你到底对钱有什么不明白的？养老金、能源、信用卡、退货权等入门指南

你可别以为现在就能找到别人，你怎么可能取代得了我？

That's not so you now don't find anybody else because how could you ever replace me?

是的。

Yeah.

我觉得这样挺好。

I think that's a Okay.

对。

Yeah.

更可能的情况是。

More likely scenario.

你有你那二十万，那剩下的一百二十万就留给咱们的孩子。

You have got your £200,000, so you're leaving £1,200,000 to our kids.

对吧？

Right?

你有五十万，包括房产，因为我们把房产留给你，而我也有五十万，包括房产，加起来就是一百万，还不用交遗产税。

You've got your £500,000 including property, because we're leaving the property, and my £500,000 including the property, so that's a million pounds with no inheritance tax.

你只对那二十万英镑缴纳遗产税，税率40%，也就是八万英镑。

You're only paying inheritance tax on the £200,000 and so we're paying 40% of that, that's $80.

所以原本四十万英镑的遗产税，因为咱们是夫妻，现在只剩八万英镑了。

So instead of £400,000 of inheritance tax, because we were married, it's $80 of inheritance tax.

明白了。

Okay.

这是第一点，更重要的是，从大方向上避免遗产税——趁早把财产送出去，对吧？

So that's the first big thing, and the even more important one to avoid inheritance tax, big picture, give stuff away, Right?

要在去世前就把财产送出去。

And give it away before you die.

如果是用日常收入来赠与，而不是动用你的积蓄，那你想送多少都可以。

If you're giving stuff out of income and it's generally out of income and not out of your wealth, you can give as much as you like.

是的。

Yeah.

定期捐赠，并保留好记录，这才是正确做法。

Making regular donations and proving it is the way to do that.

但同样，如果你在去世前七年以上就把财产完全送出去了，没有保留任何权益——比如不是说我把房子给你，却还继续住着不交房租——只要你真正地赠与了，并且活过了七年，那这部分财产就不需要缴遗产税。

But equally, if you give stuff away more than seven years before you die without reservation, without, you know, so it's not like I'm gonna give you my house, but I'm still gonna live in it and not pay any rent, and you genuinely give stuff away and you live more than seven years, then there is no inheritance tax to pay on that.

这两点是我建议你记住的核心，不过还有很多细节，建议你去听一下关于遗产税的播客。

Those are the two big picture things I would remember, but there's a lot more, go listen to the inheritance tax podcast.

接下来到了新闻插播的时间。

Then it was time for a news break.

在不同的录音棚里，阿德里安在索尔福德，我在伦敦，我们都开始思考我们新建立的关系。

And in separate studios, Adrian in Salford and me in London, we both contemplated our new relationship.

马丁·刘易斯在最后十分钟和我们在一起。

Martin Lewis with us in the last ten minutes.

他甚至建议我们两个人结婚。

He's actually suggested we get married, the two of us.

所以谁知道接下来会发生什么呢。

So who knows what's happening before before

结束了。

It's over.

我趁着广告休息再想想。

I'll change my mind in the break.

行吧。

Okay.

那算了。

So No.

我刚想清楚，不值得。

I've just decided it isn't worth it.

明白了。

Okay.

我的意思是，我不能嫁给一个连随机答题都赢不了的男人。

I mean, I cannot marry a man who is not beating random chance Okay.

就是那种《头脑风暴》问答节目。

On a mastermind quiz.

我坐在那儿，最后只能回家。

I mean, it just we we I'd sit there and go home.

我最近工作上挺挣扎的。

Well, I'm struggling with my work.

你有什么想法吗？

Have got any thoughts?

你能给点建议吗？

Can you feed into this?

我看了看，发现不行。

And I look and realize, no.

不行。

No.

你根本帮不上忙。

You're not gonna be any help at all.

不行。

No.

那你又能带来什么？

And what are you gonna bring?

那你到底能为这段婚姻带来什么？

Just what are you gonna bring to this marriage?

只有爱。

Just love.

这回答真不错。

Oh, that was a nice answer.

反正我就是这么进来的。

Anyway, went into this.

我

I

不明白

don't get

钱，我从不特别在意钱。

money I don't get money special.

就只是些问题，你想知道什么，关于钱的事，随便问。

Just questions, anything you wanna know anything you wanna ask about money.

米克·霍尔这个人，关键不在于他不知道什么，而在于他声称自己知道什么。

Mick Hall, it's what is kind of it's less about what he doesn't know than what he says he does know.

他说，这是我们的钱。

It's, he said, it's our money.

我们家人知道，等我们走了之后，希望怎么安排。

Our family know what we wanna happen once we go.

如果在此之前，像他说的，我们脑子不清楚了，家人也清楚我们的心愿。

If prior to that, we lose our marbles, as he puts it, our family know what we want to happen.

为什么别人非得知道我们的家事？

Why should anyone else know our business?

我们明明不需要遗嘱或持久授权书，可偏偏说必须要有，那我们就去买一份吧。

We don't need a will or lasting power of eternity, yet we supposedly have to have one, we'll buy one.

因为现实世界，米克，不是你想象的那样运作的。你肯定不希望有人跑来说：‘我爸爸、我丈夫、我岳父、我老婆身体不好，我想从他账户里取点钱。’

Because the world, I'm afraid, doesn't work like that, Mick, and you do not want someone saying, Oh, my dad, my husband, my father, my wife isn't very well, so I'd like to get money out of their bank account, please.

你连持久授权书都没有？

You don't have a lasting power?

没有，只是他们让我去办一个。

No, just, but they've told me to get it.

我的意思是，我们不能活在一个那样的世界里。

I mean, we can't work in a world.

很遗憾，现代社会不是那样运作的。

Unfortunately, the modern world doesn't work like that.

事情没那么简单，也没那么容易。

It doesn't work in that simple, easy way.

实际上，说到持久授权书，不只是钱的问题，还涉及健康和福祉。

And actually more so, it's not just finances when you're talking about a lasting power of attorney, we're talking about the health and well-being one as well.

你是想让随便谁说，我是他表亲，我来医院，我来决定你该用什么治疗方案吗？

I mean, do you want anyone who says, well, I'm his cousin and and I'm gonna go into hospital and I'm gonna tell them when you're there, actually, I think this is the treatment that they should have.

等等，你有持久授权书吗？没有，但没关系。

Well, hold on, you have, you know, have you got a lasting power of no, but it's fine.

我觉得这才是他们该接受的治疗。

I think this is the treatment they should have.

我跟他谈过这件事。

I talked to him about it.

你真正需要的是提前做好法律安排，明确在你失去行为能力时，谁有权替你做决定、管理你的财务。

You actually want the protections in place that you want to be able to register legally who it is who can make decisions and access your finances if you do not have the capacity, if and when you do not have the capacity to do so.

不是在你还有能力的时候，而是在你失去能力的时候。

Not when you do have capacity, when you don't have capacity.

这正是持久授权书的作用。

And that's what a lasting power of attorney does.

它在法律上明确规定了谁拥有这个权利。

It puts down in law who has that right.

有趣的是，如果你不提前做好安排，等你真的失去能力了，家人就得走同样的流程，但得去法院申请保护令——我指的是英国的制度，整个过程漫长、繁琐、费用高昂，而且会给本就承受巨大情感打击的家人带来额外压力，因为他们已经失去了那个他们认识的你，因为你不再有行为能力了。

And interestingly, if you don't do that, then you're going to need effectively the same, but without a lasting power of attorney done in advance while you do have your faculties to say what should happen in the event you don't have your faculties, then your relatives would have to go to the court of protection, and they'd have to go to the court of protection, which is, I'm talking the English system, which is long and arduous and expensive and stressful for people who are already likely suffering semi grief because they've just lost, to an extent, they've lost the person they knew because you no longer have capacity.

他们不仅要照顾你的日常起居，还得跑法院、花大钱，动辄几千英镑，耗时一年都不止。

And they're dealing with all that, they're dealing with all your care and they're gonna have to go to the court of protection and pay all the money and it can be thousands and take a year.

所以，持久授权书就是为避免这种情况而设的。

So that's what a lasting power of attorney is for.

你可能不喜欢这个制度，但确实有些人抱怨，即使有了授权书，还是没法完全防止那些没搞清楚状况的亲属乱来；不过，这总比放任任何亲戚都能随便动你的银行账户、财产和资产要强得多，遗嘱也是同样的道理。

You may not like the system, but I'm afraid even some people complain power of attorney isn't enough protection from relatives who don't get it quite the right way, but it's a lot better than just saying, let anyone who I'm related to access my bank accounts and my finances and my products, and equally with a will.

如果你不立遗嘱，就等于默认家人知道你的心愿；但如果不立遗嘱，那你的财产就会按法定继承规则来分配。

If you don't leave a will, you're saying our family know what we want to happen, but if you don't leave a will, then you go to the intestacy laws.

法定继承就是政府规定的默认规则，决定你名下资产最终归谁。

And the intestacy laws are effectively the default laws of what happens to your assets.

英国各个地区的规定还不一样，这些默认规则不仅可能把钱分给你不希望给的人，而且我们之前也聊过遗产税，它们还会打乱你的税务规划。

It's different in each of The UK nations, and those default laws can both leave money to the people you don't want to leave money to, but equally, they can be we talked about inheritance tax before.

它们同样可能让你的遗产税安排全盘失效。

They can mess up your inheritance tax planning as well.

我知道你希望家人自己处理一切，但我们活在一个数字化的时代，有资产、有登记、有法律，遗嘱和持久授权书就是为这些情况而设的。

So I get you want your family to deal with it all, but we live in a modern digital world where you have assets, you have registers, you have laws, and and wills and lasting power of attorneys are about that.

事情就是这么回事。

So that's just the way it is.

加里·布鲁斯说，我实在想不通，为什么存钱的利息还要再交一次税——这钱我早就缴过税了。

Gary Bruce, can't get my head around paying tax on savings, which is money you've already paid tax on.

这说法不准确。

That's not strictly true.

我这里不是在谈政治立场。

I'm not making a political point here.

我只是在讲事实。

I'm making a point on accuracy.

你并不是对存款本身缴税。

You do not pay tax on savings.

你缴的是存款产生的利息收入税。

You pay tax on the amount you earn on savings from the interest.

利息收入本质上是新赚的钱，你之前从来没为此缴过税。

And by definition, the earnings on savings, you haven't paid tax on before because they are earnings.

比如说，你账户里有1万英镑，一年赚了500英镑利息，你只对这500英镑的利息缴税，而不是对那1万英镑的本金缴税。

So if you, you know, let's imagine you have £10,000 in a savings account, it earns you £500 interest in a year, you pay interest on the £500 you've earned, not on the £10,000 of savings.

所以，要理解这一点，还得知道其实有五项储蓄免税额度，很多人根本不用为储蓄利息缴税。

So as for getting your head around it, the other thing people need to understand and people miss is there are actually five big allowances on savings that mean many people do not need to pay tax on their savings interest.

记住，是针对利息征税。

And remember it's the interest.

首先是一般个人免税额，也就是每年12,570英镑。大多数人从这个额度内的任何收入——无论是储蓄利息、工作收入还是养老金——都不需要缴税。

So the first one is the standard personal allowance, the £12,570 a year that most people can earn from any form of income, whether it's savings interest or income from work or income from a pension that you do not pay tax on.

所以每个人都有这个免税额度，除非你的收入高到一定程度，这个额度才会被取消。

So everyone's got that until you earn so much that they take it away from you.

接下来是一个叫作储蓄起始免税额的规定。

The next is as a thing called the starting savings allowance.

这针对的是那些收入不高但储蓄利息较高的人。

Now this is for people who have low earnings but high savings interest.

实际上，还有五千英镑的利息收入是免税的，这主要适用于那些年收入通常低于一万八千五百英镑的人。

There's actually another £5,000 you can earn of interest tax free, and this is for people who generally earn under £18,570 a year.

我之前解释过它的运作方式，如果你还不清楚，可以去看看储蓄起始免税额的规定。

It's quite, I've explained before how it works, if you don't know have a look at the starting allowance for savings.

在此基础上，还有个人储蓄免税额，这意味着基本税率纳税人每年可以从任何类型的储蓄中获得一千英镑的免税利息。

Above that you have the personal savings allowance, so this is where basic rate taxpayers can earn a thousand pounds of interest per year tax free from any form of savings.

高税率纳税人，也就是缴40%税的人，每年可以有500英镑的利息免税。

Higher rate taxpayers, those who pay 40% could earn £500 of interest a year tax free.

记住，这里说的是你赚到的利息。

So remember that's the interest you're earning.

比如说，基本税率纳税人每年能有1000英镑利息免税，而目前最高储蓄利率大约是5%，那你得存2万英镑才能赚到1000英镑利息。

So if we say a basic rate taxpayer can earn a thousand pounds of interest and the top savings account is 5% roughly at the moment, well, you would need £20,000 in savings to generate a thousand pounds of interest.

所以，作为基本税率纳税人，你的储蓄在2万英镑以内，利息都是不用交税的。

So on up to £20,000 of savings, you wouldn't be paying tax on the interest if you're a basic rate taxpayer.

然后还有你的ISA额度，这个和上面所有规定都完全无关。

Then you've got your ISA allowance, which is totally separate from everything else.

存放在ISA里的钱，就算赚了利息，也不会算进其他免税额度里。

Money inside an ISA if it earns interest doesn't even count towards all the other allowances.

这笔钱本身就不征税。

It's it's not taxable.

完全是免税的。

It's totally tax free.

目前，每年你可以在现金储蓄账户中存入两万英镑，可以一年一年地持续积累。

And currently, you can put £20,000 per tax year in a cash ISA, so you can build that up year after year after year.

从明年四月开始，65岁以下的人每年最多只能存一万两千英镑，而65岁以上的人仍可以存两万英镑。

From next April, it'll be £12,000 per tax year you can add for those who are under 65 and £20,000 if you're over 65.

此外，你还可以总共存入五万英镑购买高级债券，这不是每年限额，而是累计上限。

And then you're also allowed to put up to £50,000 total, not per tax year, into premium bonds too.

关于储蓄利息的税务，只要你懂行，其实完全可以大幅减少甚至完全避免缴税，除非你收入极高、属于最高税率阶层，或者储蓄金额非常庞大。

So tax on savings is actually one of the areas where if you know what you're doing, you can really minimize or not pay any tax on savings interest unless you earn a lot, you're a top rate taxpayer, or you've got a very large amount of savings.

杰姬·奇拉德，这简直让我笑出声了。

Jackie Chillard, this is this is just made me laugh out loud.

能源。

Energy.

为什么对大多数人来说，能源问题这么难把握？

Why is it such an impossible gamble for most of us?

为什么我们总是搞不清楚什么时候该行动、该不该行动、又该怎么行动？

Why is it so difficult to understand when to act, whether to act, how to act?

我知道你很用心，但我一句都听不懂。

I know you try hard, but I can't understand a word you say.

谢谢。

Thanks.

非常感谢你，杰姬。

Thanks so much, Jackie.

让我试着给你讲得简单一点。

Let me see if I can simplify it a bit for you.

没那么牢固。

It's not that firm.

咱们这回是真的要离婚了，老兄。

We're definitely getting divorced now, mate.

你笑得有点太夸张了。

You're laughing a bit too hard.

是的。

Yeah.

听我说，我跟你实话实说吧。

Look, I'll be honest here.

我工作里最大的难题之一，就是得同时面对各种不同的人。

One of the great problems I have in my job is you're dealing with multiple audiences.

我一边要跟一位七十岁、从没搞懂过这些、刚接触互联网的老人解释电费该怎么处理，一边又要应付那些只想听个简单答案、我赶紧打发掉就算了的人——虽然我对这些内容大概心里有数。

So at the same time as I'm talking to a struggling 70 year old who's never understood this and is new to the internet about what to do with energy bills, I'm also talking to people who just give me a quick answer and I wanna get over and done with, but I sort of roughly get it.

然后还有人问我，为什么没提时间分段电价？那种只适合懂行的人用的，还跟你的电动车、太阳能板和电池怎么搭配？可我这边正说着，你那边又说：你怎么没提这个？

And then I'm talking to people who say, why haven't you mentioned this time of use tariff that's only for sophisticated users and how it interacts with my EV and solar panels and my batteries, and at the same time I'm doing this and you haven't mentioned that.

其实这些内容我都有在做，但在做广播节目时，真的很难一下子把所有这些人群都照顾到。

Now actually, I do do work on all of those, but certainly in my broadcasting, it is very difficult to talk to all those audiences at once.

所以最后的结果就是，我做能源节目时，只能从最基础的讲起，再慢慢深入，可有些人根本不需要这些细节，可要是我不讲，另一些人又会骂我漏了重点。

So what ends up happening is you do an energy show and I start simple and then I get onto more and more complexity that some people don't need to knows, but other people would berate me if I didn't put it in.

这确实是实话，也是我面临的真正困难。

And and that's the honest truth of the difficulty.

所以我现在想给杰姬一个简单的回答，但你提到这是个‘不可能的赌注’，这倒让我想到，我现在真觉得，今天该选哪个方案，完全就是在碰运气。前几天我上电台节目时，还直接说这简直像进赌场。

So I'm gonna try and give Jackie a simple answer, but it's interesting you talk about it being an impossible gamble because right now I genuinely feel making a decision on what to do today is a gamble, and I actually was on a radio program the other day where I called it a bit of a casino.

那我们来一步步说清楚。

So let's just go through this.

如果你们是喜欢复杂信息的，这次我只讲简单的，别怪我没提那些更复杂的选项，好吗？

And for those of you who are complicated, I am only going simple, so do not berate me for not mentioning the more complicated options, okay?

大家主要有两个选择：一个是继续用价格上限方案。

The two primary options that people have are sticking on the price cap.

很多人其实不知道自己在价格上限方案里，但如果你不确定自己用的是哪种，那大概率就是这个。

Now people don't know they're on the price cap, but if you're not sure what you're on, you're probably on the price cap.

价格上限就是说，如果你没主动选过任何能源套餐，或者你之前选的套餐到期了，系统就会自动把你转到供应商的标准可变费率，而除了一个公司之外，其他所有供应商都得按能源监管机构Ofgem规定的最高限价来收费。

The price cap is simply if you haven't chosen an energy tariff or you were on a energy tariff you chose chosen that it ended, you go to your firm's standard variable tariff and all firms bar one price that at what Ofgem says the maximum they can charge under the price cap is.

价格上限主要规定了两样东西。

And the price cap sets two things.

一个是固定费用，也就是你每天因为使用燃气和电力而支付的费用；另一个是单位费率，也就是你每用一度电或一单位燃气要付多少钱。

It sets the standing charge, that is a daily fee that you pay for having gas and electricity, and the unit rate, which is the amount you pay for each unit known as a kilowatt hour of gas and electricity that they you use.

固定费用由这个上限决定，除了一个公司，其他所有供应商的收费都跟这个价格差不了几英镑。

The standing charge sets that and all firms bar one are within a couple of quid of it.

所以你接下来要付的就是这个价格。

So that's what you're gonna pay.

你的主要选择是签固定电价，也就是今天选定一个费率，锁住一年，接下来一整年你的基本费和每度电的价格都固定不变。

Your main alternative is to fix, and a fix is where you say, I am gonna pick a rate today and I'm gonna lock that in say for a year and that dictates my standing charge and unit rate for the next year.

而如果你在价格上限上，这个上限每三个月就会调整一次。

Whereas if you're on the price cap, the price cap changes every three months.

所以才叫浮动电价。

That's why it's called variable.

它会变。

It changes.

所以你是在对比固定电价和浮动电价，一个是锁死的，一个是会变的。

So you are contrasting a fixed rate, one that you lock in, with a variable rate.

因为浮动电价是变动的，显然我们没法预知它未来会涨到多少。

And because a variable rate is variable, clearly we don't know where it will go in future.

我们当然有预测，但预测的时间越远，准确性就越低。

We have predictions, but the further out you go, the more difficult it is.

这时候选择就通常比较复杂了。

And this is where the choice is generally relatively complex.

简单来说，过去两年我做过详细研究，从头到尾，你要是选了价格上限，从来没比选过最便宜的固定费率更划算。

Now the simple answer is over the past two years, and I've done detailed research at this, at no point would you have been better off being on the price cap than going for the cheapest fix.

所以一般来说，固定费率比价格上限更划算。

So fixing is generally better than the price cap.

绝大多数人应该退出价格上限，别再用标准浮动费率，去找个便宜的固定费率签下来。

The vast majority of people should get off the price cap, get off their standard variable rates and do a cheap fix.

不是说你公司提供的固定费率，而是要在市场上找最便宜的那个。

That doesn't mean your company's fix, that means finding the cheapest fix on the market.

你应该锁定那个费率，因为会更省钱。

And you should lock in at that rate because it will be cheaper.

现在我们再深入一点，这里有个真正的问题是时间滞后。

To take this up a little step now, one of the real problems here is about time lags.

影响你能源账单价格的主要变量，就是能源价格的变动。

The main variable that changes on energy to change the price you pay.

成本里还有很多其他因素，比如政府的政策性费用，但最主要的是国际市场的批发价格，尤其是英国的天然气价格，一天能波动上百次，而价格上限就是根据这个来确定的。

There are lots of other things in costs, including policy costs from government, but the main variable is wholesale rates on the international market and particularly the natural gas rate for The UK that varies a 100 times a day, and that is what is used to assess the price cap.

但价格上限是根据过去的电价来计算的。

But for the price cap, it is assessed on past prices.

所以七月的价格上限，是依据二月中旬到五月中旬的市场价格定的。

So the July price cap was assessed on prices from mid February to mid May.

十月的价格上限，则是根据五月中旬到八月中旬的市场价格来评估的。

The October price cap is assessed on prices from mid May to mid August.

也就是说，在价格上限下，你付的钱是基于过去的定价；但如果你选固定费率，你锁定的价格是基于今天市场上的实时价格。

So the price that you pay is based on past prices on the price cap, but on a fix, the price that you set get your fix at today is placed on today's prices.

这就是为什么情况这么复杂——一个反应迟缓，涨得慢，跌得也慢。

This is why it's complicated because one is moving slowly, slow to rise, slow to fall.

而另一个，你今天能锁定的费率，完全取决于最近几天的市场行情。

One, the day the price that you can lock in at depends on what's going on today in the last few days.

我之所以说现在押注固定费率像赌博，是因为上个月批发价格暴涨了大约40%，这带来了两个后果。

Now the reason why I say it is a gamble right now is because we've seen an enormous rise in wholesale rates over the last month, up about 40%, which has done two things.

首先，这意味着十月的电价上限很可能会提高。

One, it means the likely price cap from October is going to be higher.

目前来看，十月的电价上限可能会上涨约5.1%，但我认为实际公布时可能更高，因为现在的价格已经涨得太高了，这会直接影响最终结果。

The October price cap is currently looking to rise about 5.1% and I think it may be even more when we actually get there cause prices are so high and that will factor into it.

我们现在先不考虑增值税下调的事，因为无论固定电价还是电价上限，这个降幅都是一样的，而且正在全面取消。

Now we're ignoring that VAT cut cause that is the same on fixes and the same on on the price cap that's coming off everywhere.

目前最便宜的固定电价比当前的电价上限低8%。

The cheapest fix at the moment is 8% less than the current price cap.

所以现在锁定电价确实能省钱，而且眼下最划算的固定电价，不仅比十月的电价上限低，很可能也比明年一月的更低。

So certainly, you can save money by fixing now, and certainly, the cheapest fix now will be cheaper than the October price cap, and it will probably be cheaper than the January price cap.

因此，现在锁定电价能帮你省钱。

So fixing today will save you money.

我本来可以到这儿就结束，然后对杰姬说：瞧，就是这样。

So I could stop there, and I could say to Jackie, there we go.

你现在就能找到一个比当前电价上限低8%的固定电价，到十月时，它可能比电价上限还便宜13%。

You can get a fix that's 8% cheaper than the price cap right now, and it's probably gonna be 13% cheaper than the price cap come October.

根据目前的预测，你一旦锁定费率，全年都会比价格上限便宜不少。

And on current predictions, it's looking to stay substantially cheaper than the price cap for the entire year that you fix for.

我本来可以到这儿就结束，也该到这儿了，但我就是停不下来。

And I could stop there and I probably should stop there, but I can't help myself.

那我再讲多一点。

So I'm gonna go on a little bit more.

问题是，两周前，最便宜的固定费率还比价格上限低15%。

The problem is that two weeks ago, the cheapest fix was 15% cheaper than the price cap.

但因为批发价涨得太快，现在能锁定的优惠只剩8%了。

And because wholesale rates have risen so rapidly, you can now only fix at 8% cheaper than the price cap.

所以我跟人建议的时候特别纠结，担心的是——这一切都是因为中东冲突，正是冲突推高了批发价格。

So the real difficulty for me when I'm suggesting this to people is my concern is if the conflict in The Middle East because it's all about conflict in The Middle East that's pushed those wholesale prices up.

要是中东冲突明天就缓解或结束，批发价马上就会降下来，那时候你就能拿到更划算的固定费率。

If the conflict in The Middle East lessened or ended tomorrow, those wholesale rates would come down and you would be able to get a much cheaper fix.

所以如果你今天锁定的是8%的优惠，但一周后其实能拿到14%的优惠，那你就是多付了钱。不过这事儿谁也说不准。

And therefore, if you fixed a day at 8% cheaper, whereas in a week's time you could fix at 14% cheaper, you've locked in at a higher rate than you need to, but that is unknowable.

所以这就像赌博。

That's why it's a casino.

所以我的建议是，如果你真搞不懂这些，那就赶紧选个便宜的固定价，别再纠结，默默祈祷吧，至少你肯定能比现在少花钱，只是可能不是最理想的方案。

So my answer is probably for those people who just don't get this, just get yourself on a cheap fix now and and and look away and cross your fingers and you will definitely save compared to what you would have paid, but it might not be the perfect outcome.

而对于那些明白这道理、愿意再等等的人，我建议今天别急着锁定价格，因为现在的费率太高了。

For those people who understand this and are willing to play it a little bit, I probably wouldn't lock into a fix today because the rates are so high.

我会默默祈祷——这可不是预测，也不是估算，就是纯粹的期待，希望接下来几周情况能好转，到时候能拿到更低的固定价。但如果我正处在浮动价上，我不会等太久，这正是问题所在。

I'd probably cross my fingers and it's only crossing my fingers, it's not an estimate, it's not a guesstimate, it's not a prediction, and hope that things change in the next couple of weeks and you can get a fix that is cheaper in a couple of weeks time, but I wouldn't wait that much longer if I were on the price gap, And that is the problem.

事情就是这么个道理，我也没法说得再简单了。

That's the that's really how it works, and I can't make it any simpler.

明白了。

Okay.

因为事实本来就是这样。

Because it isn't.

所以我们还是得推动一下，给你们施加点压力。

So we do mastermind and put some pressure on you instead.

我还有一个问题特别想问一下。

Could we go do we go there's just one more question I'm quite interested in.

上面写着，是的，斯图尔特·盖斯。

It says, yeah, Stuart Guess.

他说，所有的银行App和网站都会显示你账户上设置的定期扣款项目，并允许你取消不必要的那些。

He says all banking apps and websites show you what direct debits or standing orders you have set up on your account and give you the opportunity to cancel unnecessary ones.

但没有任何信用卡App或网站会显示你信用卡上设置的自动扣款授权，更不会提供取消的选项。

Yet no credit card apps or websites show what continuous payment authorities you've got set up on your credit cards, nor give you the opportunity to cancel.

我不记得有哪家是这么做的。

I'm not aware of any that do.

有些应用会尝试帮你追踪这些扣款。

There are some that try and track them for you.

所谓自动扣款授权，也叫定期付款，就是你不是像设置直接扣款那样提供银行账户信息，也不是像设置定期转账那样让银行定期支付固定金额，而是把信用卡或借记卡的卡号授权给商家。

So a continuous payment authority, also known as a recurring payment or regular payment, is where you, instead of setting up a direct debit where you give your bank account details, or setting up a standing order where you tell your bank account to pay someone on a regular basis a set amount, you give a company the longer number on your credit or debit card.

这种授权不仅适用于信用卡，也适用于借记卡。

So this does apply to debit cards too, not just credit cards.

你用的是卡号的那串长数字付款。

And you pay by the long number.

然后他们每个月自动扣款。

And then they take a regular amount out.

典型的例子就是Netflix这类订阅服务。

Classic examples, Netflix and other subscription services like that.

这根本不是直接借记扣款。

So it is not a direct debit.

问题在于，所谓的持续付款授权，其实本质上是你在说：我每个月都会付你钱。

Now the problem is underneath it, what a continuous payment actually is, is it's you saying, I'm gonna pay you each month.

你可以每个月手动登录支付，提供一次卡号；也可以直接授权他们每月从你的卡里扣一笔双方约定好的金额，这就是他们扣款的方式。

Now you could do that by actually going and making a payment and giving them your number each month, or you can say, take my card number, and you can take a payment every month of an amount that we've agreed, and that's how they take the payment.

所以严格来说，虽然我们叫它‘持续付款授权’，但你其实只是每个月主动付款一次，并没有真正授予他们永久扣款的权限。

So it isn't actually, while we call it a continuous payment authority, you've given them authority, but in sort of technical terms, you're just making a payment each month.

这就像你每个月都在同一天，去网上超市买一份20英镑的礼品卡，银行看到的交易记录，和持续付款授权完全一样。

It's as if you bought the same, you know, if you went to an online supermarket and bought, I can't even think, a £20 stake every month on the same date, that would look to your bank exactly the same as a continuous payment authority.

但为什么他们不能

But why can't they make

让你在改变主意时轻松取消呢？

it easy for you to cancel it if you change your mind on something?

其实是可以取消的。

Well, can cancel it.

你可以取消，而且可以直接找你的银行或信用卡公司办理取消。

You can cancel it and you can actually cancel it with your bank or credit card company.

我曾经参与推动这方面的规定改革。

I was involved in pushing for the regulations to change on that.

很多人不知道，但通常直接找服务商取消反而更简单。

Many people don't know it, but it's often easier to cancel it with the company itself.

对。

Mhmm.

但问题是，很多人根本不知道自己有哪些订阅服务。

But the problem is tracking that people don't know those subscriptions.

我是说，我真考虑过做个工具帮你追踪这些订阅，应该也有几个第三方应用能帮你做这事，不是你自己的银行那种。

I mean, I've actually looked at building a tool that can track them for you, and I think there may be a couple of apps that they're not your own bank that can track them for you.

但说白了，你就是找规律，看每个月固定时间有哪些付款，因为这根本不是什么正式扣款。

But basically, all you're doing is you're pattern spotting and saying, what payment is coming out the same time each month, because it isn't a thing.

你明白我的意思吗？

Do you see that?

你懂我在说什么吧？

You know what I'm saying?

这根本不是什么正式扣款。

It's not a thing.

这跟直接借记不一样，直接借记有明确条款，这其实就是你每个月付同样的钱，而且已经授权对方每月从你卡里扣款。

It's not like a direct debit which you've got conditions, it's just basically you're paying someone the same amount each month and you've given them permission to take that payment off your card each month.

明白了。

Got it.

所以才这样。

That's why.

现在我们收到了更多你提出的‘我不明白’这类问题，都是在播客后半段来的。

Now we've got lots more of your, I just don't understand questions coming later in the podcast.

不过眼下，我想考考阿德里安。

For now though, I wanna put Adrian to the test.

大家好，欢迎来到《理财智囊团》。

Hello and welcome to Money Mastermind.

阿德里安，这次多选题你答对了20道，错了42道，最终得分是C，很遗憾。

Adrian, you've got 20 right and 42 wrong in this three option multiple choice quiz leaving you sadly c.

这跟瞎猜没什么区别。

No better than random chance.

最近，阿德里安独自一人待在BBC的化妆间里，吃着没动过的无花果派，慢慢卸掉脸上的妆。

Now recently, r Adrian was alone in his BBC dressing room finishing an untouched plate of fig rolls and slowly removing his makeup.

他为什么在播音时还化妆，谁也说不清楚。

Why he wears it for radio, no one is quite sure.

突然，灯光闪烁，暖气停了，空气瞬间变得冰冷。

Suddenly, the lights flicker, the heating clicks off and the air turns icy.

阿德里安走出房间，走廊里站着一个脸色苍白的十岁男孩，一动不动地盯着他。

Adrian steps out into the corridor and a pale 10 year old boy stands there staring unblinkingly.

奇尔兹先生，我能跟您说个秘密吗？

Mister Childs, can I tell you a secret?

阿德里安轻声回答：好。

Adrian replies gently, yes.

我

I

看得见。

see.

负债的人。

Debt people.

这些东西值六美分吗？

Are there 6¢ for these things?

阿德里安问道。

Says Adrian.

我觉得你说的是死人。

I think you mean dead people.

男孩平静地回答：不是。

The boy calmly replies, no.

债务人，就是那些有信用卡、个人贷款、先买后付的人——亚德里安意识到时机到了，补充说：还有学生贷款。我不太确定，男孩说，所以我才需要你的帮助。

Debt people those with credit cards personal loans buy now pay later Adrian sensing the moment chips in student loans too I'm not sure says the boy That's why I need your help.

那么，亚德里安，我是不是说得太过分了？

So Adrian, did I go too far?

你觉得怎么样？

Did you like it?

不好。

No.

不过别再继续了。

Don't go any further, though.

好吧。

Okay.

所以，阿德里安，如果有人正在偿还一笔5万英镑的英国学生贷款，这种贷款就是2012到2022年间所有英格兰学生、以及2012年之后所有威尔士学生都拿到的那种大额贷款。

So Adrian, if someone is repaying a £50,000 plan two student loan, those are the loans, the big one out there that all English students who started between 2012 and 2022 got and all Welsh students from 2012 onwards got.

如果他们申请房贷，下面哪一种说法最准确？

If they were to apply for a mortgage, which of these statements is most accurate?

A，学生贷款的还款会减少他们可用于房贷审批的可支配收入。

A, the repayments on the student loan would reduce their disposable income for mortgage affordability purposes.

B，学生贷款的还款不仅会减少可支配收入，还会损害他们的信用评分，贷款机构会因此受到影响。

B, the repayments would reduce their disposable income for mortgage affordability purposes and the loan also damages the credit score the lender does.

C，只要没有逾期还款，学生贷款就不会产生任何影响。

C, the student loan has no impact unless you have missed past repayments.

应该是B。

Well, B.

B是……

B was

还款会……

the repayment to

会减少他们的可支配收入，影响房贷审批，而且这笔贷款还会损害他们在贷款机构的信用评分。

reduce their disposable income for mortgage affordability purposes, and the loan also damages the credit score with the lender.

我明白你的意思，但我觉得这样说不太公平。

I that that but look, I'm not saying I'm not saying that's not the case, but it would strike me as being unfair.

不过，房贷审批时，他们确实主要看可支配收入。

But I suppose disposable income is what they're looking at with mortgage affordability.

所以我觉得，我会说。

So I'd say I would say

记住，A 和 B 都涉及房贷偿还能力的问题。

So remember, a and a and b are both mortgage affordability.

A 和 B 的区别在于，B 还多了一项：信用评分受损。

The difference between a and b is you've also got the damage to the credit score.

明白了。

Okay.

所以，如果你要在 A 和 B 之间选，关键问题其实是：这笔贷款会不会影响信用评分？

So really, if you're choosing between those, your your real decision is, does it also damage the credit score or not?

我觉得不会，所以我选a。

I don't think it does, so I'm gonna go for a.

最终答案。

Final answer.

对。

Mhmm.

阿德里安说，还款会减少他们的可支配收入，影响房贷偿还能力。

So Adrian says, the repayments reduce their disposable income for mortgage affordability purposes.

阿德里安说得对。

And Adrian is right.

来点掌声。

Play the hallelujah.

干得漂亮，伙计。

Well done, mate.

好。

Okay.

我们刚搞定这一题。

We finished that one.

咱们能一直播放《哈利路亚》直到一点钟吗？

Can we just play the Hallelujah Chorus until 01:00?

不行。

No.

我得把答案解释清楚。

I need to explain the answer.

好。

Okay.

不过干得不错。

Well done though.

所以现在你的得分是21对、42错，还是跟瞎猜差不多；但如果你下周答对了，情况就会好转——可惜下周根本没有新一期播客，所以你也没机会了。

So that brings the score to you've got 21 right and 42 wrong, still no better than random chance, but if you get it right next week, then you would be better, but there is no podcast next week, so you're not going to.

不好意思啊。

Sorry about that.

就是这个。

That.

好，我们来给大家解释一下正确答案。

Okay, let's explain the answer to everyone.

这非常重要，总有人问我这个问题，关于学生贷款和信用记录。

This is really important, people always ask me about this question, student loans and credit files.

我们这里说的是计划一到五，不是1991到1998年之间的那些早期贷款，我记得大概是那个时间段，最后那个年份可能记不太准。

So we're talking plan one, two, three, four and five here, we're not talking the earlier loans that happened between 1991 and 1998, I think it was, I may have got that last date wrong slightly.

它们不会出现在你的信用报告里。

They do not appear on your credit file.

学生贷款不会上报给征信机构，所以主流的信用评分系统里不会包含它，不过贷款机构在申请表上还是会问你这个问题。

The student loan is not reported to credit reference agencies, so it is not in the data for credit scoring purposes that most firms use though they can ask you about it on their application form.

但一般来说，有学生贷款并不会影响你的信用评分，但这不等于说它不影响你的信贷申请，因为申请信贷时，除了信用评分，另一个关键因素是还款能力评估。

But general rule, having a student loan does not affect your credit score, but that is not to say it does not affect your application for credit, because when you apply for credit, while a credit score is done, one of the other really big elements is the affordability score.

首先，征信机构并不掌握你的收入信息，所以他们一定会要求你提供收入证明，而收入是影响信贷审批最重要的单一因素，但它本身既不在信用评分里，也不在信用报告中。

Now the first thing is your credit reference agency doesn't include your income, so they're always gonna want your income, and that's the biggest single factor that affects anything, and that isn't in your credit score or your credit file anyway.

可得记住，每个贷款机构都有自己的还款能力评估标准，没有统一的算法。

So the affordability score, remember each lender does its own credit score score, there's no universal thing.

还款能力评估就是看你收入多少、开销多大，能不能负担得起房贷、信用卡或者贷款的还款。

An affordability score is basically working out on the income you have and the expenditure you have, can you afford to repay whether it's a mortgage or a credit card or a loan.

至于他们具体怎么算，有时候是靠统计模型来推算的。

Now exactly how they do this, in some cases they do it statistically.

你告诉他们你有学生贷款，他们不会细查你的具体支出，尤其是办信用卡或普通贷款时，直接按跟你情况相似的人的平均消费习惯来估算；但如果是房贷，有时会更个性化，会仔细看你实际的开销。

You tell them they've got a student loan and they don't look at your exact outgoings, they just do, especially on cards and loans, they just do a statistical likelihood of what somebody in your exact position would do, and in some cases on mortgages it can be more bespoke where they're looking at your exact expenditure.

但我一直强调，只要你还在还学生贷款，它本质上就像超过起征点后多缴的一笔税。

But as I always talk about, a student loan while you're repaying it effectively acts like an increased form of tax above the repayment threshold.

对于二类学生贷款，你收入超过29400英镑左右的部分，要还9%。

So for plan two student loans, you repay 9% of everything you earn above £29,400 odd.

也就是说，超过这个额度，就相当于你多交了税，到手的钱变少了。

So above that level, it's like you're paying more tax and you have less disposable income.

贷款机构一看，嗯，你的可支配收入被压低了。

And what the lenders are looking at say, well, they have reduced disposable income.

在未来很长一段时间里，这种情况都会持续下去。

They're gonna have that for the foreseeable future.

我们在审批房贷时，会把这个因素考虑进去。

And we're going to factor that into the mortgage application.

这会影响你能借到多少钱，以及你到底能负担得起什么样的房子。

So it affect how much you can borrow and, you know, what you can afford to get.

所有这些，都是学生贷款带来的影响。

And all of that is what the student loan is doing.

这跟你的信用评分关系不大，关键是它减少了你的可支配收入。

It's less about your credit score, but it is reducing your disposable income.

本质上，银行是在拿你和那些没上过大学、也没有学生贷款的人做比较——那些人收入虽然比你低，但可支配收入却和你差不多，因为他们不用多交那9%的额外税款。

It's effectively comparing you to someone who hadn't gone to university and doesn't have a student loan, who earns less than you do because they would have the same disposable income because they wouldn't have the extra 9% of tax above the threshold.

我刚才说得有点乱，但希望大伙儿能听明白。

I explained that slightly garbily but hopefully people got there.

在回到问答环节之前，我再给大家分享一个小贴士。

And just before we get back to questions, an extra quick tip for you.

你记住这三个数字：159。

I want you to remember these three numbers 159.

就想象一下你手机键盘上的位置。

Think of it on your phone keyboard.

从左上角到右下角，斜着一条线就是159。

You're sort of going from top left to bottom right in a diagonal line.

你拨159，会连到一个自动转接系统，它会问你打算联系哪家银行，你告诉它，它就会转到你银行的正规号码。

If you dial 159, you will get put through to an automated switchboard and it'll say which bank do you want contact, you tell it your bank and it will put you through to your bank's legitimate phone number.

这招之所以重要，是因为现在诈骗太多了。

Now, the reason this is important is all about scams.

如果有人冒充你银行的人打电话来，或者你怀疑对方是骗子，你可以说：我确认一下你是不是真的，我先挂了，然后用159重新打回去。

So if a scammer calls you pretending to be from your bank or someone calls you when you think they may be a scammer, you can politely say, I'm just going check you're legitimate, I'm going to put the phone down, and then you call back and you call through 159.

这样有两个好处：第一，你不用慌乱中自己找号码，直接就能连到正确的客服；第二，万一骗子在伪装你的来电号码，一直在线上等着，他以为你要打给马丁银行，结果你打的是159，系统会问你‘你要找哪家银行？’

For two reasons, one, then you know you're getting the right number and you don't have to look it up if you're in a bit of a panic, and two, in the very rare events that a scammer is spoofing your line, so that they're sort of staying on, they will answer, hello, this is Martin Bank, because they thought you were going to call Martin Bank, but you're not, you're going be calling a switchboard which will ask you what bank?

这时候如果对方说‘喂，我是马丁银行’，你就知道这不对劲了。

So if they say, hello, it's Martin Bank, you know it's not the right switchboard.

你可以把电话挂了，换另一部电话再打，或者等十分钟，做点别的事也行。

You can put the phone down again and go and call on a different phone line or wait ten minutes or do something.

这真是个简单又有效的防骗小妙招。

So it's a really nice, easy bit of protection from scams.

我还发了个小视频到社交媒体上，让大家帮忙转发，效果特别好。

And, yeah, I put it on on social media with a little video asking people to share it, And it's going great guns.

听到这么多人在转发，我特别开心，因为这条信息真的很重要，每个人都该记住。

I'm very pleased to hear lots of people are sharing it because it's important information that everybody should remember.

159。

159.

明白了。

Right.

我们现在离开播客现场了，阿德里安不在了，只有我的唯一一位播客制作人西蒙陪在我身边。

We're outside the podcast with Adrian now, and I, of course, have the one and only podcast producer Simon joining me.

你好，西蒙。

Hello, Simon.

你最近怎么样？

How are you?

我其实特别好。

I'm excellent, actually.

这正是我爱听的播客类型。

This is the exact sort of podcast for me.

我对这类话题特别感兴趣，就是那种我不好意思承认自己还不懂的事情。

I think that kind of area of what's going on, those sort of things that I'm a bit too embarrassed to not know.

我超喜欢这种播客。

I love podcasts like this.

还有另一件事让我特别开心，他们今天在五台放了个假的井，得说是假的。

And also, the other thing to perk me up, they had a fake well, you'd have to say fake.

今天五台还出现了一只恐龙。

They had a dinosaur at five live today.

我进来的时候正好从它旁边走过。

So I got to walk past one of them when I was coming in.

那真是

That was

有点

a bit of

你能解释一下吗？

Can you just explain?

很明显，那是个假恐龙。

Obviously, it definitely is a fake dinosaur.

是的。

Yeah.

对。

Yeah.

是机械恐龙、恐龙骨骼，还是只是个模型？

Is it an animatronic dinosaur, a dinosaur skeleton, or just a model of a dinosaur?

不是。

No.

所以那是个很大的装置，有人背在背上，一边晃动着胳膊到处蹦跶。

So it was like a kind of big thing that someone then was wearing it on their back and sort of bounding around with the arms.

挺有意思的，像是远古时代的玩意儿，几千年来没人知道它存在过。

It So was a bit of fun, know, prehistoric, not seen nobody else knew it existed for thousands of years.

不过咱们还是别聊你的笑话了。

But enough about your jokes.

他们办公室里真有个恐龙模型。

They have this dinosaur in the office.

对吧？

Right?

挺好。

Good.

不对。

No.

不是。

No.

挺好的。

It was good.

挺有意思的。

It was fun.

对。

Right.

不对。

No.

你现在完全没资格了。

You've just lost all permission now.

我们直接跳到下一个问题吧。

We're just gonna move on to question.

你们原计划里还有几个没聊到的？

How many do we have left that we haven't covered that was in your plans?

我觉得还剩下四个特别有意思的问题。

So I think we've got four really interesting questions left.

你想

Do you want

我先从第一个开始吗？

me to start with the first?

当然了。

Yeah, definitely.

那约翰·富尔茨，你从第三个开始吧。

So John Fultz Start with a third.

约翰·富尔茨刚联系了我们。

John Fultz just got in touch.

关于钱的问题，为什么现在大家越来越回避现金？

Regarding money, why is it more and more of running away from cash?

在我看来，现金极其重要，绝对不能取消。

In my opinion, cash is exceptionally important and should never be taken away.

我完全同意你的看法，也支持保留现金的倡议，因为现在越来越多的人是数字原住民，习惯用信用卡、电子支付、手表或手机付款，我们更得保护现金，给那些真正需要它的人，尤其是老年人和弱势群体，他们还是更喜欢用现金。

Well, I fundamentally agree with you and I support the campaign for cash because especially the more people that are digital natives and they prefer plastic and digital and watches and phones to pay, the more that we have to protect cash for those who need it, especially elderly and vulnerable people who prefer cash.

不过我得说清楚，根据法律，用现金支付的消费者，受到的保护远不如用信用卡支付的人。

However, I need to be straight that under the law, you are far less protected as a consumer paying with cash than you are paying on plastic.

如果你做银行转账，也要小心，这同样没什么保障；支票呢，现在几乎没人用了，也没啥保护措施。

I should be careful if you do a bank transfer, that's not particularly protected either and checks, not that anyone uses them anymore, aren't particularly protected either.

所以，你所能获得的最强有力的支付保障，就是用信用卡购买价格在100英镑到3万英镑之间的商品。

So the strongest form of payment protection that you have is paying on a credit card for items over a 100 pounds up to £30,000.

这叫第75条，意思是即使你只付了一部分钱，信用卡公司也要和商家对整个交易共同负责。

It's called section 75 and it means that the credit card company is jointly liable with the retailer for the entire transaction even if you only part pay.

哪怕你只用信用卡付了10便士，剩下的用现金支付，只要商品价格超过100英镑，整个交易依然享受信用卡的保障。这种共同责任意味着，如果商家不履行你的权益，你可以直接找信用卡公司。

If you only put 10 p on a credit card and pay the rest in cash if you wanted to, then you would get the credit card protection for the entire transaction as long as it's an item that costs over £100 And that joint protection means if the retailer won't give you your rights, you can go to the credit card company.

你甚至可以先找信用卡公司解决。

Hey, can go to the credit card company first.

如果商家倒闭了，你也能找信用卡公司索赔。

It also means if the retailer goes bust, you can go to the credit card company.

第二强的保障是拒付机制。

Second strongest protection, chargeback.

现在，退单机制适用于所有超过10英镑的刷卡消费。

Now chargeback basically applies to all purchases on all plastic over £10.

所以它也涵盖信用卡。

So it includes credit cards.

信用卡消费超过100英镑的话，你同时享有退单和第75条保护；低于100英镑就只有退单；借记卡的话，只有退单可用。

So on credit cards over a £100, you have both chargeback and section 75 on under a £100, you just have chargeback and on debit cards, just have chargeback.

退单是Visa、万事达和美国运通制定的一项规则，核心就是你付了钱，就该拿到对应的商品或服务。

Chargeback is a rule of Visa, Mastercard, Amex that effectively says you should get what you paid for.

如果东西没收到，或者商家出了问题，你可以申请退单，也就是让你的银行向商家的银行追回款项，因为你没得到应得的东西。

So if something doesn't come or you're having a problem with the retailer, you can ask for a chargeback and that means you are asking your bank to ask the retailer's bank for the money back because you didn't get it.

如果对方质疑你的申请，比如你说了假话，他们当然会驳回。

It can then be disputed when you do and you might if you're lying, it will be disputed.

但一般来说，这个机制运作得非常好。

But generally it works very well.

如果你有退单的权利，我建议你优先申请退单，而不是第75条，尽管第75条保护更强——因为退单时，银行并不是直接赔你钱。

Now actually, if you have a chargeback right, I would always first ask for chargeback over section 75, even though section 75 is more powerful, simply because with chargeback your bank isn't paying you.

所以银行通常更乐意帮忙。

So it tends to be more happy to help.

使用第75条时，其实是另一家银行在掏钱给你。

It's another bank that's paying you with Section 75 is actually coming out of their pockets.

所以我建议你按这个方式处理。

So I would work it that way.

之后你的保障就非常有限了。

And then after that you have very limited protection.

如果你用现金付了定金给餐厅，而餐厅倒闭了，那就没有任何保障。

If you leave a deposit on cash and a restaurant and the restaurant goes bust, you have no protection.

如果你付了钱但东西没收到，商家又破产了，那你只能作为普通债权人，能拿回的钱可能连零头都不到。

If you pay for something and the order doesn't come and the firm goes bust, you're just going to be a creditor for the firm, which tends to mean if you get anything back, it'd be pennies in the pound.

很多人觉得数字支付方便多了。

So many people find digital payments far more convenient.

很多人也喜欢用现金，但说到大额消费的保障，用银行卡明显更安全。

Many people also like cash, but when it comes to protection for major purchases, you are far more protected on plastic.

另外我要提醒一下，如果你用信用卡付款，千万别让利息累积，每个月末一定要全额还清。

And I should say of course, if you're paying on a credit card, I don't want you to pay interest, so make sure you're paying the card off in full at the end of every month.

我理解很多人不只是喜欢用现金，甚至对现金有一种情感依赖，他们不喜欢自己每一笔消费都被银行记录、全都变成数字痕迹。

But I understand many people feel not just an attraction to cash, an affiliation with cash, and they don't like the idea that everything that they pay is being tracked by a bank and is all digital.

我认为，对于那些希望使用现金的人，我们一定要保留使用现金的权利。

And I think it's important we keep the right to cash for those who want it.

你知道吗？我出门要是身上没带个二十镑左右，就会觉得心慌，怕万一遇到需要现金的情况。

Do you know, I I feel nervous if I'm out and about and I don't have sort of like £20 on me just in case I find myself in a situation where I need cash.

我觉得随身带点现金真的特别重要。

I think that's a really, really important to always carry some cash on you.

确实，我们遇到过支付系统和银行服务突然中断的情况，那时候你连回家的路费都付不了，而且有些地方——看你身在哪儿——只收现金。

Certainly we've had the cases where payment mechanisms and banks have closed down so you can't transact on them and you need to get home or you know, there are some places depending where you are that only take cash.

我身上也总带着现金，因为附近有个无家可归的人。

I also keep cash on me because there's a homeless chap near me.

我喜欢直接给他现金，他没法用其他方式收款，这样他需要买点吃的的时候，我就能帮上忙。

I like to give cash to him and he doesn't have any other way to take payments so I can get him to get buy some food if he needs it and that type of stuff.

听好了，没人强迫你非得选现金或者数字支付这一种方式。

So listen, no one is making the B a unilateral one way or another choice.

不过以你的年纪来看，我猜你大部分消费都是用手机或手表支付的，连卡片都用不上，对吧？

But I suspect knowing your age, the vast majority of your transactions you pay for, I would suggest probably on your phone or watch, not even a card, right?

其实也不是，我还是会用卡支付，不过这确实挺有意思。

Well, no, I do pay on my card, but yeah, it's interesting.

那张二十英镑的钞票，大概能在我钱包里躺上六个月。

The same £20 probably stays in my wallet for about six months.

没错。

Exactly.

确实如此。

Yeah, it's very much so.

下一个问题，马克·赫利尔。

Next question, Mark Hellier.

这是个大话题，但简单说说年金是怎么回事。

It's a big topic, but a simple explanation on annuity.

关于缴费确定型养老金计划，您的养老金机构是否提供默认的年金选项，还是有多种选择？

With respect to defined contribution pension plans, is there a default annuity from your pension fund provider, or are there options?

您在购买年金时有哪些可选方案？

What options do you pay for an annuity?

哪些因素会影响年金的收益表现？

What affects its performance?

这个问题非常重要。

Okay, it's a really, really important question.

我首先要强调的是，千万别直接选养老金机构的默认方案。

And the most important thing I will say at the start is never just go for your pension provider's default option.

年金这种产品，可能是您一生中最重要、金额最大的一笔交易之一。

The nature of what an annuity is, is it is arguably the biggest and most important single transaction you will make in your life if you get one.

因为一旦选错，后果会伴随您余生，具体影响取决于您选的是哪一种年金。

Because if you get it wrong, the result is going to affect you for the rest of your life, potentially depending on which annuity.

我之前在播客里提到过年金。

So I mentioned annuities earlier in the podcast.

年金是一种可以用你的养老金购买的产品，它能让你在余生中每年获得一笔收入。

An annuity is a product you could buy with your pension fund that gives you an income each year for the rest of your life.

市面上有好多不同类型的产品。

Now, are many different types out there.

你可以选择固定收入，也可以选择随通胀上涨的递增收入。

You could have a fixed income, you could have an escalating income which goes up with inflation.

有的年金只付给你本人一辈子，也有的会继续支付给指定的其他人。

You could have one that pays you for the rest of your life, but you might have one that pays out to someone else who keeps money.

虽然种类很多，但我们先说最基础的那种。

There are lots of different varieties, but we're going to stick vanilla.

它就是你每年领取一笔钱，直到去世为止。

It is a payment you get each year for the rest of your life until you die.

年金的好处，其实是个很巧妙的设计。

Now the advantage of an annuity, it's a clever concept.

你想啊，如果你手头有笔钱，又希望每年都有稳定收入，那年金就能给你一辈子的保障。

If you think about it, the advantage of annuity, if you've got money and you want to know you've got income coming in, then you simply have this guaranteed income for the rest of your life.

显然，你能拿到的钱多少取决于你能活多久。

Now clearly the amount it will pay you will depend on how long you live.

如果你买完才活了五年，那可能就不划算了。

If you only live five years after you buy it, it might turn out to be bad value.

但如果你活了三十五年，那这笔钱就赚大了。

If you live thirty five years after you buy it, it might turn out to be really good value.

过去，大多数人退休后，直到乔治·奥斯本推出养老金自由政策之前，都必须用养老金购买年金，至少得买一部分。

It used to be the case that most people when they retired until George Osborne's pension freedoms had to buy an annuity with their retirement income, or at least some of their retirement income.

现在政策改了，你不用非买不可了。

That was changed so you don't have to anymore.

之所以取消这个强制要求，是因为年金这个概念虽然不错，但当时的利率实在太低了。

And the main reason it was got rid of is annuities are a great concept, but the rates were pants.

你拿到的钱根本少得可怜。

You just weren't getting much.

有意思的是，随着利率回升，目前最高年金收益率已经回到百分之七到八了。

Now interestingly, as interest rates have gone back up, the top annuity rate is now seven to 8% currently.

换句话说，如果你有十万英镑买一份基本固定年金，每年能拿到七到八千英镑。

In other words, you've got £100,000 on a basic fixed annuity, you could earn 7 to £8,000 a year.

这笔钱会每年按时支付，直到你去世为止。

That's what it would buy you each year for the rest of your life.

我们来仔细说说年金的基本规则。

Let's just go through the core annuity rules.

千万别直接从你的养老金提供方买年金。

Never just get an annuity from your provider.

因为这是你余生每年的收入，如果在他们那儿锁定一个低利率，就意味着你每年都在白白损失钱。

As it is money each year for the rest of your life, if you lock in at a poor rate from your provider, you are losing income each year for the rest of your life.

如果你能活三十年，这笔损失会大得惊人。

If you live thirty years, it can be an enormous amount of money.

所以你得全面比较市场上的产品，要么找专业顾问，要么用比价网站帮你找。

So you need to be looking right across the market and either getting advice or going to a comparison site that will do that for you.

接下来我想说的是，你应该考虑购买增强型年金。

The next thing I'd say is you should be looking for an enhanced annuity.

如果你有疾病，坦白说，可能寿命会缩短，或者你是吸烟者，这意味着你的预期寿命通常会更短。

If you have an illness, therefore there's a foreseeability that you may die sooner being blunt or you're a smoker, which means you would tend to have a shorter life expectancy.

那你一定要好好看看能不能申请到增强型年金。

And you should be absolutely looking at whether you can get an enhanced annuity.

换句话说，因为你预计寿命较短，所以能拿到更高的年金利率。

In other words, you get a higher rate because you're likely to have a shorter life expectancy.

现在我回到之前在播客里说过的一个回答，刚才只是简单提了一下。

Now I go back to the answer I gave earlier in the podcast, having just given you a cursory explanation.

如果你打算购买年金，先去咨询 Pension Wise，获取免费指导。

If you want to buy an annuity, please talk to pension wise first and get your free guidance.

之后，尤其是涉及金额较大的情况，建议再找独立财务顾问，他们能帮你找到最合适的产品。

You may then after that, especially if you're talking substantial money, want to go and get yourself independent financial advice where they can help you find the best product as well.

因为 Pension Wise 只会给你讲大方向和各种选项，不会帮你选定具体产品。

Because pension wise will talk about the generality and the different options, but they won't pick a specific product for you.

而独立财务顾问可以为你付费挑选具体的产品。

An independent financial adviser, you can pay to pick a specific product for you.

但别只从你的养老金提供方买年金，这可是个重大决定，必须慎重选择。

But do not just get an annuity from your pension provider, because it's such a big decision, you need to get it right.

戴夫·理查兹，信用卡利率或者其他费用，为什么不能直接按每英镑多少便士来标呢？

Dave Richards, percentage rates on credit cards or anything else, why can't they be written in pence per pound?

这是个很有趣的问题，大卫。

It's a really interesting question, David.

非常感谢你的提问。

Thank you so much.

恐怕这是因为利息的计算方式比这复杂得多。

And I'm afraid it's just because the maths behind the way interest works is more complicated than that.

没错，我们可以简单理解为：如果你信用卡欠了100英镑，年利率是24.9%，一年不还，那就要多付24.9英镑。

Yes, we could say that if you have a 24.9% APR annual percentage rate, and you had £100 on the credit card and you didn't pay it off, then you would owe £24.90 over the year.

这样想确实简单明了。

And that's a simple way to think about it.

但问题在于，如果是贷款，比如你贷了1000英镑，年利率24.9%，分12个月还清，总利息绝不会是249英镑，因为每个月你都在还款，利息是按剩余本金计算的。

But there are some problems, because if you did it on a loan, when you have a loan, if you had a £1,000 loan at twenty four point nine percent APR and you paid it off over a year, it would not cost you £249 because each month you're making a repayment and the interest is charged on your outstanding repayment.

第一个月结束后，你还欠一千英镑，然后还了大约八十英镑。

After month one you owe a thousand pounds and then you make an £80 ish repayment.

到了第二个月，你还欠九百二十二英镑二十三便士，外加一些利息。

So after month two you owe £922 £23 with some interest added on top.

第三个月结束时，你欠的金额大概是八百四十六英镑，具体数字我也不太确定。

After month three you owe £846 whatever it is.

所以虽然我们常说百分之二十四点九，但实际利息并不会正好是二百四十九英镑，因为你的欠款余额在逐月减少，利息只针对剩下的欠款计算。

So while we could say 24.9%, it wouldn't be equivalent to £249 because gradually your balance is reducing and you're only paying the interest on the debt you owe.

再进一步说，利息通常是按日计算的。如果你想把年利率换算成日利率，百分之二十四点九大约相当于每天百分之零点零六一。

To complicate this in a little bit further, ultimately the interest is being charged normally on a daily rate, and if you wanted to convert an annual rate to a daily rate 24.9% is roughly a daily rate of 0.061%.

给数学爱好者们来点小休息，西蒙就是那个数学狂人，来点音乐吧——这纯粹是给数学迷听的。

Little break for maths nerds Simon's the maths nerd music please so it's only for maths nerds.

要把年利率转成日利率，你得拿百分之二十四点九，也就是1.249（数学爱好者应该懂为什么），然后把它开三六五次方，也就是1.249的(1除以365)次方，结果就是日利率。

To convert an annual rate into a daily rate what you do is you take 24.9% so we'll call that 1.249 because it's that's the maths sum if you're maths nerds you will understand why and then you do it to the power of open brackets, one divided by three sixty five, close brackets, and that will give you the daily rate.

你现在能看出来这有多复杂了吧？理解利息是按日计算的特别重要，因为借钱时有三个关键因素会影响你最终要付多少钱。

So you can start to see how complicated it is and this understanding of the interest is per day is really important, because there are three factors that affect how much you pay when you borrow.

第一，你欠的债务金额，当然如果你在还款，这个数字是会变化的。

One, the amount of debt you have and that can of course be changeable if you're paying it off.

第二，你被收取的利率。

Two, the interest rate that you're being charged.

第三，你借款的时间长短。

And three, how long you are borrowing for.

借款时间越长，利息复利累积得越多，你最终要付的总额也就越高。

The longer you borrow for, the more the interest compounds, the more you will earn.

一笔一千英镑的个人贷款，年利率20%，一年下来利息是102英镑。

So a thousand pound personal loan at 20% over a year is £102 interest.

一千英镑，年利率5%，借四年，利息也差不多是102英镑。

Pounds 1,000 at 5% interest over four years is also around £102 interest.

实际上是103英镑，因为复利的时间更长一点。

It's actually £103 interest because you compound a bit longer.

很多人以为利率低就等于更便宜。

So many people think lower interest rate cheaper.

不，短期贷款往往更划算。

No, shorter loan can often be cheaper as well.

比如，一年10%的利率，比五年5%的利率更便宜。

So you know, 10% over one year is cheaper than 5% over five years.

这一点必须考虑进去。

And that has to be factored in.

我们稍微聊一下发薪日贷款吧，我多年前算过一笔账。

So if we just talk for a second about payday loans, I did a sum many years ago.

我刚找到了2011年写的那篇博客。

I've just found my blog in it from 2011.

当时是为了说明APR的一个问题，也是人们容易困惑的原因之一。西蒙，如果你说：‘能从你那儿借20镑吗？’

And it actually was to work out one of the problems with APRs and one of the reasons people get confused is Simon, if you said, can you borrow £20 from me?

是的。

Yeah.

我说：这样吧，你借我20镑，下周见面时请我喝杯啤酒就行。

And I said, tell you what, you borrow £20, but you can buy me back a pint next week when I see you.

我们假设一下，因为我2011年算过，就说那杯啤酒便宜点，3英镑吧。

And let's say, because I did work this out in 2011, so we'll say the pint is a nice cheap £3.

对吧？

Yeah?

没错。

Yeah.

你觉得朋友之间这么借还还算合理吗？

Would you say that was a reasonable transaction between friends?

是的。

Yeah.

当然。

Yeah.

你觉得年化利率会是多少？

What do think the APR would be?

年化利率不就是按年计算的吗？

Well, APR means annual doesn't it?

所以我们

So we

说是一周，但10%的话，就是1.5镑，那年利率就是1.5镑。

talk about a week, but so 10% of think 1.50 yeah, 1.50 would be the annual.

15%，那就是15%。

15%, that'd be 15%.

对。

Yeah.

这是一周15%的利率。

It's 15% on a week.

这就是百分比的问题所在。

And this is the problem with percentages.

如果你把它当成贷款，假设每周都以3镑为本金复利计算，年利率会高达143,000%。

Actually, if you were to take it as a loan and we were to assume it compounded that £3 a week, it is equivalent to an annual interest rate of 143,000 percent.

这太高了。

That's a lot.