失踪的富兰克林探险队 - 第一部分

您正在收听Airwave Media的播客。

You're listening to an Airwave Media podcast.

你好。

Hi.

我是迈克·特洛伊，Airwave Media网络《美国革命》播客的主持人。

I'm Mike Troy, host of the American Revolution podcast on the Airwave Media Network.

本播客讲述了美国的起源故事，讲述我们如何从国王统治的殖民地转变为今天的民主共和国。

This podcast is the origin story of The United States, how we went from colonies ruled by a king to the democratic republic that we have today.

《美国革命》播客从头到尾讲述了这场革命的故事。

The American Revolution podcast tells the story of the revolution from beginning to end.

请免费订阅。

Please subscribe for free.

我们可在所有主要的播客平台上收听。

We're available on all major podcast platforms.

我希望您今天能和我一起收听《美国革命》播客。

I hope you will join me today on the American Revolution Podcast.

古代围城战中，人们靠什么生存？

What did it take to survive an ancient siege?

为什么酒神崇拜与古罗马的多次奴隶起义有关？

Why was the cult of Dionysus behind so many slave revolts in ancient Rome?

日本最著名的闹鬼古林背后有着怎样的悲剧历史与神话？

What's the tragic history and mythology behind Japan's most haunted ancient forest?

我们是来自《古代历史迷》的珍和珍妮。

We're Jen And Jenny From Ancient History Fangirl.

加入我们，以轻松有趣、有时甚至微醺的视角探索古代历史与神话。

Join us to explore ancient history and mythology from a fun, sometimes tipsy perspective.

请访问 ancienthistoryfangirl.com 或您收听播客的任何平台找到我们。

Find us at ancienthistoryfangirl.com or wherever you get your podcasts.

1845年7月下旬，两艘英国船只停泊在巴芬湾，该海湾位于格陵兰岛以西。

In late July eighteen forty five, two English ships sat in Baffin Bay, which lies to the West of Greenland.

这两艘船是皇家海军的‘幽灵号’和‘恐怖号’，由经验丰富的海军军官约翰·富兰克林爵士指挥。

The ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror were two of the most sophisticated vessels in the British Navy and were commanded by a veteran naval officer, Sir John Franklin.

船员共129人，被认为是英格兰所能提供的最优秀的人才。

The crews, 129 men in total, were considered the finest England could offer.

他们的目标是绘制那条 elusive 的西北航道，几个世纪以来，探险家们一直在寻找这条路线。

Their goal was to map the elusive Northwest Passage, a route that explorers had been searching for for centuries.

这是一个能为所有参与者带来声望与财富的目标。

It was a goal that would bring prestige and fortune to all involved.

两艘船正在等待天气好转，然后向西驶入兰开斯特海峡。

The two ships were waiting for conditions to improve before heading west into Lancaster Sound.

人们对富兰克林探险队的成功充满希望、期待和高昂的士气。

Hopes and expectations and spirits were high for the success of Franklin's expedition.

7月28日，两艘捕鲸船——‘王子号’和‘企业号’——与探险队相遇，几天后便分道扬镳。

On July 28, two whaling ships, Prince of Wales and Enterprise, would encounter the expedition and then part company a few days later.

自此，富兰克林探险队——历史上准备最充分的探险行动之一——消失了。

With that, the Franklin expedition, one of the most well prepared exploration endeavors in history, would disappear.

本期节目是关于失踪的富兰克林探险队的两部分系列的第一部分。

Today's episode is part one of two about the lost Franklin Expedition.

这是一个充满神秘与艰辛的故事，历经一百七十余年才逐渐揭开面纱。

It is a tale of mystery and hardship, one that has slowly revealed itself over the course of one hundred and seventy plus years.

要知道，这个故事至今仍有许多未解之谜。

And know that it is a tale that still boasts many unanswered questions.

那么，让我们开始吧——失落的富兰克林探险队。

So let us get started, The Lost Franklin Expedition.

在本期节目中，我们将首先介绍一下故事发生地的地理环境。

For today's episode, we are going to start by explaining a bit about the geographic region in which our story takes place.

这一点很重要，因为我们即将讨论许多地方，而这些地方的地理位置，大多数人可能并不熟悉。

This is important because we are going to be talking about places that most of us probably don't have a great understanding of with regards to their location on a map.

因此，我在我们的网站explorerspodcast.com上提供了几张地图，它们将极大地帮助你理解本节目。

For that reason, I have put several maps on our website, explorerspodcast.com, that will really, really help you understand this podcast.

然而，我也意识到，并非每个人在听节目时都能随时查看地图。

However, I also realize that not everyone can refer to a map when listening to the show.

我的意思是，如果你正在开车或慢跑，总不能随时打开网站去看地图吧。

I mean, if you're driving a car or jogging, it's not like you can just call up a website and check out a map.

因此，我会在描述我们播客所涉及的地点时尽可能详尽。

For that reason, I will try and be as thorough as possible when describing where our podcast takes us.

但在我们展开叙述时，请始终记住以下几点。

But always keep the following in mind when we go through the narrative.

我们的节目发生地是加拿大北极群岛。

The area our show takes place in is the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.

这是北美洲的最北端。

This is the northern extremes of North America.

如果你看一张地图，它就是加拿大中部和北部那片密集的岛屿群，属于一个名为努纳武特的地区。

If you look at a map, it is that big cluster of islands in the Middle and North of Canada, a territory called Nunavut.

努纳武特位于哈德逊湾的北部和西部。

Nunavut is the region North and West of Hudson Bay.

努纳武特的东边是一片广阔的水域，称为巴芬湾，与格陵兰接壤。

East Of Nunavut is a large body of water called Baffin Bay, which borders with Greenland.

几个世纪以来，人们一直来到这片区域，试图寻找一条通往太平洋的水路。

For centuries, men had been coming to this region in an effort to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean.

问题是，正如我所说，我们即将聚焦的加拿大北极群岛拥有超过三万六千个大小不一的岛屿。

The problem is that the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, which, as I said, is where we will be focusing on, is filled with more than 36,000 islands, big and small.

现在，如果你查看该地区的地图，会看到一条非常明显的路线贯穿这些岛屿，从东延伸至西。

Now looking at a map of the region, you'll see a very obvious route leading east to west through all of these islands.

这条路线长约800英里，起始于巴芬湾的兰开斯特海峡，终止于另一端的麦克卢尔海峡。

It's roughly 800 miles in length and begins in Baffin Bay at a place called Lancaster Sound and ends at McClure Sound on the other side.

但这里有一个巨大的问题——冰。

But there's a huge issue here, ice.

这条航道的大部分区域，尤其是西部，常年被冰覆盖，导致海上通行完全不可能。

Much of this passage, especially in the West, is constantly filled with ice, making it impassable by sea.

因此，北极探险家们明白，他们必须在夏季冰层融化时驶入兰开斯特海峡，尽可能向西航行，然后向南穿行，通过该地区众多的岛屿迂回前进。

With that in mind, Arctic explorers understood that they would have to sail into Lancaster Sound during the summer months when it was free of ice, head west as far as they could, and then go south and then wend their way through the many islands of the region.

在那里，你或许能遇到较少的冰层，最终找到一条穿越群岛、通往西部开阔水域的通道。

Here, you would hopefully find less ice and ultimately a route through the archipelago and to the open waters in the West.

所以，对于本集节目，如果你无法查看网站上的地图，只需知道我们的探险队将向西进入被冰雪覆盖的广袤岛屿，然后向南推进。

So for this episode, if you can't refer to the map on the website, just know that our expedition heads west into the massive islands in ice and snow and then will push south.

我会尽量避免抛出一大堆名字和地点，专注于主要地标，以免叙述变得过于混乱。

I'll try and avoid throwing out a million names and places and focus on the major landmarks so that the narrative does not get too confusing.

话虽如此，让我们先了解一下我们的探险家们。

With that said, let's get some background on our explorers.

如前所述，几个世纪以来，人们一直在寻找一条从大西洋通往太平洋的航道。

As noted earlier, men had been searching for a passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean for centuries.

在南方，麦哲伦海峡是答案，但在北方，这条路线却更加难以找到。

In the South, the Strait Of Magellan was the answer, but a route in the North would prove more elusive.

一旦船只进入这个群岛，就会被岛屿和冰雪阻挡。

Ships were stopped by islands and ice and snow once they ventured into the archipelago.

在西部，阿拉斯加和育空地区以北的水域没有岛屿，可以通航。

In the West, the waters North of Alaska and the Yukon territory were free of islands and navigable.

因此，正是这个由岛屿和半岛组成的中间区域，一次又一次地阻碍了探险者。

So it was this middle section, this area of islands and peninsulas that thwarted explorers time and time again.

确实存在一些水路，但它们常常——在某些情况下甚至始终——被冰雪覆盖。

There are water routes that do exist, but they were often, and in some cases, always filled with ice.

更糟糕的是，该地区大部分地方食物匮乏，尤其是在冬季。

And to top it off, there was little food to be found in much of the region, especially in winter.

因此，一艘补给不足的船只一旦被困在冰中，可能会致命。

Thus, getting trapped in the ice could be deadly for a ship that was ill provisioned.

这就把我们带到了拿破仑1815年倒台后几十年的英国。

So that takes us to England during the decades following the fall of Napoleon in 1815.

当时，英国基本上处于和平状态。

At this time, England was mostly at peace.

这意味着英国以及其它国家可以将注意力转向发现与探索。

This meant that they, as well as other nations, could turn their attention to discovery and exploration.

世界各地都在竞相填补地图上的空白区域。

All over the world, there was a race to uncover the blank areas on the map.

这既包括陆地，也包括海洋。

This was on land and at sea.

当然，北极和备受觊觎的西北航道也列在其中。

Of course, the Arctic and the coveted Northwest Passage was on this list.

在1820年代和1830年代，来自不同国家的探险队已证实了南极洲的存在。

Expeditions from different countries had unveiled the existence of Antarctica in the eighteen twenties and thirties.

人们因这些壮举而声名鹊起，因此发现西北航道并绘制数百英里未勘探的北极海岸线成为一项巨大荣誉。

Men had gained fame from these feats, making the discovery of the Northwest Passage and the mapping of the hundreds of miles of unexplored Arctic coastline a great prize.

这对英国海军军官而言尤其如此。

This was true for officers in the British Navy.

由于没有重大战争，探索与发现成为成名与致富的途径。

With no major wars going on, exploration and discovery was the ticket to fame and fortune.

事实上，你甚至不需要表现得特别出色。

Heck, you didn't even have to do that well.

在公众眼中，仅仅幸存下来就往往足够了。

Just surviving was often good enough in the eyes of the public.

探索与发现的主要推动者之一是约翰·巴罗爵士，他是主管英国海军的海军部关键成员。

One of the primary promoters of exploration and discovery was Sir John Barrow, a key member of the Admiralty which oversaw the British Navy.

巴罗担任这一职位长达四十年，当他接近职业生涯尾声时，他大力推动了一次北极探险，以完成西北航道的探索。

It was a post Barrow held for forty years, and as he came to the end of his career, he pushed hard for an Arctic expedition to complete the Northwest Passage.

到目前为止最完整的一次探险是由威廉·佩里爵士于1819年进行的。

The most complete expedition to date had been conducted by Sir William Perry in 1819.

他进入了兰开斯特海峡，直接向西航行，享受着异常温和的气温。

He had entered Lancaster Sound and proceeded directly west, enjoying extremely mild temperatures.

这让他一路抵达了梅尔维尔岛，大约穿越了北冰洋群岛的四分之三。

This had taken him all the way to Melville Island, about three fourths of the way through the Arctic Archipelago.

然而，佩里能走到那么远，完全是得益于气候的温和。

However, Perry had been immensely lucky to get that far due to the mild weather.

即便如此，他面前阻挡着通道的冰层却是永久性的。

And even then, the ice that was in front of him, completing the passage, was permanent.

这条路线最终是一条死路。

That route was ultimately a dead end.

因此，这项新探险的首批人选是该国两位最著名的极地探险家，即刚刚提到的威廉·佩里和詹姆斯·克拉克·罗斯。

So the first choices to lead this new expedition were two of the nation's most prominent polar explorers, the just mentioned William Perry and James Clark Ross.

然而，这两位在当时的人生阶段都不愿接受这份工作。

However, neither man was interested in a job at this point of his life.

在海军部，巴罗游说任命詹姆斯·菲茨詹姆斯上尉，这位32岁的海军军官是巴罗家族欠下巨大恩情的人。

At the admiralty, Barrow lobbied for captain James Fitzjames, a 32 year old naval officer who the Barrow family owed a great debt toward.

但菲茨詹姆斯被认为太年轻，且没有任何极地探险经验。

But Fitz James was deemed too young, and he had no polar experience.

其他名字无疑也被提及过，但海军部最终选定的是约翰·富兰克林爵士，一位在北极地区拥有丰富经验的海军军官。

Other names were no doubt banding about, but the admiralty would ultimately settle on Sir John Franklin, a naval officer with extensive experience in the Arctic.

那么，让我们来谈谈约翰·富兰克林爵士。

So let us talk about Sir John Franklin.

富兰克林出生于1786年，当远征队最终从英国启程时，他已经59岁了。

Franklin was born in 1786, making him 59 when the expedition would eventually depart England.

他拥有漫长的海军生涯，曾参加拿破仑战争，包括在特拉法加海战中作战，也参与了1812年与美国的战争。

He had had a long career in the navy, serving in the Napoleonic Wars, including seeing action at Trafalgar, as well as in the war of eighteen twelve with The United States.

他在新奥尔良战役中受伤，这场战役对英国而言至少是灾难性的。

He would be injured at the disastrous, at least in the eyes of Britain, Battle of New Orleans.

1818年，他参与了一次试图寻找通往北极的水路的远征。

In 1818, he took part in an expedition that attempted to find a water route to the North Pole.

一年后，他将领导铜矿探险队。

A year later, he would lead the copper mine expedition.

富兰克林的任务是从哈德逊湾陆路前行，绘制加拿大大陆北岸至铜矿河河口的地图。

Franklin's job was to travel overland from Hudson Bay and chart the North Coast of the Canadian Mainland to the mouth of the Copper Mine River.

这是试图绘制西北航道的一部分。

This was part of an attempt to map the Northwest Passage.

这次探险将是一场灾难。

The expedition would be a disaster.

计划 poorly done，二十二人中有十一人丧生，多数死于饥饿。

Planning was poorly done, and eleven of the twenty two men would die, mostly from starvation.

食物极度匮乏，幸存者甚至食用地衣和自己的靴子。

Food became so short, the survivors ate lichen as well as their own boots.

有一名队员被指控杀害了同伴并食其肉。

One man was accused of killing another in the party and then eating him.

尽管富兰克林因无法适应环境而受到批评，但在英国，他仍被视为英雄，因其在如此逆境中展现出的勇气与决心。

While Franklin was criticized for his inability to adapt to his environment, he was regarded as a hero back in England for showing courage and determination in the face of such adversity.

他被称为吃掉自己靴子的人。

He would be dubbed the man who ate his boots.

富兰克林于1823年与埃莉诺·波特顿结婚，夫妇育有一女。

Franklin would marry in 1823 to Eleanor Porton, and the couple would have a daughter.

然而，他的妻子两年后因肺结核去世。

However, his wife would die from tuberculosis just two years later.

1825年，在妻子去世前不久，富兰克林启程前往另一次加拿大探险，这次探险如今被称为麦肯齐河探险。

In 1825, shortly before his wife's death, Franklin left on another Canadian expedition, which is now called the Mackenzie River Expedition.

这实际上是三次不同的远征，持续了三年之久。

This was really three different excursions that would last for three years.

目标是探索北美洲海岸，从麦肯齐河与铜矿河的河口到如今阿拉斯加、育空地区、西北地区和努纳武特的白令海峡。

The goal was the exploration of the North American coast between the mouths of the Mackenzie And Copper Mine Rivers and the Bering Strait in what is now Alaska, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.

这次探险总体上非常成功，团队测绘了超过600英里的新海岸线。

The expedition was largely successful with the team mapping more than 600 miles of new coastline.

在探险期间，富兰克林沿麦肯齐河下行约一千英里，成为仅有的第二位抵达其河口的欧洲人。

During the expedition, Franklin traveled about a thousand miles down the Mackenzie River becoming only the second European to reach its mouth.

回到英国后，富兰克林被奉为英雄。

On his return to England, Franklin was deemed a hero.

他再次娶了简·格里芬为妻，这位女性将在我们后续的故事中扮演重要角色。

He would marry again to Jane Griffin, a woman who will be important later in our story.

1829年，富兰克林因探险成就被封为爵士。

In 1829, Franklin was knighted for his work as an explorer.

从1837年开始，他担任文职职务，任范迪门斯地（即如今澳大利亚的塔斯马尼亚）的副总督。

He would serve in a civil post beginning in 1837 as lieutenant governor of Van Diemen's Land, which is modern day Tasmania, in Australia.

担任副总督期间，富兰克林的处境并不顺利。

The time as lieutenant governor did not go well for Franklin.

政治并非他的强项。

Politics were not his strong suit.

随着时间推移，他逐渐失去了殖民地几乎所有人的信任。

And over time, he lost the confidence of just about everyone in the colony.

此外，他意志坚强的妻子简夫人被认为对政策施加了过多影响。

Also, his strong willed wife, Lady Jane, was viewed as having too much influence on policy.

最终，富兰克林于1843年被撤职。

In the end, Franklin was removed from office in 1843.

在范迪门地的失败让约翰爵士和他的妻子迫切希望恢复富兰克林的声誉。

The failures in Van Diemen's Land had left Sir John and his wife eager to restore Franklin's reputation.

随着他的职业生涯步入尾声，下一份工作很可能是他在这领域留下印记的最后机会。

With his career winding down, his next gig would likely be Franklin's last chance to make his mark in the field.

因此，探索西北地区的远征正是他所期待的契机。

Therefore, the expedition to map out the Northwest Territory was just the ticket he was looking for.

完成这项壮举将成为他职业生涯的巅峰，以往的失败也将被人们遗忘。

To complete such a thing would be the crowning achievement of his career, and any past failures would be forgotten.

因此，他积极游说，争取领导这次远征。

Thus, he lobbied hard to lead the expedition.

由于最热门的候选人不愿领导此次远征，或被认为太年轻，海军部最终选择了约翰·富兰克林。

So as the top candidates were unwilling to lead the expedition or considered too young, the admiralty would settle on John Franklin.

他曾在该地区有过经验，并且作为探险家取得过成功。

He had experience in the region, and he had had success as an explorer.

他是一个稳妥的选择，尽管并不令人振奋。

He was a safe choice, if an uninspiring one.

如前所述，富兰克林当时59岁，这个年龄对于前方艰巨的身心挑战来说并不年轻，而且他被认为超重且体能不佳，情况更糟。

As noted, Franklin was 59, not a young age for the physical and mental challenges that lay ahead, and it didn't help that he was considered overweight and out of shape.

此外，富兰克林被认为缺乏想象力且思想守旧，这些特质在前往北极探险时显然不是优势。

Also, Franklin was viewed as being unimaginative and old school, qualities that are not exactly the best attributes heading into an Arctic expedition.

不过，他是个勤奋努力、资历深厚的人，普遍被认为是一位称职的领导者。

Still, he was a guy who had worked hard, had paid his dues, and was generally acknowledged as a competent leader.

海军部看重这样的品质，于是把职位交给了他。

The admiralty favored qualities such as that, and they gave him the job.

以上就是探险队指挥官约翰·富兰克林爵士的情况。

So that covers the commander of the expedition, Sir John Franklin.

接下来，我想谈谈另外两位对我们的故事至关重要的角色——将参与此次探险的两位船长。

Next, I want to talk about two other men who will be important to our story, the captains who would be part of the expedition.

第一位是弗朗西斯·克罗泽，他将指挥舰队的两艘船之一——‘恐怖号’，并被任命为探险队的副指挥。

The first is Francis Crozier, who would command one of the fleet's two ships, Terror, and be designated second in command of the expedition.

克罗泽是一位49岁的爱尔兰人，也是皇家海军的资深老兵。

Crozier was a 49 year old Irishman and a longtime veteran of the Royal Navy.

他的资历无可挑剔。

His credentials were impeccable.

1814年，他曾访问过皮特凯恩岛，并见到了著名的邦蒂号兵变幸存者。

In 1814, he had visited Pitcairn Island and met the survivors of the famed mutiny on the bounty.

他还参与了多次北极和南极探险，并在多年间不断提升军衔。

And he had taken part in numerous Arctic and Antarctic expeditions, rising in rank over the years.

他还当选为皇家学会和皇家天文学会的会士。

He would be elected as a fellow in the Royal Society as well as the Royal Astronomical Society.

这一切都展现了一位备受尊敬、聪明且经验丰富的军官。

It all reveals a well respected, intelligent, and experienced officer.

他最大的问题在于他的爱尔兰出身，这让他永远无法跻身最高层。

His biggest issue was his Irish birth, which would never let him get to the top of the pecking order.

我想提到的另一个人之前已经简要提及过了。

The other man I want to mention has already been discussed, briefly.

那是詹姆斯·菲茨詹姆斯。

That is James Fitzjames.

尽管出身非婚生，菲茨詹姆斯却是海军中一颗冉冉升起的新星。

Despite being of illegitimate birth, Fitzjames was a rising star in the Navy.

他在服役期间展现出勇敢和机智，包括在中东和中国鸦片战争期间的经历。

He had shown himself to be brave and resourceful during his service, and that included time in the Middle East as well as in the Opium War in China.

在远东和新加坡期间，詹姆斯救了约翰·巴罗爵士的儿子乔治·巴罗一命，避免了一场尴尬的丑闻，而约翰·巴罗爵士正是我们之前提到的海军部大人物。

While in the Far East and Singapore, James had saved George Barrow, the son of Sir John Barrow, the big guy at the admiralty we mentioned earlier, from an embarrassing scandal.

这使得巴罗家族对菲茨詹姆斯心存感激，约翰·巴罗爵士也竭尽全力推动这位年轻海军军官的职业发展。

This made the Barrow family indebted to Fitz James, and sir John Barrow would work tirelessly to promote the young naval officer's career.

因此，菲茨詹姆斯被任命为远征队另一艘船——幽冥号的船长，这艘船将作为舰队的旗舰，也就是说，富兰克林将在远征期间居住在这艘船上。

Thus, Fitz James was named captain of the other ship in the expedition, Erebus, which would serve as the fleet's flagship, meaning that that is where Franklin would live during the expedition.

既然富兰克林已被确定为指挥官，两艘船的船长也已就位，接下来就是为远征做准备了。

So with Franklin settled on as the commander and the captains of the ships in place, it was time to prepare the expedition.

如前所述，将使用的两艘船是HMS幽冥号和HMS恐怖号，它们的排水量分别为331吨。

As noted, the ships to be employed were HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, the two drawing 03/8331 tons respectively.

它们是坚固的老船，曾远征过北极和南极。

They were sturdy veteran ships that had ventured to both the Arctic and the Antarctic.

此外，这两艘船最近进行了现代化改造。

Also, the two vessels had been recently modernized.

每艘船都安装了一台来自旧蒸汽机车的蒸汽发动机。

Each was outfitted with a steam engine from an old locomotive.

每艘船配备一个螺旋桨，航速可达四节。

With a single screw each, the ships would be able to make four knots.

这被视为一大突破，因为这些船只将不再完全依赖风力，发动机还能破冰前行。

This was seen as a big deal as these vessels would no longer be completely reliant on the wind, and the engines would be able to force their way through the ice.

它们还能为船只提供暖气，这对探险队的成员来说非常受欢迎。

They would also provide heat to the ship, something that would be welcomed by the men of the expedition.

然而，需要注意的是，这些发动机会产生大量煤渣。

However, it should be noted that these engines would decol, lots of it.

这会占用大量宝贵的储存空间，而且一旦煤炭耗尽，发动机可能就无法运行了。

This would take up a lot of valuable storage space, and at some point, they might not operate if the coal supply was depleted.

蒸汽引擎并不是幽灵号和恐怖号上仅有的改进。

The steam engines were not the only improvements implemented on Erebus and Terror.

两艘船都用厚重的木梁和铁板进行了加固，以破冰并抵御冰层挤压造成的破坏。

Both ships were reinforced with heavy beams and plates of iron to break through the ice as well as to withstand being crushed by the ice pack.

这两艘船是当时北极探险的尖端装备。

These two ships were state of the art for Arctic exploration.

因此，与升级后的船只一样，富兰克林探险队在补给、物资和生活设施上也毫不吝啬。

So as with the upgraded ships, the Franklin expedition would not skimp on provisions, supplies, or amenities.

幽灵号上携带了超过1700本书，恐怖号上则有另外1200本。

There were more than 1,700 books on Erebus and another 1,200 on terror.

此外，还配备了教文盲水手识字写字的教材。

Plus, there were supplies to teach illiterate sailors how to read and write.

船上还会为船员们准备《圣经》，这是富兰克林的请求，因为他是一位非常虔诚的人。

There would also be Bibles for the men, a request from Franklin who was a very religious man.

船只装载了大量科学仪器，用于测量温度和各项数据，甚至还带了一台相机。

The ships would be loaded with scientific instruments for taking measurements and temperatures and so forth, and there was even a camera.

如前所述，船上配备了供暖系统，以保持船员温暖。

As noted earlier, there was a heating system to keep the crew warm.

关于食物，远征队携带了超过32,000磅咸牛肉和36,000磅饼干。

Regarding food, the expedition would take on more than 32,000 pounds of salted beef and 36,000 pounds of biscuits.

此外，还有8,000罐肉、蔬菜、汤，以及7,000磅烟草、200加仑葡萄酒、9,500磅巧克力和近10,000磅柠檬汁。

There would also be 8,000 tins of meat, vegetables, soup, as well as 7,000 pounds of tobacco, 200 gallons of wine, 9,500 pounds of chocolate, and nearly 10,000 pounds of lemon juice.

船上还储备了充足的朗姆酒供船员饮用，这是所有英国军舰上的标配。

There were also healthy stores of rum for the semen, a staple on all British naval vessels.

所有这些物资足以支撑三年，如果实行配给制，甚至能维持五年。

It was all enough for three years or even five if rationing was put into effect.

顺便提一下，用罐头包装食物是一种相对较新的技术，刚刚在19世纪初被开发出来。

By the way, packing food in tins was a relatively new process, having just been developed in the early eighteen hundreds.

海军认为这简直是天赐良策。

The Navy saw it as a godsend.

从此再也不用担心食物腐烂和虫蛀的问题了。

There would no longer be issues with spoilage and insects.

对于富兰克林探险队，这些罐头食品是由供应商斯蒂芬·戈德纳采购的，他紧急完成了这项任务。

For the Franklin expedition, the tins of food would be purchased from provisioner Stephen Goldner, who completed the job on short notice.

然而，也存在一些问题。

However, there were a couple of issues.

首先，探险队携带的罐头食品可能存在质量问题。

First, the tins of food taken by the expedition may have had quality issues.

据信，密封罐头的铅焊料操作粗糙，导致铅污染了食物。

It is believed that the lead soldering sealing the tins was done sloppily and thus lead got into the food.

这一点将在我们故事的后续部分成为问题。

This will become an issue later in our story.

其次，罐装过程使食物失去了大量营养成分，例如维生素C。

Second, the process of canning removed much of the nutritional value from the food, such as vitamin C.

最终，没有任何东西能替代新鲜的肉类、水果和蔬菜。

In the end, nothing would replace getting fresh meat, fruit, and vegetables.

与罐头中的铅一样，这种营养缺乏将在我们故事的后续部分变得至关重要。

Like the lead in the tins, this lack of nutrition will be important later in our story.

关于船员的饮食，还有一个最后的备注。

One last note about the crew's diet.

如前所述，船队携带了1万磅的柠檬汁。

As mentioned, the fleet brought along 10,000 pounds of lemon juice.

柠檬汁提供了维生素C，对预防坏血病至关重要。

The lemon juice provided vitamin C, which was critical in preventing scurvy.

当时，人们并不真正了解为什么柠檬、青柠和其他水果能如此有效地防止坏血病。

At the time, no one really knew exactly why lemons and limes and other fruit were so effective at keeping scurvy at bay.

但到了19世纪40年代，英国海军在长途航行中携带柠檬和青柠已成为普遍做法。

But by the eighteen forties, the practice of including lemons and limes on long voyages was common in the British navy.

他们不知道这为什么有效，但他们知道这确实有效。

They didn't know why it worked, but they knew that it did.

顺便说一下，如果你不知道的话，英国人被称为‘limies’的原因，源于一个贬义词，指我们刚才提到的、饮食中大量摄入青柠汁的英国水手。

By the way, side note here, if you did not know, the reason British people are referred to as limies is because the term originated as a derogatory name for English sailors who, as we have just noted, included a lot of lime juice in their diet.

这个术语后来逐渐失去了海军相关的含义，现在被用来泛指英国人。

This term would eventually lose the naval connotation and is now used to refer to British people in general.

闲话说到这里。

Side note done.

现在，在我们启航之前，最后要讨论的是船员。

Now the last thing we want to discuss before we set sail is the crew.

船员包括110名水手和24名军官。

There would be 110 crewmen and 24 officers.

大多数船员是英国人，但也有一些爱尔兰人和苏格兰人。

Most of the men were English, but there was a smattering of Irish and Scots as well.

船上还有一只名叫尼普顿的狗和一只名叫杰克奥的猴子。

There was also a dog named Neptune and a monkey named Jacko.

这被认为是一支顶尖的船员队伍，经过精心挑选，具备高超的技能和专业能力。

This was considered a top notch crew, handpicked for their skill and expertise.

对这些水手来说，这样的远航有多种吸引力。

For the men, such expeditions were attractive for a variety of reasons.

首先，他们有机会脱颖而出。

First, they would have the chance to distinguish themselves.

参与这样的探险对简历来说是一大亮点。

Participating in such an endeavor was a nice thing to put on a resume.

其次，还有报酬。

And second, there was the money.

过去的探险，尤其是成功的探险，常常会获得额外奖励，比如双倍工资。

Past expeditions, especially successful ones, often received bonuses such as double pay.

对这些船员来说，一次漫长而成功的航行意味着能赚到一大笔钱。

For the men, a long successful voyage was a way to get a big chunk of cash.

船员中包括标准配置的水手、侍者、厨师、司炉、填缝工、水手等等。

Amongst the crew, there would be the standard complement of men, stewards and cooks and stokers and caulkers and seamen and so forth.

此外还有14名海军陆战队员。

There were also 14 marines.

在军官中，除了富兰克林和克罗泽之外，只有格雷厄姆·戈尔中尉、一名助理医生和两名冰上领航员有极地经验。

Of the officers, aside from Franklin and Crozier, only lieutenant Graham Gore, as well as an assistant surgeon and two ice masters, had Arctic experience.

这是为极地探险所组建的最现代化、最完备的远征队之一。

It was one of the most modern and complete expeditions ever assembled for polar exploration.

富兰克林和他的船员只需揭开地图上这片中部区域，就能发现传说中的西北航道。

Franklin and his men would just have to uncover this middle area of the map, and that would reveal the fabled Northwest Passage.

这将为英国和参与其中的人员带来荣耀。

This would bring glory to England and the men involved.

随着远征计划的成形，富兰克林和海军部都充满信心。

Franklin and the admiralty were confident as the expedition took shape.

然而，他们并没有安排任何救援计划。

However, one thing they did not arrange was any sort of rescue plan.

他们认为，即使情况不妙，远征队也需要好几年才会需要援助。

The feeling was that the expedition would not need aid for several years even if things went poorly.

因此，根本没有制定任何计划去寻找船只，或在情况恶化时搜寻船员的下落。

Thus, there was no plan set up to come and find the ships or be on the lookout for the men if things went south.

在我们正式启动远征之前，先讲一个快速而奇怪的故事。

Now quick and weird story before we get the expedition underway.

启航前几天，患流感在家的富兰克林睡着了。

A few days before sailing, Franklin, who was at his home with the flu, had fallen asleep.

他的妻子正在为丈夫缝制一面英国国旗，准备让他带上旅途，于是她把国旗盖在丈夫腿上保暖。

His wife, who had been sewing a British flag for her husband to take on his journey, placed the flag over her husband's legs for warmth.

富兰克林醒来后惊慌失措，说：‘你不知道吗？联合杰克旗是盖在尸体上的？’

When Franklin woke up, he freaked out, saying, quote, don't you know that they lay the Union Jack over a corpse?

结束引述。

End quote.

这预示着前方将有不祥之事发生。

It was an ominous sign for what lay ahead.

奇怪的故事讲完了。

Weird story done.

是时候启程了。

Time to get this journey underway.

幽灵号和惊恐号于1845年5月19日从英格兰东南部的格林希思启航。

Terror and Erebus departed Greenheith in Southeast England on 05/19/1845.

成千上万人为他们欢呼送行，所有人都信心满满。

Thousands cheered them off and everyone's confidence was high.

这次探险配备了最现代化的船只和最优秀的船员。

The expedition consisted of the most modern ships and the finest crew.

失败不是选项。

Failure was not an option.

在航行的第一阶段，探险队将有两艘船加入：HMS Rattler 和运输船 Baretto Junior。

For the first stage of the voyage, the expedition would be joined by two ships, HMS Rattler and a transport ship, Baretto Junior.

这支小型船队沿着大不列颠海岸向北航行，在苏格兰最北端的奥克尼群岛停靠。

The small fleet sailed north up the coast of Great Britain, stopping in the Orkney Islands right at the top of Scotland.

补给完成后，这四艘船将向西航行。

After taking on supplies, the four vessels would head west.

他们绕过格陵兰岛的最南端，沿着大岛的西海岸北上，最终抵达迪斯科湾。

They rounded the Southern point of Greenland and headed up the Western Coast of the Great Island, eventually reaching Disco Bay.

这距离格陵兰岛西海岸约750英里。

This was about 750 miles up the Western Coast of Greenland.

从奥克尼群岛出发，这段旅程耗时30天。

The journey had taken thirty days from the Orkneys.

在这里，探险队制定了深入北冰洋的计划。

Here, the expedition made plans to head deep into the Arctic Seas.

运输船上带来的牛被宰杀，为探险队提供了新鲜肉类。

Cattle brought by the transport ship were slaughtered, giving the expedition fresh meat.

此外，包括煤炭在内的补给品被转移至幽灵号和恐怖号上。

Also, supplies, including coal, were transferred over to Erebus and Terror.

船员们写了最后一封信给家中的亲人，这些信将由拉特勒号和巴雷托初级号带回。

The men of the fleet wrote final letters to family and loved ones back home, which would be delivered by Rattler and Baretto junior.

此外，探险队中有五名人员被遣返。

Also, five men from the expedition were discharged.

这些人很可能在过去一个月中生病或受伤。

These were likely men who had gotten sick or been injured in the past month.

他们将返回英格兰，使探险队的总人数减少至129人。

They would return to England, giving the expedition a compliment of 129 men.

顺便提一下，根据寄回家的信件以及两艘返航船只的报告，船队官兵的士气依然高昂。

By the way, from the letters sent home and the reports from the two ships heading back to England, the spirits amongst the officers and the crew of the fleet were high.

此外，我们还得到了一幅富兰克林的画像，显示他深受船员们的喜爱和尊重。

Also, we get a picture of Franklin, one that shows that he was well liked and respected by the men.

他为人随和，公正且沉稳，尽管略显古板。

He was affable as well as fair and measured, even if he was a bit stodgy.

当‘拉特勒号’和‘贝雷托小号’返航时，船上载满了邮件和通报，而富兰克林则率领两艘船向西北方向驶入巴芬湾，目标是兰开斯特海峡——西北航道的入口。

As Rattler and Beretta Junior headed home, mail and dispatches bloated on board, Franklin led his vessels northwest, deeper into Baffin Bay, aiming for Lancaster Sound, the entrance to the Northwest Passage.

两艘船抵达入口后，等待有利天气以便向西进入航道。

The two ships arrived at the entrance and waited for favorable weather to proceed west into the channel.

1845年7月28日，探险队遇到了两艘捕鲸船——‘威尔士亲王号’和‘企业号’。

On 07/28/1845, the expedition would encounter a pair of whaling ships, Prince of Wales and Enterprise.

‘威尔士亲王号’的船长后来报告称，这两艘船状况良好，船员士气高昂。

The captain of Prince of Wales would later report that the ships were in good shape and the spirits of the crew excellent.

几天后，捕鲸船与英国船只分道扬镳，这成为人们最后一次见到富兰克林及其探险队的记录。

The whalers and the British ships would part company a few days later, and that would be the last known sighting of Franklin and his expedition.

因此，在此我们有必要理解，接下来我们的叙述将依赖于一组奇特的史料来源。

So at this point, it's good to understand that going forward in our narrative, we have an odd mixture of source materials that reveal our story.

首先，有一份重要的实物文献，至今仍保存着一张纸，记录了我们将要讨论的一些事件。

First, there is a significant physical document, a single piece of paper that has survived to this day describing some of the events that we are going to discuss.

其次，过去一百七十年间发现的考古证据将为我们提供关于这次远征的更多信息。

Second, there is archaeological evidence discovered over the course of a hundred and seventy years that is going to give us more information about the expedition.

这些都是富兰克林和他的船员们留下的物品，包括他们的遗体。

This is all the stuff that Franklin and his men left behind, including their bodies.

第三，还有从当地因纽特人那里收集的口述历史。

And third, there is an oral history collected from the local Inuit people.

所有这些材料共同构成了一段引人入胜的故事，使我们能够拼凑出富兰克林及其远征队命运的清晰图景。

All of this makes for a fascinating story, one that allows us to piece together a pretty clear picture as to the fate of Franklin and his expedition.

因此，在八月初，富兰克林和他的两艘船沿着兰开斯特海峡向西航行。

So in early August, Franklin and his two ships traveled west in the Lancaster Sound.

我们需要指出的是，此前已有人走过这条路线，因此富兰克林并没有开辟新的航道。

We should note that others had come this way before, so Franklin was not breaking any new ground here.

正如我们之前在播客中提到的，二十五年前，威廉·佩里曾沿着这条路线向西航行了约五百到六百英里，几乎穿越了北极群岛的四分之三。

As we mentioned earlier in the podcast, twenty five years previous, William Perry had taken this route west for about five to 600 miles, traveling nearly three fourths of the way through the Arctic Archipelago.

但这具有欺骗性。

But this was deceptive.

冰层的流动和厚度是不可预测的。

The flow and thickness of the ice was unpredictable.

一个通道可能在一年内畅通一百英里，然后可能再过二十年都不会再打开。

One year channel could be clear for a 100 miles, and then it might not open up for twenty more years.

说，看啊。

To say, oh, look.

认为佩里能到达A点，我们也能，是一种愚蠢的假设。

Perry got to point a, so we can too, was a foolish assumption.

幽灵号和恐怖号向西航行了约300英里后，冰层变得太厚，无法继续向西前进。

Erebus and Terra headed west for about 300 miles before the ice grew too thick to keep heading in that direction.

然而，在两座岛屿之间，探险队发现了一条没有冰的向北通道。

However, here, between two islands, the expedition found a channel going north that was clear of ice.

富兰克林决定沿着这条路线前进。

Franklin elected to follow this route.

毫无疑问，他幻想自己能够抵达北极点，这也是英国海军部的另一个重要目标。

No doubt he envisioned reaching the North Pole, another major goal of the British admiralty.

顺便说一句，许多人认为北极地区存在一片广阔的无冰海域，只是时间问题，总会有人找到通往那里的路。

By the way, many men thought that there was a great open Arctic Sea in the North, and it was only a matter of time before someone found a way there.

正如你所想象的，富兰克林最终并没有抵达北极点。

Well, as you can imagine, Franklin would not reach the North Pole.

他的两艘船在冰层变得无法通行之前，向北航行了大约170英里，到达了北纬77度。

His two ships were able to go about a 170 miles or so to seventy seven degrees north before ice made things impassable.

然而，通道西边的陆地实际上是一座岛屿，船队抵达了它的最北端，并成功绕过它，沿着岛屿西岸的另一条水道向南航行。

However, the land to the west in the channel was actually an island, and the fleet made it to its northern tip, and they were able to round it and head back south down another channel on the island's western side.

富兰克林和他的船队实际上完成了对如今被称为康沃尔岛的环航。

Franklin and ships would essentially circumnavigate what we call Cornwallis Island.

如今，康沃尔岛是加拿大第二北端的居民点——雷索卢特的所在地。

Today, Cornwallis Island is home to Canada's second most northerly community, Resolute.

这里大约有两三百人居住。

It has a population of about two to 300 people.

当船队完成对科尼利厄斯岛的环航后，他们会发现天气迅速变化。

So as the ships finished circumnavigating Cornwallis Island, they would have found the weather rapidly changing.

用不了多久，他们就会被冰封过冬。

It would be only a matter of time before they were iced in for the winter.

船队向东后退了一段距离，富兰克林选择在比奇岛过冬，这是一座位于科尼利厄斯岛以东约25英里、紧邻一片更大陆地——德文岛的小岛。

The fleet backtracked east a short ways, and Franklin elected to winter at Beechey Island, a small island about 25 miles east of Cornwallis Island right next to a greater landmass called Devon Island.

那里有很多岛屿。

Lots of islands there.

我建议你们查看我们网站上的地图，以便更好地理解情况。

I recommend looking at the maps on our site to get a handle on things.

否则，你只需知道，这支探险队已经深入主航道约300英里，进行了一些勘探，然后在一处名为比奇岛的地方设立了越冬营地。

Otherwise, just know that the expedition had gone about 300 miles into the main channel, done some exploring, and then set up winter quarters at a place called Beachy Island.

在漫长的冬季里，‘埃雷布斯号’和‘特拉号’将被困在岛岸附近的冰层中。

For the long winter ahead, Erebus and Terra would have been trapped in the ice just off the shore of the island.

我们现在对比奇岛上船员们的生活几乎一无所知，但那肯定不会轻松。

Now we know virtually nothing about the men's lives of Beachy Island, but it would not have been easy.

寒冬时节，气温可降至华氏零下50度以下。

In the heart of winter, temperatures could drop to more than 50 below zero Fahrenheit.

仅仅触碰一块金属，就会撕掉人的皮肤。

Simply touching a piece of metal would rip off a man's skin.

风力极其猛烈，而且始终存在冻伤的威胁，可能导致人失去脚趾或手指。

The winds would have been brutal, and there was always the threat of frostbite, which could cost a man his toes or fingers.

还有就是黑暗。

Also, there was the darkness.

在北极，连续三个月都见不到阳光。

For three months, there would be no sunlight in the Arctic.

数月不见天日带来的心理压力是巨大的。

The psychological toll, never seeing the sun for months on end, would have been enormous.

在岛上，后来的搜寻者发现了富兰克林及其船员的痕迹，包括数百个被丢弃的食品罐头。

On the island, later searchers would find evidence of Franklin and his men, including hundreds of discarded food tins.

但最引人注目的、至今仍存留的，是三名男子的坟墓。

But the most striking thing, which remains to this day, were the graves of three men.

这些人死于1月1日、1月4日和1846年3月4日。

These men died on January 1, January 4, and 04/03/1846.

每个人都得到了妥善安葬，冰层被凿开至少五英尺深，以容纳棺材。

Each of them was given a proper burial, the ice hacked at least five feet deep and fitted for a coffin.

在冬季的黑暗中，这项工作必定极其艰苦。

This would have been brutal work in the dark of winter.

信仰虔诚的富兰克林很可能会主持葬礼仪式。

The deeply religious Franklin likely would have conducted the funeral proceedings.

尽管环境恶劣，但远征初期就有三人去世，这令人惊讶且预示不祥。

Now despite the harsh conditions, the deaths of three men so early in the expedition was surprising and ominous.

那么，究竟发生了什么？

So what happened?

尽管条件严酷，这三座墓穴——如前所述，至今仍存——在20世纪80年代被阿尔伯塔大学人类学教授欧文·比蒂挖掘出来。

Well, the three graves, which as noted still exist to this day, were excavated in the nineteen eighties by a man named Owen Beatty, a professor of anthropology at the University of Alberta.

他的目标是查明这前三名男子的死因，从而更好地理解未来几年其余船员的命运。

His goal was to determine why these first three men died as a better way to understand the fates of the rest of the crew in the coming years.

贝蒂得出结论，这些人死于肺炎，并伴有肺结核的迹象，令人惊讶的是还有铅中毒。

Beatty would conclude that the men died of pneumonia, with signs of tuberculosis and, surprisingly, lead poisoning.

贝蒂认为，锡制食品罐是导致这些人体内铅含量过高的来源。

Baty suggests that the tin food cans were the source of the high lead content in the men's systems.

顺便说一下，他们的铅含量比当时正常人的水平高出10到20倍。

The lead content, by the way, was 10 to 20 times higher than a normal person from the time.

理论认为，这些罐子焊接不良，导致铅渗入罐中，进而进入人体。

The theory is that the cans were badly soldered, and the lead had gotten into them and then into the men.

然而，另一个可能的因素是船上新安装的海水淡化系统。

However, another factor may have been the ship's newly installed desalination water system.

人们认为，这个系统会产生大量含铅量极高的水。

It is believed that the system would have produced large quantities of water with a very high lead content.

现在有些人对这些说法提出质疑。

Now some people question these things.

他们认为，如此高的铅含量很可能是从 expedition 开始前很久就开始积累，经过多年才达到的。

They argue that such levels were likely to have developed over many, many years starting well before the expedition began.

毕竟，当时铅的使用非常普遍且日益增加。

After all, the use of lead was widespread and growing at this time.

例如，一些酒精蒸馏装置含有铅部件，饮用杯或炊具中也可能含有铅。

Example, some alcohol stills had a lead component, and there could be lead in drinking mugs or cooking pots.

无论铅是如何进入体内的，1845年遇难者体内的铅含量都已达到危险水平，铅中毒会对这些人造成毁灭性影响，尤其是当它与肺结核和坏血病等状况同时存在时。

No matter how it happened, the lead levels of the men who perished in 1845 were dangerously high, and lead poisoning would have had a devastating effect on the men, especially when it was combined with conditions such as tuberculosis and scurvy.

人们会表现出多种症状，包括疼痛、头痛、定向障碍、嗜睡等等。

Men would have displayed a large range of problems, including aches, pains, headaches, disorientation, lethargy, and much more.

这是一个我们将在后续讨论的问题。

This is an issue we will deal with going forward.

两艘船本应在1846年航道上的冰层足够融化后离开比奇岛。

The two ships would have departed Beechey Island once the ice had broken up enough in the channel in the 1846.

然而，我们并不知道确切的日期。

However, we don't know this exact date.

但我想要指出两件事，是富兰克林在离开比奇岛前没有做的。

But there are two things I want to point out, things that Franklin did not do before departing Beechey Island.

首先，富兰克林没有留下任何消息。

First, Franklin did not leave any messages.

这很奇怪，因为极地探险家通常会留下便条，说明他们去过哪里，以及更重要的——他们要去哪里。

This was odd as it was common for polar explorers to leave notes saying where they had been and just as important, where they were going.

这样，如果有人前来寻找他们，就能知道下一步该往哪里去。

This way if someone came looking for them they would have some clue as to where to go next.

事实上，富兰克林曾被明确命令这样做，但他没有执行，我们也不知道原因。

In fact, Franklin had been ordered to do this exact thing, but he did not, and we do not know why.

富兰克林没有做的第二件事是留下补给物资。

The second thing Franklin did not do was leave a cache of supplies.

事实上，他在整个旅程中都没有这样做。

In fact, he does this nowhere on his journey.

这同样是极地探险家的常见做法。

Again, this was a common tactic of polar explorers.

他们会沿着行进路线在多个地点存放食物和补给。

They would leave deposits of food and supplies at various locations along the travel route.

这样，如果船只失去行动能力，船员无论步行还是乘坐救生艇，都能在返程路线上找到补给。

This way, if a ship was incapacitated, the crew, whether on foot or in lifeboats, would have provisions along the return route.

这种做法在过去曾救过其他极地探险者，但富兰克林没有这样做。

This practice had saved other polar explorers in the past, but Franklin did not do this.

就像在比奇岛不留任何消息一样，也许这是出于傲慢，坚信他们一定会成功，因此这些安全措施显得多余。

Just like not leaving any messages on Beechey Island, perhaps it was arrogance, a supreme confidence that they would succeed, and such safety measures were unnecessary.

或者富兰克林认为，把这些补给留在幽灵号和恐怖号上更为重要。

Or maybe Franklin judged it more important to have those supplies on Erebus and Terra.

这可以理解。

That is understandable.

但完全不留下任何消息，实在是不可原谅的。

But not leaving any messages is really unforgivable.

这样做对他来说毫无代价，而不这么做，却会在未来造成严重问题。

It cost Franklin nothing to do, and by not doing so, it would cause severe problems in the future.

所以，那很可能是1846年晚春时节。

So it was probably late spring or 1846.