The Basics of the Immune System: How Your Body Defends and Balances Itself

我想快速感谢一下我们的赞助商，Mudgee 地区的医生们。

I'd like to give a quick shout out to our sponsor Doctors 4 Mudgee Region.

新南威尔士州美丽的 Mudgee 地区目前正在寻找全科医生和全科医生培训生，加入澳大利亚最热情、最有活力的社区之一。

The beautiful Mudgee Region in NSW is currently looking for fellow GPs and GP trainees to join one of the most welcoming and vibrant communities in Australia.

从悉尼开车只需三个小时，Mudgee 不仅提供令人难以置信的生活方式，想想那些很棒的咖啡馆、学校、体育俱乐部和世界级的酒庄，还提供极好的职业机会，拥有出色的医疗设施和强大的支持性同事环境，你可以在那里发展自己的事业。

Just a three hour drive from Sydney, Mudgee offers not only an incredible lifestyle, think great cafes, schools, sports clubs and world class wineries, but also fantastic professional opportunities with outstanding medical facilities and a strong supportive collegial environment where you can grow your career.

通过 Mudgee 地区医生计划，全科医生可以获得 45,000 美元的搬迁奖励，以及个人生活方式礼宾服务，让搬家变得无缝衔接。

Through the Doctors 4Mudgee Region initiative, fellow GPs can access a 45,000 relocation incentive and a personal lifestyle concierge service to help make the move seamless.

对于全科医生培训生，该计划还提供生活方式礼宾支持，并持续未来三年，这意味着那些留下来并休假的人之后也有资格获得同样的现金奖励。

For GP trainees, the program also offers lifestyle concierge support and runs for the next three years, meaning that those who stay on and furlough can later qualify for the same cash incentive.

所以，如果你正在考虑职业生涯的下一个激动人心的阶段，考虑一下新南威尔士州的 Mudgee。

So if you're thinking about the next exciting phase of your career, think Mudgee New South Wales.

但不要只听我的一面之词。

But don't just take my word for it.

以下是当地一些全科医生的看法。

Here's what some of the local GPs have to say.

马奇不是一个你路过的地方，而是一个你专程来的地方。

Mudgee isn't a place that you go through, it's a place that you come to.

我非常喜欢马奇的一点是，我们有一群非常靠谱的全科医生。

One of the things that I really love about Mudgee is that we have a really solid group of GPs.

马奇提升了我的生活质量，因为我是这个社区的一员。

Mudgee has improved the quality of my life because I'm a part of a community.

我可以做母亲，可以做医生，可以做朋友，也可以做队友。

I can be a mother, I can be a doctor, I can be a friend, I can be a teammate.

这对我来说真的很重要。

And that's something that's really important to me.

而且我离上班的地方只有五分钟的路程。

And I'm five minutes from work.

马奇提升了我的生活质量，因为它让我能专注于真正重要的事情。

Mudgee's improved the quality of my life because it's allowed me to focus on the things that really matter and that are really important.

更多信息，请访问 ww.doctors4mudgee.com.au

For more information, please visit ww.doctors4mudgee.com.au

大家好，Good GP的听众们。

Hello, Good GP listeners.

我是主持人之一，克里斯蒂娜·德兰格。

I am one of your hosts, Christina Delange.

Good GP团队很高兴能与另一个播客《这可能救你一命》合作。

The Good GP team is excited to be collaborating with another podcast, This Could Save Your Life.

你们可能已经听说过医生。

You've likely heard Doctor.

安娜·穆林斯和医生。

Anna Mullins and Doctor.

凯瑟琳·伯克今年作为嘉宾主持出现在Good GP上。

Catherine Bourke as guest podcast hosts on The Good GP this year.

她们还一直在忙着开发一个姐妹播客，叫《这可能救你一命》，目的是向患者介绍全科医疗中的预防保健活动。

They have also been busy developing a sister podcast called This Could Save Your Life aimed at informing patients about preventative health activities in general practice.

我们希望你们听了这期播客后，能快速了解患者可用的最新信息，并希望你们能推荐给自己的患者。

We hope you'll have listened to this podcast episode, get a quick update on the latest information available to patients in this space, and hopefully recommend it to your own patients.

我们认为这真的是一个非常有用的补充，能配合我们全科医生每天在诊室里和病人进行的交流。

We think it's a really useful adjunct to the conversations we as GPs are having with our patients in the consult room every single day.

希望你们喜欢。

I hope you enjoy.

我们要感谢录制这期播客所在的土地和水域的传统所有者，并向他们过去、现在和未来的长老们致敬。

We would like to acknowledge the Traditional Owners of the lands and waters on which we record this podcast and pay respects to their elders past, present and emerging.

大家好，欢迎收听《这能救你的命》的另一期节目，这是一个面向所有希望改善健康、预防疾病的人的播客。

Hello, and welcome to another episode of This Could Save Your Life, the podcast for anyone looking to improve their health and prevent disease.

我是凯瑟琳·伯克医生，今天我有幸请来一位特别的嘉宾。

My name is Doctor Catherine Bourke, and today I have with me a special guest.

你可以说我偏心，但我认为我请来了我认识的最好的医生之一来上这期播客。

Call me biased, but I think I have one of the best doctors I know on the podcast.

他的名字是杰克·伯克医生。

His name is Doctor Jack Bourke.

他是临床免疫学家和免疫病理学家，也是珀斯菲奥娜·斯坦利医院的科室主任。

He's a clinical immunologist and immunopathologist and head of department at Fiona Stanley Hospital here in Perth.

但最重要的是，他是我丈夫。

But most importantly, he's my husband.

嗨，杰克。

Hi, Jack.

嗨，凯丝。

Hi, Kath.

所以今天，我们开始和杰克进行几次对话中的第一次。

So today, we're doing the first of a few chats with Jack.

我想和他聊聊一些免疫系统的疾病。

I wanted to talk to him about some of the diseases of the immune system.

但在想这个的时候，我觉得也许最好的起点是一集关于免疫系统基础的节目。

But while I was thinking about that, I thought maybe the best place to start was an episode about the basics of the immune system.

我觉得这是身体里最难理解的部分之一。

So I think this is a part of the body that's harder to understand the most.

而且我觉得，想想我们之前聊过的一些疾病，比如肝病或肾病，普通人很容易上网搜到肝脏和肾脏的图片，了解那个器官长什么样以及一些基本功能。

And I think if you think about some of the diseases we've talked about, say liver or kidney disease, it can be easy for the general public to look up on the Internet pictures of their liver and kidney and to get an idea of what that organ looks like and some of its basic functions.

但如果你用同样的方式去了解免疫系统，试着去查一查，你会发现它真的非常复杂，涉及多个器官和系统。

But if you do the same with the immune system, if you try to look it up, you will see that it is really complex, that there's multiple organs and systems involved.

而且我觉得对于普通大众来说，关于免疫系统的错误信息非常多。

And I think for the general public, there is a lot of misinformation about the immune system out there.

所以这就是为什么我今天想从免疫系统的一些基础知识开始讲起。

So that is why I wanted to start with talking about some of the basics of the immune system today.

那么，杰克，也许我们可以从最基础的部分开始。

And, Jack, maybe we could start with some of the real basics.

你能跟我讲讲免疫系统是什么吗？

Can you tell me a little bit about what the immune system is?

好的。

Yeah.

当然可以。

Sure.

免疫系统是身体抵御潜在和实际威胁的第一道防线网络。

So the immune system is the body's first line defense network against potential and actual threats.

它的主要功能之一就是识别并应对这些威胁，包括各种病菌，比如病毒、细菌、寄生虫和真菌。

And one of its primary functions is to recognise and respond to these threats, can include various germs like viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi.

它还要负责检测并清除体内那些变得异常的细胞，包括癌细胞。

It also has a role to detect and eliminate any of the body's own cells which have become abnormal, including cancer cells.

重要的是，它做这些事的时候不能伤害到身体自身的健康组织。

Importantly, it must do all of this without causing damage to the body's own healthy tissues.

我觉得这一点很有意思，杰克。

So I think that's a really interesting point, Jack.

我想很多人都知道免疫系统对抵抗病毒和细菌很重要，但可能不太清楚它每天都在清除那些可能发展成癌细胞的细胞。

I think many people would know that their immune system is important in fighting viruses and bacteria and things like that, but I don't necessarily think people would know that their immune system is acting every day to remove cells that could potentially develop into cancer.

但是，对抗疾病和清除这些异常细胞并不是免疫系统的全部作用，对吧？

But fighting disease and those removal of those kind of abnormal cells isn't the only role of the immune system, is it?

对。

No.

所以免疫系统不只是战士，它还是和平维护者。

So the immune system is not just a fighter, it's also a peacekeeper.

所以除了对抗这些对身体的威胁，它还负责帮助身体保持平衡，并维持我们所说的耐受性。

So along with fighting these threats to the body, it's also responsible for helping to keep the body in balance and for maintaining what we call tolerance.

比如说，这让组成我们微生物组的有益细菌和其他微生物能够在我们的体内愉快地生存。

So for example, this allows the good bacteria and other microbes that make up our microbiome to exist happily within our bodies.

所以杰克，你基本上是在说，免疫系统不仅要对抗疾病，还要确保身体不会攻击自己。

So essentially what you're saying, Jack, is that the immune system is responsible for not only fighting disease, but also making sure the body doesn't attack itself.

那它是怎么做到的呢？

So how does it do that?

它是如何保持身体这种微妙平衡的？

How does it keep that fine balance in the body?

它通过一个复杂且高度调控的网络系统来实现这一点，这个系统由体内各种不同的细胞和组织组成。

So it achieves this through a complex and highly regulated network of systems which are made up of various different cells and tissues in the body.

它还包含多种不同的蛋白质和其他信号分子，这些分子用于协调适当的反应来预防疾病，同时也用于我们之前提到的其他功能，比如耐受性，并调节体内的这些过程，使它们不会过度或失控。

And it also includes a wide range of different proteins and other signalling molecules which are used to coordinate appropriate responses to prevent disease, but also those other functions we talked about such as tolerance and to regulate these processes within the body so that they don't become exaggerated or go over the top.

所以免疫系统可以分为两大类。

So the immune system can be divided into two broad categories.

我们称之为先天免疫系统和适应性免疫系统。

We call these the innate and the adaptive immune systems.

先天免疫是一种内置的通用系统，能够快速反应。

Innate immunity is a built in general purpose system which can act rapidly.

先天免疫的组成部分能够迅速应对多种不同类型的威胁。

The components of innate immunity have the ability to respond to many different types of threats quickly.

适应性免疫则涉及更复杂、更针对性的免疫反应，能够专注于非常特定的目标。

Adaptive immunity involves a much more sophisticated and tailored immune response, and this can focus on very specific targets.

这些反应还可以随时间调整，以进一步提高其强度、速度和效率。

These responses can also be adapted over time to further improve their strength, speed and efficiency.

之前的暴露，比如感染或疫苗接种，会推动这些调整。

Previous exposures such as infections or vaccinations will drive these adaptations.

所以适应性免疫需要时间来发展这些专门的反应，可能需要几天到几周，但它们能保留多年的记忆反应。

So adaptive immunity requires some time to develop these specialised responses, which may take days to weeks, but they can retain memory responses for many years.

好的。

Okay.

所以每个人体内都有这个复杂的系统，就是那个快速反应的先天免疫系统。

So everyone has this complex system in their bodies, that rapidly acting innate system.

那这个先天免疫系统是天生就有的吗？

And is that something you're born with, the innate system?

是的。

Yes.

对，这是与生俱来的，我们一出生就带着它。

So that's something which is built into us and we are born with that.

婴儿一出生就有一些防御能力。

Infants have some defences as soon as they're born.

他们免疫系统的某些部分实际上是从母亲那里被动获得的，但会随着时间逐渐消失。

Some parts of their immune system are actually acquired passively from their mother, but they wear off with time.

而免疫系统中更复杂的部分则需要在整个童年时期慢慢发育，直到稍大一些才会完全成熟。

And then the more sophisticated parts of their immune system take time to develop through childhood and aren't fully matured until they're a bit older.

对。

Right.

所以那其实就是你的适应性免疫系统在发育。

And so that's really, that's your adaptive system that's then developing.

对。

Correct.

是的。

Yes.

好的。

Okay.

我想回到我最初的问题，就是关于免疫系统在身体里的位置。你能解释一下涉及哪些身体部位吗？

I guess going back to sort of my original point about trying to understand where in the body the immune system is, I wonder if you could explain like what parts of the body are involved.

免疫系统遍布全身。

So the immune system exists throughout the whole body.

它不只在某一个地方。

It's not just in one single place.

而且有各种不同的免疫细胞，它们各有不同的功能。

And there are various different immune cells which all have different functions.

免疫系统的主要细胞群之一，大家可能比较熟悉的就是白细胞。

One of the main groups of cells of the immune system, people may be more familiar with would be the white blood cells.

这些细胞通过血液在身体各处游走。

And these travel around to various locations in the body via the blood.

白细胞有好几种类型，其中一大类叫做淋巴细胞。

There are several different types of white blood cells, and one of the major groups is something called the lymphocytes.

负责生成、发育和成熟淋巴细胞的器官包括骨髓，还有胸腔里一个叫胸腺的小器官。

So the organs which are responsible for generating, developing and maturing lymphocytes include the bone marrow and also a small organ in the chest called the thymus.

这些被称为初级淋巴器官。

And these are known as the primary lymphoid organs.

还有其他组织，比如淋巴结、脾脏、扁桃体和腺样体，它们帮助过滤血液和淋巴液，并作为区域性枢纽，淋巴细胞和其他免疫细胞在这里聚集，然后从这里协调免疫反应。

There are also other tissues such as lymph nodes, the spleen, tonsils and adenoids, can help to filter the blood and the lymphatics and act as regional hubs where lymphocytes and other immune cells gather and then coordinate immune responses from there.

免疫系统还有其他部分，大家可能不会立刻想到，比如皮肤也是免疫系统的重要组成部分。

There are other parts of the immune system that people may not immediately think of as well, and so something like the skin is also an important part of the immune system.

皮肤为抵御病菌提供了物理屏障，但皮肤的各层中也生活着多种免疫细胞。

The skin provides a physical barrier to germs, but it also contains a range of immune cells which live within the various layers of the skin.

同样，像呼吸道内壁或肠道这样的身体表面，在免疫系统中也扮演着非常重要的角色。

And similarly, body surfaces such as the lining of the airways or the gut also have a very important role within the immune system.

那么杰克，你刚才提到扁桃体和腺样体参与免疫系统。

So Jack, in what you've said there, so you've said that tonsils and adenoids are involved in the immune system.

人们常常在儿童时期做手术切除扁桃体和腺样体。

People often have operations to remove tonsils and adenoids often in childhood.

这会不会对他们的免疫系统造成问题呢？

Does this cause a problem with their immune system?

对于这些人来说，扁桃体或腺样体已经有些功能失调，实际上它们带来的问题比帮助更多，所以才被切除。

So in those people, the tonsils or the adenoids have become slightly dysfunctional, they're actually causing more problems than they're helping within those people, that's why they are removed.

幸运的是，免疫系统有很多冗余设计，所以网络中的其他部分可以接替它们的工作。

Fortunately, there is a lot of redundancy built into the immune system, so there are other parts of that network which can sort of pick up the slack.

因此，几乎所有接受扁桃体切除或腺样体切除的人，并不会因此比以前更容易感染。

And so for almost everyone who has tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy performed, they're not at risk of then getting more infections than they would have in the past.

实际上，手术后他们通常会好得多。

They're actually usually much better off after the surgery.

那如果有人因为某种原因切除了脾脏，比如意外或脾脏受伤，这种情况要少见得多，那他们的情况是不是也一样呢？

And is the same said if someone had to have their spleen removed, which is obviously a much rarer set of circumstances, often if there's some sort of accident or injury to the spleen.

他们和那些切除扁桃体或腺样体的人情况一样吗？

Are they the same as people who have their tonsils or adenoids removed?

不一样，脾脏的情况有点特殊。

No, the spleen's a bit of a different situation.

脾脏有一些独特的功能，是免疫系统其他部分不容易替代的。

It has some unique roles and functions which cannot easily be replaced or substituted by other parts of the immune system.

所以，切除脾脏的人被认为免疫力低下，他们容易感染某些特定类型的细菌，通常我们称之为有荚膜的细菌。

So people who have had a splenectomy are considered to be immune deficient and they are at risk of particular types of infections, usually what we call encapsulated bacteria.

因此，切除脾脏的人需要采取一些特别的预防措施。

And so there are special precautions that people who have had a splenectomy need to take.

他们可能需要长期服用预防性抗生素，确保接种特定的疫苗，并且需要制定一些指导原则、建议和行动计划，以便在开始生病时知道该怎么做，因为通常他们需要及时治疗。

Often they may need to be on prophylactic antibiotics, they need to make sure they've had particular vaccinations performed and they need to have some guidelines and recommendations and action plans put in place for what to do if they start to become sick because usually they need to be treated promptly.

好的，那脾脏的作用确实很重要，对吧？

Okay, so the spleen has a really significant role then?

确实如此，这一点非常重要，因为如果治疗不当，人们可能会很快病得很重。

Yes it does and so that's really important because people can become very sick very quickly if they're not treated appropriately.

好的。

Okay.

你刚才还提到了肠道微生物组，我觉得很多人对这个话题很感兴趣。

The other thing you mentioned there was briefly about the gut microbiome, which I think interests a lot of people.

有没有证据表明肠道微生物组参与免疫系统？

Is there evidence that the gut microbiome is involved in the immune system?

其实，微生物组本身也是一个极其复杂的系统，它由大量不同种类和类型的微生物组成。

Look, the microbiome is another incredibly complex system within itself, and it's made up of a huge number and type of different microbes.

而且我认为我们仍在不断学习和理解这些微生物之间如何相互作用，以及它们如何与我们自己的身体相互作用。

And I think we're still really learning and understanding exactly how those microbes interact with each other and how they interact with our own bodies.

但我几乎可以肯定，这些微生物在帮助我们的免疫系统方面扮演着非常重要的角色。

But I think almost certainly there are very important roles that those microbes play which assist our immune systems.

当微生物组因某种原因受到干扰，比如特定感染或使用抗生素破坏它时，这可能会导致肠道内的问题，同时也可能影响身体的其他部位。

When that microbiome is disturbed for some reason, through particular infections or use of antibiotics that may disrupt that, then that can lead to problems both within the gut, for example, but in other parts of the body as well.

所以它确实扮演着非常重要的角色，而且我觉得我们还在进一步了解它到底有多重要，以及我们如何能够调节它。

So it certainly does play a very important role, and I think we're still understanding exactly to what extent and how we might be able to manipulate that.

所以在这方面还有很多需要学习的地方。

So still some learning to be done there.

对。

Yeah.

好的。

Okay.

那么接下来我想聊聊，人们对免疫系统的一个常见看法是，它要么在运作，比如对抗病毒，要么就是没在工作。

So I think moving on from there, one of the things people think about their immune system is it's either on, like fighting a virus, or it's often not working.

这是真的吗？

Is that actually true?

免疫系统实际上多久活跃一次？

How often is the immune system actually active?

其实，免疫系统总是处于待命状态，基本上它一直在活跃。

Look, the immune system is always in a state of readiness, and essentially it's always active.

其实免疫系统一直在后台悄悄运作，维持我们的健康和稳定。

There are immune processes occurring quietly in the background all the time to keep us healthy and stable.

身体各处时刻都在监视着潜在有害病菌，以防感染发生。

Constant surveillance for the presence of potentially harmful germs is taking place throughout the body in order to prevent infection from occurring.

如果真的发生感染，免疫系统的其他部分就会被激活来对抗感染，所以必要时反应是可以升级的。

If infection does occur, then additional parts of the immune system are activated to fight the infection so the response can be scaled up if that's the case.

免疫系统也一直在筛查我们之前提到的那些死细胞、受损细胞或癌细胞，这些异常细胞会被免疫系统清除，这样受损的组织就能得到修复。

The immune system is also always screening for these dead, damaged or cancerous cells we mentioned before, and these abnormal cells are removed by the immune system and this allows damaged tissue to be repaired.

所以总的来说，免疫系统总是以某种方式在活跃着。

So the immune system generally is always active in some way.

我经常被问到的一个问题，尤其是在我同时接种多种疫苗的时候，患者会担心如果一次接种多种疫苗，免疫系统会不会超负荷。

I think one of the questions I often get, and this often comes in when I'm doing more than one vaccination, So patients worry that their immune system might be overloaded if I give them more than one vaccine at a time.

杰克，免疫系统真的会超负荷吗？

Can the immune system actually become overloaded, Jack?

对于健康人来说，免疫系统有很强的能力同时应对多个潜在威胁，所以轻松应对同时接种几种疫苗是没问题的。

In that situation for a healthy person, there's a great capacity of their immune system to manage more than one potential threat, shall we call it, at a time, so it can easily cope with a couple of vaccinations at once.

它确实有非常强大的能力，能够持续不断地筛查并应对这些潜在的和实际的威胁。

It's really got an incredible capacity to be screening and dealing with these potential and actual threats all the time.

所以，不，我认为在那种情况下，免疫系统根本不会过载。

So so no, I don't think the immune system can become overloaded in that sort of situation at all.

好的。

Okay.

所以我觉得我从病人那里经常听到的另一个问题，也是我经常被问到的问题，是关于那些可能对免疫系统有害的东西。

So I think one of the other things I get from my patients, one of the questions I get a lot is around things that might be harmful to people's immune system.

人们从网上找到了很多关于这个的想法。

People have lots of ideas which they've found from the Internet about this.

所以我想知道，有没有真正有证据支持的东西，你知道，对免疫系统有害的？

And so I just wondered, are there things that really are evidence based that you know are harmful to the immune system?

是的，有很多常见的生活方式因素会对免疫系统产生负面影响，其中包括一些我们普遍知道对健康不利的明显因素，比如吸烟或电子烟、过量饮酒和营养不良，特别是如果这导致特定维生素、矿物质或蛋白质的缺乏。

Yes, there are many common lifestyle factors that can have a negative impact on the immune system, and these include some fairly obvious things that we know are not good for health in general, like smoking or vaping, consuming excessive alcohol and poor nutrition, particularly if that leads to deficiencies of particular vitamins, minerals or protein.

其他因素，比如缺乏运动和肥胖，也与较差的健康状况有关，包括炎症增加，从而导致免疫反应改变。

Other things like physical inactivity and obesity are also associated with poorer health, including increased inflammation and therefore an altered immune response.

另外，长期的心理压力和睡眠不足已被证明会对免疫系统的某些部分产生负面影响，包括引起炎症增加。

Also, chronic psychological stress and sleep deprivation have been shown to have negative impacts on parts of the immune system, including causing increased inflammation.

我觉得重要的是要指出，在大多数情况下，这些因素的影响相对较小，但它们仍然很重要。

I guess it's important to note that the impact of these factors is relatively modest in most cases, but they are still important.

对。

Yeah.

而且可能有些东西是大家比较有能力去干预的。

And probably some of the things that people have reasonable ability to intervene on.

我觉得很难处理的一点是，各种社交媒体和互联网上关于某些产品能增强免疫力的错误信息，他们称之为“增强免疫力”。

I think one of the really difficult things to navigate is the misinformation on various social media channels, Internet about products that may have particularly boosting is what they call them, may boost your immune system.

我觉得市面上有很多东西声称能做到这一点。

I think there's lots of things out there that claim to do this.

我就想知道，有没有证据表明这些产品真的对免疫系统有好处？

And I just wanted to know, is there any evidence that any of these products actually are having benefit to the immune system?

是的，你会看到市场上有很多不同的产品声称能增强免疫系统。

Yes, you will see a lot of different products on the market that claim to boost the immune system.

不过，对于大多数这类产品来说，临床证据表明它们真正有益的效果很弱，甚至根本不存在。

However, for most of these products, the clinical evidence that they actually provide benefit is weak or even non existent.

众所周知，缺乏某些维生素和矿物质会导致免疫功能受损，但大多数人通过均衡饮食就能获得足够的这些营养素。

It's known that deficiency of certain vitamins and minerals can lead to impaired immune function, but most people will obtain adequate amounts of those nutrients from a balanced diet.

而且没有证据表明，摄入超过每日推荐量的这些维生素或营养素能带来任何显著的额外好处。

And there's no evidence that taking doses above the recommended daily intake for these vitamins or nutrients provides any significant additional benefit?

好的。

Okay.

所以，如果你确实缺乏某些维生素、矿物质或蛋白质，那么补充这些确实可能有益。

So if you were deficient, there may be in fact, there is benefit for some of those vitamin, mineral or protein deficiencies.

但如果超过推荐剂量没有额外好处，那有没有什么我们确实有证据可以增强免疫系统的方法呢？

But if there isn't benefit to going above recommended doses, is there anything that we can do that does have evidence to boost our immune system?

在帮助或支持免疫系统的干预措施方面，有一些具体和通用的方法。

In terms of interventions that can assist or support the immune system, there are some specific and general measures.

能帮助改善感染免疫反应的主要具体干预措施就是接种疫苗。

The main specific intervention that can help to improve immune responses to infections is vaccination.

疫苗让免疫系统接触到特定的微生物，大多数情况下是病毒或细菌，这些微生物已经被削弱或失去活性，所以不会引起感染。

So vaccines expose the immune system to the specific microbe, either a virus or bacteria in most cases, and this has been weakened or is nonfunctional so that it doesn't cause infection.

不过，这样可以在免疫系统真正遇到那种微生物之前，就产生免疫反应，希望能预防感染，或者至少减轻病情的严重程度。

However, it allows the immune response to be generated before the immune system actually encounters that particular microbe in the wild and hopefully we can prevent infection or at least reduce the severity of the illness.

至于一般性的措施，它们通常对多种身体功能都有好处，这些措施也有助于支持免疫系统。

In terms of general measures, tend to be beneficial for a range of different bodily functions, these also help to support the immune system as well.

所以这些措施包括保证充足的睡眠、保持良好的营养和维持健康的体重。

So some of these measures include making sure you get adequate sleep, maintaining good nutrition and maintaining a healthy body weight.

另外，避免吸烟也很重要，因为吸烟会对免疫功能产生多种影响，不仅仅是在肺部。

Also avoiding smoking is important because that can have a number of effects on immune function, not just in the lungs.

还有，定期进行体育锻炼已被证明是有益的，无论是力量训练还是有氧运动都有好处。

Also, regular physical activity has been shown to be beneficial and both muscle building exercises and aerobic exercises can be beneficial.

另外要提的是，对于患有慢性疾病的人，比如糖尿病或慢性肾病，确保这些疾病得到良好管理，也有助于免疫系统。

The other thing to mention is that for people with chronic medical conditions such as diabetes or chronic kidney disease, making sure those diseases are managed well will help with the immune system also.

所以我想总结一下，没有快速解决的办法或神奇的解决方案。

So I guess in summary, there's no quick fix or magic solution.

其实，真正能起作用的，就是那些又难又枯燥的事情。

It's actually just doing the hard and boring things that can actually make a difference.

对。

Yeah.

好的。

Okay.

不过我觉得你刚才提到的那些，往往都是成本低、而且人们自己可以控制的事情。

But I think what you've mentioned there is things that are often low cost and things that people have control over.

我觉得有些事情说起来容易，做起来难。

I think some of the things are easy to say and difficult to act on.

比如戒烟、锻炼、保证充足睡眠，有时候比想象中要难。

So quitting smoking, doing exercise, getting proper sleep sometimes are harder than you think.

而且我觉得，如果你在这些方面遇到问题，一个好的起点就是去找你的全科医生聊聊。

And I think if you're having issues with any of those things, a good place to start is to talk to your GP.

那么，杰克，非常感谢你今天来，帮我们讲解身体里这个非常复杂的系统。

So, Jack, I really appreciate you coming on today and to explain this really complex system within our body.

我希望这能帮助大家更好地理解一点，我觉得这是我们开始的好起点。

I hope it's been helpful for people to try and understand a little bit, and I think it's a good place for us to start.

希望之后我们讨论一些免疫疾病的时候，大家能更容易理解我们在说什么。

And hopefully then when we come to discuss some of the immune diseases, it may make it easier for people to understand a little bit about what we're talking about.

所以，我真的希望大家喜欢今天的节目，我们非常期待在未来的《这可能救你的命》节目中与大家见面。

So I really hope people enjoyed the episode today and we really look forward to seeing you on future episodes of This Could Save Your Life.

谢谢你邀请我，凯丝，我很荣幸。

Thanks for having me on Kath, it's been a pleasure.

本播客的内容仅代表《这可能救你的命》主持人和嘉宾的观点。

The content of this podcast represents the opinions of the This Could Save Your Life hosts and guests of the show.

这些内容不旨在提供医疗建议。

The content is not intended to represent medical advice.

任何有症状或对自身健康有疑虑的听众，应咨询注册健康专业人士的意见。

Any listeners experiencing symptoms or who have concerns about their health should seek advice from a registered health professional.

我们尽一切努力确保录制时分享的信息准确且最新，但欢迎任何反馈或更正。

We make every effort to ensure that the information shared is accurate and up to date at the time of recording, but welcome any feedback or corrections.

这个播客的内容是泛泛而谈的，并不涉及具体的患者治疗方案。

The content of this podcast is general in nature and does not refer to specific patient management.