不安，或多神秘。
They simply go where the physics takes them into areas that are distasteful, mysterious, whatever.
证据指向哪儿，我们就跟到哪儿。
You go where the evidence goes.
这就是我今天的样子。
And that's what I am today.
换句话说，我们有物理定律。
In other words, we have the laws of physics.
我们有弦理论，它能把我们带到大爆炸的那一刻，甚至更早，早于宇宙诞生之前。
We have string theory, which takes us to the instant of the Big Bang and even before, even before the creation of the universe.
但接下来的问题是，弦理论又是从哪儿来的呢？
But then the next question is where does string theory come from?
好吧。
Okay.
到了这一步，我们只能承认，这是我们的知识盲区了。
At that point, we have to say that that's where our ignorance takes over.
我们真的不知道。
We simply don't know.
那模拟理论呢？
What about simulation theory?
你觉得我们生活在一个模拟世界里的可能性大吗？
Do you think it's plausible that in fact we are living in a simulation?
我觉得答案很可能是否定的。
I would say the answer is probably no.
很可能是否定的。
Probably no.
没错。
That's right.
模拟理论 basically 认为宇宙就像一场木偶戏，背后有一套固定的剧本。
Simulation theory is basically saying that the universe is a puppet show, and there's a script.
我们只是在按着剧本演，因为有人在牵着我们的线。
Where we're living out the script because somebody is pulling our strings.
首先，这跟量子理论是冲突的。
First of all, that violates quantum theory.
量子理论承认概率的存在。
Quantum theory believes in our probabilities.
比如我今天坐在这里的概率，或者哪天我飞向太空的概率。
Probabilities that I'm sitting here today, probabilities that maybe one day I'll go into outer space.
我们能精确计算原子和化学反应发生的概率，精度高得惊人。
We can calculate the probabilities of atomic events, chemical events with accuracy that is incredible.
但模拟理论并不在其中。
But simulation theory is not one of them.
哲学家尼克·博斯特罗姆提出的这个理论认为，逻辑上只有三种可能。
The theory which was proposed by philosopher Nick Bostrom says that there's three possibilities logically.
第一种可能是，类似人类的文明总会在达到能够运行高度逼真模拟之前就自我毁灭。
Either number one, that human like civilizations always destroy themselves before they get to the point where they can do advanced hyper realistic simulations.
想想现在的虚拟现实或者电子游戏，如果你想象它们沿着一条连续的光谱发展，哪怕每年只进步1%，总有一天，它们会和我们当前所处的现实完全无法区分。
And if you think about things like, I know, virtual reality at the moment or video games, and you imagine them on a spectrum, if they just get 1% better a year, at some point, they are indistinguishable from this reality that we're experiencing now.
所以第一种理论是：我们在能做出高度逼真的模拟之前，就已经把自己搞灭绝了。
So theory one, we wipe ourselves out before we get to the point where we're advanced enough in hyper realistic simulations.
第二种可能是：高度发达的文明确实存在，但他们对模拟自己的祖先——也就是我们——毫无兴趣。
Theory number two or possibility number two is that advanced civilizations do exist, but they have zero interest in simulating their ancestors, which would be us.
第三种可能是：我们本身就是一场模拟，而文明确实存活了下来，并且运行了数百万个模拟，因为在这种情况下，会有数百万个虚假宇宙，但只有一个才是真实的基础现实。
Or theory number three is that we are a simulation and civilizations do survive and they do run millions of simulations because there would be millions of fake universes and only one can be base reality in this scenario.
从数学概率来看，我们此刻生活在模拟中、而非基础现实中的可能性极高，对吧？
And the mathematical odds are incredibly high that we are currently living inside one of those simulations and not in base reality?
我个人觉得，你漏掉了一个第四种可能。
Well, my personal point of view is is there's option four that you don't mention.
第四种可能是，根本就不存在什么模拟。
And option four is that there is no simulation at all.
所有这些说法都不过是童话故事罢了。
That all this talk is nothing but fairy tales.
就是我们讲给孩子听、让他们对宇宙感到惊奇的那些童话。
Fairy tales that we tell our children to amaze them about the universe.
但你想想，宇宙其实是建立在概率之上的。
But you see, the universe is based on probabilities.
比如铀元素衰变的概率，这才有了核武器。
Probabilities that uranium will fire, for example, which gives us nuclear weapons.
氢原子聚变的概率，这才有了恒星。
Probability that hydrogen can fuse and that gives us stars.
所以宇宙靠的是这些自然概率，而不是什么模拟。
So the universe is based on our probabilities, not on simulations.
你觉得呢
Do you
我觉得问这个问题很奇怪，因为里面包含太多明确的定义了。
think what we're seeing this is a strange question to ask because, again, there's so many definite definitions within it.
但你认为我们所看到的这一切是真实的吗？
But do you think what we're seeing is real?
我的意思是，你知道，有些人会用致幻药物，我听说过像DMT这样的东西。
Like, do you think this is you know, because people do psychedelic drugs, and I hear about things like DMT.
吸一点烟，突然间你看到的一切都不一样了。
You inhale a little bit of smoke, and suddenly everything you see is different.
有人说，他们在吸了DMT之后，遇见了其他类型的生命。
And you meet people talk about how they've met other types of life when they've taken an inhale of DMT.
他们跟某种未知的生命形式有过互动。
They've interacted with some type of other life form.
所以我想说的是，如果我们的感知现实这么脆弱——吸一口烟，就突然置身于另一个生命世界，那我们是不是该质疑这一切到底是不是真的？
So I guess all this is to say that if our perceived reality is that fragile where we inhale one of smoke and suddenly we're amongst a different life form, then it makes us question whether this is real at all.
再进一步说，如果仅仅吸一口烟——你可以把它看作是一些微小的颗粒——就能干扰大脑，让你觉得自己进入了另一个宇宙，那这不正说明，你的现实只是由一小撮现在恰好排列整齐的微粒所投射出来的吗？
And also, like, just to extend that a little bit further, if one inhalation of smoke, and I guess you could think about that as a bunch of small particles, can interrupt something in my brain that causes me to believe that I'm in a different universe, then doesn't that prove that my reality is just the projection of a very fragile small amount of particles that are right now lined up so that I see you and this?
我觉得这个问题的答案是，你所认为的现实，其实只是你感官所能捕捉到的外界信息的片面假象。你的感官能接收到的东西，只占真实存在的一小部分。
Well, I think the answer to that is that what you consider to be reality is really a partial fiction that your senses are limited by what your senses can retrieve from the outside world, but there's only a teeny weeny little fraction of what actually exists.
比如，看看电磁光谱。
Look at the electromagnetic spectrum of light, for example.
你看不见紫外线、红外线，也看不见X射线。
You can't see all the ultraviolet radiation, the infrared, x rays.
这个房间里充满了你根本看不到的现实。
This room is full of realities that you can't see.
你所看到的，只是现实的一小部分，微乎其微的一小部分。
Most of what you see is a fragment, a teeny, eensy, weensy little fragment of reality.
你看不到宇宙射线。
You can't see cosmic rays.
你也看不到紫外线。
You can't see ultraviolet radiation.
所以我想说的是，你活在一个幻觉里。
So what I'm trying to tell you is that you live in an illusion.
这个幻觉对生存来说还挺管用的。
It's a good illusion for survival.
但要说能看清现实的完整全貌？根本不可能。
But in terms of being able to see the full spectrum of reality as it exists, no.
一点办法都没有。
There's no way.
所以你觉得现实就是全部？
So you think reality is everything.
不对。
Nope.
你看到的只是现实里极其微小的一小部分。
It's all your tiny, tiny, eensy, weensy little fragment of reality.
再说什么现实，那简直是幻想叠加幻想。
And then talking about this reality, that's a fantasy on top of a fantasy.
第一个幻想就是，你以为你看到的就是全部真实。
The first fantasy is that you think that what you see is real and everything.
这就是第一个幻觉。
That's the first fantasy.
第二个幻觉是，这个幻觉里面还藏着另一个幻觉。
The second fantasy is there's a fantasy within the first fantasy.
所以你一层又一层地堆着幻觉。
So you're you're going layer upon layer of fantasies.
我再给你举个例子。
Now, let me give you another example.
比如说，你听到森林里有沙沙声。
Let's say you hear rustling in the forest.
你马上觉得是老虎来了。
You think it's a tiger there.
十次里有九次，根本没什么老虎。
Nine times out of 10, there's no tiger there.
可为什么你的感官总是提醒你有老虎呢？
But how come your senses are constantly alerting you to the tiger?
这就是进化。
And that is evolution.
进化让你能看见根本不存在的东西，因为这对生存有利。
Evolution gives you the ability to see things that are not really there at all because it's good for survival.
有一次真有老虎，结果救了你的命。
One time there is a tiger and it saves your butt.
换句话说，我们为什么能活到今天？
In other words, why are we here today?
我们能活到今天，是因为我们的感官太敏感了。
We're here today because our senses are overactive.
我们的感官总觉得那儿有狮子、有老虎，其实根本什么都没有，但这种错觉帮我们活了下来。
Our senses think there's a lion, there's a tiger there, where there's no lion or tiger there at all, but it was good for our survival.
明白吗？
Okay?
所以我们的感官，只是为了生存才存在的。
So our senses are only necessary for our survival.
所以我们看不到红外线。
That's why we cannot see infrared.
我们也看不到紫外线。
We cannot see ultraviolet.
我们看不到现实的整个光谱，比如无线电波之类的。
We cannot see the whole spectrum of reality, radio, everything.
我们看不到全部，因为那对我们的生存没必要。
We can't see it all because it was not necessary for our survival.
那生命在宇宙中有什么意义呢？
Why does life matter in the universe?
生命在宇宙里到底起什么作用？
Like what function does life have in the universe?
我觉得，意义是我们每个人自己赋予的。
I think we create our own meaning individually.
但是
But one
我觉得生命本身并没有一个普适的意义，但每个人都会为自己创造意义。
thing I think there's no universal meaning for life in general, but I think each of us create our own meaning.
我刚才那么说，是因为你在谈生存的问题。
I was saying this because you're talking about, you know, survival.
我只是好奇，生存对宇宙来说，是不是有什么普遍的必要性。
And I was just wondering if there was some universal reason why survival is so important to the universe.
但是
But
生存对宇宙很重要，因为只有活下来的人才能书写历史。
Survival is important for the universe because we survival writes history.
如果没有生存，就什么都没有了。
If there's no survival, there's nothing to write.
没有记忆。
There's no memories.
也没有故事可讲。
There's no, stories to tell.
什么都没有。
Nothing.
只有宇宙的真空。
There's just the vacuum of space.
我之所以这么问，是因为你提到我们只看到一种现实。
I was also asking that, I guess, because you were saying how we only see one version of reality.
对。
Mhmm.
所以自然会想，应该还存在另一种我们根本看不到的现实。
And so one would assume, therefore, that there's another version of reality that we can't even see.
我以前就听过物理学家这么说。
I mean, I've heard this before from physicists.
你知道的。
You know?
想想不同的动物，蝙蝠感知的现实和鲸鱼就完全不同。
And if you just think about different animals, the bat sees a different version of reality to the whale.
比如声呐。
Like sonar, for example.
比如说声呐。
Sonar, for example.
就连我的狗也是。
Even my dog.
我的狗感知到的世界，跟我看到的完全不一样。
My dog seems to see a completely different version of reality than the one I see.
它的鼻子闻起来可比你香多了。
It smells much better than you.
狗的嗅觉神经比我们鼻子里的灵敏无数倍。
Olfactory nerves of a dog are infinitely better than our olfactory nerves in our nose.
它们活在另一个现实里。
They have a different reality.
这么说的话，我们不禁要问，这一切到底是什么？
I guess it begs the question, like, what is all of this then?
我们在讨论生命的意义，但我真不知道答案。
We're talking about the meaning of life for which I have no answer.
不好意思啊。
Sorry about that.
我想我刚才问的就是这个，虽然我不是想直接问这个，但归根结底，问题还是：人生到底图个啥？
I guess that was what I was asking, but I wasn't asking that wasn't what I was intent on asking, but that's the base question, which is what's the point?
我甚至不确定宇宙有没有目的，但我的看法是，我们自己赋予生命意义。
I'm not even sure if the universe has a point, but my personal attitude is we create our own point.
我们创造自己的世界，也在这个世界里找到属于自己的意义。
We create our own world and meaning within that world.
别人的意义和理解可能跟我不同，但这对我来说已经足够了。
It could be different from another person's meaning and understanding of the world, but it's good enough for me.
你怎么看人类这种倾向——总爱想象一个神，把意义和道德都归到它身上，说：你看，因为有神，所以我们才有了准则，有了善恶，有了奖惩？
What do you think of the human sort of proclivity to imagine a god and to assign meaning and morality to that god and say, well, you know because we do have this we do live with this kind of god shaped hole in our lives where we don't really know where we came from, we don't know what the point is.
所以我能理解，为什么有人会说：有本书，很久以前有人写的，说有个存在创造了我们，定了规矩，什么是好，什么是坏，遵守了会怎样，违背了又会怎样。
So I understand why it's tempting to say this book that someone wrote once upon a time that says, this person this thing created us, and these are the rules, and this is what good is, this is what bad is, this is what we get if we follow the rules.
你知道，作为人类，我们就是想要这个。
You know, as humans, we want that.
没错。
Yes.
我觉得这背后是有原因的。
And I think there's a reason for that.
答案就是进化。
And the answer is evolution.
是什么让动物群体凝聚在一起？
What holds animals together?
是首领，是领头的那只。
The alpha male, the top dog.
随着人类在数百万年里越来越聪明，我们却开始争吵不休。
As humans became more intelligent over millions of years, humans bicker.
我们总在争执。
We argue.
我们会挑战领导者，结果部落就散了，因为总得有个纽带把大家维系在一起。
We challenge the leader and then tribes would fall apart because you need some glue.
总得有个东西把大家拢在一起。
You need some glue to hold it together.
如果每个人都很聪明，那这个纽带就没了。
And if everyone becomes intelligent uniformly, there's no glue anymore.
人人都争着说‘我才是领导’，你来我往，没完没了。
Everyone bickers, I'm the leader, no, I'm the leader, so on and so forth.
于是就有人站出来说：我比你强。
So what happens is one person comes up and says, I'm stronger than you.
然后我又去找个比我更强的人——神。
And I talk to somebody even stronger than me, God.
你要是不听我的，神就会惩罚你。
And if you disobey me, then God will strike you down.
换句话说，神就是那个纽带。
In other words, God is a glue.
上帝是一种黏合剂，在人们不再有理由彼此相依时，把有感知的生命维系在一起。
God is a glue that holds sentient beings together when there's no reason to hold them together anymore.
他们开始争吵，部落就瓦解了。
And they bicker and then the tribe falls apart.
是什么让部落维持在一起？
What holds the tribe together?
上帝。
God.
上帝是谁？
Who is God?
上帝本人不在，但上帝的儿子在。
Well, God is not here, but the son of God is here.
上帝的儿子说：你得这么做，你得这么做，你得这么做。
And the son of God says, you gotta do this, you gotta do this, you gotta do this.
你必须听我的。
And you gotta obey me.
为什么？
Why?
因为我是个传话的。
Because I'm the messenger.
我是神的儿子。
I'm the son of God.
所以我觉得宗教确实有它的作用。
So I think religion has a definite purpose.
宗教的作用，就是把有知觉的智慧生命维系在一起的黏合剂。
The purpose of religion is a glue to hold sentient intelligent beings together.
你觉得意识是什么？
What do you think consciousness is?
我觉得意识就是一种觉知。
Consciousness, I think is a question of awareness.
就是有能力去思考‘为什么’这种问题。
The ability to create ideas about you know, why?
我的意思是，这到底代表什么？
I mean, what does it mean?
就是给事物赋予意义。
Meaning to give meaning to things.
否则，一切都会变得毫无意义。
Otherwise, things become meaningless.
所以我认为，意识的目的就是让我们意识到意义的存在。
So I think that's the purpose of consciousness is to give us an awareness of meaning.
你觉得
Do you
像我们从哪里来、生命的意义这些大问题，有朝一日能被解答吗？
think these big questions will ever be answered around, like, where we came from, what the point is?
你觉得我们终有一天能弄明白这些事吗？
Do you think we'll ever have answers to these things?
大概不会。
Probably not.
但我们天生就有探索的冲动，想去发现新的地方和新的想法。
However, we have this instinctive urge to to explore, to look for new territories and new ideas.
而我觉得，正是这种冲动让我们一直向前。
And that is what I think keeps us going.
动物可没有这种能力。
Animals do not have that.
你没法跟狗说：‘你难道不兴奋吗？我们要搬新家了，去个新地方！’对吧？
You can't tell a dog, aren't you thrilled that we're going to this new house, this new whatever, right?
狗只会说：别废话，给我吃饭就行。
And dog says, no, just give me my dinner.
所以我觉得，人类就是不一样。
So I think that humans are different.
我们大脑前部，也就是大脑皮层，其作用就像一台时间机器。
The purpose of the front part of our brain, the cerebral cortex that holds us together is a time machine.
它会不断问：未来会发生什么？
It asks the question, what's gonna happen in the future?
如果你不信，今晚就去问问你的狗，它昨晚干了什么？
If you don't believe me, go to your dog tonight and ask your dog, what did he do last night?
然后狗只会叫两声。
And the dog will just bark.
它根本不在乎昨天发生了什么，明天又会怎样。
No interest in what happened yesterday, what's happened tomorrow.
我们总是不停地想着未来。
We constantly think about the future.
这根本停不下来。
We can't help it.
我们总在琢磨明天吃什么。
We are constantly thinking about what's for dinner tomorrow.
谁是我的朋友？
Who's my friend?
谁是我的对手？
Who's my enemy?
明年我该做什么呢？
What am I gonna do next year?
我将来上哪所大学？
What college am I gonna go to?
我们总是对将来念念不忘。
We are obsessed with the future.
这正是我们和动物的根本区别。
That's what separates us from the animal kingdom.
动物根本不在乎将来。
Animals do not care about the future.
它们只关心怎么活下去。
They just care about survival.
而我们却对将来执迷不悟，因为我们的生存就靠它了。
We on the other hand are obsessed with the future because that's where our survival lies.
这又是为什么呢？
And why is that?
因为我们没有爪子。
Because we don't have claws.
我们没有獠牙。
We don't have fangs.
我们没有强壮的肌肉。
We don't have huge muscles.
我们跑不了多快。
We can't run very fast.
我们不会飞。
We can't fly.
我们跟动物不一样。
We're not like the animals.
我们依赖大脑的前部。
We are dependent upon the front part of our brain.
这就是为什么你会问出这些问题。
And that's why we ask these questions that you just asked.
你为什么问这些问题？
Why are you asking these questions?
因为你被设计成会问这些问题。
Because you're programmed to ask these questions.
动物可不是这样的。
Animals are not.
说到智能，我们现在身边出现了新型的智能形式。
I mean, on the subject of intelligence, there is now new types of intelligence amongst us.
其中一种叫人工智能，它的运作方式其实是模仿人脑的。
One of them, is referred to as artificial intelligence, which is actually modeled on how the brain works.
我曾经和一些人工智能领域的专家坐在一起，他们告诉我，通过这些神经网络——他们这么称呼——他们对人脑如何思考、如何处理信息有了更深的理解，而这个概念正是受到人脑的启发。
Know, I've sat here with some of the experts in AI, and they've told me that they learned a lot about the human brain and how it reasons and how it processes information with these neural nets, as they call it, which is a concept that that has been inspired by the brain.
基于这些发现，他们开始打造非常智能的机器，现在很多人已经在用像ChatGPT这样的大型语言模型了，但我们还在不断深入人工智能的世界。
And with that, they've started to build these very intelligent machines, which a lot of people are now using in terms of large language models like Chachi BT, but but we're going further and further into the world of artificial intelligence.
所以，不难想象，由于这种新型智能的出现，未来会变得截然不同，它可能会极大加速我们今天所思考的那些发现，也会彻底改变我们所熟知的生活。
So, I mean, one's gonna one would reason that the future looks very, very, very different because of this new type of intelligence and that it's gonna accelerate maybe a lot of the discoveries and, you know, that we've we've pondered about today, but also that it's gonna change life as we know it.
我是说，有些人甚至认为，在这样的世界里，人类生命将不再是主导的智能形式。
And I mean, some people even think that human life won't be the dominant form of intelligence in such a world.
你怎么看？
What what do you think?
是的。
Yes.
我认为这确实是个大问题。
I think that is a definite problem.
目前我觉得，我们很多机器人的智能水平大概就跟昆虫差不多。
Right now, I think a lot of our robots have the intelligence of a bug, an insect.
它们不会做计划。
They don't plan.
它们没法表达自己的想法之类的，但执行命令倒是挺利索。
They can't articulate their thoughts and so so forth, but they carry out orders very well.
不过迟早有一天，它们的智力会赶上老鼠，然后是兔子，接着是狗或猫，最后就能跟猴子一样聪明了。
But eventually it's only a matter of time before they become as smart as a mouse, then as smart as a rabbit, then as smart as a dog or a cat, and finally as smart as a monkey.
到那时候，它们就可能变得危险了。
At that point, they are potentially dangerous.
不过，现在市面上的AI模型，智力水平已经相当于博士级别了。
The AI models, though, that are available now are PhD level in terms of intelligence.
不对。
No.
你没法跟它们讨论博士级别的物理问题。
You cannot talk PhD physics with them.
它们是被编程的，只能按照预设的方式思考某些事情，但不具备原创性。
They're programmed they're programmed to have certain ways of thinking about certain things, but they're not original.
你不可能通过跟机器人对话就提出新的物理理论。
You can't come up with a new theory of physics talking to a robot.
它们基本上就是把被灌输的东西拿来用，没有别的。
They basically take what is programmed into them and work with that.
不过，迟早有一天，它们可能会变得有创造力。
Now, eventually they may become creative.
明白吗？
Okay?
但我认为要达到那一步，还得好几十年。
But I think that's gonna take several decades before we are at that point.
你说的‘有创造力’，在这个语境下具体指什么？
When you say creative, what's your definition of creative in that context?
现在的机器人只是把现有的东西拿过来，重新组合一下，比如写本书。
Robots right now take what is available to them and rearrange things like writing a book.
人类不也是这样吗？
Isn't that what humans do?
我们不也是把信息拿来重新组合吗？
Don't we take information and rearrange it?
对，没错。
Oh, yeah.
但我们能想出全新的点子。
But we come up with new ideas.
基于这个愿景。
Based on that vision.
人工智能可以生成一张前所未有的照片。
The AIs can make a photo that has never existed before.
所以这不就是定义上的创造吗？
So isn't that by definition On
但都是基于之前已有的东西。
the basis of what did exist before.
换句话说，是新的东西，但本质上还是对已有元素的重新组合。
In other words, something new, but basically a rearrangement of something that already existed.
我说的是，最近刚出了迈克尔·杰克逊的纪录片。
So I'm saying, you know, the Michael Jackson documentary has just come out recently.
你看到他跳舞的样子，真的会惊叹。
And you see Michael Jackson the way he moves, and you look at it and go, wow.
从来没人跳过那样的舞。
Like, no one's ever moved like that before.
然后我朋友发给我一个视频，讲的是迈克尔·杰克逊真正的灵感来源。
And then my friend sent me this video, which was what Michael Jackson was actually inspired by.
我这就放出来给大家看看。
And it's this I'll throw it up on the screen so other people can see.
这事儿发生在迈克尔·杰克逊之前，是个家伙以一种特别独特的方式跳舞。
But it was something that came before Michael Jackson, and it was this guy who moved in this very interesting way.
我一看这人，立马就想到迈克尔·杰克逊。
And when I watched this guy, I saw Michael Jackson.
对。
Mhmm.
所以你看迈克尔·杰克逊这样的人，真会让人惊叹。
And so you look at someone like Michael Jackson, and you go, oh my god.
简直是不可思议的创作天才。
An unbelievable creative genius artist.
但他也一样，是受人启发的——等等，我试试能不能播出来。
But even he was inspired by by see if I can get it to play.
就连他，也受到这个人的启发
Even you see, even he was inspired
对啊
Mhmm.
就是这位人士
By this individual.
如果我快进播放，你就能看到迈克尔·杰克逊当时的舞步是怎么样的
And then if I if I play it forward, I mean, this is how Michael Jackson moved.
没错
Right.
说到底，艺术的本质就是模仿
Well, art the bottom line of art is mimicry.
但关键是你得用独特的方式重新组合，让它看起来耳目一新
That's the bottom line of art except you arrange things in an original way so it looks fresh.
我理解得对吗？牛顿当时是把已有的物理定律拿过来，那些定律其实根本没人重视
Am I right in thinking that with Newton, he took the existing laws of physics and he Which were negligible.
在牛顿之前，他就已经提出了物理学的一些观点。
And he proposed of physics before Newton.
他提出了一个问题。
And he proposed a question.
对。
Mhmm.
然后他通过实验来验证这个问题，并找到了答案。
And then he tested that question and found an answer.
他问了自己一个问题。
He asked himself a question.
为什么地球会绕着太阳转？
How come the earth goes around the sun?
他想出了一个完全不同于以往人们认知的想法。
And he came up with an idea that was totally different from what people had had thought about before.
他发明了微积分。
He came up with calculus.
他提出了平方反比定律。
He came up with the inverse square law.
我的意思是，真正的创造力往往从几乎什么都没有开始，就像超新星爆发一样。
So what I'm saying is true creativity comes from almost nothing and is like a supernova.
机器人的创造力本质上是模仿。
Well, creativity of a robot is imitative.
这本身没什么问题，毕竟模仿性的创作也需要付出大量努力，但它终究是模仿。
Now there's nothing wrong with that because, of course, imitative artwork is still hard work, but it's imitative.
你相信那些大科技公司的CEO，比如马斯克，说AI会推动科学新发现吗？
Do you believe people like, like the big, AI CEOs and Elon Musk when they say that AI will lead to new discoveries in science?
这是有可能的，因为现在已知的物理定律太多了，很多新的物理发现其实都是对已有定律的重组和组合。
That's possible because there's so many laws of physics that are known that many of the new laws of physics are imitative, and you rearrange them and combine them in different ways.
所以未来重大的突破，很可能是建立在以往突破的基础之上的。
So it's possible that the big breakthroughs of the future will be guided by breakthroughs of the past.
这没什么不对的。
There's nothing wrong with that.
你对人工智能有担心吗？
Are you concerned about AI at all?
我担心的是，从长远来看，人工智能有一天可能会学会做坏事，比如学会杀人、致残、伤害人类。
I'm concerned about AI in the larger perspective that one day they can learn to do things that are bad, learn to kill, learn to maim, to harm people.
你要明白，我们历史上所有的发明，比如弓箭，既可以用来做好事，也可以用来做坏事。
Realize that every invention that we've made in the past, the bow and arrow could be used for good and bad.
所有东西都是这样。
Everything.
明白吗？
Okay?
弓箭可以用来打猎、获取食物，但同样也可以用来对付你的邻居。
The bow and arrow could be good for game, for food, for eating, but a bow and arrow could be good for slaughtering your next door neighbor.
任何新发明都是一把双刃剑。
Any new invention has a double edged sword to it.
到目前为止，人工智能的大多数应用都是积极的。
And so I think that so far, most of the applications of artificial intelligence have been positive.
我们现在谈的是劳动力成本。
We're talking about labor costs.
我们现在谈的是创造财富。
We're talking about creating wealth.
我们现在谈的是让东西更快、更便宜、更好。
We're talking about making things faster, cheaper, better.
这些都没问题。
That's all great.
但你同样可以制造出人工智能武器。
But you can also create artificial intelligence weapons as well.
而真正的战场，正是这些技术正在发挥作用的地方。
And the battlefield is where it's happening.
如果你看看乌克兰和俄罗斯那边的情况，现在已经有无人机能通过线缆锁定目标了。
And if you take a look at what's happening in The Ukraine and Russia, already we're talking about aerial weapons that can use wires to lock onto their target.
它们借助人工智能通过线缆引导，普通的防御手段根本拦不住。
And they use artificial intelligence to guide them with this wire, and they cannot be stopped using the usual techniques.
每个创业者在打造公司时，都会经历一个转折点：你的角色开始转变。
For every founder, there comes a point in building a company where your job shifts.
从亲自操办所有事务的执行者，变成对全局负责的管理者。
From being the person inside your business, actioning everything to the person responsible for absolutely everything.
我在不同公司和团队中实现这一转变的唯一方法，就是建立一套能自动运转的系统。
The only way I've been able to make this shift across the different companies and teams I'm responsible for is by knowing that the right systems are in place to manage everything.
一套不需要我亲自盯着也能正常运行的系统。
Systems that don't need me in order for them to work.
我们的赞助商Pipedrive，就是这样的系统。
Our sponsor, Pipedrive, is one of those systems.
一款专为成长型销售团队设计的易用智能客户关系管理工具。
An easy to use intelligent CRM tool for growing sales teams.
我的团队用了它整整十年，因为它确实是管理销售业务最有效的方案。
My teams use it and have for the last decade because it's genuinely the most effective way to run a sales operation.
通过一个仪表盘，所有交易一目了然，销售流程的每个阶段都清晰可见。
Through one dashboard, you get every deal visible and every stage of the sales process is clear.
接下来该做什么，所有信息都实时一目了然。
And what needs to happen next is all there in real time.
有了这样的系统，你根本不用参与每一场对话，也能清楚知道业务进展到哪了、卡在哪儿。
When a system like this works, you don't need to be in every conversation to know exactly if your business is moving forward, where, and what the blockers are.
已有超过十万家企业在用它来管理销售业务。
Over a 100,000 companies are already running their sales on it.
如果你也想加入，赶紧去 pipedrive.com/ceo 注册，现在能享受为期三十天的免费试用，而不是普通的十四天。
So if you'd like to join them, sign up at pipedrive.com/ceo, where you'll get an exclusive thirty day free trial instead of the usual fourteen days.
无需绑定信用卡。
No credit card is needed.
就是 pipedrive.com/ceo。
That's pipedrive.com/ceo.
很多人没发过内容，也没打造个人品牌，主要原因就是太难、太耗时间，大家本来就忙得不可开交。
Much of the reason most people haven't posted content or built their personal brand is because it's hard and it's time consuming, and we're all very, very busy.
如果你从来没发过东西，心理上会有好多障碍让你不敢动手。
And if you've never posted something before, there's so many factors in your psychology that stop you wanting to post.
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