#356 - AMA #73：维护大脑健康、优化运动计划、改善体成分及其他

大家好。

Hey, everyone.

欢迎收听Drive播客的抢先版问答环节（AMA）。

Welcome to a sneak peek ask me anything or AMA episode of the drive podcast.

我是你们的主持人，彼得·阿蒂亚。

I'm your host, Peter Attia.

在本短片结束时，我会向大家说明如何完整收听AMA剧集，以及我们提供的其他大量会员权益。

At the end of this short episode, I'll explain how you can access the AMA episodes in full along with a ton of other membership benefits we've created.

或者你现在就可以访问peterattiamd.com/subscribe，了解更多相关信息。

Or you can learn more now by going to peterattiamd.com forward slash subscribe.

那么，不多说了，以下是今天Ask Me Anything剧集的抢先版内容。

So without further delay, here's today's sneak peek of the Ask Me Anything episode.

欢迎收听Ask Me Anything AMA第73期。

Welcome to Ask Me Anything AMA episode 73.

在今天的AMA中，我们将回答听众最常要求的问题，涵盖我们最受欢迎的一些话题，包括大脑健康、最佳运动方案和体成分策略。

For today's AMA, we're answering a mix of the most requested listener questions, covering some of our most popular topics including brain health, optimal exercise programming and body composition strategies.

具体来说，我们讨论了痴呆症的可调节和不可调节风险因素，以及运动、睡眠、酒精、听力、口腔卫生、补充剂和胆固醇水平如何影响大脑健康。

Specifically, we discuss modifiable and non modifiable risk factors for dementia and how exercise, sleep, alcohol, hearing, oral hygiene, supplements and cholesterol levels influence brain health.

如何实施二区训练，它为何重要，如何进行乳酸测试（如果你选择使用），如何结合有氧运动方式，以及对围绝经期和绝经后女性的特殊考量。

How to implement zone two training, why it matters, how to lactate test if you choose to use it, combining cardio modalities and special considerations for peri and post menopausal women.

讨论如何提高最大摄氧量（VO2 max），包括最佳间歇时长、何时短时高强度间歇训练（HIIT）更有效，以及为何在这些训练中功率或主观用力程度比心率训练或心率目标更可取。

Talk about strategies for how to increase VO2 max, including optimal interval length when shorter HIIT workouts can help and why power or rate of perceived exertion is preferable to heart rate training or heart rate targets during these efforts.

餐后进行轻度活动对血糖控制的好处，以及运动引起的血糖升高是正常且无害的原因。

The benefits of light movement after meals for glucose control and why exercise induced glucose spikes are expected and harmless.

找到力量训练与稳定性训练的平衡，根据背部酸痛或敏感情况调整训练，权衡负重对脊柱施加压力的利弊。

Finding the right mix of strength and stability work, adjusting for workouts for sore or sensitive backs and weighing the pros and cons of lifting heavy weights that press down on the spine.

探讨运动在维持减脂计划中的作用，破除代谢缓慢的迷思，设定每日蛋白质摄入目标，并管理长期中瘦体重与体脂率之间的权衡。

Talk about exercise's role in maintaining fat loss programs, debunking the slow metabolism myth and setting daily protein targets and managing the lean mass versus body fat trade off over time.

如果你是订阅用户，想观看本播客的完整视频，可以在节目说明页面找到。

If you're a subscriber and want to watch the full video of this podcast, you can find it on the show notes page.

如果你不是订阅用户，可以在我们的YouTube页面观看视频的抢先预览。

And if you're not a subscriber, you can watch a sneak peek of our video on our YouTube page.

那么，不多说了，希望你们喜欢第73期问答环节。

So without further delay, I hope you enjoy AMA number 73.

彼得，欢迎来到另一期问答环节。

Peter, welcome to another AMA.

你最近怎么样？

How are doing?

我状态很好。

Doing great.

谢谢您再次邀请我。

Thank you for having me back.

我真能感受到你此刻语气中的那种自信和活力。

I really sense that greatness and that tone of your voice right there.

我觉得你真的成功打动了大家。

I think you really sold people on it.

在开始之前，对于正在观看和收听的观众，你能不能解释一下你今天穿的这件T恤？

Before we start, for those watching and for those listening, do you want to explain the t shirt that you're rocking today?

通常，你才是设计我们所有T恤的人。

Normally, you are the one that designs all of our t shirts.

这是我第一次设计T恤。

This is the first time I've designed a t shirt.

我对此感到非常开心。

I'm really happy about this.

我想对于能看到的人，上面画的是 f(x) = 一只毛茸茸的羊。

I guess for those who can see it, it's got f of x equals a big fluffy sheep.

然后 f(x) 对 x 的导数是一大堆毛茸茸的羊毛。

And then d by d x of f of x equals a big pile of fluffy wool.

而 f(x) 对 x 的二阶导数是一件羊毛衫，我觉得这太棒了。

And then d two d x squared of f at x is a wool sweater, which I just think is so great.

我设计它是为了让我女儿在上高中微积分时能有个期待的东西。

And I made it so that my daughter would have something to look forward to when she got to high school calculus.

是的。

Yes.

作为一个从未学过高中微积分的人，我仍然不太明白这些字母的含义，但我理解了这些图片。

And as someone who's never taken high school calculus, I still don't quite know what the letters mean, but I did understand the pictures.

所以这一点我还是占优势的。

So I have that going for me.

今天的问答环节，跟数学或羊无关。

Today's AMA, nothing to do with math or sheep.

我们没有聚焦于单一主题，而是采用了一种更快速问答的形式，涵盖各种问题。

Instead of focusing on one topic, what we did is a little bit more of a rapid fire style where we're gonna have a variety of questions.

因此，我们通过社交媒体、网站和AMA平台向观众收集了最常被问到的问题、我们一直收到的问题，以及一些我们知道人们感兴趣的议题，比如大脑健康、运动和身体成分。

And so we went to the audience on social media, through the website, through the AMA portal, gathered some of the most common questions we're asked, the questions we see come through all the time, and also some of the questions on topics that we know are interesting to people which is brain health, exercise, body composition.

今天我们将探讨人们为预防认知和神经退化所能采取的各种干预措施相关的问题。

For today we'll cover questions around all the different variables interventions people can do in order to prevent cognitive and neurological decline.

显然，这对任何拥有大脑并希望保持其健康的人而言都至关重要。

Obviously of interest for anyone who has a brain and hopes to keep it intact.

我们将深入探讨最常见的运动问题，主要围绕Zone 2训练，包括女性是否应该进行Zone 2训练，以及一些关于VO2最大值训练的问题。

We'll dive into the most common exercise questions which are a lot around Zone 2 including questions around if females should be doing zone two training as well as some VO2 max training questions.

然后我们会讨论一些关于身体成分和饮食的问题，这些话题虽然与运动有一定关联，但更侧重于减脂、增肌以及蛋白质的作用。

And then we'll look at some body composition and diet questions which kind of focus a little bit on exercise but also around losing fat mass, building lean mass, the role of protein.

说了这么多，在我们正式开始之前，你还有什么要补充的吗？

With all that said, anything you want to add before we get rolling?

你开始吧。

Take it away.

你觉得

You think

你打算在接下来的讨论中把数学也融入进去吗？

you're gonna be able to work your math into it throughout that?

如果能扯上一阶或二阶导数，我一定会想办法加进去。

If there's a way to get a first or second derivative into this, I will find it.

这是另一个话题的故事了，但对长期听你节目的听众来说，这算个怀旧梗。

A story for a different day, but a throwback for people who have listened to you for a while.

我直到刚才才反应过来。

I didn't even put together till just now.

当你参加派对并向别人解释你的职业是牧羊人时，这件T恤也很合适。

The t shirt also fits when you're at parties and you explain to people what you do for a living, is a shepherd.

你不会以为这并不是故意的吧，我的朋友？

You don't think that wasn't deliberate, my friend?

这现在就是你的社交聚会T恤了。

This is now your social gathering t shirt.

哦，很高兴认识你。

So, oh, nice to meet you.

你是做什么的？

What do you do?

哦，让我给你讲讲我的T恤。

Oh, let me tell you about my shirt.

聪明。

Smart.

玩得漂亮。

It's well played.

这就是我所做的。

This is what I do.

嗯。

Yeah.

很好。

That's good.

我真的很失望，自己直到现在才把这一点联系起来。

I'm really kinda disappointed in myself that I didn't put that together till just now.

这可能就是我没学微积分的原因。

It's probably why I didn't take calculus.

好了，我们开始吧。

With that, let's roll.

关于认知神经健康的问题。

So questions around cognitive neurological health.

当这个问题出现时，我们经常看到的是预防认知衰退。

Mainly what we see a lot when this comes through is preventing cognitive decline.

这是人们非常关心的问题。

It's something people care a ton about.

我们之前做过一次关于这个话题的AMA，是AMA 46。

We did a previous AMA on it, AMA 46.

那次我们深入探讨了很多细节。

Which we went into a lot of detail.

这次我们不会深入这些细节。

We're not gonna go into that detail.

这将更像是一个入门介绍，从宏观层面回答一些问题。

This will kind of be a primer, answer some questions at a high level.

但如果有人想深入了解，那是一个很好的资源。

But if anyone wants to dive deeper, that's a great resource.

但我认为一个真正有帮助的起点是了解什么因素会增加一个人患痴呆或认知衰退的风险。

But I think a place to start that's really helpful for people is understanding what even puts someone at a higher risk for dementia cognitive decline.

我想人们可以从不同角度来思考这个问题。

I guess there's different ways one could think about this.

我喜欢从可改变和不可改变的因素角度来看待这个问题。

I do like to think of it through the lens of modifiable and non modifiable things.

我们可以简单地 briefly 谈一下不可改变的因素，因为它们无法改变，但值得提及。

So we can just briefly, briefly touch on non modifiable things and say very little about them, because they're not modifiable, but they're worth acknowledging.

年龄、性别和基因是不可改变的，但它们都对痴呆风险有影响。

Age, sex, genes are not modifiable and yet they all play a role in the risk of dementia.

我想，对这个播客不陌生的人应该很清楚这些因素意味着什么。

I think people who are not strangers to this podcast will know exactly what each of those things imply.

显然，随着年龄增长，认知衰退的风险也随之上升，当然这包括所有类型的痴呆。

So obviously as age rises, so too does the risk of cognitive decline inclusive of course of all forms of dementia.

这种上升是单调的，意味着它从未减缓，而是一直持续上升。

That rise is monotonic, meaning it never abates and it just keeps going up and up and up.

我们还观察到男性和女性之间存在显著差异，女性患阿尔茨海默病的风险是男性的两倍。

We also see this profound discordance between men and women where women have twice the risk of Alzheimer's disease to men.

关于为什么会这样，有很多理论，但这并不仅仅是由男女预期寿命的微小差距所能解释的。

There are lots of theories as to why that's the case, but it is not solely explained by the slight gap in life expectancy between men and women.

我们在其他播客中已经深入探讨过这个问题，所以我不打算在这里多说。

We've explored this in great detail on other podcasts, so I don't want to say too much more on it here.

我个人的观点是，这种风险的很大一部分很可能源于绝经期间雌激素的突然下降，这自然暗示激素替代疗法（HRT）可能是缩小这一差距的方法，但目前还为时过早下定论。

My personal point of view is that much of that risk is probably explained by sudden estrogen withdrawal during menopause, which of course would suggest that HRT might be a way to close that gap, but it's too soon to tell.

当然，我们还有遗传风险，其中最显著的是APOE4基因型，当然还有许多其他与之相关的基因。

And then of course we have the genetic risks and the most notable of these is of course the APOE4 genotype but of course there are many other genes that are associated with that.

好的，让我们先把不可改变的风险放在一边，来谈谈可改变的风险。

Okay, so let's put the non modifiable risks off to the side and let's talk about modifiable risks.

当我们谈论可改变的风险时，我们指的是代谢性疾病，特别是肥胖、2型糖尿病、高血压和血脂异常。

So when we talk about modifiable risks, what we are talking about is metabolic disease, specifically obesity type two diabetes, talking about hypertension and we're talking about dyslipidemia.

所有这些因素在痴呆症，尤其是阿尔茨海默病的发展中都起着重要作用，而它们都是可以改变的，这是好消息。

All of those things factor heavily into the development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease specifically and they are all modifiable, which is the good news.

我觉得我完全可以花整个讨论时间来谈这些内容，但我们已经在别处讲过了。

I think I could spend the entire discussion on those things but we've done that elsewhere.

所以我只想简单提几个重点。

So I just kind of want to give a couple of the high points.

肥胖与痴呆症风险增加约百分之六十相关。

So obesity is associated with about a sixty percent increase in the risk of dementia.

这意味着，在任何一年中，肥胖个体相比非肥胖个体的痴呆风险相对增加百分之六十。

That means in any given year, an individual who is obese compared to somebody who is not is going to have a sixty percent relative increase in risk.

因此，在年轻时这并不意味着什么，因为绝对风险非常低。

So, at a young age that doesn't mean anything because the absolute risk is so low.

但随着年龄增长，这一数字会升高。

But as you get older, this number gets higher.

每升高一毫摩尔每升的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇，大约相当于每分升升高40毫克。

For every one millimole per liter increase in LDL cholesterol, which is about a 40 milligram per deciliter increase.

这会导致全因痴呆症风险增加百分之八到十。

That's about an eight to ten percent increase in all cause dementia.

因此，2型糖尿病或高血压带来的痴呆额外风险实际上与肥胖相似。

And so the added risk for dementia with type two diabetes or hypertension is actually similar to that of obesity.

糖尿病使风险增加约百分之五十，高血压则增加约百分之六十。

Diabetes increases the risk by about fifty percent and hypertension increases by about sixty percent.

换句话说，糖尿病病程越长，风险越高。

In other words, having diabetes for a longer period of time increases the risk.

我们发现，每患有2型糖尿病五年，个体的风险就会增加近百分之二十五。

We see that of course when we see that for every five years that a person is diagnosed with type two diabetes, their risk increases by almost twenty five percent.

所以，这有点像曲线下面积的问题，我不该老是扯回微积分。

So again, it's kind of like one of these area under the curve problems, not to keep bringing it back to calculus.

这其中还有一些其他细微之处，也许比我们在这场快速问答中想深入探讨的还要深。

There's some other nuance to this, which again, maybe deeper than we want to go into it for kind of a rapid fire.

但事实是，如果你是APOE4基因携带者，你对这些可调节的风险因素会更加敏感。

But it turns out that if you're an APOE four carrier, you become even more susceptible to these modifiable risk factors.

换句话说，如果比较一位APOE4携带者和一位非E4携带者，两人均患有糖尿病，那么APOE4携带者的风险显著更高。

In other words, if you take an ApoE4 carrier versus a non E4 carrier, both of whom have diabetes, there's a significant increase in risk for the ApoE4 carrier.

这两者之间的风险差异约为五到五点五倍。

It's about a five to five and a half fold risk difference between these two individuals.

所以，所有这些都说明，如果你的目标是预防认知衰退——这显然是每个人的目标——你就应该管理那些可以控制的因素。

So all of this is to say if your objective is to prevent cognitive decline, which obviously would be everyone's objective, you want to manage what is manageable.

你需要保持血压正常，即120/80及以下。

You want to be normotensive, so blood pressure 120 over 80 and below.

你希望血脂越低越好，尽管我们稍后会讨论其平台期。

You want lipids as low as possible, although we'll talk about where that plateaus out.

你希望尽可能保持代谢健康，并具有最高的胰岛素敏感性。

You want to be as metabolically healthy as possible and be as insulin sensitive as possible.

有一个后续问题，既然你提到了数学，这是另一个数学问题：你刚才提到了肥胖、糖尿病和高血压。

One follow-up there, which since you brought up math is another math problem is you ran through obesity, diabetes, hypertension.

这些是导致痴呆的原因，还是仅仅与痴呆相关？

What do we know on, do those cause dementia or are they just correlated with dementia?

是的。

Yeah.

这始终是个关键问题。

Always the important question.

我们该如何回答这个问题？

How would one answer that question?

因此，我们用于解决人类因果关系的工具实际上只有两种。

So there are really only two tools we have at our disposal to address causality in humans.

一种是随机对照试验，这是金标准。

And one is the randomized control trial, and that's the gold standard.

另一种则略逊一筹，且其可靠性因适应症而异，那就是孟德尔随机化。

And then I'd say a slightly lesser standard, and it varies dramatically by indication, is the Mendelian randomization.

因此，当你考虑这个问题时，我们有相当有力的证据表明，高血压、2型糖尿病和高胆固醇血症会增加痴呆的风险。

So when you consider this particular question, we have fairly robust evidence that hypertension, type two diabetes and hypercholesterolemia can cause heightened increase in dementia risk.

我们之所以这么说，是因为当你观察那些专门针对这些疾病进行治疗、主要终点为降低痴呆风险的随机对照试验时，确实看到了这些益处。

And we say that because when you look at RCTs that specifically treat those things with a primary outcome being dementia risk reduction, we see those benefits.

有时这些益处是次要的。

Now sometimes those are secondary benefits.

因此，我们有一些试验，例如以冠状动脉疾病为主要终点，而痴呆则是次要终点。

So we have trials that are conducted, for example, to address coronary artery disease as the primary outcome but a secondary outcome is dementia.

但你必须谨慎，因为并非所有试验都专门设计来全面识别所有与次要发现相关的状况。

And you have to be a little bit careful because you don't always have a trial designed exactly to identify all the conditions around secondary findings.

但即便如此，当你拥有大量针对这些构成要素进行干预的高质量随机对照试验数据，并且观察到显著益处时，这种证据就变得非常有力。

But nevertheless, when you have robust and significant volume of RCT datas that are treating constitutive elements within this and you see benefits, that becomes pretty powerful.

你还必须审视这些情况背后可能的机制原因。

You also then have to look at what are the mechanistic reasons why these might be the case.

同样，我认为在所有这些情况下，高血压及其引起的内皮损伤、高胆固醇血症及其引起的内皮损伤，以及二型糖尿病，都会出现一些共同的病理特征。

And again, I think in all of these cases, high blood pressure and the endothelial damage that comes from it, hypercholesterolemia and the endothelial damage that comes from that, and type two diabetes, you see common things that occur in all of these things.

你会看到炎症、氧化应激、淀粉样蛋白沉积、胰岛素抵抗，所有这些机制上也都是合理的。

You see inflammation, you see oxidative stress, you see amyloid buildup, you see insulin resistance and all of these things mechanistically also make sense.

因此，这一切都说明，我认为我们有充分信心认为，这里不仅仅是相关性，而是因果关系。

So again, all of this is to say that I think we're very confident that there is not just correlation here but causality.

现在，其中一个挑战是，这正是我不愿意死记硬背这些风险因素及其具体相对风险值（比如60%对比55%）的原因。

Now, one of the challenges, and this is why I don't find myself memorizing what the risk factors are here and saying, well, gosh, the relative risk here is sixty percent versus fifty five percent.

这些因素并不会单独存在。

These things don't travel by themselves.

因此，二型糖尿病患者常常同时患有高血压和血脂异常，这并不罕见。

So, it's not uncommon that a person with type two diabetes often will have hypertension and dyslipidemia.

尽管我们可以在统计上尝试识别每个因素的影响，但情况还是会变得有些模糊。

And while statistically we can try to identify the impact of each of those, it does become a bit muddy.

因此，我认为我们不必纠结于风险是增加了50%还是60%。

And therefore, I think we shouldn't find ourselves worrying about whether it's a 50% increase or a 60% increase.

关键是，我们希望控制这些因素。

The bottom line is we want to manage these things.

再次说明，我们在节目笔记中会提供一些关于这些内容的试验和建议的链接。

Again, think in the show notes we'll link to some of the various trials and recommendations around these things.

但总而言之，我们有相当充分的理由相信，将收缩压控制在120毫米汞柱以下，即使与140毫米汞柱相比，不仅能在相对较短的时间内（三到四年）降低痴呆风险，还能减轻轻度认知障碍。

But again, suffice it to say, we have a pretty good sense of the idea that having, for example, systolic blood pressure below 120 per mercury even compared to 140 per mercury doesn't just lower the risk of dementia over a relatively short timeline, three, four years, but also lowers even mild cognitive impairment.

当你了解大脑中毛细血管的特性以及它们对内膜损伤有多么敏感时，就不难理解为什么会这样了。

Doesn't seem like a stretch to understand why that's the case when you understand just what kind of capillaries are in the brain and how sensitive they are to anything that disrupts their lining.

同样，他汀类药物降低血脂，虽然说这可能是我最不推荐的降脂方式，但仍与痴呆风险降低20%相关。

Similarly, lipid lowering with statins, which by the way are probably my least favorite way to lower lipids, is still associated with a twenty percent decrease in the risk of dementia.

同样，这些发现来自随机对照试验，尽管主要终点是心血管疾病，但在过程中我们也观察到了这一现象。

Again, this is identified in RCT studies where the primary outcomes tend to be cardiovascular disease but along the ride you're seeing this.

顺便说一下，当您查看阿尔茨海默病时，所有原因导致的痴呆风险会进一步降低约百分之三十。

By the way, all cause dementia, when you look at Alzheimer's disease that increases to about a thirty percent reduction in risk.

显然您刚才提到了肥胖，我们知道饮食、锻炼或生活方式的改变也会影响肥胖。

Obviously you talked about obesity there and we know things like diet and exercise or lifestyle changes can also impact obesity.

关于饮食或锻炼是否能帮助预防认知衰退和痴呆风险，我们是否了解一些具体的信息？

Do we know anything specifically around diet and or exercise on can it help prevent cognitive decline, the risk of dementia?

这是一个我们经常遇到的问题，不仅仅局限于肥胖这一方面。

It's a question that we see come through a lot outside of just the obesity piece.

感谢您收听今天《驱动》节目AMA的抢先版。

Thank you for listening to today's sneak peek AMA episode of The Drive.

如果您想收听这次AMA的完整版本，您需要成为高级会员。

If you're interested in hearing the complete version of this AMA, you'll want to become a premium member.

对我来说，提供所有这些内容而不依赖付费广告至关重要。

It's extremely important to me to provide all of this content without relying on paid ads.

为此，我们的工作完全依赖于会员的支持。

To do this, our work is made entirely possible by our members.

作为回报，我们提供独家会员内容和额外福利，远超免费内容。

And in return, we offer exclusive member only content and benefits above and beyond what is available for free.

因此，如果您想将您对这一领域的知识提升到下一个层次，我们的目标是确保会员获得的回报远超订阅费用。

So if you wanna take your knowledge of this space to the next level, it's our goal to ensure members get back much more than the price of the subscription.

高级会员包含多项福利。

Premium membership includes several benefits.

首先，提供详尽的播客节目笔记，涵盖每集讨论的每一个主题、论文、人物和相关内容。

First, comprehensive podcast show notes that detail every topic, paper, person, and thing that we discuss in each episode.

据外界传言，没有人能比得上我们的节目笔记。

And the word on the street is nobody's show notes rival ours.

其次，每月一次的问答（AMA）专题节目。

Second, monthly ask me anything or AMA episodes.

这些节目是对订阅者问题的详细回应，通常聚焦于单一主题，旨在为会员特别关注的话题提供深入清晰的解析。

These episodes are comprised of detailed responses to subscriber questions typically focused on a single topic and are designed to offer a great deal of clarity and detail on topics of special interest to our members.

当然，您还能获得这些节目的节目笔记。

You'll also get access to the show notes for these episodes, of course.

第三，我们会发送由我们专职研究分析团队制作的高级通讯。

Third, delivery of our premium newsletter, which is put together by our dedicated team of research analysts.

这份通讯涵盖与长寿相关的广泛主题，内容比我们免费的每周通讯更加详尽。

This newsletter covers a wide range of topics related to longevity and provides much more detail than our free weekly newsletter.

第四，您可以访问我们的私人播客源，获取包括AMA在内的所有剧集，而无需收听您现在正在听的这段推广内容以及您常规播客源中的内容。

Fourth, access to our private podcast feed that provides you with access to every episode including AMA's sans the spiel you're listening to now and in your regular podcast feed.

第五，QALYs，这是我们为会员特别制作的额外播客，作为精选集锦，汇集了《Drive》过往剧集中最精彩的片段。

Fifth, the QALYs, an additional member only podcast we put together that serves as a highlight reel featuring the best excerpts from previous episodes of the drive.

这是无需逐集回听就能快速回顾以往剧集的绝佳方式。

This is a great way to catch up on previous episodes without having to go back and listen to each one of them.

最后，我们还会不断添加其他福利。

And finally, other benefits that are added along the way.

如果您想了解更多并获取这些会员专属福利，请访问 peterateamd.com/subscribe。

If you want to learn more and access these member only benefits, you can head over to peterateamd.com slash subscribe.

您也可以在YouTube、Instagram和Twitter上关注我，用户名均为PeterAttiaMD。

You can also find me on YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter, all with the handle PeterAttiaMD.

您也可以在 Apple Podcasts 或您使用的任何播客平台为我们留下评价。

You can also leave us review on Apple Podcasts or whatever podcast player you use.

本播客仅用于一般信息目的，不构成医学、护理或其他专业医疗服务，包括医疗建议的提供。

This podcast is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute the practice of medicine, nursing, or other professional health care services, including the giving of medical advice.

并未形成医患关系。

No doctor patient relationship is formed.

使用本信息及本播客所链接的材料，风险由用户自行承担。

The use of this information and the materials linked to this podcast is at the user's own risk.

本播客的内容不旨在替代专业的医疗建议、诊断或治疗。

The content on this podcast is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

用户不应忽视或延迟针对自身任何健康状况寻求医疗建议，应向其医疗保健专业人员寻求帮助。

Users should not disregard or delay in obtaining medical advice from any medical condition they have and they should seek the assistance of their healthcare professionals for any such conditions.

最后，我非常重视所有利益冲突。

Finally, I take all conflicts of interest very seriously.

关于我所有的披露信息以及我投资或咨询的公司，请访问 peterateamd.com/slash-about，那里有我更新并保持活跃的所有披露清单。

For all of my disclosures and the companies I invest in or advise, please visit peterateamd.com slash about where I keep an up to date and active list of all disclosures.